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UNITED  STATES  NORTH  OF  VIRGINIA: 

COMPRISING 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FLOWERING  AND  FERN-LIKE 
PLANTS   HITHERTO  FOUND  IN   THOSE   STATES, 

ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 


WITH 

A  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  GENERA  ACCORDING  TO  THE  LINN2BAN  SYSTEM,  . 
A  SKETCH  OF  THE  RUDIMENTS  OF  BOTANY,  AND  A 
GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS. 


BY    LEWIS    C.    BECK,    M.D. 

TROFESSOR  OF   CHEMISTRY   AND   NATURAL   HISTORY   IN    RUTOERS   COLLEGE, 
N  NEW  JKR8KY,    ETC.,    ETC. 


SECOND    EDITION,    REVISED   AND    ENLARGED. 


NEW    YORK: 
HARPER    &   BROTHERS,    PUBLISHERS. 

1856. 


' 


Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1848,  *n? 

HARPER    &    BROTHERS, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States, 
for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


THIS  volume  is  intended  as  a  Class-book  for  the  beginner, 
and  a  convenient  Manual  for  the  more  advanced  botanist.  It 
contains  scientific  and  popular  descriptions  of  the  Flowering 
and  Fern-like  plants  found  in  the  United  States  north  of  Vir- 
ginia, with  their  English  names,  and  brief  notices  of  their  uses. 
The  arrangement  is  according  to  the  Natural  System,  which  is 
now  so  generally  adopted  in  works  of  this  kind.  But  in  order 
to  secure  all  the  advantages  of  the  Linnaean  system,  a  Synopsis 
of  the  Genera  in  accordance  with  it  is  prefixed,  containing 
references  to  the  Natural  Orders,  and  to  the  page  where  the 
species  are  described.  And  fully  to  carry  out  the  design  of 
the  work,  there  have  also  been  introduced,  a  Sketch  of  the 
Rudiments  of  Botany,  a  Glossary  of  Botanical  Terms,  and  a 
Table  explanatory  of  the  Linnaean  Classes  and  Orders. 

While  the  original  plan  of  the  work  has  been  adhered  to, 
I  have  endeavored,  in  this  edition,  to  bring  it  up  to  the  present 
advanced  state  of  botanical  science.  There  is  scarcely  a  page 
which  has  not  been  amended,  and  many  parts  have  been  entirely 
re- written.  Brevity  has  in  all  cases  been  consulted,  as  far  as 
was  deemed  consistent  with  that  clearness  of  description  so 
important  in  the  study  of  plants. 

In  the  names  and  characters  of  the  Natural  Orders,  I  have 
chiefly  followed  Dr.  Lindley's  late  work,  entitled  "  The  Vege- 
table Kingdom  ;"  although  the  general  arrangement  adopted  in 
the  first  edition  has  not  been  materially  changed.  I  should 
also  particularly  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  De  Candolle's 
"Prodromus"  (10  vols.),  Torrey  and  Gray's  "Flora  of  North 
America,"  Torrey's  "  Flora  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  and 


IV  PREFACE    TO    THE    SECOND    EDITION. 

Darlington's  "  Flora  Cestrica."  In  determining  the  geographi- 
cal range  of  the  species,  I  have  derived  great  assistance  from 
the  various  local  catalogues  of  plants  which  have  been  pub- 
lished within  the  last  ten  years.  I  have  also  consulted  with 
much  advantage  several  valuable  papers  which  have  from  time 
to  time  appeared  in  Silliman's  Journal,  and  in  other  scientific 
periodicals.  Particular  references  to  the  sources  of  informa- 
tion will  in  all  cases  be  found  in  their  appropriate  places. 

The  favorable  reception  which  this  work  has  met  with,  and 
the  kind  expressions  of  botanists  in  various  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, encourage  me  to  hope  that  this  revision  will  be  no  less 
acceptable. 

RUTGERS  COLLEGE,  N.  J. 
February,  1848. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  AUTHORITIES. 


Adans. 

Adanson. 

Mich. 

Michaux. 

Ait. 

Aiton. 

Mich.f. 

Michaux  the  younger. 

All. 

Allioni. 

Moq.-Tand. 

Moquin-Tandon  . 

Bart-. 

Barton. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

Beauv. 

P.  de  Beauvois. 

Nees. 

Nees  ab  Esenbeck. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

Big. 

Bigelow. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

Pair. 

Poiret. 

D.C. 

De  Candolle. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

R.  <$•  S. 

Roemer  and  Schultes. 

Desv. 

Desvaux. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

Darlingt. 

Darlington. 

Salisb. 

Salisbury^    . 

Eat. 

Eaton. 

SchTc. 

Schkuhr. 

EU. 

Elliott. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart. 

Schw. 

Schweinitz. 

Gcert. 

Gaertner. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Good. 

Goodenough. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel. 

Gron. 

Gronovius. 

Torr. 

Torrey. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Torrey  and  Gray. 

Juss. 

Jussieu. 

Tourn. 

Tournefort. 

Lam. 

J.  B.  de  la  Marck. 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Lehm. 

Lehmann. 

Wang. 

Wangenheim. 

L'Herit. 

L'Heritier. 

Wittd. 

Willdenow. 

Lind. 

Lindley. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

Linn. 

Linnaeus. 

0) 

Annual. 

•2J.    Perennial. 

Biennial. 

?2      Shrubby  or  arboreous. 

Arct.  Amer.  Arctic  America — Ala.  Alabama — Can.  Canada— Car.  South 
Carolina — Conn.  Connecticut — Del.  Delaware — Geor.  Georgia — Ken.  Ken- 
tucky— Louis.  Louisiana — Mass.  Massachusetts — N.  Car.  North  Carolina 
-N.H.  New  Hampshire— N.  Y.  New  York— N.  J.  New  Jersey— Penn. 
Pennsylvania — Tenn.  Tennessee — Ver.  Vermont — Virg.  Virginia. 

W.  to  Miss.— As  far  West  as  the  State  of  Missouri. 
W.  to  the  Miss. — As  far  West  as  the  Mississippi  River. 
W.  to  111.— As  far  West  as  the  State  of  Illinois. 
W.  to  Mich.— As  far  West  as  the  State  of  Michigan. 
N.  S.— Northern  States. 


SKETCH  OF  THE  RUDIMENTS  OF  BOTANY 


ELEMENTARY   ORGANS. 

1.  The  tissue  of  which  plants  consist,  appears  under  four  forms,  viz :  cel- 
lular tissue,  woody  fibre,  vascular  tissue,  and  ducts.     These  are  called  ele- 
mentary organs. 

2.  Cellular  tissue  or  parenchyma  is  composed  of  transparent  vesicles, 
variously  cohering  with  each  other.     It  is  the  only  form  universally  found 
in  plants ;  the  other  forms  being  often  partially  or  entirely  wanting. 

3.  Woody  fibre  is  a  tissue  consisting  of  elongated  tubes,  similar  to  the 
vesicles  of  cellular  tissue,  and  is  therefore  often  called,  elongated  cellular 
tissue. 

4.  Vascular  tissue,  of  which  the  spiral  vessels  are  usually  taken  as  the 
type,  consists  of  tubes  of  variable  length,  with  delicate  walls,  to  the  inside 
of  which  a  spirally  coiled  fibre  adheres,  capable  of  being  unrolled.     It  en- 
ters into  the  composition  of  all  plants  of  higher  organization,  (all  above  the 
mosses.) 

5.  Ducts  are  elongated,  transparent  tubes,  composed  of  tissue  that  is  not 
capable  of  being  unrolled. 

6.  All  these  forms  are  covered  by  a  membrane  called  the  epidermis  or 
-cuticle. 

7.  From  peculiar  combinations  of  the  elementary  organs  are  formed  the 
compound  organs. 

ROOT. 

8.  The  root  is  formed  by  the  descending  and  dividing  fibres  of  the  stem ; 
and  by  it  plants  are  with  few  exceptions  fixed  to  the  earth,  and  supplied 
with  a  portion  of  their  nourishment. 

9.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  stem  by  the  absence  of  leaves,  of  pith  even 
in  those  plants  in  which  it  is  abundant  in  the  stem,  and  of  spiral  vessels. 

10.  It  usually  consists  of  three  parts ;  the  neck,  (collum)  or  line  of  separa- 
tion from  the  stem ;  the  body  or  middle  portion ;  and  the  fibres  or  little  roots, 
through  which  the  nourishment  is  principally  derived. 

11.  The  following  are, the  principal  kinds  of  roots : 

a.  Conical,  or  principal  tap  root,  as  it  is  sometimes  called ;  tapering  down- 
wards and  emitting  fibres   from  various  parts  of  its  surface ;  as  in  the 
Carrot. 

b.  Fusiform,  when  the  conical  root  is  attenuated  towards  the  neck,  as 
well  as  below ;  as  in  the  Radish. 

c.  Napiform,  when  it  is  swollen  out  extremely  in  the  upper  part  and  sud- 
denly attenuated  below  ;  as  in  the  Turnip. 


Vlll  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 

d.  Abrupt,  when  the  fusiform  root  is  as  it  were  cut  off  suddenly. 

e.  Fibrous,  a  collection  or  bundle  of  fibres  connected  by  a  common  head 
and  often  merely  by  the  base  of  the  stem ;  as  in  the  Grasses. 

f.  Fasciculated,  when  the  fibres  swell  out  slightly  in  the  middle. 

g.  Ttibermis  or  tuber  if  era  us,  when  some  of  the  branches  or  fibres  assume 
the  form  of  rounded  knobs.      These  should  not  be  confounded  with  true 
tubers,  which  are  properly  short  subterranean   stems,  usually  containing 
eyes  or  buds  from  which  new  plants  arise. 

h.  Palmate,  when  the  knobs  of  the  tuberiferous  root  are  branched. 

12.  The  direction  of  the  root  is  usually  towards  the  centre  of  the  earth , 
but  it  is  sometimes  contorted  or  bent  upwards  and  downwards  in  a  zigzag 
manner ;  or  creeping  when  it  proceeds  laterally  at  right  angles  from  this. 
These  have  often  been  confounded  with  subterranean  branches;  the  last 
of  which  only  are  troublesome  to  the  agriculturalist. 


13.  This  is  the  part  which  springs  upwards  during  the  germination  of  a 
a  seed  ;  it  is  the  intermediate  body  between  the  root  and  the  leaves. 

14.  When  the  stem  of  a  plant  arising  from  a  seed  is  evident,  the  plant  is 
termed  caulescent ;  and  when  not  apparent,  or  scarcely  so,  the  plants  have 
received  the  name  of  acanles,  or  stemless. 

15.  When  the  stem  instead  of  ascending,  stretches  either  wholly  or  in 
part,  under  ground,  emitting  here  and  there  roots  from  below  and  branches 
or  leaves  which  rise  upwards,  it  is  called  a  rhizoma;  or  if  it  do  not  emit 
fibres,  a  cormus  or  conn.     The  bulb  is  a  very  short  stem,  consisting  of  a  num- 
ber of  scales,  which  in  growing  shoots  forth  a  flowering  stem  from  the  cen- 
tre, and  sends  out  roots  from  the  base. 

16.  Stolons  or  runners  are  long  stems  of  a  peculiar  nature  issuing  hori- 
zontally from  a  plant,  and  emitting  only  from  the  extremity  roots  and  leafy 
buds ;  as  in  the  Strawberry. 

17.  The  stem  varies  in  structure,  in  three  principal  modes. 

1 8.  In  vascular  plants  it  is  either  formed  by  successive  additions  to  the 
outside  of  the  wood,  when  it  is  called  Exogenous ;  or  by  successive  additions 
to  its  centre,  when  it  is  called  Endogenous.     In  cellular  plants  it  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  base  of  the  leaves,  or  by  a  simple  elongation  or  dilata- 
tion where  no  leaves  or  buds  exist. 

19.  The  stem  of  Exogenous   plants  may  be  distinguished  into  the  pith, 
the  medullary  sheath,  the  wood,  the  bark,  the  medullary  rays,  and  the 
cambium. 

'JO.  The  pith  is  a  mass  of  spongy  cellular  tissue  occupying  the  centre  of 
the  stem. 

21.  The  medullary  sheath  surrounds  the  pith,  and  consists  of  spiral  vessels 
and  ducts.     It  communicates  on  one  side  with  the  pith  and  on  the  other 
with  the  medullary  rays,  leaf-buds  and  veins  of  the  leaves. 

22.  The  wood  lies  upon  the  medullary  sheath  and  consists  of  concentric 
layers,  one  of  which  is  formed  every  year.     These  layers  are  composed  of 
cellular  tissue,  woody  fibre  and  ducts,  and  are  traversed  by  the  medullary 
rays  composed  of  cellular  tissue,  and  connecting  the  centre  with  the  cir- 
cumference.— The  fully  formed  or  central  layers  are  called  the  heart-wood 
and  the  exterior  the  alburnum. 


RUDIMENTS    OP    BOTANY.  IX 

23.  The  bark  surrounds  the  wood,  and  when  fully  formed  consists  in  itg 
inner  portion  of  a  layer  of  woody  and  vascular  tissue  in  the  form  of  rough 
woody  fibre,  constituting  the  Liber.  •  The  outer  portion  which  covers  the 
liber  is  then  also  distinguishable  into  the  green  layer,  and  the  corky  envelope. 
The  whole  is  covered  by  the  epidermis. 

24.  The  cambium  is  a  viscid  secretion  which  is  formed  in  the  spring,  be- 
tween the  liber  and  alburnum. 

25.  The  stem  of  Endogenous  plants  presents  no  distinction  of  pith,  me- 
dullary rays,  wood  and  bark,  but  is  formed  of  bundles  of  ducts  and  spiral 
vessels  interspersed  through  a  cellular  tissue  ;  and  this  is  surrounded  by  a 
stratum  of  cellular  tissue  and  woody  fibre  different  from  bark,  inasmuch  as 
it  cannot  be  separated  from  the  stem  itself.     Such  plants  have  their  diam- 
eter increased  by  the  addition  of  central  vascular  tissue  and  ducts. 

26.  Projections  from  the  medullary  sheaths  sometimes  reach  the  circum- 
ference of  the  stem  and  branches,  forming  what  are  called  nodes,  to  which 
are  attached  leaves  and  leaf-buds,  and  the  spaces  between  these  are  called 
internodes. 

27.  Whatever  is  produced  by  the  evolution  of  a  leaf-bud  is  a  branch  :  a 
spine  therefore  is  a  kind  of  branch ;  it  differs  from  the  prickle  which  is  an 
indurated  process  of  the  epidermis. 

28.  The  stem  peculiar  to  the  grasses  and  other  allied  tribes  is  termed  a 
culm.     This  is  simple  or  rarely  branched,  generally  hollow  within  or  fistu- 
lous,  and  separated  at  intervals  by  knots  or  partitions  from  which  issue  the 
leaves. 

29.  The  stem  may  be  simple  or  branched,  and  with  the  branches  may  be 
cylindrical,   or  conical;  round,  (terete,}  or  angled;   smooth,  furrowed,  or 
rough,  or  hairy,  &c. 

30.  With  regard  to  duration  the  stem  is 

a.  Annual,  ((T)  when  it  is  completely  developed  and  decays  during  the 
same  season. 

b.  Biennial,  ((2))  when  it  produces  fruit  the  second  season  and  then 
decays. 

c.  Perennial,  (7|)  when  it  produces  flowers  and  fruit  during  many  suc- 


31.  The  term  herb  or  herbaceous  employed  in  opposition  to  perennial,  de- 
notes that  the  stem  generally  dies  down  to  the  ground  every  year. 

LEAF-BUDS. 

32.  Buds  are  of  two  kinds,  leaf-buds  and  flower-buds. 

33.  Leaf-buds  consist  of  rudimentary  leaves  surrounding  a  vital  point, 
the  tissue  of  which  is  capable  of  elongation ;  upwards  in  the  form  of  stem, 
and  downwards  in  the  form  of  wood  or  root. 

34.  Flmcer-bucLs,  consist  of  rudimentary  leaves  surrounding  a  point,  which 
does  not  elongate  after  it  is  once  developed,  and  assumes  when  fully  devel- 
oped, the  form  of  reproductive  apparatus. 

35.  Leaf-buds  are  of  two  kinds  ;  the  regular  only  found  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves ;  and  the  adventitious  which  may  be  produced  wherever  there  is 
an  anastomosis  of  woody  fibre. 

36.  Leaf-buds  have  sometimes  been  confounded  with  roots  by  the  old 
botanists.     A  bulb  is  a  leaf-bud. 

A1* 


\-  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTA.NY. 

LEAVES. 

37.  Leaves  are  those  expansions  which  issue  laterally  from  the  stem  and 
branches  of  plants.     They  take  their  origin  from  the  bark,  and  are  always 
to  be  observed,  whether  perfect  or  rudimentary,  immediately  below  the  leaf- 
buds. 

38.  Those  leaves  situated  near  the  root  are  often  larger,  and  of  a  differ- 
ent shape  from  those  higher  up  the  stem ;  the  former  are  termed  radical,  the 
latter  cauline. 

39.  A  leaf  consists  of  a  petiole,  a  lamina  or  limb,  and  a  pair  of  stipules  : 
but  sometimes  only  one  of  these  three  parts  can  be  observed. 

40.  The  petiole  is  the  channel  through  which  the  vessels  of  the  leaf  are 
connected  with  those  of  the  stem  ;  it  is  formed  of  one  or  more  bundles  of 
spiral  vessels  and  woody  fibre,  enclosed  in  a  cellular  integument. 

41.  The  lamina  of  a  leaf  is  an  expansion  of  the  parenchyma  of  the 
petiole,  and  is  transversed  by  veins  which  are  ramifications  or  extensions 
of  the  bundles  of  vascular  tissue  of  the  petiole,  or  when  there  is  no  petiole, 
of  the  stem. 

42.  These  veins  either  branch  in  various  directions  among  the  parenchy- 
ma, anastamozing  and  forming  a  kind  of  net-work,  or  they  run  parallel  to 
each  other,  being  connected  by  single  transverse  unbranched  veins ;  the  for- 
mer structure  being  characteristic  of  Exogenous,  and  the  latter,  of  Endoge- 
nous plants.     To  this  the  Conifers  and  Cycadea  form  perhaps  the  only  ex- 
ceptions ;  these  having  the  stems  of  the  Exogenous,  but  the  same  arrange- 
ment of  the  veins  as  in  the  Endogenous  ones. 

43.  The  principal  vein  of  the  leaf  is  a  continuation  of  the  petiole,  run- 
ning in  a  direct  line  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  lamina,  and  is  called 
the  midrib. 

44.  The  lamina  is  variously  divided  and  formed ;  it  is  usually  thin  and 
membranous,  with  a  distinct  upper  and  under  surface,  but  sometimes  be- 
comes succulent,  when  the  surfaces  cannot  be  distinguished. 

45.  A  leaf  is  either  simple  or  compound  ;  simple  when  its  lamina  is  undi- 
vided, or  when,  if  separated  into  several  divisions,  these  segments  are  not 
articulated  with  the  petiole  ;  compound  when  the  lamina  is  articulated  with 
the  petiole. 

46.  The  modes  in  which  leaves  are  divided  are  distinguished  by  particu- 
lar names,  as  pinnate,  pinnatifid,  bipinnate,  bipinnatiJLd,  &c.  &c.     These 
terms  apply  to  the  mode  of  division,  and  are  equally  applicable  to  simple 
and  compound  leaves. 

47.  Stipules  are  those  small  foliaceous  organs  sometimes  situated  on  each 
side  at  the  base  of  the  petiole.     They  never  occur  in  the  Endogenae,  nor 
in  any  Exogenous  plants  that  have  sheathing  petioles,  and  are  rarely  found 
in  genera  with  opposite  leaves.    They  are  sometimes  transformed  into  leaves  ; 
they  sometimes  have  leaf-buds  in  their  axils;  and  sometimes  also  they  are 
changed  into  spines. 

48.  Leaves  are  originally  continuous  with  the  stem,  but  afterwards,  from 
a  cause  which  is  still  unknown,  an  articulation  more  or  less  complete  takes 
place  and  the  fall  of  the  leaf  ensues. 

49.  The  mode  in  which  leaves  are  arranged  within  their  bud  is  called 
vernation  or  gemmation.     This  varies  much  in  different  groups  of  plants. 


RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XI 

FLOWER-BUDS. 

50.  The  flower-bud  consists  of  imbricated  rudimentary  or  metamorphosed 
leaves,  the  external  or  inferior  of  which  are  usually  alternate,  and  the  in- 
ternal or  superior  always  verticillute  or  opposite ;  the  latter  are  called  floral 
envelopes  and  reproductive  organs. 

51.  The  leaves,  from  the  axils  of  which  the  flower-buds  arise  are  called 
bracts  or  floral  leaves;  and  those  leaves  which  appear  on  the  pedicel  between 
the   bracts  and  calyx,  are  called  bracteoles.     These,  although  essentially 
distinct,  are  often  confounded  with  the  former. 

52.  When  a  single  bract  is  rolled  together,  highly  developed,  and  colored, 
and  is  placed  at  the  base  of  the  form  of  inflorescence  called  a  spadix,  it  is 
named  a  spalhe* 

53.  When  several  bracts  are  verticillate  or  densely  imbricated  around  the 
base  of  the  forms  of  inflorescence  called  the  umbel  or  head,  they  are  termed 
an  involucre ;  and  those  at  the  base  of  each  partial  umbel,  are  called  in- 

rolucels. 

54.  Small  imbricated  bracts   are  often  called  scales;  as  in  the  Com- 
positae. 

55.  Bracts,  when  placed  immediately  below  the  stamens  and  pistils,  as  in 
apetalous  flowers,  are  only  distinguished  from  the  calyx  by  being  alternate 
with  each  other,  and  not  verticillate  ;  hence  the  glumes  and  palea  of  grasses 
are  bracts,  and  not  calyces. 

56.  The  elongation  of  the  axis  of  the  flower-bud  from  the  point  of  its 
connection  with  the  stem,  as  far  as  the  floral  envelopes,  is  called  the  pe- 
duncle. 

57.  When  several  peduncles  spring  from  the  axis  near  to  each  other,  the 
axis  is  termed  a  rachis,  and  the  peduncles  themselves  are  called  pedicels. 

58.  Those  axes  which  spring  from  the  earth  and  bear  no  true  leaves,  are 
denominated  scapes. 

59.  The  modes  in  which  the  flower-buds  are  arranged  are  called  forms  if 
inflorescence ;  and  the  order  in  which  they  unfold,  is  called  the  order  of  e-.  • 
pansion. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

60.  When  a  flower-bud  gives  rise  to  only  one  flower,  terminal  on  its  pe- 
duncle, and  the  axis  of  the  plant  does  not  elongate  beyond  the  bud.  the 
flower  is  commonly  said  to  be  terminal  and  solitary. 

61.  When  the  axis,  however,  continues  to  elongate  and  the  bract  retains 
the  form  and  size  of  a  leaf,  the  flower  is  termed  axillary  and  solitary. 

62.  If  the  buds  instead  of  giving  rise  to  one  terminal  flower  have  the  axis 
elongated,  bearing  several  flowers,  and  each  flower  on  a  peduncle,  a  raceme 
is  formed. 

63.  When  each  flower  is  sessile  or  placed  in  the  axil  of  the  bracts,  with- 
out a  peduncle,  a  spike  is  produced.     Hence  the  only  difference  between  a 
spike  and  raceme  is,  that  in  the  former  the  flowers  are  sessile  and  the  lat- 
ter stalked.     The  term  spike,  however,  is  applied  in  those  cases  where  the 
peduncle  is  scarcely  perceptible. 

64.  A  spadix  is  a  sort  of  spike,  in  which  the  flowers  are  closely  packed 
together  upon  a  succulent  axis,  which  is  enveloped  in  a  spathe. 


Xll  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 

65.  An  ament  or  catkin,  is  a  spike,  the  bracts  or  scales  of  which  are  nearly 
of  equal  size  and  closely  imbricated,  and  which  is  articulated  with  the 
stem. 

66.  When  a  bud  produces  flower-buds,  with  a  little  elongation  of  its  own 
axis,  either  a  head,  or  an  umbel  is  produced.     The  former  bears  the  same  re- 
lation to  the  latter  as  the  spike  to  the  raceme ;  that  is,  they  differ  in  the 
flower-buds  of  the  head  being  sessile,  and  of  the  umbel  having  pedicels. 

67.  A  raceme,  the  lowest  flowers  of  which  have  long  pedicels  and  the  up- 
permost short  ones,  forming  a  sort  of  level  top,  is  a  corymb. 

68.  A  panicle  is  a  raceme,  the  flower-buds  of  which  have,  in  elongating, 
developed  other  flower-buds. 

G9.  A  panicle,  the  middle  branches  of  which  are  longer  than  those  of  the 
base  or  apex,  is  termed  a  thyrse. 

70.  A  panicle,  the  elongation  of  all  the  ramifications  of  which  is  arrested, 
so  that  it  assumes  the  appearance  of  an  umbel,  is  called  a  cyme.     The  cyme 
may  have  the  lateral  branches  very  short  and  the  flowers  clustered  together, 
forming  a  fascicle ;  or  it  may  be  so  contracted  and  the  ramification  of  it  so 
little  apparent  as  to  be  confounded  with  the  true  head,  when  it  is  called  a 
glomerule, 

71.  In  all  the  modes  of  simple  inflorescence,  that  is,  those  which  proceed 
from  the  buds  of  a  single  branch,  the  flowers  expand  first  at  the  base  and 
last  at  the  summit.     This  kind  of  expansion  is  called  centripetal. 

72.  When  the  inflorescence  is  compound,  or  the  result  of  the  expansion 
of  several  buds  or  branches,  the  uppermost  or  central  flowers  are  first  de- 
veloped, and  lastly  the  outer  or  lower  ones.     This  kind  of  expansion  is  called 
the  centrifugal. 

FLORAL   ENVELOPES. 

73.  These  immediately  surround  the  stamens  and  pistils,  and  are  formed 
of  one  or  more  whorls  of  variously  modified  leaves.     When  they  consist  of 
but  one  whorl,  they  are  usually  called  calyx;  when  of  two  whorls,  the  outer 
is  called  calyx,  the  inner  corolla. 

74.  If  the  floral  envelopes  are  of  such  a  nature  that  it  is  not  obvious 
whether  they  consist  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  or  calyx  only,  they  receive 
the  name  of  perianth  or  perigonium. 

75.  Some  plants  have  no  floral  envelopes ;  the  flowers  are  then  said  to  be 
naked  or  achla 


76.  The  calyx  consists  of  two  or  more  divisions,   usually  green,  called 
sepals,  which  are  either  distinct,  when  a  calyx  is  said  to  be  polysepalous,  or 
which  unite  by  their  margins  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  when  it  is  called 
monosepalous  or  monopJiyllous,  (gamosepalous.} 

77.  The  corolla  consists  of  two  or  more  divisions,  more  or  less  colored, 
called  petals ;  when  the  petals  are  distinct,  a  corolla  is  said  to  be  polypeta- 
lous ;  when  they  are  united  by  the  margins,  it  is  called  monopetalous,  (gamo- 
petalous.} 

78.  When  all  the  petals  are  equal,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  regular,  but 
when  they  are  unequal  in  size  or  cohere  unequally,  it  is  then  called  irreg- 
ular. 

79.  The  regular  monopetalous  corolla  varies  greatly  in  its  form,  being 
campanulate  or  bell-shaped,  infundibuliform  or  funnel-shaped,  rotate  or  wheel- 
shaped,  &c. 


RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  Xill 

80.  The  calyx  or  corolla  is  said  to  be  labiate  or  bilabiate,  when  the  sepals 
or  petals  are  united  in  one  or  two  parcels. 

81.  The  papilionaceous  corolla  consists  of  five  petals;  the  upper  one, 
usually  larger  than  the  others,  is  called  the  vexillum  or  standard ;  the  two 
lateral  ones,  the  ales  or  wings ;  and  the  two  lower  ones,  usually  more  or 
less  united  together  by  their  lower  margins,  the  carina  or  keel. 

82.  When  the  petal  tapers  conspicuously  towards  the  base,  it  is  said  to  be 
unguiculate.  or  clawed  ;  its  lower  part  is  called  the  claw,  its  upper,  the  limb. 

83.  The  dilated  apex  of  the  pedicel,  from  which  the  floral  envelopes  and 
stamens  arise,  is  called  the  torus  or  receptacle. 

84.  Whatever  intervenes  between  the  bracts  and  the  stamens  belong  to 
the  floral  envelopes,  and  is  either  calyx  or  corolla ;  of  which  nature  are 
many  of  the  organs  commonly  called  nectaries. 

85.  The  manner  in  which  the  floral  envelopes  are  arranged  before  they 
expand  is  called  their  (estivation  or  prcefloration. 

DISK. 

86.  Whatever  intervenes  between  the  stamens  and  pistils  receives  the  gen- 
eral name  of  disk. 

87.  The  disk  usually  consists  of  an  annular  elevation  encompassing  the 
base  of  the  ovary ;  but  it  sometimes  appears  in  the  form  of  a  glandular  lin- 
ing of  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Rose;  or  of  tooth-like  hypogynous 
processes,  as  in  the  Cruciferse ;  or  of  a  fleshy  mass,  as  in  Lamium. 

88.  The  disk  sometimes  appears  to  be  a  mere  cellular  expansion  of  the 
torus,  (83)  as  in  Nelumbium. 

89.  It  is  one  of  the  parts  commonly  called  nectary. 


90.  The  whorl  of  organs  immediately  within  the  petals  is  composed  of 
oodies  called  stamens,  and  they  are  essential  to  the  production  of  seed. 

91.  When  stamens  and  pistils  occur  in  the  same  flower  it  is  termed  per- 
fect or  hermaphrodite ;  but  when  the  stamens  are  in  one  flower  and  the  pis- 
tils in  another,  the  flowers  are  imperfect  or  diclinous. 

92.  The  number  of  stamens  is  variable,  five  or  ten  being  the  usual  num- 
ber among  the  Exogenous,  and  three  to  six  among  the  Endogenous  plants. 

93.  When  the  stamens  do  not  contract  any  union  with  the  sides  of  the 
calyx,  they  are  hypogynous ;  as  in  Ranunculus. 

94.  When  they  contract  adhesion  with  the  side  of  the  calyx,  they  become 
perigynnus ;  as  in  Rosa. 

95.  If  they  are  united  both  with  the  surface  of  the  calyx  and  of  the  ovary, 
they  are  epigynons ;  as  in  the  Umbelliferse. 

96.  The  stamen  consists  of  a  filament  and  an  anther. 

97.  Thejilame?it  is  the  body  which  arises  from  the  torus,  and  is  some- 
tunes  cylindrical,  or  awl-shaped,  or  prismatical,  and  is  even  at  times  expan- 
ded, as  if  into  a  scale  or  petal ;  but  it  is  not  essential  to  the  stamen. 

98.  The  filaments  are  usually  free  or  isolated  from  each  other ;  but  they 
are  sometimes  united  into  one  tube,  when  they  are  called  monadelphous ; 
or  into  two  parcels,  d'mdelphous  ;  or  into  several,  polyadelphous. 


XIV  RUDIMENTS    OF     BOTANY. 

99.  When  they  are  united  into  a  solid  body  along  with  the  style,  thtf 
form  what  is  called  a  column,  and  are  said  to  be  gynandrous. 

100.  The  anther  is  a  kind  of  bag  borne  by  the  filament,  and  corresponds 
to  the  lamina  of  a  leaf.     It  is  sessile  when  there  is  no  filament,  or  it  is  placed 
at  the  top  of  the  filament  in  various  ways. 

101.  The  bags  or  cells  of  the  anther  are  termed  lobes,  and  the  solid  sub- 
stance which  connects  them,  corresponding  to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  the  con- 
nective.    These  cells  are  usually  two  in  number;  sometimes  they  are  four, 
rarely  one. 

102.  The  lobes  or  cells  of  the  anthers  open  in  different  ways  by  what  is 
called  the  line  of  dehisccncc ;  sometimes  only  a  portion  of  this  line  opens,  the 
anther  is  then  said  to  dehisce  by  pores ;  as  in  Azalea. 

103.  The  anthers  frequently  grow  together  by  their  margins,  as  in  the 
Composite ;  when  they  are  called  syngenesious. 

104.  The  anther  contains  and  frequently  emits  a  matter  called  the  pollen, 
the  use  of  which  is  to  give  life  to  the  ovule  or  young  seed. 

105.  When  the  grains  of  pollen  burst,  they  again  discharge  a  multitude 
of  very  minute  particles,  called  molecules  or  granules. 

106.  When  the  grains  of  pollen  easily  detach  from  each  other,  they  are 
said  to  be  pulverulent,  and  then  they  may  be  either  perfectly  smooth  or  they 
may  be  viscous. 

107.  Sometimes  the  grains  contained  in  one  cell  or  bag,  instead  of  separa- 
ting readily,  cohere  into  what  are  termed  pollen-masses,  (pollinia ;)  as  in  the 
Orchidacese. 


PISTIL. 

108.  The  pistil  is  the  organ  which  occupies  the  centre  of  a  flower,  within 
the  stamens,  and  is  the  fruit-bearing  apparatus  of  plants. 

109.  It  is  distinguished  into  three  parts,  viz  :  the  ovary,  the  style,  and  the 
stigma. 

110.  The  ovary  is  a  hollow  case  enclosing  the  ovules  or  young  seeds.     It 
contains  one  or  more  cavities  called  cells. 

111.  The  stigma  is  the  upper  extremity  of  the  pistil. 

112.  The  style  is  that  part  which  connects  the  ovary  and  stigma;  but  it 
is  often  wanting,  when  the  stigma  is  said  to  be  sessile. 

113.  The  pistil  is  either  the  modification  of  a  single  leaf,  or  of  one  or  more 
whorls  of  modified  leaves ;  the  latter  being  termed  carpels. 

114.  When  the  margins  of«ihe  folded  leaf  out  of  which  the  carpel  is 
formed  meet  and  unite,  a  copious  development  of  cellular  tissue  takes  place, 
forming  what  is  called  the  placenta. 

115.  If  no  union  takes  place  among  the  carpels,  the  ovary  is  termed  apo- 
carpous, as  in  Ranunculus ;  but  if  there  is  an  adherence,  so  that  a  com- 
pound ovary  is  formed,  it  is  called  syncarpous. 

116.  When  carpels  unite,  those  parts  of  their  sides  which  are  contiguous 
grow  together,  and  form  partitions  between  the  cavities  of  the  carpels,  called 
dissepiments. 

117.  When  these  dissepiments  are  so  contracted  as  not  to  separate  the 
cavity  into  a  number  of  distinct  cells,  Vut  merely  project  into  a  cavity,  the 


RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XV 

placentas  which  occupy  the  edges  of  these  dissepiments  become  what  is 
termed  parietal. 

118.  If  the  dissepiments  are  abortive  or  obliterated,  the  placentae  remain- 
ing unaltered  in  the  axis,  a  free  central  placenta  is  formed. 

119.  A  one-celled  ovary  may  also  be  formed  out  of  several  carpels  in 
consequence  of  the  obliteration  of  the  dissepiments  ;  as  in  the  Nut. 

120.  If  the  ovary  adheres  to  the  sides  of  the  calyx  it  is  called  inferior,  and 
the  calyx  is  said  to  be  superior. 

121.  If  it  contracts  no  adhesion  with  the  sides  of  the  calyx,  it  is  called 

superior,  and  the  calyx  inferior. 


122.  The  ovule  is  a  body  borne  by  the  placenta,  and  is  the  rudiment  of 
the  future  seed ;  its  position  is  of  great  importance  in  determining  natural 
affinities. 

123.  When  the  ovule  is  fixed  by  its  base  to  the  bottom  of  one  of  the  cells 
of  the  ovary,  of  which  it  takes  the  direction,  it  is  said  to  be  erect ;  or  if  it 
hangs  from  the  summit  of  the  cell,  it  is  inverted. 

124.  When  it  is  attached  to  the  middle  portion  of  the  placenta,  it  may 
have  an  upright  direction,  and  is  then  called  ascending,  or  point  downwards, 
and  is  then  suspended.     Generally,  however,  the  erect  and  ascending  ovule 
are  confounded  under  one  name,  and  the  inverted  and  suspended  are  known 
by  the  term  pendulous. 

125.  The  ovule  is  either  sessile,  or  on  a  stalk  called  the  funiculus  or 
podosperm ;  and  in  either  case  the  point  by  which  the  union  is  formed  is 
termed  the  base  of  the  ovule,  and  the  other  extremity  the  apex. 

126.  The  ovule  consists  of  a  nucleus  and  two  external  coats ;  the  outer 
coat  is  called  the  testa  or primine  sac ;  and  the  inner,  the  internal  membrane, 
or  secundine  sac.,  or  the  legmen. 

127.  The  base  of  the  nucleus  is  always  incorporated  with  the  base  of  the 
internal  membrane,  and  their  common  base  is  attached  at  some  points  to 
the  testa.     The  junction  of  the  three  forms  the  chalaza. 

128.  The  mouths  of  the  primine  and  secundine  sacs  usually  contract  into 
a  small  aperture  called  the  foramen  of  the  ovule,  or  the  exostome.     It  is 
through  this  foramen  that  the  molecules  of  the  pollen  are  introduced  into 
the  nucleus  ;  and  its  position  indicates  the  future  position  of  the  radicle  of 
the  embryo,  the  radicle  being  always  next  the  foramen. 

129.  When  the  apex  of  the  nucleus  is  contiguous  to  the  base  of  the  ovule, 
a  connection  takes  place  between  the  base  of  the  ovule  and  the  base  of  the 
nucleus,  by  a  bundle  of  vessels  called  a  raphe.  ' , 


130.  Fecundation  having  taken  place,  the  floral  envelopes  usually  fade 
away,  the  stamens  disappear  and  the  pistil  increases  in  size  and  becomes 
the  fruit. 

131.  Hence  the  fruit  should  have  the  same  structure  as  the  pistil,  but 
this  is  not  always  the  case,  for  as  the  pistil  advances  to  maturity  many  al- 
terations take  place,  in  consequence  of  abortion,  non-developmenf,  obliter- 
ation or  even  union  of  parts. 


XVI  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 

132.  The  bate  of  the  fruit  is  the  part  where  it  is  joined  to  the  peduncle ; 
the  apex  is  where  the  remains  of  the  style  are  found. 

133.  The  portion  of  the  pistil  called  the  ovary  is  in  the  ripe  fruit  termed 
the  pericarp. 

134.  The  pericarp  consists  of  three  parts,  the  outer  coating  called  the  epi- 
carp  or  exocarp,  the  inner  lining  called  the  endocarp  or  putamen,  and  the 
intermediate  substance,  which  is  generally  fleshy  or  pulpy,  named  the  sarco- 
carp  or  mesocarp.     Sometimes  these  three  parts  are  readily  distinguished, 
as  in  the  Peach  ;  but  they  frequently  form  one  uniform  substance,  as  in  the 
Nut. 

135.  The  axis  of  the  fruit  is  often  called  columella ;  the  space  where  two 
carpels  unite  is  named  the  commissure. 

136.  If  the  pericarp  neither  splits  nor  opens  when  ripe,  it  is  said  to  be  in- 
detiiscent ;  but  if  it  does  split  or  open,  it  is  said  to  dehisce,  or  to  be  dehiscent ; 
and  the  pieces  into  which  it  divides  are  termed  valves. 

137.  When  a  fruit  is  in  its  simplest  state,  or  formed  by  the  transformation 
of  one  carpellary  leaf,  there  may  be  two  sutures  or  lines  by  which  it  may 
open,  the  one  where  the  margins  of  the  leaf  or  the  placentae  meet,  called  the 
ventral  suture,  the  other  at  the  part  corresponding  to  the  midrib  of  the  leaf, 
or  the  dorsal  suture. 

138.  If,  in  a  compound  fruit,  the  line  of  opening  corresponds  with  the 
junction  of  the  carpels,  the  dehiscence  is  septicidal.     Formerly  in  this  kind 
of  dehiscence  the  valves  were  said  to  be  alternate  with  the  dissepiment. 

139.  If  the  opening  is  by  the  dorsal  suture  of  each  carpel,  the  dehiscence 
is  loculicidal ;  or  as  it  was  formerly  said,  the  dissepiments  are  opposite  to  the 
valves. 

140.  When  a  separation  of  the  pericarp  takes  place  across  the  cells  hori- 
zontally, the  dehiscence  is  tranverse  or  circumcisile. 

141.  If  the  dehiscence  is  effected  by  partial  openings  of  the  pericarp,  it  is 
said  to  take  place  by  pares. 

142.  All  fruits  are  either  simple  or  multiple ;  the  former  proceeding  from 
a  single  flower,  as  the  Apple,  Nut,  Strawberry,  &c. :  the  latter  formed  out 
of  several  flowers,  as  the  Pine-apple,  Pig,  &c. 

143.  Simple  fruits  are  either  indehiscent  or  dehiscent;  of  the  former  the 
most  important  are  the  caryopsis,  the  utricle,  the  achenium  and  the  drupe. 

144.  The  caryopsis,  is  where  the  pericarp  is  very  thin  and  membranous, 
and  adheres  firmly  to  the  integument  of  the  seed ;  as  in  WTheat,  Maize,  and 
most  Grasses.^ 

145.  The  utricle  is  similar  to  the  caryopsis,  the  pericarp  being  membra- 
nous, but  it  has  no  adherence  with  the  seed. 

146.  The  achenium,  is  a  small  and  dry  indehiscent  one-seeded  pericarp 
formed  of  a  single  carpel ;  as  in  Ranunculus  and  Anemone.     The  name  is 
also  applied  to  one-seeded  fruits  formed  of  more  than  one  carpel,  and  in- 
vested by  the  calyx-tube ;  as  in  the  Composite. 

147.  A  drupe  is  a  fleshy  nut  enclosed  in  a  putamen  ;  as  in  the  Cherry 
and  Peach. 

148.  The  nut  contains  a  putamen,  but  the  sarcocarp  is  coriaceous,  instead 
of  being  fleshy.     A  samara  is  a  nut  or  achenium  having  a  winged  apex  or 
margin  ;  as  in  the  Elm  and  Maple. 


RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XVH 

149.  The  dry  dehiscent  fruits  are  the  follicle  and  the  legume. 

150.  The  follicle  is  a  carpel  dehiscing  by  the  ventral  suture,  and  having 
uo  dorsal  suture. 

151.  The  legume  is  a  carpel  having  both  ventral  and  dorsal  sutures,  by 
either  of  which  or  by  both  or  neither  it  may  dehisce  ;  rarely  the  sides  fall 
off,  bearing  nothing  but  sutures,  which  then  form  a  kind  of  frame  called  a 
replum.     When  articulations  take  place  across  the  legume  and  it  falls  into 
several  pieces,  it  is  said  to  be  lomentaceous. 

152.  Of  fruit  formed  of  several  carpels  the  principal  are  the  capsule,  the 
silique,  gland,  berry,  orange,  pome,  and  pepo. 

153.  The  capsule  is  a  many-celled,  dry  dehiscent  pericarp. 

154.  The  silique,  (or  pod,)  consists  of  two  (or  four)  carpels  fastened  to* 
gether,  the  placentae  of  which  are  parietal  and  separate  from  the  valves,  re- 
maining in  the  form  of  a  replum  and  connected  by  a  membranous  expan- 
sion ;  when  the  silique  is  very  short,  or  broader  than  it  is  long,  it  is  called 
a  silicic  or  ymick. 

155.  The -gland  is  a  dry  bony,  indehiscent,  one-celled  and  one-seeded 
fruit,  proceeding  from  an  ovary  of  several  cells  and  seeds,  and  enclosed  by 
an  involucre  called  a  cupule  or  cup ;  as  in  Quercus. 

156.  The  berry  is  a  succulent  fruit,  the  seeds  of  which  lose  their  adhesion 
when  ripe,  and  lie  loose  in  pulp ;  as  the  Grape  or  Gooseberry. 

157.  The  orange  is  a  berry  having  a  pericarp,  separable  into  an  epicarp, 
an  endocarp  and  a  sarcocarp,  and  the  cells  filled  with  pulpy  bags,  which 
are  cellular  extensions  of  the  sides  of  the  cavity. 

158.  The  pome  is  a  union  of  two  or  more  inferior  carpels,  the  pericarp 
being  fleshy  and  formed  of  the  floral  envelope  and  ovary  firmly  united. 

159.  The  pepo  is  composed  of  about  three  carpels,  the  sides  of  which  do 
not  turn  far  inwards,  nor  the  margins  unite.     It  is  a  one-celled,  fleshy,  inde- 
hiscent fruit,  with  parietal  placentas,  and  usually  with  a  firm  rind ;  as  the 
Melon. 

160.  The  most  remarkable  modifications  of  multiple  fruits  are  the  cone, 
pine-apple,  and  fig. 

161.  The  cane  or  strobile  is  an  indurated  ament.     When  it  is  much  re- 
duced in  size,  and  its  scales  cohere,  it  is  called  a  galbulus;  as  in  Thuja. 

162.  The  pine-apple  is  a  spike  of  inferior  flowers,  which  all  grow  together 
in  a  fleshy  mass. 

163.  The  fig  is  a  fleshy,  hollow,  dilated  apex  of  a  peduncle,  within  which 
a  number  of  flowers  are  arranged,  each  of  which  contains  an  achenium. 

SEED. 

1 64.  The  seed  is  the  ovule  arrived  at  maturity. 

165.  It  consist  of  integuments,  albumen,  and  embryo ;  a  naked  seed  is 
only  found  in  those  rare  cases  in  which  the  ovule  is  naked. 

166.  The  seed  proceeds  from  the  placenta,  to  which  it  is  attached  by  the 
funiculus  ;  sometimes  this  becomes  expanded  about  the  seed  into  a  fleshy 
body,  called  the  aril  or  arUlus 

167.  The  scar  which  indicates  the  union  of  the  seed  with  the  placenta,  is 
cabled  the  hilum  or  umbilicus. 


XVW1  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 

168.  The  integuments  are  called  collectively  tote,  and  consist  of  mem- 
branes resulting  from  the  sacs  of  the  ovule.     These  membranes  are  called 
by  various  names. 

169.  Between  the  integuments  and  the  embryo  of  some  plants  lies  a  sub- 
stance called  the  albumen  or  perisperm ;  the  nature  of*  this  is  of  great  im- 
portance. 

170.  The  albumen  is  sometimes  farinaceous  or  mealy.,  as  in  the  Grasses ; 
coriaceous  and  almost  cartilaginous,  as  in  many  Umbeliferse  ;  ruminated  or 
wrinkled,,as  in  the  Anonaceae  ;  horny ,  as  in  the  Coffee-bean  ;  oily,  as  in  the 
Poppy ;  or  thin  and  membranous,  as  in  many  Labiatse. 

171 .  The  embryo  is  the  organized  body  that  lies  within  the  seed,  which  is 
destined  to  become  a  plant  similar  in  all  respects  to  the  parent.     It  is  usually 
solitary  in  the  seed,  but  occasionally  there  are  two  or  several. 

172.  The  embryo  consists  of  the  cotyledons,  the  radicle,  the  plumule  and 
the  neck. 

173.  The  cotyledons  represent  the  undeveloped  leaves. 

174.  The  plumule  is  what  is  destined  to  become  the  stem,  and  is  therefore 
a  rudimentary  leaf-bud. 

175.  The  radicle  is  the  rudiment  of  the  root,  and  by  germination  becomes 
the  root. 

176.  The  neck  or  collum  is  the  line  of  separation  between  the  radicle  and 
the  portion  above  it. 

177.  The  number  of  cotyledons  varies  from  one  to  several. 

178.  Plants  that  have  but  one  cotyledon,  or  if  with  two,  one  of  them  is 
alternate  with  the  other,  are  termed  Monocotyledonous.    These  are  also  En- 
dogenous plants. 

179.  Plants  that  have  two  cotyledons  placed  opposite  each  other,  or  a 
greater  number  placed  in  a  whorl,  are  called  Dicotyledonous.     These  are 
also  Exogenous  plants. 

180.  Plants  that  have  no  cotyledons,  are  said  to  be  Acotyledonous.     But 
this  term  is  only  applied  to  cellular  plants,  which  having  no  stamens  and 
pistils,  can  have  no  seed. 

181.  When  the  radicle  is  so  bent  that  it  touches  the  back  of  one  of  the 
cotyledons,  it  is  said  to  be  dorsal,  or  the  cotyledons  are  said  to  be  incumbent. 

182.  When  the  radicle  is  applied  to  the  edge  or  cleft  of  the  cotyledons,  it 
is  said  to  be  lateral,  or  the  cotyledons  are  said  to  be  accumbent. 

183.  When  the  seed  is  called  into  action,  germination  takes  place  and 
growth  commences. 


GLOSSARY 

OF  THE 

PRINCIPAL   BOTANICAL    TERMS. 

[The  figures  refer  to  the  preceding  Sketch.] 


Abortion  t  an  imperfect  development 
of  any  given  organ. 

Abortive,  not  arriving  at  perfection, 
producing  no  fruit. 

Abrupt,  not  gradual,  sudden. 

Abruptly  pinnate,  pinnate  with  even 
pairs  only,  wanting  the  odd  or  ter- 
minal leafet. 

Acquiescent,  apparently  without  a 
stem. 

Accessory,  additional,  or  supernume- 
rary. 

Acerose,  stiff,  linear,  and  sharp,  as  in 
the  leaves  of  the  Pines. 

Acotyledonous,  180.  

Accumbent  cotyledons,  182. 

Aculeate,  prickly. 

Acuminate,  taper,  pointed,  more  than 
acute. 

Acute,  ending  in  a  sharp  point. 

Ackenium,  plural  ac/ienia,  146. 

Acicular,  needle-form. 

Adherent,  attached  to,  or  united  with 
another  organ. 

Adnate,  growing  to,  affixed  laterally. 

Aestivation,  85. 

Agglomerated,  bunched,  crowded  to- 
gether. 

Aggregate,  standing  together,  many 
on  the  same  receptacle,  but  not 
compound. 

Al(K,  wings,  or  membranaceous  ex- 
pansions. 

.  Alate,  winged ;  having  a  membrana- 
ceous border. 

Albumen,  169. 

Alternate,  placed  alternately  on  op- 
posite sides  of  the  stem. 


Alveolate,  having  pits  or  cells  like  a 
honeycomb. 

Ament,  or  catkin,  65. 

Amplexicaul,  clasping  or  embracing 
the  stem. 

Anastomosing,  applied  to  branching 
vessels,  which  unite  again  like  net- 
work. 

Ancipital,  two-edged. 

Androgynous,  having  barren  and 
fertile  flowers  on  the  same  spike, 
or  the  same  plant,  but  no  perfect 
ones. 

Angiospermous,  having  the  seeds  con- 
tained in  a  distinct  pericarp  or 
seed-vessel. 

Annual,  30.  a. 

Annulate,  having  a  ring  or  belt. 

Anomalous,  not  according  to  rule  or 
system ;  an  exception  to  the  ordi- 
nary form  or  appearance. 

Anther,  100. 

Anther  if erous,  .bearing  anthers. 

Apetalous,  without  petals. 

Apex,  end,  tip,  or  sharp  extremity. 

Aphyllous,  without  leaves. 

Appendiculate,  having  some  appen- 
dage. 

Appressed,  pressed  against,  or  close 
to. 

Approximate,  near  together. 

Apterous,  without  wings  ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  some  parts  of  flowers. 

Aquatic,  growing  naturally  in  water, 
or  in  wet  places. 

Arborescent,  approaching  to  the  size  o. 
a  tree. 

Arcuate,  curved  or  bent  like  a  bow. 


XX 


GLOSSARY    OF   BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Areola,,  a  small  cavity — as  in  the  base 
of  some  achenia. 

Aril  or  arillus,  a  loose  coating  of  the 
seed. 

Arillate,  having  an  aril. 

Aristate,  awned,  ending  in  a  bristle. 

Armed,  furnished  with  thorns  or 
prickles. 

Articulated,  jointed,  connected  by 
joints  or  places  of  separation. 

Ascending,  rising  from  the  ground 
obliquely. 

Assurgcnt,  rising  in  a  curve  from  a 
declined  base. 

Attenuated,  gradually  diminished  or 
tapering, 

Auriculate,  having  an  ear-like  base. 

Awn,  a  stiff  bristle,  frequently  rough 
or  bearded ;  as  in  the  flowers  of 
certain  grasses. 

Awned,  having  awns. 

Awnless,  without  awns,  or  bristle- 
like  appendages. 

Axil,  the  angle  between  a  leaf  and 
stem  on  the  upper  side. 

Axillary,  growing  in  or  from  the  axil. 

Axis,  a  central  stem  or  peduncle  ;  a 
real  or  imaginary  central  line  ex- 
tending from  the  base  to  the  sum- 
mit. 

Baccate,  berried,  having  a  fleshy  coat 
or  covering. 

Banner ',  or  vexillum,  81. 

Barb,  a  straight  process  armed  with 
one  or  more  teeth  pointing  back- 
wards. 

Barren,  producing  no  fruit,  contain- 
ing stamens  only. 

Beak,  a  terminal  process,  like  a  bird's 
bill ;  a  hard  short  point. 

Beaked,  having,  or  terminating,  in  a 
beak. 

Bearded, .with  parallel  hairs  ;  applied 
also  to  the  Grasses. 

Berry,  156. 

Bicuspidate,  with  two  points. 

Bidentate,-vfiih  two  teeth. 

Biennial,  30.  b. 

Bifarious,  in  two  series  or  opposite 
rows ;  pointing  in  two  directions. 

Bifid ,  two  cleft,  cut  nearly  in  two 
parts. 

Bifurcate,  forked;  ending  in  two 
nearly  equal  branches. 

Biglandular,  having  two  glands. 

Bilabiate,  having  two  lips, 


B'damellate,  having  two  lamellae,  or 

thin  plates. 

Bilobed,  having  two  lobes. 
BUocular,  having  two  cells. 
Binnate,  growing  two  together. 
Sip-innate,  twice  pinnate,  when  both 

the  leaf  and  its  subdivisions  are 

pinnate. 
Bipinnatifid,  twice  pinnatifid,  both 

the  leaf  and  its  segments  being 

pinnatifid. 

Birostrate,  with  two  beaks. 
Bisetose,  with  two  bristles. 
Bisulcate,  with  two  grooves  or  fur- 
rows. 
Biternate,  twice  ternate,  the  petiole 

supporting  three  ternate  leaves. 
Bivalved,  two  valved. 
Bloom,  a  fine  powdery  coating  on 

certain  fruits ;  as  the  Plum. 
Border,  the  brim,  or  spreading  part 

of  a  corolla. 
Brachiate,  branches   opposite,   and 

each  pair  at  right  angles  with  the 

preceding. 
Bract,  51. 

Bracteoles,  small  bracts. 
Branchlets,     subdivisions      of     the 

branches. 

Bristles,  rigid  hairs,  straight  or  hook- 
ed. 

Bud,  32. 
Bulb,  15. 
Buttiferous,  bearing  bulbs. 

Caducous,  falling  early,  sooner  than 
deciduous. 

Ccespitose,  or  cespitose,  growing  in 
tufts. 

Calcarate,  resembling,  or  furnished 
with,  a  spur  or  horn. 

Calli,  small  callosities  or  rough  pro- 
tuberances. 

Calyciform,  shaped  like  a  calyx. 

Calyculatc,  furnished  with  an  addi- 
tional outer  calyx. 

Calyptriform,  shaped  like  a  calyptra 
or  extinguisher. 

Calyx,  73. 

Campanulate,  bell-shaped. 

CanalicuMe,  channelled  or  furrowed. 

Canescent,  whitish,  hoary;  covered 
with  a  whitish  or  gray  pubescence. 

Capillary,  or  capillaceous,  very  slen- 
der, resembling  a  hair. 

Capitate,  shaped  like  a  head,  or 
bearing  a  head.  >  *-' 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


XXI 


Capsule,  153. 

Carina  81. 

Carinate,  keeled,  furnished  with  a 

sharp  or  prominent  back  like  the 

keel  of  a  vessel. 
Carpel,  113. 
Carpophore,  the  axis  of  the  fruit  in 

the  Umbellifers. 
Caryopsis,  144. 
Catkin,  see  Ament. 
Caudate,  having  a  tail ;  as  in  some 

seeds. 
Caudex,  the  main  body  of  a  tree  or 

root. 

Caulescent,  having  a  true  stem 
Cauline,  growing  on  the  stem. 
Cell,  a  cavity  or  compartment  of  a 

seed  vessel  or  anther. 
Cellular,  made  up  of  little  cells  or 

cavities. 

Centrifugal  inflorescence,  72. 
Centripetal  inflorescence,  71. 
Chaffy,  made  of  short  membranous 

portions  like  chaff. 
Channelled,  grooved  or  furrowed. 
Chartaceous,  of  a  texture  resembling 

paper. 

Ctiite,  hairs  along  the  margin  of  a  sur- 
face, like  those  of  the  eyelashes. 
Ciliate,  fringed  with  parallel  hairs, 

like  eyelashes. 

Cinereous,  of  the  color  of  wood-ashes. 
Circinate,  with  the  apex  rolled  back 

upon  itself,  like  the  young  fronds 

of  a  fern. 
Circumcised,  cut  round  transversely, 

or  opening  like  a  snuff-box. 
Cirrhus,  a  tendril. 
Cirrhose,  bearing  tendrils. 
Clasping,  surrounding  the  stem  partly 

or  quite  with  the  base  of  the  leaf. 
Clavate,  club-shaped,  larger   at  top 

than  bottom. 

Claw,  the  taper  base  of  a  petal,  82. 
Cleft,  split  or  divided  less  than  half 

way. 
Clypeate,    shaped     like     a    Roman 

buckler. 

Coadunate,  united  at  base. 
Coarctate,  contracted  or  crowded. 
Cochleate,  resembling  the  shell  of  a 

snail. 
Coherent,  united  with  an  organ  of 

the  same  kind. 

Collateral,  placed  side  by  side. 
Colored,  different  from  green,  which 

is  the  common  color  of  plants. 


ia,  135. 

Column,  99. 

Commisure,  the  line  of  junction  of 
two  bodies ;  as  the  face  of  the  car- 
pels in  the  Umbelliferae. 

Comose,  covered  with  cottony  hair. 

Compound,  made  up  of  similar  simple 
parts. 

Compressed,  flattened. 

Conduplicate,  doubled  lengthwise, 

Cone,  161. 

Conglomerate,  crowded  together. 

Confluent,  running  into  one  another. 

Conjugate,  in  pairs;  coupled. 

Connate,  joined  together  at  base. 

Connective,  the  organ  which  connects 
the  two  cells  of  an  anther. 

Connivent,  converging,  the  tips  in- 
clining towards  each  other. 

Conoid,  like  a  cone. 

Continuous,  without  interruption  or 
articulation. 

Contorted,  twisted,  bent  from  a  com- 
mon position. 

Convolute,  rolled  together. 

Coraloid,  resembling  coral  in  appear- 
ance. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous,  leathery,  tough  and  thick. 

Cormus  or  corm,  the  fleshy  subter- 
raneous base  of  a  stem,  resembling 
a  bulb,  but  solid. 

Corneous,  horny,  having  a  consist- 
ence like  horn. 

Corniculate,  horn-shaped. 

Corolla,  77. 

Cortical,  belonging  to  the  bark. 

Corymb,  67. 

Costate,  ribbed. 

Cotyledons,  172. 

Creeping,  12. 

Crenate,  scolloped,  having  sharp 
notches  on  the  edge  separated  by 
round  or  obtuse  dentures. 

Crenulate,  finely  or  minutely  crenate. 

Crested,  having  an  appendage  re- 
sembling a  cock's  comb. 

Crowned,  having  a  circle  of  projec- 
tions round  the  upper  part  of  the 
tube  of  a  flower,  on  its  inside. 

Cruciform  or  cruciate,  consisting  of 
four  petals  placed  like  a  cross. 

Crustaceous,  having  a  hard  brittle 
shell. 

Cucullate,  hooded  or  cowled,  rolled 
or  folded  in ;  as  the  spathe  of  Arum 
triphyllum. 


XXII 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Cucurbitaceous,  like  gourds  or  melons. 
Culm,  the  stem  of  Grasses  and  Cype- 

raceous  plants. 

Cuneate  or  cuneiform,  wedge-sha- 
ped, tapering  with  straight  edges 

to  the  base. 
Cupule,  155. 

Cusp,  a  stiffish  tapering  sharp  point. 
Cuspidate,  having  a  sharp  straight 

point. 

Cuticle,  6,  23. 
Cyathiform,  cup-shaped. 
Cylindric  or  cylindrical,  round  and 

not  tapering,  cylinder-shaped. 
Cyme,  70. 
Cymose,    bearing    or    flowering    in 

cymes. 
Cymules,  the  reduced  cymes,  or  cy- 

mose    clusters    of  the    Labiatae ; 

sometimes  called  VerticiUasters. 

Deciduous,  falling  off,  in  opposition 
to  persistent  and  evergreen,  later 
than  caducous. 

Declined  or  declinate,  turned  down- 
wards. 

Decompound,  twice  compound,  com- 
posed of  compound  parts. 

Decumbent,  leaning  upon  the  ground, 
the  base  only  erect. 

Decurrent,  when  the  edges  of  a  leaf 
run  down  the  stem  or  stalk. 

Decursive,see  Decurrent. 

Decussate,  or  decussating,  in  pairs  al- 
ternately crossing  each  other. 

Dejlected,  bent  off  or  downwards. 

Dehiscent,  gaping  or  opening  nat- 
urally by  seams  at  maturity. 

Deltoid,  nearly  triangular,  shaped  like 
the  Greek  letter  A. 

Dentate,  toothed,  edged  with  sharp 
projections  separated  by  notches, 
larger  than  serrate. 

Denticrdate,jmnute\y  toothed. 

Dentures,  teeth,  the  sharp  parts 
which  separate  notches. 

Depauperated,  few-flowered. 

Depressed,  flattened  or  pressed  in  at 
the  top. 

Depressed-globose,  globular,  with  the 
base  and  apex  flattened. 

Diaphanous,  transparent. 

Dichotommis,  forked,  dividing  into 
two  equal  branches. 

Diclinous,  having  the  stamens  and 
pistils  in  distinct  flowers  on  the 
same  or  different  plants. 


Dicoccous,  containing  two  grains  or 

seeds. 

Dicotyledonous,  179. 
Didymous,  twin ;  growing  in  pairs, 

and  more  or  less  united. 
Didynaynous,  having  2  long  and  2 

shorter  stamens  in  the  same  flower. 
Diffuse,  scattered,  widely  spread. 
Digitate,  when  a  petiole  gives  off  five 

or  more  leafets  from  a  single  point 

at  its  extremity. 
Dimidiate,  halved,  as  if  one  side  or 

one-half  had  been  cut  off. 
Dioecious,  having  the  barren  and  fer- 
tile flowers  on  different  plants. 
Discoid,  having  a  disc  covered  with 

flowers,  but  no  ray-flowers. 
Disk,  86 ;  also  the  central  part  of  a 

head  of  compound  flowers. . 
Dissepiment,  the  partition  or  internal 

wall  of  a  pericarp. 
Distichous,     two-rowed,     producing 

leaves  or  flowers  in  two  opposite 

rows. 
Distinct,   separate ;    not   connected 

with  each  other,  nor  with  any  con- 
tiguous organ. 
Divaricate,  diverging  so  far  as  to 

turn  backwards. 
Divergent,     spreading,      separating 

widely. 
Divided,  separated  or  cleft  to  the  base, 

or  to  the  midrib,  if  a  leaf. 
Dorsal,  growing  on,  or  belonging  to, 

the  back. 

Downy,  clothed  with  soft  fine  hairs. 
Drooping,     inclining     downwards, 

more  than  nodding. 
Drupaceous,  bearing  or  resembling 

drupes. 
Drupe,  147. 

Ebracteate,  without  bracts. 

Ecaudate,  without  a  tail. 

Echinate,  beset  with  prickles,  hedge- 
hog like. 

•Effuse,  a  term  applied  to  a  loose  one- 
sided panicle ;  as  in  Juncus  effiisus. 

Elliptic  or  elliptical,  oval,  longer 
than  wide  with  the  two  ends  nar- 
rowing equally. 

Elongated,  exceeding  a  common  or 
average  length. 

Emarginate,  having  a  notch  in  the 
end. 

Embryo,  176. 

Emersed,  raised  out  of  water. 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


xxiii 


Endocarp,  the  hard  shell  which 
forms  the  covering  of  the  seeds. 

Ensiform,  sword-shaped,  two-edged. 

Entire,  even  and  whole  at  the  edge ; 
without  incision,  notch,  or  tooth. 

Envelop,  an  integument  or  covering. 

Epicarp,  the  outer  coating  of  the 
pericarp  or  fruit. 

Epidermis,  see  Cuticle. 

Epigynous,  attached  to  the  ovary, 
so  that  the  upper  portion  is  appa- 
rently inserted  on  its  summit. 

Epipetalous,  upon  the  petals. 

Equal,  similar  parts  of  nearly  the 
same  size  and  form;  as  sepals, 
petals,  «fec. 

Eroded  or  erose,^  appearing  as  if 
gnawed  at  the  edge. 

Esculent,  eatable. 

Evergreen,  remaining  fresh  through 
the  winter,  not  deciduous. 

Exsert  or  exserted,  projecting  or  pro- 
truding out;  as  stamens  from  the 
tube  of  a  corolla,  &c. 

Falcate,  sickle-shaped,  linear  and 
crooked. 

Fascicle,  70. 

Fascicled  or  fasciculate,  collected  in 
bundles. 

Fastigiate,  flat  or  level  topped. 

Favose,  deeply  pitted,  resembling  a 
honeycomb. 

Feather-veined  leaf,  where  the  lat- 
eral veins  diverge  regularly  from 
each  side  of  the  midrib ;  as  in  a 
quill. 

Ferruginous,  reddish-brown,  like  the 
rust  of  iron. 

Fertile,  containing  perfect  pistils  and 
yielding  fruit. 

Fibrous,  being  composed  of  fibres. 

Filiform,  thread-like,  or  very  slender. 

Fimbriate,  finely  divided  at  the  edge 
like  fringe. 

Fimb-rillate,  clothed  with  fimbrillcc, 
membranaceous  linear  or  subulate 
filaments ;  as  the  receptacle  of 
certain  compound  flowers. 

Fistulous  or  jUstular,  hollow  or  tu- 
bular. 

Flabelliform,  spreading  like  a  fan. 

Flaccid,  weak,  so  as  to  bend  by  its 
own  weight. 

Flagelliform,  like  a  whip-lash. 

Flexuous  or  flexuose,  serpentine  or 
zigzag. 


Floral  leaf,  see  Bract. 
Foliaceous,  resembling  a  leaf. 
Follicle,  150. 
Frond,  the    leaf  of  Cryptogamous 

plants. 

Frutescent,  becoming  shrubby. 
Fruticuse,  shrub-like,  or  shrubby. 
Fulvous,  tawny  or  tan-colored. 
Fugacious,  that  which  lasts  but  for  a 

short  time. 
Funiculus,  the  little  cord  by  which 

seeds  are  attached  to  the  placenta, 
Funnel-shaped,  tubular  at    bottom, 

and  gradually  expanding  at  top. 
Fuscous,   grayish    brown,    or    deep 

brown  tinged  with  green. 
Fusiform,  11. 

Galea,  a  helmet,  the  upper  part  of 

a  ringent  corolla. 
Geminate,  doubled. 
Gemmaceous,  belonging  to  a  bud, 

made  of  the  scales  of  a  bud,  49. 
Geniculate,  bent  like  a  knee. 
Germ  or  germen,  the  old  name  for 

the  ovary. 

Germination,  the  sprouting  of  a  seed. 
Gibbous,  swelled  out,  commonly  on 

one  side. 
Glabrous,  very  smooth,  without  any 

roughness  or  pubescence. 
Glandular  pubescence,   hairs  tipped 

with  little  heads  or  glands. 
Glaucmts,     sea-green,    pale    bluish 

green. 
Globose  or  globular,  spherical,  round 

on  all  sides. 
Glomerate,  gathered  in  a  round  heap 

or  head. 
Glomerules,    small    dense    roundish 

clusters. 
Glumaceous,    resembling    chaff    or 

glumes. 
Glumes,  the  scales,  valves  or  chaff 

which  make  the  calyx  of  grasses. 
Glutinous,  adhesive,   viscid,  covered 

with  an  adhesive  fluid. 
Gramineous,  resembling  the  grasses. 
Graniferaus,    bearing    a    grain    or 

grains. 

Granular,  formed  of  grains  or  cov- 
ered with  grains. 
Gymnospermous,  having    the   seeds 

naked. 
Gynandrous,    having    the    stamens 

growing  on,  or  adhering  to,  the 

pistil. 


XXIV 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Habit,  the  general  external  appear- 
ance of  a  plant,  by  which  it  is 
known  at  sight. 

Habitat  or  /uibitatis,  the  natural  or 
native  place  of  growth. 

Hamate,  hooked,  a  bristle  curved  at 
the  end. 

Hastate,  shaped  like  a  halbert;  it 
differs  from  arrow-shaped  in  hav- 
ing the  barbs  or  lateral  portions 
more  distinct  and  divergent. 

Head,  a  dense  roundish  cluster  of 
sessile  flowers. 

Helmet,  see  Galea. 

Herbaceous  or  kerb,  not  woody. 

Heterocephalous  flowers,  staminate 
and  pistillate  in  distinct  heads ;  as 
in  Ambrosia. 

Heterogamous  heads,  containing  flow- 
ers of  different  structure  and  sexual 
character. 

Heterophyllous,  having  leaves  of  dif- 
ferent forms. 

Hilum,  167. 

Hirsute,  rough  with  soft  hairs. 

Hispid,  rough  with  stiff  hairs. 

Hoary,  covered  with  white  down. 

Homogamous  heads,  containing  flow- 
ers of  a  similar  structure  and  the 
same  sexual  character. 

Hooded,  see  Cucullate. 

Horn,  see  Spur. 

Hybrid,  a  mongrel,  or  partaking  of 
the  nature  of  two  species. 

Hypocrateriform,  salver-shaped,  with 
a  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  a 
flat  border. 

Hypogynous,  93. 

Imbricate  or  imbricated ,  lying  over 
each  other  like  scales,  or  the  shin- 
gles of  a  roof. 

Imperfect  flower,  one  in  which  either 
stamens  or  pistils  are  wanting. 

Incised,  cut,  separated  by  incisions. 

Included,  wholly  received  or  con- 
tained in  a  cavity,  the  opposite  of 
exserted. 

Incomplete  flower,  one  which  is  des- 
titute of  calyx  or  corolla. 

Incrassatsd,  thickened  upward,  larger 
toward  the  end. 

Incumbent,  lying  against  or  across, 
181. 

Incurved,  bent  or  curved  inwards. 

Indefinite,  numerous,  and  of  no  con- 
stant number. 


Indehisccnt,  not  opening. 

Indigenous,  native,  growing  natu- 
rally in  a  country. 

Indusium,  the  involucre  or  veil  which 
covers  the  fruit  of  ferns. 

Inferior,  lowermost. 

Inflated,  blown  up  like  a  bladder. 

Inflexcd,  bending  inwards. 

Inflorescence,  59. 

Infundibulifarm,  funnel-shaped. 

Inserted  into,  growing  out  of. 

Internode,  the  space  between  joints  , 
as  in  Grasses. 

Interrupted,  having  intervals,  or  the 
continuity  broken. 

Interruptedly  pinnate,  when  smaller 
leafets  are  interposed  among  the 
principal  ones. 

Introse  anthers,  having  the  cells 
turned  inwards  or  towards  the 
pistils. 

Involucel,  a  partial  involucre,  53. 

Involucre  or  involucrum,  53. 

Involute,  rolled  inwards. 

Irregular,  the  component  parts  dif- 
fering in  size  and  shape. 

Keel,  81. 

Keeled,  shaped  like  a  keel. 
Kidney-shaped,  heart-shaped  without 
the  point,  and  broader  than  long. 

Labiate,  80. 

Lacerate,  divided  into  irregular  seg- 
ments, as  if  torn. 

Laciniatc,  cut  or  divided  into  seg- 
ments. 

Lactescent,  milky ;  yielding  a  whitish 
or  milky  juice,  when  cut. 

Lacunose,  covered  with  little  pits  or 
depressions. 

Lameltated,  in  thin  plates. 

Lamina,  a  thin  layer  or  plate ;  the 
flat  portion  of  a  leaf  or  petal,  as 
distinguished  from  the  petiole  or 
claw. 

Lanceolate,  spear-shaped,  narrow, 
with  both  ends  acute. 

Lance-linear,  Lance-ovate,  &c.,  lin- 
ear, ovate,  &c.,  with  something  of 
the  lanceolate  form. 

Lanuginous,  woolly. 

Lateral,  at  the  side. 

Lax,  loose,  not  compact. 

Leafet,  a  partial  leaf,  a  constituent 
of  a  compound  leaf. 

Legume,  151. 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


XXV 


Leguminous,  bearing  legumes. 

Lenticular,  having  the  form  of  a  lens; 
orbicular  and  compressed,  but  con- 
vex on  both  faces. 

Ligneous,  woody. 

Ligulate,  ribbon-shaped ;  a  kind  of 
corolla  found  in  compound  flowers, 
consisting  of  a  tube  at  bottom,  con- 
tinued into  a  long  flat  portion  at 
top. 

Ligule,  the  mostly  membranaceous 
appendage  at  the  summit  of  the 
sheath,  in  the  Grasses. 

Liliaceous,  resembling  the  lily. 

Limb,  82. 

Line,  the  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

Linear,  long  and  very  narrow  with 
parallel  sides. 

Linear-lanceolate,  partaking  of  both 
forms,  but  more  of  the  latter. 

Lip,  the  front  segment  of  an  Orchi- 
deous  or  other  flower. 

Lobe,  a  large  division  or  distinct  por- 
tion of  a  leaf  or  petal. 

Lobate  or  lobed,  cut  or  divided  into 
lobes. 

Loment,  151. 

Lunate  or  lumdale,  shaped  like  a 
half-moon. 

Lt/rale,  pinnatifid,  with  a  large 
roundish  segment  at  the  end. 

Marcescent,  withering. 
Melliferous,  honey-bearing. 
Membranous  or  membranaceous,  very- 
thin  and  delicate. 
Mericarp,  a  name  given  to  the  inde- 

hiscent  carpel  of  the  Umbelliferae. 
Midrib,  43. 
Monadeiphous,  98. 
Moniliform,  arranged  like  the  beads 

of  a  "necklace. 
Monodinous,  having  the  stamens  and 

pistils  in  the  same  flower. 
Monocotyledonous,  178. 
Mon&cious,    having   staminate   and 

pistillate  flowers   distinct,  but  on 

the  same  plant. 
Monopelalous ,  having  but  one  petal, 

or  the  petals  united  into  one. 
Monophyltous,  one-leaved. 
Monosepalous,  consisting  of  one  sepal. 
Mucronate,  having  a  mucro  or  point 

projecting  from  an  obtuse  end. 
Multifid,  many-cleft. 
Multipartite,  many-parted. 
Multiple,  a  number  containing  an- 


other number  several  times  with- 
out a  remainder ;  as  9  is  a  multi- 
ple of  3. 

Muricale,  covered  with  sharp  spines 
or  prickles. 

Muticous,  awnless  or  pointless. 

Naked,  destitute  of  the  usual  covering 
or  appendage  ;  as  the  corolla  with- 
out a  calyx,  seeds  without  a  peri- 
carp, &c. 

Napiform,  turnip-shaped. 

Nectariferous,  bearing  honey. 

Nectary,  84,  89. 

Nerves,  parallel  veins  or  rib-like 
fibres  extending  from  about  the 
base  to  the  apex. 

Neuter  or  neutral  flower,  having 
neither  stamen  nor  pistil. 

Nodding,  inclining  to  one  side,  partly 
drooping. 

Nodi  or  nodes,  26.     . 

Nodose,  having  many  nodi  or  joints. 

Nucamentaceous,  producing  nuts. 

Nucleus,  a  central  body,  the  kernel 
of  a  nut. 

Nucules,  little  nuts,  or  nut-like  fruit. 

Nut,  a  hard  indehiscent  fruit,  mostly 
with  a  single  seed. 

Ob,  a  particle,  which,  when  prefixed 
to  any  other  term,  denotes  the  in- 
version of  the  usual  position. 

Obconic,  conic  with  the  apex  down- 
ward. 

Obcordatc,  heart-shaped,  witli  the 
point  inwards,  or  downwards. 

Oblanceolate,  with  the  widest  part 
above  the  middle,  and  tapering 
gradually  to  the  base. 

Oblong,  longer  than  oval  with  the 
sides  parallel. 

Obovatc,  ovate,  but  inverted. 

Obovoid,  inversely  ovoid. 

ObsoUte,  indistinct,  appearing  as  if 
worn  out. 

Obtuse,  blunt,  rounded,  not  acute. 

Ochrea,  a  membranous  sheath,  em- 
bracing the  stem  like  a  boot-leg  ; 
as  in  Polygowum,. 

Ochroleucous,  whitish-yellow,  cream- 
color. 

Opercular,  opening  by  a  lid  fixed  at 
one  side. 

Opposite,  standing  directly  against 
each  other  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
stem. 


B2 


XXVI 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Orbicular,  circular. 

Ocal.  longer  than  broad,  the  sides 
curving  from  end  to  end,  and  the 
ends  of  equal  breadth  and  curva- 
ture. 

Ovary,  110. 

Ovate,  flat,  with  the  outline  of  the 
longitudinal  section  of  an  egg,  the 
lower  end  being  the  largest. 

Ovoid,  having  the  outline  of  an  en- 
tire egg. 

Ovule,  122. 

Palate,  a  large  obtuse  projection 
which  closes  the  throat  of  a  per- 
sonate flower. 

Palea,  a  term  applied  to  the  parts  of 
the  corolla  in  Grasses. 

Paleaceous,  chaffy. 

Palmate,  hand-shaped,  deeply  di- 
vided into  spreading  and  some- 
what equal  segments. 

Panduriform,  contracted  in  the  mid- 
dle like  a  violin. 

Panicle,  68. 

Panicled  or  paniculate,  arranged  in 
the  form  of  a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous,  81. 

Papillose,  producing  small  glandular 
excrescences  like  nipples. 

Pappus,  the  crown  of  the  fruit  of 
Composite  and  similar  plants. 

Parasitic,  growing  on  another  plant 
and  drawing  nourishment  from  it ; 
as  the  Misseltoe. 

Parietal,  in. 

Parted,  deeply  divided  almost  to  the 
base,  more  than  cleft. 

Partial,  a  term  applied  to  small  or 
/       constituent    parts    in    distinction 
from  general. 

Partition,  the  dividing  wall  or  dis- 
sepiment in  seed  vessels. 

Pectinate,  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb, 
intermediate  between  fimbriate  and 
pinnatifid. 

Pedaie  leaf,  like  a  bird's-foot;  di- 
vided nearly  to  the  petiole  in  nar- 
row segments,  with  the  lateral 
ones  diverging. 

Pedicel,  57. 

PediciUate  or  pedicelled,  having,  or 
being  supported  on,  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle,  56. 

Pedunded  or  pedunculate,  having  a  i 
peduncle. 

PeUicle,  a  very  thin  stratum  or  coajt,    j 


Pellucid,  transparent,  pervious  to 
light. 

Pellucid-punctate,  having  punctures 
admitting  the  passage  of  light. 

Peltate,  having  the  stalk  attached  to 
some  part  of  the  surface  or  disk, 
and  not  to  the  margin. 

Pencilled  or  penicillate,  ending  like  a 
painter's  pencil  or  brush. 

Pendulous,  hanging  down. 

Pentagonal,  having  five  corners  or 
angles. 

Pepo,  159. 

Perennial,  30,  c. 

Perfect  flower,  91. 

Perfoliale,  surrounding  tbe  stem  on 
all  sides  and  perforated  by  it ;  it 
differs  from  connate,  in  not  con- 
sisting of  two  leaves  :  as  in  Eupd- 
torium  perfolialum. 

Perianth,  perianthium  or  perigoni- 
um,  74. 

Pericarp,  133. 

Perigynium,  the  sac  formed  by  the 
union  of  two  bractlets,  which  en- 
closes the  ovary ;  as  in  certain 
Cyperacecc. 

Perigynous,  94. 

Permanent,  see  Persistent. 

Persistent,  not  falling  off;  those  parts 
of  a  flower  are  persistent  which  re- 
main till  the  fruit  is  ripe. 

Personate,  masked,  having  the  mouth 
of  the  corolla  closed  by  a  prominent 
palate. 

Petal,  77. 

Petaloid,  like  a  petal. 

Petiole,  40. 

Petioled  or  petiolate,  with  a  petiole, 
not  sessile. 

Ph&nogamous,  applied  to  all  plants 
which  have  visible  flowers  con- 
taining stamens  and  pistils. 

Pilose,  hairy,  with  a  stiff  pubescence. 

Pinnce,  the  leafets  or  divisions  of  a 
pinnate  leaf. 

Pinnate,  a  leaf  is  pinnate  when  the 
leafets  are  arranged  in  two  rows 
on  the  side  of  a  common  petiole. 

Pinnatifid,  cut  in  a  pinnate  manner ; 
it  differs  from  pinnate  in  consist- 
ing of  a  simple  or  continuous  leaf, 
not  compound. 

Pinnules,  the  leafets  or  subdivisions 
of  a  bi-  tri-  or  multi-pinnate  leaf. 

Pisiform,  formed  like  peas. 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


XXV11 


Pistillate,  having  pistils  but  no  sta- 
mens. 

Placenta,  114. 
Plane,  flat. 
Plicate,  plaited,  folded  like  a  ruffle 

or  fan. 

Plumose,  feathery,  leather-like. 
Plumula,  174. 
Pod,  154. 
Pollen,  104. 

Pollen-masses  or  pollinia,  107. 
Poli/gamo-diazcious,    having    perfect 

and  imperfect  flowers  on  distinct 

plants. 
Polygamous,    having    some    flowers 

which  are  perfect,  and  others  which 

have  stamens  only  or  pistils  only. 
Polygynous,  having  many  styles. 
Polymorphous,  changeable,  assuming 

a  variety  of  forms. 
Polypetalous,  77. 
Polyphyllous,  having    many   leaves, 

applied  to  the  calyx. 
Polysepalous,  76. 

Polyspermous,  having  many  seeds. 
Pome,  158. 

Porrected,  extended  forward. 
Pouch,  154. 
Pramorse,  blunt  at  the  end,  as  if 

bitten  off. 
Prickle,  27. 
Prismatic,  having  several  parallel 

flat  sides. 
Process,  a  protuberance  or  projecting 

part. 

Procumbent,  lying  on  the  ground. 
Produced,   extended   or  lengthened 

out. 
Proliferous,  an  umbel   or  flower  is 

said  to  be  proliferous  when  it  has 

smaller  ones  growing  out  of  it. 
Pseudopinnate,  falsely  or  imperfectly 

pinnate,  not  resolving  at  any  time 

into  separate  leafets;  as  the  Pea, 

Vetch,  &c. 
Puberulent,  covered  with  a  minute 

pubescence. 
Pubescence,  a  general  term  for  the 

hairy  covering  of  plants. 
Pubescent,  clothed  with  short  weak 

hairs. 

Pulp,   the  soft,  juicy,  cellular  sub- 
stance found  in  berries  and  similar 

fruits. 
Pulverulent.^    dusty,    composed    of 

powder,  or  appearing  as  if  covered 

with  it. 


Punctate,  appearing  as  if  pricked  full 

of  small  holes,  or  dots. 
Puncticulate,    having   very   minute 

punctures. 
Pungent,  sharp-pointed,  or  prickly 

at  the  apex  ;  acrid. 
Putamen,  a  hard  shell. 
Pyramidal,  tapering  upwards. 
Pijriform,  shaped  like  the  fruit  of  a 

pear. 

Quadrangular,  4-angled. 
Qiiadrifarious,  in  four  rows  or  direc- 
tions, pointing  or  facing  four  ways. 
Quadrifid,  4-cleft. 
Quaternate,  four  together. 
Quinate,  five  together. 

Raceme,  62. 

Racemose,  flowering  in  racemes. 

Rachis,  the  main  stem  of  a  compound 
peduncle,  along  which  the  pedicels 
are  arranged,  as  in  the  Grasses; 
also  the  midrib  of  the  divided  frond 
in  Ferns. 

Radiant  or  radiate,  often  applied  to 
a  cluster  or  head  of  flowers  when 
those  of  the  circumference  or  ray 
are  long  and  spreading,  and  unlike 
those  of  the  disk. 

Radical,  growing  immediately  from 
the  root. 

Radicating,  sending  out  roots  at  the. 
nodes  or  joints  of  the  stem. 

Radicle,  175. 

Ramealj  belonging  to  the  branches. 

Ramenta,  the  scales  or  persistent  re- 
mains of  leaves  or  other  parts  of 
the  plant. 

Ramentaceous,  covered  with  r -amenta. 

Ramose,  branching. 

Raphe,  the  linear  ridge  on  one  side 
of  the  anatropous  or  inverted  ovule, 
formed  by  the  adhesion  of  a  part 
of  the  funicle. 

Ray,  the  diverging  florets  or  petals 
which  form  the  outside  of  radiate 
flowers,  cymes,  and  umbels. 

Receptacle,  83. 

Reclined  or  reclinate,  bending  over, 
with  the  end  inclining  toward  the 
ground. 

Recurved,  curved  backwards. 

Reduplicate,  with  the  edges  folded  or 
turned  outwards. 

Rejlexed,  bent  backwards,  more  than 
recurved. 


XXV111 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Regular,  having  the  parts  equal  and 
uniform;  as  the  divisions  of  the 
calyx  or  corolla, 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  heart- 
shaped  without  the  point. 

Repand,  slightly  wavy  or  serpentine 
at  the  edge. 

Resupinate,  turned  upside  down  ;  as 
the  corolla  of  TricJwstema. 

Reticulate,  net-like,  having  veins 
distributed  like  net- work. 

Relrose  or  retrorsely,  pointing  back- 
wards or  downwards. 

Rhizoma,  15. 

Rhomboid,  having  4  sides  with  un- 
equal angles. 

Ribbed,  marked  with  parallel  ridges 
or  veins. 

Ribs,  parallel  ridges  or  nerves  exten- 
ding from  near  the  base  to  the  apex. 

Rlngent,  gaping,  with  an  upper  and 
under  lip ;  as  in  some  of  the  La- 
biatse. 

Rooting,  sending  out  lateral  roots. 

Rostrate,  furnished  with  a  beak. 

Rosulate,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a 
rosette. 

Rotate,  wheel-shaped ;  applied  to  a 
monopetalous  corolla,  the  limb  of 
which  is  flat  and  tube  very  short. 

Rough,  covered  with  points,  dots  or 
hairs,  which  are  rough  to  the  touch. 

Rudiment,  a  term  applied  to  an  or- 
gan that  is  imperfectly  developed. 

Rufescent,  becoming  reddish-orange 
or  rusty. 

Rufous,  reddish-brown  or  rust  -col- 
ored. 

Rugose,  wrinkled  ;  as  the  leaves  of 
Sage. 

Rugulose,  finely  wrinkled. 

Runcinate,  feaving  large  teeth  point- 
ing backward ;  as  the  leaves  of  the 
Dandelion. 

Runners,  16.- 

Saccate,   bagged,  having  a  bag  or 

pouch ;  as  in  many  petals. 
Sagittate,    arrow-shaped,     like   the 

head  of  an  arrow. 
Salver-shaped,  tubular,  with  the  limb 

flatly  or  horizontally  expanded. 
Samara,  148. 
Sarcocarp,   the   fleshy  portion  of  a 

pericarp. 
Sarmentose,  running  on  the  ground 

and  striking  roots  from  the  joints. 


Scabrous,  rough  with  little  asperi- 
ties. 

Scales,  any  small  processes  resem- 
bling minute  leaves ;  also  the  leaves 
of  the  involucre  of  Compositae. 

Scandent,  climbing,  usually  by  ten- 
drils. 

Scape,  58. 

Scarious,  having  a  thin  membranous 
margin ;  as  in  the  calyx  scales  of 
Liatris  scariosa. 

Scattered,  irregularly  and  thinly  ar- 
ranged. 

Scions,  lateral  shoots  or  offsets  from 
the  root. 

Scrobiculate,  excavated  into  little  pits 
or  hollows. 

Scutellate,  shaped  like  a  target  or 
shield. 

Secund,  arranged  on  one  side  only, 
the  same  as  unilateral. 

Segment,  a  part  or  principal  division 
of  a  leaf,  calyx  or  corolla. 

Semi,  half. 

Semtbivalved,  half  divided  into  two 
valves. 

Sepaloid,  like  sepals,  not  petal-like. 

Sepals,  76. 

Septicidal  dehiscence,  138. 

Septiferous,  bearing  a  septum. 

Septifragal  dehiscence,  when  the 
dissepiments  remain  united  to  the 
axis,  while  the  valves  separate 
from  them ;  as  in  the  Pea. 

Septum,  the  partition  which  divides 
the  interior  of  the  fruit. 

Sericeous,  silky. 

Serrate,  notched  like  the  teeth  of  a 
saw,  the  points  tending  upward. 

Serrulate,  minutely  serrate. 

Sessile,  placed  immediately  on  the 
stem  without  the  intervention  of  a 
stalk. 

Seta,  a  bristle. 

Setaceous,  bristle-like. 

Setiform,  formed  like  a  bristle. 

Setose,  covered  with  bristles. 

Sheath,  a  tubular  or  folded  leafy  por- 
tion enclosing  the  stem ;  as  in  the 
Grasses. 

Sheathed,  embraced  by  a  sheath. 

Sheathing,  embracing  the  stem  with 
a  sheath. 

Shining,  glossy,  smooth  and  polished. 


Silique,  154. 

Siliquose,  having  siliques. 


GLOSSARY    OB"    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


XXIX 


Simple,  not  divided  branched  or  com- 
pound. 

Sinuate ,  having  sinuses  at  the  edge. 

Sinuate-dentate  or  sinuate-toothed, 
sinuate-serrate,  having  teeth  or  ser- 
ratures,  with  the  clefts  rounded  at 
the  bottom. 

Sinus,  a  large  rounded  indentation 
or  cavity. 

Soboliferous,  producing  young  plants 
from  the  roots. 

Son,  plural  of  Sorus,  small  clusters 
of  minute  capsules  or  spore-cases 
on  the  back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 

Spadix  64. 

Spatkaceous,  having  or  resembling  a 
spathe. 

Spathe,  a  sheathing  calyx  opening 
lengthwise  on  one  side,  and  con- 
sisting of  one  or  more  valves. 

Spatulate  or  spathulate,  obtuse  or 
large  at  the  end  and  gradually  ta- 
pering into  a  stalk  at  base. 

Spermoderm,  the  skin  of  a  seed. 

Spike,  63.     ' 

Spikelet,  a  small  spike,  the  subdivision 
of  a  compound  spike ;  as  in  many 
of  the  Grasses. 

Spindle-skaped,  see  Fusiform. 

Spine,  27. 

Spinulose,  covered  with  small  spines, 

Spore  or  Sporule,  that  part  in  cryp- 
togamous  plants  which  answers  to 
the  seed  of  other  plants. 

Spur,  a  sharp  hollow  projection  from 
a  flower  commonly  called  the  nec- 
tary. 

Spurred,  having  spur-like  elonga- 
tions. 

Squamiform,  scale-shaped, 

Squamose,  scaly. 

Squarrose  or  squarrous,  ragged,  hav- 
ing reflected  or  divergent  scales. 

Staminate,  having  stamens  but  not 
pistils. 

Staminifcrous,  bearing  or  supporting 
the  stamens. 

Standard,  see  Banner. 

Stellate,  like  a  star. 

Stellular  pubescence,  hairs  with 
branches  like  rays. 

Stem,  13. 

Stemless,  14. 

Sterile,  barren,  producing  no  fruit. 

Stigma,  111. 

Stigmatiferous  or  stigmatose,  bearing 
or  belonging  to  the  stigma. 


Stipe,  the  stem  of  a  fern  or  fungus ; 
also  the  little  footstalk  of  seeds, 
&c. ;  as  in  the  Dandelion. 

Stipitate,  having  or  supported  on  a 
stipe. 

Stipular,  belonging  to  stipules. 

Stipule,  47. 

SMoniferous,  having  scions  or  run- 
ning shoots. 

Stria,  fine  parallel  ridges  streaks  or 
furrows. 

Striate,  marked  with  striae. 

Strict,  straight  and  stiffly  erect. 

Strigose,  clothed  with  bristly  and  ap- 
pressed  hairs. 

Strobile,  161. 

Strophiolate,  surrounded  by  protube- 
rances. 

Style,  112. 

Stylopodium,  the  thickened  foot  or 
base  of  the  style  which  is  confluent 
with  the  epigynous  disk ;  as  in  the 
Umbelliferae. 

Sub,  a  particle  prefixed  to  various 
terms,  to  imply  the  existence  of  a 
a  diminutive  or  inferior 


.egree,  as 
Subacute,  somewhat  acute,  less  than 

acute,  &c. 
Suberose,  cork-like. 
Subserrate,  slightly  serrate. 
Subsessile,  nearly  sessile. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped,  narrow,  stiff, 

and  sharp-pointed. 
Succulent,  juicy. 
Sucker,   a   shoot   from   the  root  or 

lower  part  of  the  stem. 
Suffrutescent,  almost  shrubby. 
Suffruticose,   somewhat  shrubby   at 

base. 

Sulcate,  furrowed  or  grooved. 
Superior,  above;  a  term  applied  to 

the  ovary  when   it  is  above  the 

calyx,  &c. 

Surculose,  with  suckers  or  offsets. 
Suture,  137. 


Tendril,  a  filiform  appendage  of  cer- 
tain vines,  which  supports  them 
by  twining  round  other  objects. 

Terete,  round,  either  cylindric  or  ta- 
pering. 

Terminal,  extreme,  situated  at  the 
end. 

Ternatc,  three  together;  as  the  leaves 
of  common  Clover. 


XXX 


GLOSSARY    OF    BOTANICAL    TERMS. 


Tessellated,    in    little    squares     or  1 
checkers,  like  a  chess-board. 

Testa,  168. 

Tetramerous,  of  four  parts  or  con- 
stituent portions. 

T/wrn,  see  Spine. 

Throat,  the  passage  into  the  tube  of 
a  corolla. 

Thyrse,  69. 

Thyrsoid,  resembling  or  in  the  form 
of  a  thyrse. 

Tomentose,  downy,  covered  with  fine 
matted  pubescence. 

Toothed,  divided  so  as  to  resemble 
teeth. 

Torose,  uneven  ;  alternately  elevated 
and  depressed. 

Tortuous,  bent  in  various  directions. 

Torulose,  slightly  torose. 

Torus,  83. 

Transverse,  transversely,  across, 
crosswise. 

Trichotomous,  3-forked. 

T/'icoccous,  of  three  cocci  or  separa- 
ble indehiscent  carpels. 

Trifarious,  pointing  in  three  direc- 
tions. 

Trifid,  3-cleft. 

Trifoliate,  3-leaved,  see  Ternate. 

Trigonous,  3-cornered. 

Trilobate,  3-lobed. 

Tiilocular,  3-celled. 

Tripartite,  3-parted. 

Tripinnate,  thrice-pinnate,  when  the 
leafets  of  a  bipinnate  leaf  become 
pinnate. 

Tnpinnatifid,  pinnately  divided, with 
the  primary  divisions  twice  pinna- 
tifid. 

TripUnerved,  with  three  principal 
nerves  from  the  base. 

Triquetrous,  having  three  sides  or 
angles. 

Tritenia'e.  thrice  ternate,  when  the 
leafets  of  a,  biternate  leaf  become 
ternate. 

Truncate,  having  a  square  termina- 
tion as  if  cut  off. 

Tube,  a  pipe  or  hollow  cylinder,  ap- 
plied to  that  of  a  monopetalous 
corolla  formed  by  the  united  claws. 

Tuber,  119. 

Tuberculatc,  covered  with  knobs  or 
tubercles. 

Tuberous  or  tuberiferous,  bearing 
tubers,  119. 

^  shaped  like  a  tube;  in   a 


compound  flower,  the  florets  which 
are  not  ligulate  are  called  tu- 
bular. 

Tuft,  a  branch  growing  from  the 
same  root. 

Tumid,  swelling  or  enlarged. 

Tunicate,  coated  with  concentric 
layers ;  as  the  Onion. 

Turbinate,  shaped  like  a  top  or  pear. 

Tu,rion,  a  thick,  tender  young  shoot ; 
as  of  Asparagus. 

Twin,  two  of  the  same  kind  growing 
together. 

Twining,  winding  round  and  as- 
cending spirally. 

Umbel,  66. 

Umbellate,  like  an  umbel. 

UmbeUet,  a  partial  umbel ;  one  of  the 

subdivisions  of  a  compound  umbel. 
Umbelliferous,  bearing  umbels. 
Umbilicate,  marked  with  a  central 

depression. 

Unarmed,  without  prickles  or  thorns. 
Uncinate,  hooked,  hook-shaped. 
Undulate,  wavy,  serpentine,  gently 

rising  and  falling. 
Unequal,  the  parts  not  corresponding 

in  length,  form,  &c. 
Unguicidate,  inserted  by  a  claw,  82. 
Uniform,  in  one  form  or  manner. 
Unilateral,  growing  all  on  one  side, 

or  with  the  flowers  leaning  to  one 

side. 
Unisexual,  of  one  sex,  staminate  or 

pistillate  only. 
Urceolate,   pitcher-shaped,    swelling 

in  the  middle   and  slightly  con- 
tracted at  top. 
Utricle,  145. 

Valvatc  aestivation,  when  the  sepals 

or  petals  are  folded  together  and 

fit  by  their  margins  only. 
Valves,  the  segments  or  parts  of  a 

seed-vessel  into  which  it  finally 

separates,    136;    also    the    leaves 

which  make  up  a  glume  or  spathe. 
Valvular  or  valved,  consisting    of 

valves  or  seed-cells. 
Var.  (varietas},  a  variety  of  a  species, 

not  specifically  distinct. 
Vaulted,  arched  over,  with  a  concave 

covering. 
Veined,  having  the  divisions  of  the 

petiole  irregularly  branched  on  the 

under  side  of  the  leaf. 


GLOSSARY    OF    F5OTANICAL    TERMS. 


XXXI 


Venation,  in  reference  to  the  leaf:  : 

the  distribution   of  veins   or   the  | 

frame-work. 

Ventricose,  swelling,  inflated. 
Vernation,  the  mode  in  which  young 

leaves  are  folded  in  the  bud. 
Verrucose,  warty,  covered  with  little 

protuberances. 
Versatile,  swinging  lightly  on  a  stalk 

so  as  to  be  continually  changing 

direction. 

Vertical,  perpendicular. 
Verticil  or  whorl,  flowers  or  leaves 

arranged   around  the  stem  in  a 

horizontal  ring. 
VerticiUaster    or    verticillaslrum,    a 

false  whorl  or  verticil ;  a  condensed 

cyme  or  cluster,  as  in  sonte  of  the 

Labiatffi. 
VerticULate,  arranged  in  a  verticil  or 

whorl. 
Vesicular,  made  up  of  vesicles  or  little 

bladders. 
Vesicidose,  bladder-like. 


Villous  or  villose,   hairy,  the   hairs 

long  and  soft. 
Virescent,  becoming  green. 
Virgaie,  long  and  slender,  wand-like 
Viridescent,  greenish. 
Virose,    poisonous,     nauseous    and 

strong  to  the  smell. 
Viscid  or  viscous,  thick,   glutinous, 

covered  with  adhesive  juice. 
Viviparous,   producing  a  collateral 

offspring  by  means  of  bulbs. 


Wedge-shaped,  formed  like  a  wedge, 
and  commonly  rounded  at  the 
largest  end. 

Wheel-shaped,  see  Rotate. 

Whorl,  see  Verticil. 

Winged,  having  the  sides  extended 
into  a  leafy  expansion. 

Wings,  the  two  lateral  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower,  81. 

Woolly,  clothed  with  a  matted  pubes- 
cence, resembling  wool. 


TABLE  OF  LINN^AN  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES   AND   ORDERS. 

Div.  I.    Plants  with  conspicuous  flowers.    PHANEROGAMIA. 

A.     Stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  flower. 

*  Stamens  free  and  equal. 

CL.  1.  MONANDRIA,  with  1  stamen.         6.  HEXANDRIA,  with  6  stamens. 

2.  DIANDRIA,  2  stamens.       7.  HEPTANDRIA,  7  stamens. 

3.  TRIANDRIA,  3  stamens.       8.  OCTANDRIA,  8  stamens. 

4.  TETRANDRIA,        4  stamens.        9.  ENNEANDRIA,  9  stamens. 

5.  PENTANDRIA,         5  stamens.      10.  DECANDRIA,  10  stamens 
*11.  DODECANDRIA,  11  to  19  stamens. 

12.  ICOSANDRIA,  20  or  more  stamens,  perigynous  or  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

13.  POLYANDRIA,  20  or  more  stamens,  hypogynous  or  inserted  on  the  re- 

ceptacle. 

ORDERS. — In  the  first  13  classes  the  orders  depend  solely  on  the  number  of 
pistils,  and  they  are  named — Monogynia  1.  Digynia  2.  Trigynia  3.  Tetragynia 
4.  Pentagynia  5.  Hexagynia  6.  Heptagynia  7.  Octagynia  8.  Enneagynia  9. 
Decagynia  10.  Polygynia  more  than  10. 

**  Stamens  free,  unequal. 

14.  DIDYNAMIA,  4  stamens,  2  longer  than  the  others. 

Two  orders.  1.  Gymnospermia,  the  seeds  naked.  2.  Angiospermia,  the  seeds 
enclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

15.  TETRADYNAMIA,  6  stamens,  4  longer  than  the  others. 

Two  orders.  1.  Siliculosa,  fruit  a  silicle  or  pouch.  2.  Siliquosa,  fruit  a  long 
pod  or  silique. 

***  Filaments  united. 

16.  MONADELPHIA,  filaments  forming  1  set- 

17.  DIADELPHIA,  filaments  forming  2  sets. 

*18.     POLYADELPHIA,  filaments  forming  more  than  2  sets. 
Orders  depend  upon  the  number  of  stamens,  and  have  the  same  names  as  the 
first  13  classes. 

****  Anthers  united. 

19.  SYNGENESIA,  5  stamens,  the  anthers  united  (compound  flowers.) 
Five  orders.     1.  Polygamia  JEqualis.  florets  all  perfect.     2.  P.  Superflua, 

disk  florets  perfect,  rays  pistilliferous.  3.  P.  Frustranea,  disk  perfect,  rays  neutral. 
4.  P.  Necessaria,  disk  with  stamens,  rays  with  a  pistil.  5.  P.  Segregata,  with 
a  perianth  to  each  floret. 

*****  Anthers  united  to  the  pistil. 

20.  GYNANDRIA. 

Orders  named  according  to  the  number  of  stamens,  as  Monandrfa,  &,c. 
B.  Stamens  and  Pistils  in  different  flowers. 

21.  MONCE'CIA,  stamens  and  pistils  on  the  same  individuals. 

22.  DICECIA,  stamens  and  pistils  on  different  individuals. 

Orders  named  according  to  the  number  of  stamens,  except  where  there  is  a 
union  of  the  filaments ;  then  named  Monadelphia,  &c. 

*23.  POLYGAMIA,  perfect  and  unisexual  flowers  either  on  the  same  or  dif- 
ferent individuals. 

Three  orders.     Monoecia,  Dicecia,  Tricecia. 

Div.  II.    Plants  with  inconspicuous  flowers.    CRYPTOGAMIA. 
24.  CRYPTOGAMIA,  having  neither  stamens  nor  pistils. 

Six  orders,  viz.,  1.  Filices.  2.  Musci.  3.  Alga.  4.  Fungi.  5.  Hepaticce, 
6.  Lichenes. 

*  The  classes  marked  thus,  viz.  Dodecandria,  Polyadelphia,  and  Polygamia,  have 
been  discarded  by  most  American  botanists.  They  comprise,  at  least  in  the  States  to 
which  this  work  is  principally  devoted,  but  few  genera,  and  these,  being  variable  in 
their  characters,  can  be  very  well  distributed  among  the  other  classes. 


SYNOPSIS  OP  THE  GENERA  TREATED  OF  IN  THIS  WORK, 
ACCORDING   TO   THE   LINN^AN    SYSTEM ; 

WITH   REFERENCES   TO   THE   NATURAL    ORDERS. 


CLASS  I.—  MONANDRIA.-1  Stamen. 
ORDER  I.—  MONOGYNIA.—  1  Pistil 

SALICORNIA.  Perianth  single,  turbinate,  fleshy,  obscurely  lobed.  Style 
bifid.  Utricle  compressed,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  perianth.  Chenopodi- 
acea,  p.  299. 

HIPPURIS.  Calyx  with  the  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  the  limb  minute, 
entire.  Petals  none.  Style  received  into  the  groove  of  the  anther.  Fruit 
1  -seeded.  Haloragacea,  p.  113. 

HEMICARPHA.  Flowers  glumaceous.  Scales  very  numerous,  deciduous. 
Valve  single,  opposite  the  scale.  Style  2-cleft.  Acnenium  oblong.  Cypc- 
racetz,  p.  399. 

ORDER  II.—  DIGYNIA.—  2  Pistils. 

CALLITRICHE.  Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect.  Bracts  2,  opposite,  petaloid. 
Calyx  (corolla  of  some)  inconspicuous.  Petals  none.  Capsule  compressed, 
4-celled,  indehiscent.  Haloragacea,  p.  113. 

BLITUM.  Perianth  single,  5-cleft,  baccate  in  fruit.  Utricle  compressed, 
covered  with  the  perianth.  Ckenopodiacece,  p.  299. 

CLASS  IL—  DIANDRIA.—  2  Stamens. 

ORDER  I.—  MONOGYNIA.—  1  Pistil 

*  Perianth  double,  inferior,  \-petalled,  regular. 

LUSTRUM.  Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Corolla  4-cleft.  Stigma  2-cleft. 
Berry  globose,  2-celled;  cells  1  —  2-seeded.  Oleacets,  p.  229. 

CHIONANTHUS.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted  ;  the  lobes  long 
and  linear.  Drupe  1-seeded.  Oleaceez,  p.  229. 

**  Perianth  double,  inferior,  \-petalled,  irregular. 

VERONICA.  Calyx  4-  rarely  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  unequally  4-lobed  ; 
the  lower  segments  narrower.  Capsule  2-celled,  few-seeded.  Scrophula- 
riacea,  p.  264. 

LEPTANDRA.  Calyx  5-parted;  segments  acuminate.  Corolla  tubular; 
border  4-lobed,  a  little  ringent,  the  lower  segment  narrower.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  many-seeded.  Scrophulariacece,  p.  266. 

GRATIOLA.  Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla 
tubular,  sub-bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  entire  or  shortly  bifid  ;  lower  one  3-lobed. 
Capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  valves  at  length  2-cleft.  Scrophula- 
,  p.  262. 


LINDERNIA.  Calyx  5-parted,  naked  at  base.  Corolla  ringent  ;  upper  lip 
short,  reflexed,  emarginate  ;  lower  one  trifid,  unequal.  Capsule  .  ovoid- 
oblong,  2-celled,  2-valved  ;  dissepiment  parallel  with  the  valves.  Scrophu- 
lariacea,  p.  263. 

B2* 


XXXIV  LINN-fflAN    ARRANGEMENT 

HEMIANTHUS.  Calyx  tubular,  cleft  on  the  under  side  ;  border  4-toothed. 
Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  obsolete  ;  the  lower  3-parted ;  intermediate  seg- 
ment ligulate  and  truncate,  much  longer  and  closely  incurved.  Capsule 
1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Scrophulariacece,  p.  263. 

CATALPA.  Calyx  2-parted.  Corolla  campanulate ;  tube  ventricose ;  limb 
5-lobed,  unequal.  Stigma  in  2  plates.  Capsule  pod-form,  long,  cylindric, 
2-valved.  Seeds  membranaceously  winged.  Bignoniacece,  p.  242. 

JUSTICJA.  Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  ir- 
regular, bilabiate ;  upper  lip  emarginate ;  lower  3-cleft.  Anthers  1  or  2 
on  each  filament.  Capsule  attenuated,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Acanthacece. 
p.  286. 

UTRICULARIA.  Calyx  2-parted;  lips  undivided,  nearly  equal.  Corolla 
personate,  with  the  lower  lip  spurred  at  the  base.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Cap- 
sule globose,  1-celled.  Lentibulariacece,  p.  287. 

PINGUICULA.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  unequal.  Corolla  ringent,  spurred  at  the 
base  beneath.  Stigma  of  2  plates  or  lobes.  Capsule  1-celled.  Lentibula- 
riacees,  p.  287. 

ELATING.  Calyx  2— 4-parted.  Petals  2—4.  Capsule  2— 4-valved; 
margin  of  the  valves  not  introflexed.  Elatinacece,  p.  53. 

OBS.  The  remaining  genera  of  this  division  have  the  corolla  more  or  less 
bilabiate,  and  four  naked  seeds  or  achenia  enclosed  within  the  persistent 
calyx.  They  form,  with  the  plants  of  Didynamia  Gymnospermia,  (from 
which  indeed  they  only  differ  in  having  two  of  the  stamens  abortive,)  the 
Natural  Order  Labiata,  p.  270. 

***  Perianth  double,  superior. 

CIRCJEA.  Calyx  short;  limb  2-parted.  Petals  2.  Stigma  emarginate. 
Capsule  obovate,  hispid  with  hooked  hairs,  2-celled,  2-valved  2-seeded. 
Onagracece,  p.  111. 

****  Perianth  single  or  none. 

LEMNA.  Spathe  membranaceous,  urceolate,  with  2  sterile  flowers.  Sta- 
mens 2,  rarely  wanting.  Filaments  longer  than  the  style,  curved.  Stigma 
flat.  Fruit  a  utricle.  Pistiaceee,  p.  384. 

CLADIUM.  Flowers  glumaceous.  Spikelets  2-flowered.  Scales  few, 
imbricate  in  a  somewhat  trifarious  manner;  the  lowest  empty.  Bristles 
none.  Style  2 — 3-cleft.  Achenium  globose-ovoid.  Cyperacece,  p.  399. 

ORDER  II.— DIGYNIA.— 2  Pistils. 

0 

ANTHOXANTHUM.  Flowers  glumaceous.  Spikelets  3-flowered ;  the  two 
lower  flowers  neutral,  and  each  consisting  of  a  single  awned  palea ;  the 
upper  flower  perfect,  of  two  paleae,  nearly  equal,  short,  awnless.  Gram- 
minacece,  p.  437. 

CLASS  III.— TRIANDRIA.— 3  Stamens. 

ORDER  L— MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil. 

*  Perianth  double,  superior. 

FEDIA.  Calyx  with  the  limb  toothed  and  persistent  or  obsolete.  Corolla 
tubular,  not  spurred  ;  the  limb  5-lobed,  regular  or  slightly  irregular.  Fruit 
3-celled;  2  cells  empty,  (sometimes  confluent  into  one,)  the  other  1 -seeded. 
Valerianacece,  p.  153. 


OP    THE    GENERA.  XXXV 

VALERUNA.  Calyx  with  the  limb  involute,  and  at  length  evolved  in  a 
deciduous  plumous  pappus.  Corolla  with  the  tube  obconic  or  cylindric, 
equal  or  gibbous  at  base,  the  limb  obtusely  5-cleft.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded.  Valerianacca,  p.  153. 

**  Perianth  single,  superior. 

IRIS.  Perianth  6-cleft ;  3  of  the  segments  larger  and  reflexed,  the  others 
erect.  Stigmas  3,  petaloid,  covering  the  stamens.  Iridacea:,  p.  333. 

LACHNANTHES.  Perianth  6-cleft;  segments  unequal.  Stigma  minutely 
3-lobed.  Capsule  3-celled,  truncate,  many-seeded.  Hcemodaracece,  p.  376. 

***  Perianth  double,  inferior. 

COMMELYNA.  Perianth  in  2  rows ;  the  outer  one  3-leaved,  calycine ; 
inner  3-leaved,  petaloid.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved ;  one  valve  abortive. 
Commelynacece,  p.  377. 

XYRIS.  Perianth  in  2  rows ;  outer  row  glumaceous,  2  of  the  segments 
somewhat  boat-shaped  ;  inner  row  petaloid  ;  the  segments  with  long  nearly 
distinct  claws  and  dilated  laminae.  Capsule  1-celled.  Xiiridacea,  p.  371. 

****  Perianth  single,  inferior. 

SCHOLLERA.  Spathe  1 -flowered.  Perianth  with  a  long  slender  tubej 
limb  deeply  6-parted.  Anthers  similar,  oblong-sagittate.  Stigma  3-lobed. 
Capsule  l-celled.  Pontederacece,  p.  370. 

HETERANTHERA.  Flowers  in  a  spathe.  Perianth  with  a  long  slender 
tube ;  border  6-parted,  equal.  Anthers  of  two  forms.  Capsule  3-celled, 
many-seeded.  Pontederacea,  p.  369. 

SISYRINCHIUM.  Spathe  2-leaved,  bract-like.  Perianth  colored ;  limb 
flat,  7-cleft ;  the  lobes  equal ;  tube  short.  Filaments  mostly  united  below. 
Stigmas  3.  Capsule  pedicellate,  roundish-triangular.  Iridacea,  p.  354. 

*****  Flowers  glumacemis  (dry  and  chaffy.} 

OBS.     All  the  genera  of  this  division  belong  to  the  Subclass  GLUMACEALS, 
>.  387,)  and  all  ea 
Order  Cfperacetz,  p. 

ORDER  II.— DIGYNIA.— 2  Pistils. 

OBS.  All  the  genera  of  this  order  are  proper  grasses,  Graminacea,  p.  418. 
The  family  is  so  entirely  natural  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  repeat  the  generic 
descriptions. 

ORDER  III.— TRIGYNIA.— 3  Pistils. 

MOLLUGO.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  Caryophyllaeece,  p.  47. 

LECHEA.  Calyx  inferior,  3-sepalled,  with  two  outer  bracts  or  sepals,  per- 
sistent. Petals  3,  inconspicuous,  lanceolate.  Stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct. 
Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  few-seeded.  Cistacea,  p.  35. 

PROSBRPINACA.  Calyx  superior,  the  tube  adhering  to  the  triquetrous 
ovary ;  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Fruit  bony,  3-sided,  3-celled.  Halo- 
ragacece,  p.  111. 


(p.  387,)  and  all  except  Cenchrus,  Spartina,  and  Oryzopsis,  belong  to  the 


XXXVI  LINNJEAN    ARRANGEMENT 

CLASS  IV.— TETRANDRIA.— 4  Stamens,  equal  in  height. 
ORDER  L— MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil. 

*  Perianth  double.     Corolla  l-petalkd,  superior. 

CEPHALANTHUS.  Flowers  in  a  globose  head.  Calyx  small,  angular,  in- 
versely pyramidal,  4-cIeft.  Corolla  tubular,  slender,  4-cleft.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  2-seeded  (mostlv  2-parted.)  Receptacle  globose,  hairy.  Rubiacetz, 
p.  150. 

DIPSACUS.  Flowers  collected  in  an  ovoid  or  roundish  head.  Common 
calyx  (involucre)  foliaceous,  many-leaved ;  proper  superior,  of  one  leaf. 
Corolla  tubular,  4-cleft.  Fruit  crowned  by  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Dipsa- 
cacece,  p.  154. 

GALIUM.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate-globose  or  oblong ;  limb  nearly 
wanting.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted,  (very  rarely  3-parted).  Fruit  didymous, 
roundish,  rarely  oblong.  Rubiacece,  p.  151. 

DIODIA.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate  or  obovate,  2 — 4-toothed.  Corolla 
funnel-form,  4-lobed.  Fruit  crowned  with  the  calyx,  2-celled,  bipartite. 
Rubiacctz,  p.  151. 

HEDYOTIS.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, salver-form  or  rotate,  4-parted.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  2-celled, 
opening  transversely  at  the  top,  many-seeded.  Rubiacete,  p.  149. 

MITCHELLA.  Flowers  in  pairs  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4- 
toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form;  tube  cylindric;  limb  4-parted,  spreading, 
villous  on  the  inner  side.  Stigma  4-cleft.  Berry  didymous,  4-seeded. 
RubiacefE,  p.  150. 

LINNJEA.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate;  limb  5-parted.  Corolla  turbi- 
nate,  subcamnanulate,  5-lobed.  Stigma  globose.  Berry  dry,  small,  ovoid- 
globose,  3-celied  (one  cell  only  bearing  a  perfect  seed.)  Caprifoliacecs, 
p.  149. 

**  Perianth  double  (rarely  single.')    Corolla  many-petalled,  (rarely  none,) 
superior. 

6oRNtis.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary;  the  limb  minute,  4-toothed. 
Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading.  Drupe  with  the  cells  not  united.  Cornacece, 
p.  142. 

ISNARDIA.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate  or  sub-cylindric,  short,  adhering 
to  the  ovary ;  limb  4-parted.  Petals  4,  often  minute  or  wanting.  Capsule 
short,  4-sided,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  Onagracece,  p.  110. 

SANGUISORBA.  Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  polygamous.  Calyx  4-cleft, 
with  2 — 3  scales*at  base  externally.  Petals  none.  Achenium  dry,  included 
in  the  hardened  4-winged  calyx  tube.  Sanguisorbace<z,  p.  106. 

***  Perianth  double.     Corolla,  I-petalled,  inferior. 

PLANTAGO.  Calyx  4-  (rarely  3)-  parted.  Corolla  4-cleft;  border  re- 
flexed.  Stamens  mostly  very  long.  Capsule  2 — 4-celled,  opening  trans- 
versely. Plantaginacea,  p.  293. 

CENTAURELLA.  Calyx  4-parted,  appressed.  Corolla  subcampanulate, 
4-parted.  Stigma  thick,  glandulous  and  partly  bifid.  Capsule  1-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx  and  corolla. 
Gentianace<K)  p.  240. 


0V    THE    GENERA.  XXXV11 

EXACUM.  Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Corolla  4-lobed,  with  the  tube  globose. 
Stigma  2-cleft.  Capsule  bisulcate,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  Gentianacea 
p.  240. 

SWERTIA.  Calyx  4 — 5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  4 — 5-parted;  the  seg- 
ments with  2  glanduliferous  fimbriate  pores  at  the  base  of  each.  Stigmas 
2-lobed,  (rarely  2.)  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Gentiana- 
cea,  p.  238. 

FRASERA.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deciduous,  rotate,  4-parted,  with  1  or 
2  fringed  glands  on  each  lobe.  Capsule  compressed,  1-celled,  2-valved. 
Seeds  few,  large,  winged.  Gentianacece ,  p.  238. 

HALENIA.  Calyx  4 — 5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft;  the 
lobes  erect,  equalling  the  tube,  with  a  glanduliferous  spur  at  the  base. 
Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Gentianacece,  p.  237. 

OBOLARIA.  Calyx  2-parted,  in  the  form  of  bracts.  Corolla  campanulate, 
4-cleft.  Stamens  somewhat  didynamous,  proceeding  from  the  clefts  of  the 
corolla.  Stigma  emarginate.  Capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Orobanchacctf,  p.  258. 

(Some  Gentidna,  see  CLASS  V.,  ORDER  II.) 

*  Perianth  double.     Carotta  4— 5-petalled,  inferior. 

AMMANNIA.  Calyx  4 — 5-toothed  or  lobed,  the  sinuses  expanding  into 
teeth  or  horns.  Petals  4,  or  wanting.  Capsule  globose  or  ovate,  many- 
seeded.  L/ythracefB,  p.  115. 

PTELEA.  Calyx  mostly  4-sepalled.  Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Torus  tumid,  pentagonal.  Samarse  membranaceous,  margined,  2-celled ; 
cells  1 — 2-seeded.  Zanthoxylacea,  p.  68. 

*****  Perianth  single,  inferior. 

SYMPLOCARPUS.  Spathe  ventricose-ovate,  acuminate.  Spadix  roundish, 
covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  deeply  4-parted,  persistent.  Berries 
numerous,  globular,  imbedded  in  the  spadix.  Aracetz,  p.  383. 

ALCHEMILLA.  Perianth  with  the  tube  somewhat  contracted  at  the  top ; 
limb  8-parted,  the  alternate  lobes  smaller.  Carpels  1—2,  with  a  filiform 
capitate  style  on  the  side,  at  length  dry  and  1-seeded.  Sanguisorbacea, 
p.  106. 

ORDER  II.— DIGYNIA.— 2  Pistih. 

HAMAMELIS.  Calyx  4-lobed,  with  2 — 3  bracteoles  at  the  base.  Petals  4, 
long,  ligulate.  Capsule  coriaceous,  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  top.  Hamame- 
lidacefB,  p.  141. 

ORDER  III.— TETRAGYNIA.--1  Pistils. 

ILEX.  Calyx  4 — 5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  4 — 5-parted  nearly  to  the 
base,  rotate.  Stamens  4 — 5.  Stigmas  4—5,  sometimes  united.  Fruit 
fleshy,  with  4 — 5-ribbed  or  veined  nucules.  Aquifoliacea:,  p.  227. 

SAGTNA.  Calyx  3 — 5-parted.  Petals  4 — 5,  or  none.  Capsule  1-celled, 
4-valved,  many-seeded.  Caryophyllacece,  p.  47. 

TILLJEA.  Calyx  3 — 4-parted.  Petals  3— 4,  oblong,  acuminate.  Carpels 
3—4,  distinct,  opening  by  the  inner  suture,  2— many-seeded.  Crassulacea, 
p.  121. 


XXXV111  LINN.EAN    ARRANGEMENT 

RUPPIA.  Flowers  2,  perfect,  naked,  on  a  spadix  arising  from  the  sheath- 
ing base  of  the  leaves.  Anthers  large,  peltate.  Stigmas  sessile,  peltate. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  pedicellate.  Naiadacea,  p.  386. 

POTAMOGETON.  Flowers  perfect,  on  a  spadix  arising  from  a  spathe. 
Perianth  single,  4-leaved.  Anthers  nearly  sessile,  alternating  with  the 
divisions  of  the  perianth.  Ovaries  4,  becoming  four  compressed  and  some*- 
what  cochleate  nuts,  Naiadacece,  p.  386. 

CLASS  V.— PENTANDRIA  —5  Stamens. 
ORDER  I.— MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil. 

*  Perianth  double,  inferior.     Corolla  l-petalled.     Fruit  consisting  of  four 
naked  nuts  or  seeds. 

OBS.  The  genera  of  this  division  constitute  the  Natural  Order  Bora- 
ginacete,  p.  247. 

**  Perianth  double,  inferior.     Corolla  l-petalled.     Seeds  covered  with  a  dis- 
tinct capsule. 

ANAGALLIS.  Calyx  5-parted,  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-parted.  Filaments 
hairy.  Capsule  globose,  opening  hemispherically,  many-seeded.  Primu- 
I-acetx,  p.  292. 

LYSIMACHIA.  Calyx  5 — 6-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  rotate,  5 — 6- 
parted.  Capsule  globose,  5 — 10-valved,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  Primu- 
Lacete,  p.  291. 

PRIMULA.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form ;  tube  cylin- 
dric ;  orifice  open.  Stigma  globose.  Capsule  opening  with  10  teeth. 
Primulacece,  p.  289. 

DODECANTHEON.  Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted, 
the  lobes  reflexed.  Capsule  oblong-ovate,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Primu- 
lacece,  p.  289. 

HOTTONIA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
seated  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  globose.  Capsule  globose, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  style,  at  length  5-valved.  Primulaccce,  p.  290. 

MENYANTHES.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form ;  limb  spreading, 
5-lobed,  equal,  hairy  within.  Stigma  1 — 2-lobed.  Capsule  1 -celled,  with 
the  axis  of  the  valves  seminiferous.  Gentianacetz,  p.  241. 

LIMNANTHEMUM.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  the  lobes 
bearded  or-  scaly  at  base,  and  furnished  with  glands.  Stigma  2-lobed. 
Capsule  1-celled,  few-seeded.  Gentianacetz,  p.  241. 

SABBATIA.  Calyx  5 — 12-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5 — 12-parted.  Anthers 
at  length  rev6lute.  Stigmas  2,  spiral.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved.  Gen- 
tianacece,  p.  238. 

ERYTHRJEA.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form;  limb  short; 
5-cleft.  Anthers,  after  flowering,  spirally  twisted.  Style  erect.  Stigmas  2. 
Capsule  linear,  1 — 2-celled,  2-valved.  Gcnlianacecc,  p.  239. 

HYDROPHYLLCM.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  subulate  and  the  sinuses 
mostly  naked.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  5  longitudinal  margined 
grooves  on  the  inside  alternating  with  the  lobes.  Filaments  bearded  in  the 
middle.  Stigma  bifid.  Capsule  globose,  2-valved,  1-seeded,  3  other  seeds 
mostly  abortive.  Hydrophyllaceez,  p.  252. 

PHACELU.    Calyx  5-parted,  the  sinuses  naked.    Corolla  tubular-campan- 


OF    THE    GENERA.  XXXIX 

ulate,  caducous,  5-cIeft  or  half  5-cleft,  with  10  plaits  or  scales  on  the  inside. 
Stamens  often  exserted.  Style  bifid.  Capsule  ovoid,  2-valved.  Hydro- 
pkyllacea,  p.  253. 

COSMANTHUS.  Calyx  5-parted ;  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  broadly 
campanulate,  caducous,  5-cleft ;  tube  without  scales.  Filaments  slender, 
about  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Style  bifid.  Capsule  2-valved,  septiferous  in 
the  middle.  Hydropkyllacea,  p.  254. 

SPIGELIA.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  the  segments  linear-subulate. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  5-cleft.  Anthers  linear,  erect,  2-lobed  at  base.  Cap- 
sule ovoid-compressed,  didymous,  2-celled,  few-seeded.  Loganiacece,  p.  235. 

NICOTIAN.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form; 
the  limb  5-lobed  and  plaited.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-celled,  2 — 4- 
valved,  many-seeded.  Solanacete,  p.  256. 

HYOSCYAMUS.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  irregular, 
lobes  obtuse.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  ovoid,  opening  with  a  lid.  Sola- 
nacea,  p.  257. 

CONVOLVULUS.  Calyx  5-parted,  naked  or  with  2  bracts  at  base.  Co- 
rolla funnel-form  or  campanulate,  with  5  plaits.  Stigma  capitate  or  lobed. 
Capsule  2— 3-celled,  2— 3-valved.  Convolvulacece,  p.  245. 

PHLOX.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form;  tube  long, 
somewhat  curved  ;  the  limb  flat,  5-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  very  unequal.  Capsule  roundish-ovoid,  3- 
seeded.  Polemoniace&,  p.  243. 

POLEMONIUM.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  campanulate-rotale ; 
tube  very  short,  closed  by  the  dilated  bases  of  the  filaments.  Capsule  ovoid, 
obtuse,  the  cells  many-seeded.  Polemoniacelfs,  p.  244. 

DIAPENSIA.  Calyx  of  5  imbricate  sepals,  with  3  bracts  at  the  base.  Co- 
rolla somewhat  salver-form,  5-lobed.  Filaments  broad-linear,  inserted  into 
the  throat  of  the  corolla  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  Dia- 
pensiacea,  p.  247. 

AZALEA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short,  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Style 
straight,  included.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  top.  Erica- 
cea,  p.  219. 

RHODODENDRON.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  funnel-form,  5- 
cleft.  Stamens  5 — 10,  declinate.  Anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores. 
Capsule  mostly  5-celled,  5-valved.  Ericacea;,  p.  218. 

***  Perianth  double,  inferior.     Corolla  \-petalkd.    Fruit  a  berry. 

SOLANUM.  Calyx  5 — 10-parted.  Corolla  rotate  or  subcampanulate ; 
limb  plaited,  5— 10-cleft.  Anthers  erect,  large,  connivent,  opening  by  two 
pores.  Berry  2 — 6-celled.  Solanacece,  p.  254. 

PHYSALIS.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  finally  becoming  ventricose.  Corolla 
campanulate-rotate;  limb  plaited,  somewhat  5-lobed  ;  tube  very  short.  An- 
thers opening  longitudinally.  Berry  2-celled.  Solanacetz,  p.  255. 

NICANDRA.  Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  angles  compressed,  segments 
sagittate.  Corolla  campanulate,  dry ;  the  limb  plaited  and  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  incurved.  Berry  3 — 5-celled,  covered  by  the  calyx.  Solanaceee, 
p.  256. 


Xl  LINN^EAN    ARRANGEMENT 

****  Perianth  double,  inferior.     Corolla  i-petalkd.     Fruit-  a  capsule. 

CAMPANULA.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-clefl,  usually  campan- 
ulate.  Filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at  base.  Stigmas  3 — 5,  fili- 
form. Capsule  3 — 5-celled,  opening  by  3 — 5  lateral  valves.  Campanula- 
cea,  p.  21 1. 

SPECULARIA.  Calyx  5-  (sometimes  3 — 4-)  lobed;  the  tube  elongated, 
prismatic  or  obconic.  Corolla  rotate.  5-lobed.  Filaments  membranaceous, 
hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule  elongated,  prismatic, 
3-celled,  opening  laterally  by  3  valves  near  the  summit,  Campanulacea, 
p.  211. 

LOBELIA.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla  irregular,  cleft  on  the  upper  side, 
2-lipped ;  lower  lip  3-cleft.  The  two  lower  anthers,  rarely  all,  bearded  at 
the  summit.  Capsule  2 — 3-celled.  opening  at  the  summit.  Lobeliacece, 
p.  212. 

DIERVILLA.  Calyx  with  the  tube  oblong,  bibracteate  at  base  ;  the  limb 
5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-cleft,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  oblong,  acute,  not  crowned,  1-celled,  many- 
seeded.  Caprifoliaceee,  p.  147. 

SAMOLUS.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  base  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  5-parted,  with  5  scales  alternating  with  the  lobes;  tube  short.  Cap- 
sule half-inferior,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  with  5  valves.  Primu- 
lacece,  p.  292. 

*****  Perianth  double,  superior.     Corolla  l-petalkd.     Fruit  a  berry. 

LONICERA.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  campanulate  or  funnel- 
form,  5-cleft,  often  irregular.  Stigma  capitate.  Berry  3-celled,  few-seeded. 
Caprifoliacece,  p.  147. 

SYMPHORICARPUS.  Calyx  with  the  tube  globose ;  the  limb  small.  4 — 5- 
toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  subequally  4 — 5-lobed.  Stigma  subglobose. 
Berry  crowned  by  the  calyx,  4-celled,  4-seeded ;  2  of  the  cells  sometimes 
abortive.  Caprifoliaceee,  p.  148. 

TRIOSTEUM.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ovoid  and  the  limb  5-parted ;  lobes 
linear-lanceolate,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  subequally  5-lobed,  gibbous 
at  base.  Stigma  capitate.  Berry  rather  dry,  crowned  by  the  calyx,  with 
3 — 5  bony  nucules.  Caprifoliacece,  p.  146, 

******  Perianth  double,  inferior.    Corolla  4 — 6-petalled.    Fruit  a  capsule. 

IfEA.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed ;  the  teeth  subulate.  Petals  5, 
lanceolate-linear,  J -nerved.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-parted 
from  the  base  to  the  apex.  Escalloniacea,  p.  128. 

IMPATIENS.  Sepals  5,  the  lower  one  spurred.  Corolla  4-petalled,  irreg- 
ular ;  the  two  inner  petals  unequally  bilobed.  Stigmas  5,  united.  Capsule 
prismatic-terete,  elongated,  5-valved.  opening  elastically.  BalsaminacecE, 
p.  65. 

VIOLA.  Sepals  5,  auricled  at  the  base.  Petals  unequal,  the  lower  one 
spurred.  Anthers  connate,  the  two  lower  ones  with  processes  at  their  back. 
Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  opening  elaslically.  Violacea,  p.  36. 

SOLEA.  Sepals  scarcely  equal,  not  auricled  at  base,  decurrent  into  a 
pedicel,  at  length  reflexed.  Petals  unequal,  the  lowest  one  lobed  and  some- 
what gibbous  at  base.  Stamens  cohering,  the  two  lowest  bearing  a  g.knd 
above  the  middle.  Capsule  somewhat  3-sided.  Violacea,  p.  40. 


OP    THE    GENERA.  xli 

CLAYTONIA.  Calyx  of  2  ovate  or  roundish  persistent  sepals.  Petals  5, 
obcordate  or  obovate,  unguiculate.  Style  5-cleft.  Capsule  1-celled,  3- 
valved,  3— 5-seede<l.  Portulacacea,  p.  120. 

CEANOTHUS.  Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate,  persistent  and  somewhat  ad- 
hering to  the  fruit.  Petals  5,  small,  saccate  and  arched,  with  long  claws. 
Styles  2 — 3,  united  to  the  middle.  Fruit  dry  and  coriaceous,  3-celled,  3- 
seeded,  3-parted,  opening  on  the  inner  side.  Rhamnacea,  p.  70. 

EVONYMUS.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  having  a  peltate  disk  within.  Petals 
4 — 5.  Stamens  inserted  upon  glands  at  the  margin  of  the  disk.  Capsule 
with  3 — 5  angles,  and  as  many  cells  and  valves.  Seeds  with  a  colored 
fleshy  aril.  Celastracece,  p.  68. 

CELASTRUS.  Calyx  minute,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  small,  unguiculate. 
Ovary  small,  with  JO  striae,  immersed  in  the  disk.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Cap- 
sule 2 — 3-valved ;  valves  septiferous  in  the  centre.  Seeds  enclosed  in  a 
pulpy  aril.  Celastracece,  p.  69. 

*******  Perianth  double,  inferior.     Corolla  4 — 5-petalkd.    fruit  a  drupe 
or  berry. 

VITIS.  Calyx  somewhat  4 — 5-toothed.  Petals  4 — 5,  cohering  at  the 
apex,  deciduous.  Stigma  simple,  sessile.  Berry  2-celled,  1 — 4-seeded ;  cells 
and  seeds  often  abortive.  Vitacecc,  p.  63. 

AMPELOPIS.  Calyx  nearly  entire.  Petals  5.  Stigma  capitate.  Ovary 
not  immersed  in  the  disk.  Berry  2 — 4-seeded.  Vitacece,  p.  62. 

RHAMNUS.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  urceolate.  Petals  alternating  with  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  very  minute  or  wanting.  Style  2 — 4-cleft. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  roundish,  containing  2 — 4  cartilaginous  nuts.  Rham- 
nacea,  p.  70. 

********  Perianth  double ,  superior.     Corolla  4 — 5-petatted. 

RISES.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  4 — 5-parted.  Petals  4 — 5,  mi- 
nute, inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Style  2— 4-cleft.  Berry  crowned 
with  the  withered  flower,  1-celled.  Grossulariacece,  p.  124. 

*********  Perianth  single. 

HAMILTONIA.  Polygamous.  Perianth  turbinate-campanulate,  5-cleft. 
Germ  immersed  in  the  5-toothed  glandulous  disk.  Stigmas  2 — 3,  sublen- 
ticular.  Drupe  pyriform,  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  adhering  base  of  the 
calyx.  Santalacete,  p.  308. 

COMANDRA.  Perianth  urceolate-campanulate,  colored ;  the  limb  5-cleft. 
Stamens  villous  externally.  Fruit  somewhat  drupaceous,  dry,  1-celled, 
crowned  by  the  persistent  perianth.  Santalaceez,  p.  307. 

GLAUX.  Perianth  inferior,  campanulate,  5-lobed,  colored.  Stigma  cap- 
itate. Capsule  globose,  5-valved,  few-seeded.  Primulacece,  p.  291. 

ANYCHIA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Sepals  connivent,  subsaccate,  callous  at  the 
apex.  Petals  none.  Stigmas  2,  subcapitate.  Capsule  indehiscent,  utri- 
cular,  1-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx.  Illecebracece,  p.  52. 

ORDER  II.— D1GYMA.— 2  Pistils. 

*  Perianth  double,  inferior.     Corolla  l-petatted. 

APOCYNUM.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft ;  the  base 
furnished  with  5  triangular  scales,  alternating  with  the  lobes.  Anthers 


X  LINN^AN    ARRANGEMENT 

sagittate,  connivent,  adhering  to  the  stigma.     Follicles  slender,  elongated, 
coriaceous.     Apocynacea,  p.  231. 

GONOLOBUS.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted.  Stamineal 
crown  scutelliform,  5-lobed.  Anthers  opening  transversely,  terminated  by 
a  membrane.  Pollen-masses  5  pairs,  not  separating  into  grains.  Follicles 
2,  ventricose.  Asclepiadacece,  p.  235. 

ASCLEPIAS.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted ;  the  lobes  lanceo- 
late, reflexed.  Stamineal  crown  5-leaved ;  leafets  opposite  the  anthers, 
each  mostly  producing  from  its  base  a  subulate  averted  process  or  little 
horn.  Pollen-masses  5  distinct  pairs,  compressed,  affixed  by  their  atten- 
uated summits  in  the  cells  of  the  anthers.  Follicles  ventricose,  smooth  or 
muricate.  Asclepiadacea,  p.  232. 

GENTIANA.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  funnel- 
form  or  somewhat  salver-form ;  the  limb  4 — 5-cleft,  sometimes  with  inter- 
mediate plaits.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved.  Gentiana- 
cea,  p.  236. 

CUSCUTA.  Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted.  Corolla  globose-urceolate,  4 — 5- 
cleft.  Filaments  often  with  scales  at  the  base.  Capsule  2-celled,  opening 
all  round  transversely.  Cuscutacecs,  p.  246. 

**  Perianth  double,  inferior.     Corolla  5-petalled. 

HEUCHERA.  Calyx  campanulate,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  small,  entire.  Capsule  with  2  beaks,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 
Saxifragacete,  p.  127. 

***' Perianth  double,  superior.     Corolla  5-peUilled.    Fruit  fleshy. 

PANAX.  Calyx  with  the  margin  very  short,  and  obsoletely  5-toothed. 
Styles  2 — 3,  short.  Fruit  fleshy,  compressed,  orbiculate  or  didymous,  2- 
celled;  cells  1-seeded.  Araliacete,  p.  141. 

****  Perianth  double,  superior.     Corolla  5-petatted.     Fruit  of  2  carpels. 

OBS.  The  genera  of  this  division  form  the  Natural  Order  Umbelliferaz, 
p.  129. 

*****  Perianth  single. 

ATRIPLEX.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  rarely  perfect.  STERLLR 
FL.  without  bracts.  Perianth  3 — 5-parted,  without  appendages.  FERTILE 
FL.  with  2  bracts  at  base.  Perianth  none.  Utricle  compressed,  partly  in- 
cluded in  the  bracts,  1-seeded.  Chenopodiaceee,  p.  298. 

CHENOPODIUM.  Perianth  5-parted,  closing  upon  but  not  wholly  envelop- 
ing the  fruit,  Utricle  thin,  membranaceous.  Seed  lenticular.  Chenopndi- 
acecp,,  p.  296. 

SALSOLA.  Perianth  5-cleft,  persistent,  enveloping  the  fruit  with  its  base, 
and  crowning  it  with  its  enlarged  limb.  Chenopodiacea,  p.  299. 

ULMUS.  Perianth  campanulate,  5 — 8-cleft.  Stamens  5 — 8.  Fruit  (a 
samara)  flat,  with  a  membranaceous  border.  Ulmace<z,  p.  334. 

CELTIS.  Polygamous.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  inferior,  5 — 6-parted. 
PERFECT  FL.  Perianth  deeply  5-parted.  Drupe  globose,  1-seeded.  Ulma- 
cea,  p.  335. 


OF     THE    GENERA. 

ORDER  III.— TRYGYNIA.— 3  Pistils. 

*  Flowers  superior. 

VIBURNUM.  Calyx  with  the  limb  small,  5-toothed  and  persistent.  Co- 
rolla rotate,  subcampanulate  or  tubular,  5-lobed.  Berry  ovate  or  globose, 
1-seeded,  crowned  by  the  teeth  of  the  calyx.  Caprifoliacea,  p.  144. 

SAMBUCUS.  Calyx  with  the  limb  small  and  5-cleft.  Corolla  rotate  or 
urceolate,  5-lobed ;  lobes  obtuse.  Berry  roundish,  pulpy,  1-celled,  3 — 5- 
seeded.  Caprifoliacece,  p.  144. 

**  Flowers  inferior. 

RHUS.  Calyx  small,  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  ovate,  spreading. 
Drupe  nearly  dry,  with  one  bony  seed.  Anacardiaceee,  p.  71. 

STAPHYLEA.  Sepals  5,  oblong,  erect,  colored.  Petals  5,  imbricate. 
Fruit  a  membranaceous  inflated  2 — 3-celled  capsule.  Staphykacetz,  p.  69. 

ORDER  IV.— TETRAGYNIA.-- 4  Pistils. 

PARNASSIA.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Scales  opposite  to  the 
claws  of  the  petals,  terminating  in  glandular  bristles  at  the  apex.  Capsule 
1-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  arillate.  Droseracece,  p.  41. 

NEMOPANTHES.  Flowers  by  abortion  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx 
scarcely  conspicuous.  Petals  3 — 5,  distinct,  oblong,  linear,  deciduous. 
Stigmas  3 — 5,  sessile.  Fruit  subglobose  ;  nucules  usually  4,  smooth,  bony. 
Aquifoliaceai,  p.  228. 

ORDER  V.— PENTAGYNIA,— 5  Pistils. 

ARAUA.  Calyx  with  the  margin  very  short,  5-toothed  or  entire.  Petals 
L),  spreading.  Berry  5-celled. — Flowers  in  umbels.  Araliaceee,  p.  140. 

STATICE.  Calyx  funnel-form,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  united  at  base.  Fruit 
a  membranaceous  utricle.  Plumbaginacece,  p.  293. 

LINUM.  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Filaments  united 
at  base.  Capsule  subglobose,  10-valved,  10-celled.  Seed  solitary,  ovate, 
compressed.  Linacece,  p.  53. 

SIBBALDIA.  Calyx  10-cleft,  with  the  alternate  segments  narrower.  Pe- 
tals 5,  minute.  Styles  proceeding  laterally  from  the  germ.  Capsules  5, 
indehiscent,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  1-seeded.  Rosacece,  p.  100. 

DROSERA.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Capsule  superior,  globose 
or  ovoid,  1 — 3-celled,  3 — 5-valved,  many-seeded.  Droscracea:,  p.  41 . 

(See  Cerastium  and  Spergula  in  CLASS  X.) 

ORDER  VI.— HEXAGYNIA.— Many  Pistils. 

ZANTHORIZA.  Calyx  deciduous,  5-sepalled.  Petals  5.  Ovaries  5 — 15, 
pointed  with  the  curved  styles.  Follicles  membranaceous,  compressed, 
usually  1-seeded.  JRanunculacctg,  p.  14. 

CLASS  VI.— HEXANDRIA  —6  Stamens,  equal  in  height. 

ORDER  I.— MONOGYNJA.— 1  Pistil. 
*  Perianth  double  or  in  two  rows,  inferior. 

TRADESCANTIA.  Perianth  in  2  rows;  the  outer  one  3-leaved,  calycine; 
inner  one  3-leaved,  petaloid.  Filaments  villous.  Stigma  obtuse.  Capsule 
2 — 3-celled,  3-valved,  few-seeded.  ComrnelynacecE,  p.  377. 


LINN^EAN    ARRANGEMENT 

BERBERIS.  Sepals  6,  mostly  with  3  bracteoles  at  the  base.  Petals  6, 
with  2  glands  upon  their  claws.  Berry  2 — 3-seeded.  Berberidacece,  p.  16. 

LEONTICE.  Sepals  6,  naked  without.  Petals  6,  bearing  a  scale  at  the 
base  within.  Capsule  2 — 4-seeded.  Seeds  globose.  Berberidacece,  p.  17. 

PRINOS.  Flowers  mostly  dkecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  4 — 6- 
toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  rotate,  usually  6-parted.  Fruit  with  4 — £ 
smooth  bony  nucules.  Aquifoliacece,  p.  228. 

FLCERKIA.  Calyx  3-sepalled.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Stig- 
mas 3 — 5.  Fruit  indehiscent,  winged.  Tropteolacece,  p.  66. 

**  Perianth  single,  petaloid,  issuing  from  a  spathe. 

AMARYLLIS.  Perianth  superior.  6-parted,  unequal.  Stamens  arising 
from  the  orifice  of  the  tube,  declined  or  straight,  unequal.  Stigma  3-lobed. 
Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved.  Amaryllidatece,  p.  354. 

ALLIUM.  Flowers  umbellate,  arising  from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Perianth 
inferior,  6-leaved  or  deeply  6-parted,  spreading.  Filaments  sometimes  tri- 
cuspidate.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  few-seeded.  Seeds  black  and 
rough.  Liliacece,  p.  363. 

PONTEDERIA.  Perianth  inferior,  6-cleft,  2-lipped ;  under  side  of  the  tube 
perforated  with  a  longitudinal  foramen;  the  lower  part  persistent,  calycine. 
Stamens  unequally  inserted.  Utricle  muricate.  Pontederacece,  p.  369. 

***  Perianth  single,  petaloi d,  destitute  of  a  spathe. 

ALETRIS.  Perianth  inferior,  tubular,  or  tubular-campanulate,  6-cleft, 
rugose.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  orifice  of  the  tube.  Style  triquetrous. 
Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  summit.  Hezmodoracea, 
p.  376. 

HYPOXIS.  Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  persistent.  Capsule  elongated, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  roundish,  naked. 
Hypoxidacete,  p.  355. 

LOPHIOLA.  Perianth  6-parted,  woolly,  bearded  within.  Filaments 
naked.  Capsule  opening  at  the  summit.  Liliacece,  p.  364. 

AGAVE.  Perianth  inferior,  6-cleft.  Stamens  exserted.  Anthers  versa- 
tile. Capsule  ovate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.  AmaryUidacefB,  p.  355. 

HEMEROCALLIS.  Perianth  inferior,  6-parted  ;  tube  cylindric  ;  limb  cam- 
panulate,  marcescent.  Stamens  declined.  Capsule  3-sided,  3-celled,  3- 
valved,  many-seeded.  Liliacccs,  p.  363. 

ORNITHOGALUM.  Perianth  inferior,  deeply  6-parted,  spreading  above. 
Filaments  dilated  at  base.  Capsule  roundish-angular,  3-celled.  Seeds 
few,  black  arid  rough.  LiliacecE,  p.  364. 

NARTHECIUM.  Perianth  inferior,  of  6  linear  spreading  pieces.  Filaments 
hairy.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  with  an  appendage  at  each  ex- 
tremity. Juncacea;,  p.  375. 

ASPARAGUS.  Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  subcampanulate,  the  segments 
spreading  at  the  apex.  Anthers  peltate.  Berry  3-celled ;  cells  2-seeded. 
Liliacea;,  p.  364. 

ERYTHRONIUM.  Perianth  inferior,  campanulate,  6-parted ;  segments 
reflexed ;  the  3  inner  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base  and 
a  nectariferous  pore.  Capsule  narrowed  at  base  or  substipitatej  3-celled. 
Liliacecs,  p.  362. 


OF    THE    GENERA.  xlv 

JLiLiUM.  Perianth  inferior,  campanulate,  deeply  6-parted ;  segments  with 
a  longitudinal  furrow  at  the  base.  Stamens  adhering  to  the  base  of  the 
perianth.  Style  elongated.  Capsule  oblong,  3-celled,  with  numerous  seeds. 
Ltiliacece,  p.  361. 

UVULARIA.  Perianth  inferior,  deeply  6-parted,  erect ;  segments  with  a 
nectariferous  cavity  at  base.  Filaments  very  short,  growing  to  the  anthers. 
Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled.  Melanthacete,  p.  367. 

CLINTONU.  Perianth  6-parted,  campanulate.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
the  base.  Style  compressed.  Stigma  2-lobed,  compressed.  Berry  2-celled ; 
cells  many-seeded.  Smilace<z,  p.  358. 

SMILACINA.  Perianth  inferior,  6-  (rarely  4-)  parted,  spreading.  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  perianth,  and  inserted  at  their  base.  Berry 
globose,  pulpy,  1 — 3-seeded.  Smilacece,  p.  357. 

POLYGONATUM.  Perianth  inferior,  tubular,  6-cleft.  Stamens  inserted 
near  the  summit  of  the  tube.  Berry  subglobose,  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded. 
Smilacece,  p.  359. 

STREPTOPUS.  Perianth  inferior,  6-leaved,  campanulate  at  base ;  the 
3  inner  leaves  carinate.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  leaves.  An- 
thers sagittate,  longer  than  the  filaments.  Stigma  obtuse.  Berry  globose, 
3-celled.  Melanlhacea,  p.  368. 

PROSARTES.  Perianth  6-leaved,  campanulate-spreading ;  the  leafets  with 
a  nectariferous  pit  or  saccate  at  base.  Filaments  inserted  at  the  base  of 
the  perianth.  Stigmas  short,  recurved.  Berry  ovoid,  3-celled.  Melantha- 
cea,  p.  368. 

****  Perianth  single,  calyx-like,  on  a  spadix. 

ORONTIUM.  Spathe  none.  Spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  flowers. 
Perianth  of  4 — 6  truncate  concave  sepals.  Ovary  superior.  Stigma  ses- 
sile, subumbilicate.  Utricle  1-seeded.  Aracea,  p.  383. 

ACORUS.  Spathe  leaf-like,  continuous  with  the  scape.  Spadix  cylindric, 
covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  inferior,  glumaceous,  6-leaved.  Stigma 
minute,  sessile.  Fruit  baccate  or  capsular.  Aracea,  p.  383. 

*****  Perianth  single,  glumaceous. 

JUNCUS.  Perianth  inferior,  6-leaved,  glumaceous.  Stigmas  3,  subsessile. 
Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  Juncacece,  p.  372.- 

LUZULA.  Perianth  inferior,  6-leaved,  glumaceous.  Filaments  smooth. 
Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  3,  sometimes  with  an  appendage  at  one 
end.  Juncacece,  p.  372. 

ORDER  II.— DIGYNIA.— 2  Pistils. 

OXYRIA.  Perianth  4-leaved,  two  inner  ones  larger.  Nut  triquetrous, 
with  a  broad  winged  membranous  margin.  Polygonacece,  p.  305. 

ORDER  III.— TRIGYNIA.— 3  Pistils. 

RUMEX.  Perianth  6-leaved;  the  three  inner  leaves  somewhat  colored, 
larger,  often  with  tubercles  on  the  outside  and  closing  in  a  valvate  manner 
over  the  fruit.  Stigmas  many-cleft.  Nut  triquetrous.  Polygonacea,  p.  304. 

ZYGADENUS.  Rarely  polygamous.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted  ;  segments 
spreading,  without  claws,  with  two  glands  at  the  base  of  each.  Filaments 
dilated  at  base.  Capsule  ovoid-conic,  3-celled;  cells  6 — 10-seeded.  Me- 
lanlhacea,  p.  365. 


LINN.EAN    ARRANGEMENT 

MELANTHIUM.  Polygamous.  Perianth  petaloid,  rotate,  deeply  6-parted ; 
segments  unguiculate,  with  two  glands  at  the  base.  Stamens  on  the  claws 
of  the  perianth.  Capsule  ovoid-conic,  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Melantka- 
cete,  p.  365. 

VERATRUM.  Polygamous.  Perianth  calyx-like,  deeply  6-parted,  spread- 
ing, persistent ;  the  segments  sessile  and  without  glands.  Stamens  on  the 
receptacle.  Capsule  ovoid,  membranaceous,  3-lobed ;  the  carpels  distinct 
at  the  summit,  many-seeded.  Melanthacece,  p.  366. 

HELONIAS.  Sometimes  dioecious.  Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted,  spread- 
ing ;  segments  sessile  and  without  glands.  Stamens  at  length  exceeding 
the  perianth.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-horned.  MelantJiacece,  p.  366. 

XEROPHYLLUM.  Perianth  subrotate,  deeply  6-parted.  Stamens  contigu- 
ous at  base.  Stigmas  3,  revolute,  partly  united  below.  Capsule  subglobose, 
3-celled ;  cells  2-seeded,  opening  at  the  summit.  Melanthacece,  p.  366. 

TOFIELDIA.  Perianth  6-parted,  with  a  small  3-parted  involucre.  Stamens 
smooth.  Capsule  3— 6-celled;  cells  united  at  base,  many-seeded.  Melan- 
thacecc,  p.  366. 

SCHEUCHZERIA.  Perianth  of  6  somewhat  petaloid  persistent  leaves;  the 
3  inner  ones  narrower.  Anthers  on  slender  filaments.  Capsules  3,  inflated, 
united  at  base,  1 — 2-seeded.  Jwncaginacea,  p.  380. 

TRIGLOCHIN.  Perianth  6-leaved,  somewhat  colored,  deciduous;  leaves 
concave.  Anthers  subsessile.  Capsules  3 — 6,  united  by  a  longitudinal  re- 
ceptacle from  which  they  usually  separate  at  the  base,  1-seeded.  Juncagi- 
iiacece,  p.  379. 

MEDEOLA.  Perianth  petaloid,  6-parted,  revolute.  Stamens  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  perianth.  Styles  filiform,  elongated,  divaricate.  Berry 
3-celled.  TriUiacece,  p.  359. 

TRILLIUM.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted ;  3  outer  segments  (sepals)  spread- 
ing ;  3  inner  petaloid,  (petals.)  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments, nearly  equal.  'Styles  stigmatose  on  the  inside.  Berry  ovoid,  3- 
celled.  Trilliacca,  p.  360. 

SAURURUS.  Flowers  in  a  solitary  spike.  Scales  1-flowered.  Corolla 
none.  Fruit  3-  or  4-celled ;  the  carpels  easily  separating  at  maturity,  1- 
(rarely  2-)  seeded,  not  opening.  Saururacece,  p.  318. 

ORDER  IV.— POLYGYNIA.— Many  Pistils. 

ALISMA.  Perianth  6-leaved ;  3  outer  leaves  persistent,  calycine ;  3  inner 
colored,  petaloid.  deciduous.  Carpels  numerous,  distinct,  1-seeded,  crowned 
with  the  persistent  style.  Alismacece,  p.  379. 

*  CLASS  VII.— HEPTANDRIA.— 7  Stamens. 
ORDER  I.— MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil. 

TRIENTALIS.  Calyx  deeply  6— 8-parted.  Corolla  deeply  6— 8-parted, 
rotate.  Stamens  6—8  (mostly  7.)  Capsule  globose,  somewhat  fleshy, 
(berry,)  opening  at  the  sutures,  and  then  5-valved.  Primulacece,  p.  290. 

^ESCULUS.     Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.     Petals  4 — 5,  more  or  less 
unequal.     Filaments  recurved  backward.     Fruit  coriaceous. 
iiacefe,  p.  62. 

(Vlmus  in  CLASS  V.,  ORDER  II.) 


OF    THE    GENERA. 

CLASS  VUL— OCTANDRIA.-8  Stamens. 
ORDER  L-MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil 

*  Floicers  complete,  superior. 

RIIEXIA.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ventricose-ovoid  at  base,  narrowed  at  the 
apex ;  the  limb  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  obovate.  Capsule  free  in  the  calyx,  4- 
celled.  Seeds  cochleate.  Melastomacetz, -p.  111. 

CENOTHERA.  Calyx  with  a  long  4-sided  or  8-ribbed  deciduous  tube ;  seg- 
ments 4,  reflexed.  Petals  4,  equal.  Capsule  4-valved,  with  many  naked 
seeds.  Onagraceee,  p»  108. 

GAURA.  Calyx  tubular,  adnate  to  the  ovary  at  base;  segments  4,  re- 
flexed  ;  tube  deciduous.  Petals  mostly  4-clawed,  somewhat  unequal.  Fruit 
4-angled,  dry  and  indehiscent,  by  abortion  mostly  1-celled,  1 — 4-seeded. 
Seeds  naked.  Onagracea;,  p.  108. 

EPILOBIUM.  Calyx  with  a  long  4-sided  tube ;  limb  4-parted,  deciduous. 
Petals  4.  Capsule  linear,  obtusely  4-sided,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  crowned  with  a  tuft  of  hairs.  Onagracece,  p.  107. 

OXYCOCCUS.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  with  the  limb  4-cleft.  Corolla 
4-parted,  with  the  segments  somewhat  linear  and  revolute.  Filaments  con- 
nivent.  Anthers  tubular,  2-parted.  Berry  4-celled,  many-seeded.  Vac- 
ciniacea:,  p.  223. 

PHALEROCARPUS.  Calyx  bi-bracteate,  adhering  to  the  ovary ;  the  limb 
4-parted.  Corolla  short-campanulate,  4-cleft.  Filaments  short  and  dilated. 
Anthers  awnless.  Berry  globose-ovoid,  crowned  by  the  teeth  of  the  calyx, 
4-celled,  white.  Vacciniacece,  p.  223. 

**  Flowers  complete,  inferior. 

MENZIESIA.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-cleft  or  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular 
or  globose;  limb  very  short,  4-toothed,  revolute.  Filaments  subulate, 
smooth.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved.  Ericacece,  p.  216. 

ACER,  Flowers  mostly  polygamous.  Calyx  5-lobed,  sometimes  5-parted. 
Samarse  2,  winged,  united  at  base,  by  abortion  1-seeded.  Aceracea,  p.  60. 

DIRCA.  Perianth  colored,  tubular-campanulate ;  limb  obsolete,  erosely 
toothed.  Stamens  unequal.  Berry  1-seeded.  ThymelacecE,  p.  307. 

JEFFERSONIA.  Sepals  4,  petaloid.  Petals  8,  oblong.  Capsule  obovate, 
semicircularly  dehiscent.  Seeds  many,  arillate  at  base.  JBerberidacece, 
p.  17. 

***  Flowers  incomplete. 
(Mffnotropa  in  CLASS  X.) 

ORDER  II.— DIGYNIA.— 2  Pistils. 

(Polyg&num  in  ORDER  TRIGYNIA.  Vaccinium,  Chrysosplenium  and 
Sderanthus,  in  CLASS  X.) 

ORDER  III.— TRIGYNIA.— 3  Pistils. 

POLYGONUM.  Perianth  mostly  5-parted,  petaloid,  persistent.  Fruit  a 
1-seeded  compressed  or  triquetrous  nut.  Polygonacece,  p.  301. 


LINN^AN    ARRANGEMENT 

CLASS  IX.— ENNEANDRIA.— 9  Stamens. 
ORDER  L— MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil. 

LAURUS.  Dioecious.  Perianth  colored,  5 — 6-parted.  Fertile  stamens  9, 
arranged  in  three  series,  the  six  outer  ones  with  simple  distinct  filaments  ; 
three  inner  ones  with  two  glands  at  the  base  of  each.  Drupe  1-seeded. 
Lauracea,  p.  305. 

CLASS  X.— DECANDRIA.— 10  Stamens. 
ORDER  L— MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil. 

*  Flowers  regular. 

VACCINIUM.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4 — 5-toothed.  Corolla  urceo- 
late,  cylindric,  campanulate  or  somewhat  rotate,  4 — 5-cleft.  Berry  globose, 
4 — 10-celled,  many-  (or  by  abortion  few-)  seeded.  Vacciniacece,  p.  221. 

OBS.  The  remaining  genera  of  this  division  are  included  in  the  Natural 
Orders,  Ericaceee,  p.  213,  and  Pyrolacece,  p.  224. 

**  Flowers  irregular. 

CASSIA.  Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  base,  somewhat  unequal.  Stamens 
unequal ;  3  upper  ones  usually  abortive;  3  lower  ones  longer.  Legume 
terete  or  compressed,  many-seeded.  Leguminoste,  p.  89. 

BAPTISIA.  Calyx  half  4 — 5-cleft,  bilabiate.  Petals  5,  nearly  equal. 
Standard  with  the  sides  reflexed.  Wings  oblong.  Keel  slightly  incurved. 
Legume  ventricose,  pedicelled,  many-seeded.  Ljeguminostf,  p.  73. 

CERCIS.  Calyx  5-toothed,  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  5,  with  claws,  sub- 
papilionaceous,  all  distinct.  Wings  larger  than  the  standard.  Legume 
oblong,  compressed,  1 -celled,  many-seeded.  Leguminosea,  p.  90. 

ORDER  II.— DIGYNIA.— 2  Pistils. 

HYDRANGEA.  Marginal  flowers  usually  sterile.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx 
membranaceous,  colored,  veiny,  4 — 5-parted.  Petals,  stamens,  and  pistils 
rudimentary  or  none.  FERTILE  FL,  Calyx  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  ovate.  Capsule  2-celled,  opening  by  a  foramen 
between  the  styles.  Hydrangeacece,  p.  129. 

SAXIFRAGA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  entire,  with  short  claws.  Cap- 
sule with  2  beaks,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Saxifragacea,  p.  125. 

CHRYSOSPLENIUM.  Calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  of  4 — 5  obtuse 
lobes.  Petals  none.  Capsule  2-beaked,  2 — 4-valved,  at  length  1 -celled, 
many-seeded.  Saxifragacece,  p.  126. 

TIARELLA.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  with  the  lobes  obtuse.  Petals  5, 
inserted  into  the  calyx,  unguiculate,  entire.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved ; 
valves  unequal.  Saxifragacete,  p.  127. 

MITELLA.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  laciniate  or  toothed, 
inserted  into  the  calyx.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved;  valves  equal.  Saxi- 
fragacetz,  p.  127. 

SAPONARIA.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  base.  Petals  5,  ungu- 
iculate; claws  equalling  the  calyx.  Capsule  1-celled.  CaryophyUacca, 
p.  46. 

• 


OF    THE    GENERA. 

DIANTHUS.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  with  2 — 5  opposite  imbricate 
scales  at  base.  Petals  5,  with  long  claws.  Capsule  1-celled.  Caryophyl* 
lacea,  p.  44. 

SCLERANTHUS.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent;  tube  urceolate.  Stamens  in- 
serted in  the  orifice  of  the  tube.  Petals  none.  Capsule  very  smooth,  with- 
out valves,  covered  by  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx.  Sderanthace&, 
p.  121. 

ORDER  HI.— TRIGYNIA.— 3  Pistils. 

SILENE.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked.  Petals  5,  unguiculate,  mostly 
crowned  at  the  orifice ;  limb  bifid.  Capsule  3-celled  at  base,  dehiscent  at 
the  top  into  6  teeth.  Caryophyllacece,  p.  45. 

STELLARIA,  Calyx  5-sepalled.  Petals  5,  2-cleft  or  2-lobed.  Capsule 
3 — 4-valved;  valves  2-parted,  membranaceous.  Seeds  usually  many. 
Caryophyllacea,  p.  48. 

ARENARIA.  Calyx  5-sepalled.  Petals  5,  entire.  Capsule  1-celled,  3- 
valved,  many-seeded.  Caryophyllacece,  p.  49.  • 

MCEHRINGIA.  Sepals  4 — 5.  Petals  4 — 5,  somewhat  perigynous.  Cap- 
sule splitting  into  twice  as  many  (half)  valves  as  there  are  stigmas.  Seeds 
few,  smooth.  Caryophyllacecz,  p.  50. 

HONCKENYA.  Sepals  5,  slightly  united  at  base.  Petals  6,  perigynous, 
with  short  claws,  entire.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  petals  into  a  glandu- 
liferous  disk.  Capsule  3 — 5-valved ;  valves  entire,  8 — 10-seeded.  Caryo- 
phyliacece,  p.  60. 

ORDER  IV.— PENTAGYNIA.— 5  Pistils. 

SEDUM.  Sepals  usually  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  ovate,  often  turgid 
and  leafy.  Petals  5,  often  spreading.  Carpels  5,  many-seeded,  with  a 
nectariferous  scale  at  the  base  of  each.  Crassulacece,  p.  122. 

OXALIS.  Sepals  5,  free  or  united  at  base.  Petals  5.  Stamens  often 
monadelphous  at  base,  unequal.  Capsule  5-angled,  oblong  or  cylindric, 
5-celled.  Oxalidacea,  p.  66. 

AGROSTEMMA.  Calyx  tubular,  5-sided,  coriaceous.  Petals  5,  unguicu- 
late, not  crowned ;  limb  entire.  Capsule  1-celled,  opening  with  5  teeth. 
Caryophyttacece,  p.  47. 

CERASTIUM.  Calyx  5-sepalled.  Petals  5,  bifid  or  emarginate.  Capsule 
membranaceous,  cylindric  or  oblong,  opening  at  the  summit  by  10  teeth. 
Caryophyllacea,  p.  50. 

SPERGULA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  entire.  Capsule  ovate,  5-celled, 
5-valved.  Illecebracece,  p.  52. 

PENTHORUM.  Sepals  5,  united  at  base.  Petals  5  or  none.  Carpels  5, 
united  at  the  base  into  a  5-beaked,  5-celled  capsule ;  cells  opening  trans- 
versely on  the  inner  side  of  the  beaks.  Crassulacete,  p.  122. 

(Sttene  and  SteUaria  in  ORDER  TRIGYNIA.) 

ORDER  V,— DECAGYNIA.— 5— 12  Pistils. 

PHYTOLACCA.  Perianth  5-leaved,  petaloid.  Berry  superior,  globose-de- 
pressed, made  up  of  5 — 12  closely  united  carpels.  Phytolaccacece,  p.  300 

C  3 


I  LINN-KAN    ARRANGEMENT 

CLASS  XL— ICOCANDRIA.— 20  or  more  Stamens  placed  on  the  Calyx. 
ORDER  I—  MONOGYNIA.— 1  Pistil. 

OPUNTIA.  Sepals  numerous,  leafy,  adnate  to  the  ovary ;  outer  ones  flat, 
short  j  inner  ones  petal-like,  obovate,  rosaceous;  tube  above  the  ovary 
none.  Berry  ovoid,  umbilicate  at  the  apex,  tuberculate,  often  bearing  spines. 
Cactacece,  p.  123. 

PRUNUS.  Calyx  urceolate,  hemispheric ;  limb  5-parted,  deciduous.  Drupe 
ovoid  or  oblong,  fleshy,  very  smooth,  covered  with  grayish  dust ;  stone  com- 
pressed, acute  at  both  ends,  subsulcate  at  the  margin,  elsewhere  smooth. 
Drupacea:,  p.  90. 

CERASUS.  Flowers  as  in  the  preceding.  Drupe  globose  or  umbilicate 
at  base,  fleshy,  very  smooth,  destitute  of  gray  powder;  nucleus  subglobose, 
smooth.  Drupacete,  p.  91. 

LYTHRUM.  Calyx  cylindric,  striate,  8 — l2-to<othed.  Petals  4— 6,  inserted 
into  the  calyx.  Capsule  oblong,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  Lythracece,  p.  115. 

DECODON.  Calyx  short,  broad-campanulate,  1 0-toothed  ;  5  teeth  longer 
and  spreading.  Petals  5,  Capsule  covered  with  the  calyx,  3 — 4-celled. 
[/ythracete,  p.  116. 

CUPHEA.  Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  6 — 12-toothed,  unequal.  Petals 
6 — -7,  unequal.  Capsule  membranaceous,  1 — 2-celled,  at  length  bursting 
longitudinally.  Lytkracecc,  p.  116. 

ORDER  II.— DI-PENTAGYNIA.— 2— 5  Pistih. 

SESUVIUM.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  lobes  colored  within.  Petals 
none.  Styles  3 — 5.  Capsule  3-  rarely  4 — 5-celled,  opening  circularly, 
many-seeded.  Teiragwiiacece,  p.  123. 

OBS.  The  remaining  genera  belong  to  the  Natural  Orders  Rosacece, 
p.  92,  and  Pomacea,  p.  102. 

ORDER  III.— POLYGYNIA.— Many  Pistils. 

CALYCANTHUS.  Lobes  of  the  calyx  in  many  rows,  imbricate,  lanceolate, 
colored,  all  more  or  less  coriaceous  or  fleshy.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  un- 
equal. Nuts  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx.  Calycanthaceee. 
p.  107. 

OBS.  The  remaining  genera  belong  to  the  Natural  Order  JRosac&z, 
p.  92. 

CLASS  XII.— POLY ANDjctiA.— Many  Stamens  inserted  upon  the  Receptacle. 
ORDER  L— MONOGYNIA.—l  Pistil. 

TILIA.  Calyx  5-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  naked,  or  with  a  small 
scale  within.  Fruit  coriaceous,  by  abortion  1-celled,  1 — 2-seeded.  Tilia- 
ce<z,  p.  56. 

HELIANTHEMTJM.  Calyx  with  3  equal  sepals,  or  5  disposed  in  two  rows; 
the  two  outer  ones  smaller,  rarely  larger.  Petals  5,  (sometimes  wanting,) 
often  irregularly  denticulate  at  the  apex.  Capsule  3-valved,  with  the  dis- 
sepiment in  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Cistaceec,  p.  34. 

HUDSQNIA.  Calyx  5-parted ;  segments  unequal,  the  two  outer  ones 
minute.  Petals  5.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  1— 3-seeded.  Cistacece, 
p.  36. 


OP    THE    GENERA.  li 

PORTULACA.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  2-parted,  finally  separating  at 
base  and  deciduous.  Petals  4 — 6,  inserted  in  the  calyx,  equal.  Capsule 
subglobose,  4-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  circularly.  Portulacacece, 
p.  1:20. 

TALINUM.  Sepals  2,  ovate,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  distinct,  or  somewhat 
connected  at  base.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  Portulaca- 
cea,  p.  120. 

CHELIDONIUM.  Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Capsule  elongated,  (re- 
sembling a  silique,)  1-celled,  2-valved ;  valves  dehiscent  from  the  base  to 
the  apex.  Papaveracea,  p.  21 . 

MECONOPSIS.  Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Stigmas  4 — 6,  radiating, 
convex,  free.  Capsule  obovoid,  1-celled;  valves  4 — 6,  dehiscent  at  the 
apex.  Papaveracece,  p.  20. 

ARGEMONE.  Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  4 — 6.  Stigma  4 — 7-lobed; 
lobes  radiately  reflexed,  persistent.  Capsule  obovoid,  spinose,  1-celled,  5- 
valved ;  valves  opening  at  the  apex.  Papaveracea,  p.  20. 

SANGUINARIA.  Sepals  2,  deciduous.  Petals  8 — 12.  Stigmas  2,  con- 
nate. Capsule  oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved,  ventricose;  valves  deciduous. 
Papaveracea,  p.  20. 

PAPAVER.  Sepals  2,  concave,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Stigma  sessile, 
radiate,  persistent.  Capsule  obovoid,  1-celled,  opening  by  minute  valves 
under  the  margin  of  the  stigma.  Papaveracece,  p.  21. 

PODOPHYLLUM.  Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6 — 9.  Stigma  large,  sub- 
sessile,  peltate,  persistent.  Berry  somewhat  fleshy,  not  dehiscent.  Serbe- 
ridaceee,  p.  13. 

ACTSJA.  Sepals  4 — 5.  Petals  4—8,  spatulate.  Carpels  solitary,  bac- 
cate, many-seeded.  Ranunculacea,  p.  13. 

CIMICIFUGA.  Sepals  4 — 5.  Petals  3 — 5,  concave  or  unguiculate,  some- 
times fewer  or  none.  Carpels  1 — 8,  follicular,  many-seeded.  Ranuncula- 
cea,  p.  13. 

SARRACENIA.  Sepals  5,  with  a  3-leaved  involucre.  Petals  5.  Stigma 
very  large,  peltate,  5-angled.  Capsule  5-celled.  Sarraceniacece,  p.  22. 

NYMPHJEA.  Sepals  4,  at  the  base  of  the  disk.  Petals  and  stamens  in- 
serted into  the  fleshy  disk  surrounding  the  ovary.  Nymphceacea,  p.  19. 

NUPHAR.  Sepals  5 — 6,  and  with  the  petals  and  stamens  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  disk.  Nymphceacea,  p.  19. 

ORDER  II.— DI-PENTAGYNIA.— £-5  Pistils. 

ASCYRUM.  Sepals  4;  2  inner  ones  much  smaller.  Petals  4,  caducous. 
Stamens  scarcely  united  at  base.  Styles  2 — 3.  Capsule  1-celled,  2 — 3- 
valved.  Hypericacece,  p.  59. 

HYPERICUM.  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  mostly  equal. 
Petals  5,  oblique,  and  often  inequilateral.  Stamens  mostly  numerous, 
sometimes  few,  distinct  or  united  into  3 — 5  parcels.  Styles  3 — 5,  distinct 
or  more  or  less  united.  Capsule  membranaceous.  Hypericacea,  p.  57. 

ELODEA.  Sepals  5,  somewhat  united  at  base.  Petals  5,  deciduous,  equi- 
lateral. Stamens  9 — 15,  united  into  three  parcels,  which  alternate  with  3 
hypogynous  glands.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Capsule  oblong,  membranaceous, 
3-celled.  Hypericaceee,  p.  60. 

OBS/  The  remaining  genera  belong  to  the  Natural  Order  Ranuncula* 
ce*,  p,  3. 

(  * 


Ill  LINN^EAN    ARRANGEMENT 


ORDER  III.— POLYGNIA.— Many  Pistils. 

MAGNOLIA.  Sepals  3,  deciduous.  Petals  6—12,  in  concentric  series. 
Carpels  1 — 2-seeded,  persistent,  forming  a  strobile-like  fruit.  Seeds  coated 
with  a  fleshy  aril.  Magnoliacca,  p.  14. 

LIRIODENDRON.  Sepals  3,  deciduous.  Petals  6.  Carpels  (samarae)  im- 
bricated in  a  cone,  1 — 2-seeded,  not  opening,  attenuated.  Magnoliacece, 
p.  15. 

ASIMINA.  Calyx  deeply  3-parted.  Petals  6,  spreading,  ovate-oblong; 
inner  smallest.  Anthers  many,  subsessile.  Carpels  usually  3,  ovoid  or 
oblong-sessile,  pulpy  within.  Seeds  many.  Anonacea,  p.  15. 

HYDROPELTIS.  Calyx  of  3-4  sepals.  Petals  3—4.  Ovaries  6—18. 
Carpels  oblong,  acuminate,  1 — 2-seeded.  Cabombacece,  p.  18. 

NE&UMBIUM.  Calyx  petaloid,  of  4 — 6  sepals.  Petals  numerous.  Car- 
pels numerous,  deeply  immersed  in  the  upper  surface  of  a  turbinate  recepta- 
cle or  torus,  1-seeded. "  Nelumbiacece,  p.  18. 

OBS.     The  remaining  genera  belong  to  the  Order  JRanunculacete,  p.  3. 

CLASS  XIII.— DIDYNAMIA.— 4  Stamens;  2  longer  than  tlie  other  2. 

2  ORDERS.— 1.  GYMNOSPERMIA.— Seeds  apparently  naked. 
2.  ANGIOSPERMIA.— , Seeds  in  a  distinct  capsule. 

OBS.  The  genera  of  this  class  form  a  very  natural  group,  having  irreg- 
ular or  bilabiate  flowers,  with  mostly  4  stamens  (2  longer) ;  but  sometimes 
2  are  abortive,  and  hence  such  are  arranged  artificially  in  the  class  Dia,ndria. 
The  whole  will  be  more  easily,  as  well  as  correctly,  studied,  by  the  Natural 
Orders.  The  genera  belonging  to  the  order  Gymnospermia  will  be  found  in 
the  Natural  Order  Labiattz,  p.  270 ;  those  belonging  to  Angiospermia,  in 
the  Natural  Orders  fiignoniaceee,  p.  241 ;  Pedaliacea,  p.  242;  Oroban- 
chacecz,  p.  257 ;  Scrophulariace<z,  p.  258 ;  Verbenaccce,  p.  283,  and  Acantha- 
cece,  p.  286. 

CLASS  XIV.— TETRADYNAMIA.— 6  Stamens ;  4  long  and  2  short. 

OBS.  This  class  is  entirely  natural ;  and  it  is  therefore  altogether  unne- 
cessary to  repeat  the  generic  descriptions.  It  is  identical  with  the  Natural 
Order  Crucifertz,  p.  23.  I  have,  chiefly  for  the  sake  of  convenience,  pre- 
served the  Linnsean  division  into  Siliculoscc  and  Siliquosez.  Gynandropsis 
and  Polanisia  (Cleome  Linn.)  usually  arranged  under  this  class,  form  the 
order  Capparidacea,  p.  33. 

CLASS  XV.— MONADELPHIA.— Filaments  combined  in  one  set. 
ORDER  L— PENTANDRIA.— 5  perfect  Stamens. 

PASSIFLORA.  Calyx  5-parted,  colored.  Petals  5  or  none,  inserted  into 
the  calyx.  Crown  of  many  filiform  rays.  Berry  often  pulpy,  rarely  sub- 
membranaceous,  pedicelled.  Passijloracece,  p.  119. 

(Geranium  in  ORDER  DECANDRIA.) 

ORDER  II.— DECANDRIA.— 10  Stamens. 

GERANIUM.  Sepals  5,  equal.  Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  10,  all-fertile ; 
5  alternate  ones  longer,  and  with  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base.  Carpels 


OF    THE    GENERA.  ill! 

with  long  awns,  at  length  separating  elastically  from  the  summit  to  the 
base.     Geraniacea,  p.  64. 

ERODIUM.  Sepals  5,  equal,  regular.  Petals  5,  mostly  equal.  Stamens 
10  ;  5  outer  ones  shorter  and  sterile  ;  the  perfect  ones  with  a  nectariferous 
scale  at  the  base.  Styles  persistent,  bearded  on  the  inside,  at  length  spirally 
twisted.  Geraniacece,  p.  65. 

ORDER  III.—  POLY  ANDRIA.—Mzny  Stamens. 
OBS.     The  genera  of  order  from  the  Natural  Order  Malvacetz,  p.  54. 


CLASS    XVI.—  DIADELPHIA.—  FtTawiente  combined  in  two  sets  (except  in 
some  of  the  3d  Order.) 

ORDER  I.—  HEXANDRIA.—6  Stamens. 
OBS.     The  genera  belong  to  the  Natural  Order  Fumariacea,  p.  22. 

ORDER  II.—  OCTANDRIA.—  8  Stamens. 

POLYGALA.  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  2  of  them  wing-shaped  and  colored. 
Petals  3  —  5,  united  to  the  stamens,  the  lower  one  keel-form.  Capsule  com- 
pressed, elliptic,  obovate  or  obcordate.  Seeds  pubescent.  Polygalacece, 
p.  42. 

ORDER  HI.—  DECANDRIA.—  10  Stamens. 

OBS.  The  genera  of  this  order,  with  a  few  usually  arranged  under  the 
class  Decandria,  constitute  the  Natural  Order  Leguminosa,  p.  72. 

CLASS  XVIL—  SYNGENESIA. 

OBS.  The  plants  of  this  class,  with  a  few  exceptions,  have  5  anthers 
united  into  a  single  tube.  They  are  further  characterized  by  the  flowers 
being  clustered  together  in  heads  and  inserted  upon  a  common  receptacle, 
which  is  surrounded  by  an  involucre  ;  being  usually  known  as  Compound 
flowers.  They  form  the  Natural  Order  Composite,  p.  154. 

CLASS  XVIII.  —  GYNANDRIA.—  Stamens  situated  upon  the  style  or  column 
above  the  germ. 

OBS.  The  orders  MONANDRIA  and  DIANDRIA  constitute  the  Or- 
chidacece,  p.  343. 

ORDER  III.—  HEXANDRIA.—  6  Stamens. 

ARISTOLOCHIA.  Perianth  tubular,  ventricose  at  base,  dilated  at  the  apex 
and  ligulate.  Capsule  inferior,  6-sided,  1-celled,  many-seeded.  Aristolo- 
chiacete,  p.  309. 

ORDER  IV.—  DODECANDRIA.—  12  or  more  Stamens. 

ASARUM.  Perianth  campanulate,  mostly  3-parted.  Stamens  12,  placed 
on  an  epigynous  disk.  Anthers  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  filaments. 
Stigma  6-parted  or  lobed.  Capsule  6-celled,  many-seeded.  Aristolochiacea, 
p.  309. 


liv  LINNjEAN    ARRANGEMENT 


CLASS  XIX.— MONGECIA.— Stamens  and  Pistils  in  separate  flowers  on  1h» 
same  plant. 

ORDER  L— MONANDRIA.— 1  Stamen. 

ZOSTERA.  Stamens  and  pistils  separated,  seated  in  2  rows  upon  one  side 
of  a  flat  spadix.  Anthers  ovate,  sessile.  Pistils  alternating  with  the 
anthers,  ovate.  Stigmas  2.  Utricle  with  one  seed,  bursting  irregularly. 
Naiadaccte,  p.  385. 

ZANNICHELLIA.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  none.  Filament  slender.  FER- 
TILE FL.  Perianth  cup-shaped.  Pistils  2 — 4,  tapering  into  a  short  style. 
Stigma  large  and  peltate.  Fruit  on  a  short  stipe,  coriaceous.  Naiadacece, 
p.  385. 

CAULINIA.  Perianth  none.  STERILE  FL.  Anther  nearly  sessile.  FER- 
TILE FL.  Style  filiform.  Stigmas  2.  Fruit  capsular,  1-seeded.  Naiad- 
acea,  p.  385. 

EUPHORBIA.  Rarely  furnished  with  a  perianth.  Involucre  1-leaved, 
campanulate,  4 — 5-lobed ;  the  lobes  usually  alternating  with  peltate  glands. 
STERILE  FL.  numerous,  each  consisting  of  an  anther  with  its  filament  artic- 
ulated in  the  middle.  FERTILE  FL.  solitary,  central,  on  a  long  peduncle. 
Styles  3,  usually  2-cIeft.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-seeded.  Euphorbiacea,  p.  312. 

ORDER  II.— DIANDRIA.— 2  Stamens. 

PODOSTEMUM.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Stamens  affixed  to  a  common 
pedicel.  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  recurved.  .  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Podostemacea,  p.  114. 

(Cares,  ORDER  III.  Cattitrichc,  CLASS  MONANDRIA,  ORDER  DI- 
GYNIA.) 

ORDER  III.— TRIANDRTA.— 3  Stamens. 

SPARGANIUM.  Flowers  in  dense  spherical  heads,  the  sterile  ones  above. 
Perianth  sincrle,  of  3  leaves.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  sessile.  Typhatece, 
p.  380.  , 

CAREX.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2  or  1.  FERTILE  FL.  Peri- 
gynium  membranaceous  or  somewhat  coriaceous,  2-toothed,  emarginate  or 
truncate  at  the  apex.  Style  single,  included.  Stigmas  2—3.  Achenium 
lenticular,  plano-convex  or  triangular,  crowned  with  the  lower  portion  of 
the  style.  Cyperacea,  p.  403. 

TYPHA.  Flowers  collected  into  a  long  dense  cylindric  spike.  STERILE 
FL.  above.  Stamens  intermixed  with  simple  hairs,  inserted  directly  on  the 
axis.  FERTILE  FL.  below  the  sterile  on  the  same  axis.  Fruit  oblong,  very 
small,  stipitate.  Typhacece,  p.  381. 

SCLERIA.  Flowers  glumaceous.  Fertile  spikelets  1-flowered;  the  sterile 
several-flowered.  Scales  2 — 6.  Disk  shallow,  saucer-like  or  lobed.  Peri- 
gynium  coriaceous  or  crustaceous,  sometimes  wanting.  Achenium  globose 
or  ovoid.  Cyperacea,  p.  402. 

TRIPSACUM.  STERILE  SPIKELETS  in  pairs  on  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  and 
longer  than  the  joint,  collateral,  2-flowered.  Flowers  with  2  paleae.  FER- 
TILE SPIKELETS  solitary,  as  long  as  the  joint,  2-flowered.  Flowers  with  2 
paleae; -the  outer  or  lower  flower  neutral,  the  inner  or  upper  one  fertile. 
GraminacefC)  p.  452. 

COMPTONIA.     STERILE  FL.    Ament  cylindric,  imbricate ;  scales  reniform- 


OF    THE    GENERA.  lv 

cordate,  acuminate,  1-flowered.  Perianth  of  2  minute  scarious  leaves. 
Stamens  3 — 5.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  globose;  scales  1-ffowered.  Styles 
2,  Nut  ovoid-oblong,  smooth.  Myricacece,  p.  324. 

ADIKE.  Perianth  3-  (sometimes  4-)  leaved  ;  leaves  nearly  equal,  oblong 
or  lanceolate.  STERILE  PL.  Stamens  3.  FERTILE  PL.  Perianth  with  a 
petaloid  cucullate  scale  at  the  base  of  each  of  the  leaves  inside,  mem- 
branaceous  in  fruit.  Stigma  1,  minute,  capitate,  sessile.  Nut  minutely 
papillose,  straight.  Urlicacece,  p.  3 15. 

ORDER  IV.— TETRANDRIA.— 4  Stamens. 

ERIOCAULON.  Flowers  collected  into  a  compact  scaly  head.  STERILE 
PL.  in  the  disk.  Perianth  4 — 6-cleft,  the  inner  segments  nearly  to  their 
summit.  Stamens  3 — 6.  FERTILE  FL.  in  the  margin.  Perianth  deeply 
4-parfced.  Capsule  2 — 3-celled.  Eriocaulacece,  p.  370. 

ALNUS.  STERILE  PL.  Ament  long,  cylindric ;  scales  3-lobed,  3-flowered. 
Perianth  4-parted.  FERTILE  PL.  Ament  ovoid-oblong;  scales  subtrifid, 
2-flowered.  Perianth  none.  Styles  2.  Nut  compressed.  Belulacea, 
p.  326. 

BETULA.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  imbricate,  cylindric  ;  scales  ternate,  the 
middle  one  bearing  the  stamens.  FERTILE  PL.  Ament  ovoid-oblong; 
scales  trifid,  3-flowered.  Nut  compressed,  winged  on  each  side.  Befatia- 
cea,  p.  325. 

BCEHMERIA.  STERILE  PL.  Perianth  4-parted.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth 
none,  but  a  cluster  of  ovate  acuminate  scales,  with  a  compressed  ovary 
within  each  scale.  Nut  ovate,  pointed  with  the  subulate  style.  Urticaceee, 
p.  316. 

URTICA.  STERILE  PL.  Perianth  single,  of  4  roundish  obtuse  leaves, 
containing  the  cup-shaped  rudiment  of  a  germ.  FERTILE  PL.  Perianth 
mostly  of  ^2  persistent  leaves.  Stigma  1.  Nut  orbicular-ovate,  compressed, 
shining.  Urlicacece,  p.  314. 

PARIETARIA.  Flowers  polygamous,  surrounded  by  a  many-cleft  involucre. 
PERFECT  PL.  Perianth  4-parted,  persistent.  Filaments  at  first  incurved, 
then  expanding  with  elastic  force.  Style  1.  Nut  enclosed  by  the  enlarged 
perianth.  Urticacees,  p.  316. 

MORUS.  STERILE  PL.  in  loose  spikes.  Perianth  4-parted.  FERTILE 
FL.  in  dense  spikes.  Perianth  4-parted,  becoming  baccate.  Styles  2.  Nut 
ovate,  compressed,  covered  by  the  succulent  perianth.  Morucece,  p.  317. 

(Mijriophyttum  in  ORDER  HEXANDRIA.) 

ORDER  V.— PENTANDRIA.— 5  Stamens. 

CROTONOESIS.  STERILE  PL.  Perianth  5-parted,  with  2  petaloid  scales. 
FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stigmas  3,  twice  bifid.  Capsule  1- 
seeded,  not  opening.  Eupliorbiacece,  p.  311. 

AMARANTHUS.  Perianth  deeply  3— 5-parted.  STERILE  PL.  Stamens 
3—5.  PERTfLE  FL.  Styles  3.  Capsule  1-celled,  1-seeded,  opening  trans- 
versely all  round.  Amarantkaccce,  p.  295. 

XANTHIUM.  Heads  in  glomerate  spikes,  sterile  at  the  summit,  pistillate 
below.  STERILE  FL.  Involucre  subglobose,  many-flowered,  with  the  scales 
in  one  series.  Receptacle  cylindric,  chaffy.  Corolla  short,  5-lobed,  some- 
what hairy,  FERTILE  FL.  Involucre  with  hooked  prickles,  surmounted 


v  LINN^EAN    ARRANGEMENT 

by  1 — 2  beaks.     Corolla  filiform.     Stamens  none.    Achenia  compressed, 
one  in  each  cell  of  the  involucre.     Composite,  p.  183. 

AMBROSIA.  Fertile  heads  at  the  base  and  sterile  ones  at  the  top  of  the 
spike.  STERILE  FL.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  turbinate  ;  scales  few. 
Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  tubular,  short.  FERTILE  FL.  Involucre  1- 
flowered,  incurved  and  often  armed  with  several  tubercles  or  horns.  Corolla 
none.  Achenia  ovoid  or  obovoid.  Composite,  p.  184. 

(Fagus  and  Quercus  in  ORDER  POLYANDRIA.) 

ORDER  VI— HEXANDRIA.— 6  Stamens. 

ZIZANIA.  Flowers  glumaceous.  Spikelets  1-flowered.  STERILE  FL. 
Glumes  none,  or  only  rudimentary.  Paleae  2,  herbaceous,  concave,  nearly 
equal,  awnless.  PERFECT  FL.  Glumes  none.  Palese  2,  herbaceous ; 
lower  one  longer,  oblong,  keeled,  terminating  in  a  straight  awn.  Styles  2, 
short.  Graminacea;,  p.  4 19. 

ORDER  VII.— POLYANDRIA.— Many  Stamens. 

*  Siems  not  woody. 

CERATOPHYLLUM.  Calyx  inferior,  many-parted.  Corolla  none.  STE- 
KILE  FL.  Stamens  12 — 20;  filaments  wanting.  FERTILE  FL.  Stigma 
filiform,  oblique.  Fruit  a  beaked  achenium.  Ccratophyllacea,  p.  114. 

MYRIOPHYLLUM.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  4,  ovate,  some- 
times inconspicuous  or  wanting.  Stamens  4—8.  PERFECT  FL.  Calyx  ad- 
hering to  the  ovary ;  limb  4-lobed.  Petals  none.  Nuts  4,  compressed  or 
subglobose,  1-seeded.  Haloragacece,  p.  1 12. 

SAGITTARIA.  Perianth  6-leaved ;  3  outer  leaves  persistent,  calycine ;  3 
inner  colored,  petaloid.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovaries  collected  into  a  head.  Car- 
pels compressed,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  style.  Alismacecc, 
p.  378. 

ARISJEMA.  Spathe  convolute  below,  the  limb  arched  or  flatfish.  Spa- 
dix  naked  above,  the  lower  part  covered  with  flowers,  of  which  the  upper 
are  sterile  and  the  lower  fertile,  or  in  some  plants  all  sterile.  Anthers  some- 
what verticillate  and  distinct.  Stigma  nearly  sessile.  Berry  J — several- 
seeded.  AracecE,  p.  381. 

PELTANDRA.  Spathe  elongated,  convolute,  undulate  on  the  margin, 
curved  at  the  apex.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  none.  An- 
thers sessile,  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  spadix  in  a  tesselated  manner. 
Ovaries  1-celled,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  spadix.  Berries  ovoid,  forming  a 
dense  cluster.  Aracctf,  p.  382. 

CALLA.  Spathe  ovate,  somewhat  flattened.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers 
which  are  destitute  of  a  perianth,  and  consist  of  pistils  surrounded  by  sta- 
mens. Berries  distinct,  depressed,  few-seeded.  Aracecz,  p.  382. 

**  Stems  woody.   (Trees  or  Skrubs.} 

OBS.  The  genera  of  this  division  are  included  in  the  Natural  Orders 
Cupuliferte,  p.  326 ;  Platanaceee,  p.  333 ;  Altingiaceat  p.  333 ;  and  Jtiglan* 
dacea,  p.  335. 


OP    THE    GENERA. 


ORDER  VHL—  MONADELPHIA.—  Stamens  united  into  1  set  (sometimes  in  two 
or  three  sets.) 

*  Stems  not  woody. 

ACALYPHA.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  3  —  4-parted.  Stamens  8  —  16.  very 
short.  FERTILE  FL.  Styles  3,  2-parted.  Capsule  3-celled  ;  cells  1-seeded. 
Eupkorbiacea,  p.  312. 

RICINUS.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  numerous.  FER- 
TILE FL.  Perianth  3-parted.  Styles  3,  2-parted.  Capsule  mostly  echinate, 
3-celled,  3-seeded.  Euplwrbiacece,  p.  311. 

PHYLLANTHUS.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  6-parted  ;  segments  spreading. 
Stamens  3,  very  short.  Anthers  didymous.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  as  in 
the  sterile.  Styles  3,  bifid.  Capsule  3-celled.  Euphorbiacea,  p.  311. 

MELOTHRIA.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  3  —  5-toothed.  Corolla  campanulate. 
Filaments  5,  in  3  sets.  FERTILE  FL.  •  Calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  sterile. 
Style  1.  Stigmas  3,  fimbriate.  Fruit  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Cucurbi- 
tacece, p.  118. 

ECHINOCYSTIS.  Calyx  flattish  ;  segments  6,  filiform-subulate.  Corolla 
6-parted,  rotate-campanulate.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  slightly  contracted 
above  the  ovary.  Stamens  3,  in  two  sets.  FERTILE  FL.  Abortive  fila- 
ments 3,  very  small,  distinct.  Style  very  short.  Stigmas  2.  Fruit  globose- 
ovoid,  bristly-echinate.  2-celled,  4-seeded.  Cucurbitacece,  p.  118. 

SICYOS.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  teeth  subulate  or  minute. 
Petals  5,  all  cohering  in  a  tube,  at  length  separating  into  three  parcels. 
FERTILE  FL.  Calyx  constricted  above  the  ovary,  campanulate.  Corolla 
campanulate.  Style  rather  slender.  Stigmas  3,  thick,  obtuse.  Fruit 
ovate,  spiny  or  hispid,  1-seeded.  Cucurbitacece,  p.  118. 

**  Stems  woody. 

THUYA.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  terminal,  very  small,  ovoid.  Perianth 
none.  Anther-cells  4,  opening  longitudinally.  FERTILE  FL.  Cone  with 
the  scales  2-flowered.  Seeds  more  or  less  winged.  Coniferce,  p.  338. 

CCPRESSUS.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  solitary.  Anthers  2  —  4-celled.  FER- 
TILE FL.  Cone  globose  ;  the  scales  protuberant  or  mucronate  in  the  centre, 
and  finally  spreading.  Seeds  angular,  compressed.  Conifers,  p.  339. 

PINUS.  Aments  racemosely  clustered  ;  scales  peltate.  Stamens  nume- 
rous, with  short  filaments.  FERTILE  FL.  Aments  more  or  less  conic  or 
cylindric  ;  scales  closely  imbricate,  2-flowered,  enlarging  and  becoming 
woody,  forming  a  cone.  Seeds  winged  at  the  summit,  covered  by  the 
scales  of  the  cone.  Conifer  a,  p.  339. 

CLASS   XX.—  DKECIA.-=-,S7a»iCTis    and  Pistils  in   separate  flowers  and  on 
different  plants. 

ORDER  I.—  DIANDRIA.—  Stamens  1—5,  mostly  2. 

SALIX.  Ament  cylindric.  Perianth  none.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens 
mostly  2,  but  often  3—5.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovary  with  a  gland  at  the  base. 
Stigmas  2,  often  cleft.  Salicacece,  p.  319. 

VALISNERIA.  STERILE  FL.  Spathe  ovate,  2  —  4-parted.  Spadix  covered 
with  minute  flowers.  Perianth  3-parted.  Stamens  2.  FERTILE  FL.  Scape 
very  long,  flexuous  or  spiral.  Spathe  tubular,  bifid,  1-flowered.  Perianth 
elongated,  6-parted  ;  the  alternate  segments  linear.  Style  none.  Stigmas  3, 

B3* 


LINNvEAN    ARRANGEMENT 

ovate,  bifid.     Capsule  elongated,  cylindric,  3-toothed,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 
Efijdrochariaacete,  p.  342. 

FRAXINUS.  Polygamous.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft  or  none.  Corolla  none 
or  4-petalled ;  the  petals  cohering  at  the  base  in  pairs,  oblong  or  linear. 
Stamens  2,  Capsule  2-celled,  compressed,  winged  at  the  apex,  by  abortion 
1-seeded.  Oleaceez,  p.  230. 

ORDER  II.— TRIANDRIA.— 3  Stamens. 

EMPETRUM.  Perianth  consisting  of  two  rows  of  scales.  STERILE  FL. 
Stamens  3,  upon  long  filaments.  FERTILE  FL.  Style  none,  or  very  short. 
Stigma  with  6 — 9  rays.  Fruit  globose,  with  6 — 9  nucules.  Empetracece , 
p.  310. 

OAKESIA.  STAMINATE  FL.  Perianth  of  5 — 6  leafets ;  the  innermost 
ones  somewhat  petaloid  and  often  united  on  one  side.  Stamens  mostly  3, 
(sometimes  4  or  5,)  exserted.  Ovary  wanting  or  mostly  abortive.  FERTILE 
FL.  Perianth  nearly  as  in  the  sterile.  Disk  none.  Ovary  3 — 4-celled. 
Style  filiform,  3 — 4-cleft.  Fruit  dry  and  drupaceous,  globose,  minute. 
Empetracea,  p.  310. 

ORDER  III.— TETRANDRIA.— 4  Stamens. 

MYRICA.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  cylindric ;  scales  concave.  Stamens 
4 — 6.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  closely  imbricate,  small,  ovoid.  Styles  2. 
Drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Myricacece,  p.  324. 

VISCUM.  STERILE  FL.  Sepals  4,  (rarely  3 — 5,)  fleshy,  the  segments 
triangular.  FERTILE  FL.  Calyx  witn  the  margin  obsolete ;  inner  sepals 
(petals)  4,  distinct.  Stigma  obtuse,  sessile.  Berry  pulpy.  Loranthaceee, 
p.  143. 

(Rhamnus  in  CLASS  PENTANDRIA,  ORDER  MONOGYNIA.) 

ORDER  IV.— PENTANDRIA.— 5  Stametu. 

NYSSA.  STERILE  .FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5 — 10.  FERTILE 
FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5.  Style  1.  Drupe  inferior,  1-seeded. 
Sanlalacea,  p.  30?. 

ZANTHOXYLUM.  Dkeciously  polygamous.  Sepals  3—5,  small.  Petals 
longer  than  the  sepals,  or  none.  Stamens  and  carpels  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx,  1 — 2-seeded.  Zantkoxylacece,  p.  67. 

ACNIDA.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5,  very  short. 
FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  3-parted.-  Styles  none.  Stigmas  3— 5,  spreading. 
Capsule  ] -seeded.  Chenopodiacece,  p.  298. 

HUMCLUS.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5.  FERTILE  FL. 
in  aments ;  the  scales  large,  membranous,  imbricate  in  several  rows,  2- 
flowered.  Stigmas  2,  long,  spreading.  Achenia  invested  with  the  enlarged 
perianth,  and  forming  a  membranaceous  strobile.  Cannabinacece,  p.  3 17. 

CANNABIS.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5.  FERTILE 
FL.  Perianth  oblong,  acuminate,  convolute,  the  base  ventricose,  and  in- 
cluding the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  long,  subulate.  Nut  2-valved.  CannaM- 
nacece.  p.  316. 

NEGUNDO.  Calyx  minute,  unequally  4 — 5-toothed.  Petals  none.  An- 
thers 4 — 5,  linear,  sessile.  Aceracets,  p.  61. 

(Sails,  OREEP.  T      #it?eet  CLASS  PENTANDRIA.) 


OP    THE    GESTERA. 


~  rJ  i-'i  .  ;';i  M& 

ORDER    V.—  HEXANDRIA.—  6  Stamens. 


SMILAX.  Penanth  campanulate,  spreading,  of  6  leaves  in  a  double 
series,  somewhat  petaloid.  STERILE  FL.  Filaments  short.  FERTILE  FL. 
Stigmas  3,  thick.  Berry  3-  (or  by  abortion  1  —  2-)  celled.  Smtiacea, 
p.  356. 

DIOSCOREA.  Perianth  6-parted.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  6,  3  sometimes 
barren.  FERTILE  FL.  Styles  distinct  nearly  to  the  base.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  triangular  ;  the  angles  winged.  Dioscoreatete,  p.  356. 

GLEDITSCHIA.  Sepals  3  —  4  —  5,  equal.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
arising  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Style  short.  Stigma  pubescent  above. 
Legume  compressed,  1  —  many-seeded.  Leguminosce,  p.  88. 

ORDER  VI.  —  OCTANDRIA.—  8  Stamens. 

POPOLUS.  Ament  cylindric  ;  scales  lacerately  fringed  at  the  summit. 
STERILE  FL.  Anthers  8  —  30,  arising  from  a  turbinate  oblique  entire  sin- 
gle perianth.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  turbinate,  entire.  Stigmas  4.  Cap- 
sule superior,  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  comose.  Saticacecz. 
p.  322. 

DIOSPYROS.  Calyx  4—  6-cleft.  Corolla  urceolate,  4—  6-cleft.  STERILE 
FL.  8  —  16,  often  producing  2  anthers.  FERTILE  FL.  Stamens  about  8, 
abortive.  Style  divided.  Stigmas  simple  or  2-cleft.  Fruit  globose  or 
ovoid,  4  —  8-celled.  Ebenacece,  p.  227. 

SHEPHERDIA.  STERLE  FL.  Perianth  4-parted.  Stamens  8,  included, 
alternating  with  8  glands.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  4-cleft,  campanulate, 
superior.  Stamens  none.  Style  1.  Stigma  oblique.  Berry  1-seeded. 
Elczagnacece,  p.  306. 

ORDER  VII.—  ENNEANDRIA.—  9  Stamens. 

UDORA.  Spathe  bifid,  1-flowered.  Perianth  6-parted,  petaloid.  STERILE 
FL.  Stamens  9,  3  of  them  inferior.  PERFECT  FL.  Tube  of  the  perianth 
very  long  and  slender.  Stamens  3  —  6.  Stigmas  3,  large  and  spreading, 
2-lobed.  Fruit  coriaceous,  few-seeded.  Hydrocharida^ece,  p.  342. 

ORDER  VIII.—  DECANDRIA.—  10  Stamens. 

GYMNOCLADUS.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  equal,  oblong,  exserted 
from  the  tube.  Legume  oblong,  very  large  and  thick,  pulpy  inside.  Legu- 
minosce,  p.  89. 

ORDER  IX.—  POLY  ANDRIA.—  Many  Stamens. 

MENISPERMUM.  Sepals  and  petals  arranged  in  fours,  2-  or  3-rowed. 
STERILE  FL.  Stamens  12—20.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovaries  1  —  4.  Drupe 
berried,  roundish-reniform.  with  a  single  lunate  nut  or  seed.  Menisperma- 
ce<z,  p.  16. 

ORDER  X.—  MONADELPHIA.—  Stamens  united. 

JUNIPERUS.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  ovoid-oblong,  very  small  ;  scales  verti- 
cillate,  peltate.  Anther-cells  3—6.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  ovoid;  scales 
few,  concave,  united  at  base,  becoming  a  fleshy  tuberculate  berry,  and  en- 
closing 1  —  3  crastaceous  seeds.  Conifers,  p.  338. 


IX         LINN^EAN  ARRANGEMENT    OF    THE    GENERA. 

TAXUS.  STERILE  FL.  consisting  of  peltate  anthers  in  an  ament ;  anther- 
cells  3 — 6  or  more,  inserted  in  the  lobes  of  the  connective,  opening  beneath. 
FERTILE  FL.  solitary,  with  imbricate  scales  at  the  base.  Seed  nut-like, 
seated  in  the  disk  which  becomes  a  succulent  cup.  Conifer  a,  p.  341. 

CLASS  XXL— CRYPTOGAMIA.—  Stamens  and  Pistils  not  visible. 
ORDER  I.— FILICES. 

This  includes  the  Fern-like  plants,  being  the  Natural  Orders  Eguisitacete, 
p.  454 ;  Filices,  p.  456 ;  Lycopodiacece,  p.  467 ;  and  Marstteacea,  p.  470. 


•*$»"  '     "   '•    •  '  •'-•-'.•.. 

TABLE  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS 

NOTICED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


DIVISION  I. 

FLOWERING  OR  PILENOGAMOUS  PLANTS. 
CLASS  I.— EXOGENOUS  OR  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 


SUBCLASS  I.  —  Thalamijlorals. 

Calyx  many-sepalled.     Petals  many,  distinct,  and  with  the  stamens  in- 
serted into  the  receptacle.* 

Page 

Pago 

Order  1. 

Ranunculaceae, 

3 

Order  17. 

Polygalaceae, 

42 

2. 

Magnoliaceae, 

14 

18. 

Caryophyllacese, 

44 

3. 

Anonaceae, 

15 

19. 

Illecebraceae, 

51 

4. 

Menispermaceae, 

16 

20. 

Elatinaceae, 

52 

5. 

Berberidaceae, 

16 

21. 

Linaceae, 

53 

6. 

Cabombacese, 

18 

22. 

Malvaceae, 

54 

7. 

Nelumbiaceae, 

18 

23. 

Tiliaceae, 

56 

8. 

Nymphaeaceae, 

19 

24. 

Hypericaceae, 

57 

9. 

Papaveraceae, 

19 

25. 

Aceraceae, 

60 

10. 

Sarraceniacese, 

21 

26. 

Hippocastanaceae, 

62 

11. 

Fumariaceae, 

22 

27. 

Vitaceee, 

62 

12. 

Cruciferae, 

23 

28. 

Geraniaceae, 

63 

13. 

Capparidaceae, 

33 

29. 

Balsaminaceae, 

65 

14. 

Cistaceae 

34 

30, 

Tropceolaceae, 

66 

15. 

Violaceae, 

36 

31. 

Oxalidaceae, 

65 

16. 

Droseraceae, 

41 

32. 

Zanthoxylaceae, 

67 

SUBCLASS  II. — Calyciflorals. 

Calyx  with  the  sepals  more  or  less  united  at  base.     Petals  and  stamens 
inserted  into  the  calyx. 


Order  33. 

Celastraceae, 

68 

Order  48. 

Melastomaceae, 

116 

34. 

Staphyleaceae, 

69 

49. 

Cucurbitaceae, 

117 

35. 

Rhamnaceae, 

70 

50. 

Passifloraceae, 

119 

36. 

Anacardiaceae, 

71 

51. 

Portulacaceae, 

119 

37. 

Leguminosae, 

72 

52. 

Scleranthaceae, 

121 

38. 

Drupacese, 

90 

53. 

Crassulaceae, 

121 

39. 

Rosaceae, 

92 

54. 

Tetragoniaceae, 

122 

40. 

Pomaceae, 

102 

55. 

Cactaceae, 

123 

41. 

Sanguisorbaceae, 

105 

56. 

Grossulariaceae, 

124 

42. 

Calycanthaceae, 

106 

57. 

Saxifragaceae, 

125 

43. 

Onagrace®, 

107 

58. 

Escalloniaceae, 

1*28 

44. 

Haloragacese, 

in 

59. 

Hydraneeaceae  , 

128 

45. 

Podostemaceae, 

113 

60. 

Umbelliferae, 

129 

46. 

Ceratophyllaceae, 

114 

61. 

Araliaceae, 

140 

47. 

Lythraceae, 

114 

.      62. 

Hamamelidaceae, 

141 

*  In  this  subclass  are  placed  some  genera  and  species  in  which  the  petals  are 
united,  and  a  few  are  excluded  in  which  the  petals  are  distinct  to  the  base  ;  but  all 
these  plants  agree  with  the  orders  under  which  they  are  arranged  in  some  more 
important  characters.  The  same  remark  is  more  or  less  applicable  to  the  other  sub- 
classes. 


Ixii 


TABLE  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 


Order  63.  Cornaceae, 

64.  Loranthacese, 

65.  Caprifoliaceae, 

66.  Rubiaceae, 

67.  Valerianaceae, 

68.  Dipsacaceae, 


Page.  J**/?*. 

142  Order  69-  Compositae,  154 

143  70.  Campanulaceffi,  210 

144  *  71.  Lobeliaceae,  212 
149  72.  Ericaceae,  213 

153  73.  Vacciniaceae,  220 

154  74.  Pyrolacese,  224 


SUBCLASS  III. — Corottiflorals. 

Petals  united  into  a  hypogynous  corolla,  or  not  attached  to  the  calyx. 
Stamens  inserted  into  the  corolla. 


Order  75.  Ebenaceag, 

76.  Aquifoliacese, 

77.  Oleace®, 

78.  Apocynaceae, 

79.  Asclepiadaceae, 

80.  Loganiaceae, 

81.  Gentianaceae, 

82.  Bignoniaceae, 

83.  Pedaliaceae, 

84.  Polemoniacese, 

85.  Convolvulaceae, 

86.  Cuscutaceae, 

87.  Diapensiaceee, 


227      Order  88.  Boraginaceae,  247 

237  89.  Hydrophyllacese,  252 

229  90.  Solanaceae,  452 

231  91.  Orobanchacese,  257 

222  92.  Scrophulariaceae,  258 

235  93.  Labiate,  270 

236  94.  Verbenaceae,  284 

241  95.  Acanthacese,  286 

242  96.  Lentibulariaceae,  287 
242  97.  Primulacese,  289 
244  98.  Plumbaginacese,  293 
246  99.  Plantaginacere,  293 
247 


SUBCLASS  IV. — Monochlamy deals. 

Flowers  with  a  single  perianth,  or  whose  calyx  and  corolla  form  only 
one  envelope. 

Order  100.  Amaranthaceae, 

101.  Chenopodiaceas, 

102.  Phytolaccaceae, 

103.  Polygonacese,  * 

104.  Lauraceae, 

105.  Elseagnaceje, 

106.  Thymelaceae, 

107.  Santalaceae, 

108.  Aristolochiaceae, 

109.  Empetraceae, 

110.  Euphorbiacese, 

111.  Urticaeess, 


295 

Order  112. 

Cannabinaceae, 

316 

296 

113. 

Moracese, 

317 

300 

114. 

Saururaceae, 

318 

300 

115. 

Salicaceae, 

318 

305 

116. 

Myricaceae, 

323 

306 

117. 

Betulaceae, 

324 

307 

118. 

Cupuliferss, 

326 

307 

119. 

Platanaceas, 

333 

308 

120. 

Altingiaceas, 

333 

309 

121. 

Ulmaceae, 

334 

310 

122. 

Juglandacesa, 

335 

314 

123. 

Coniferee,     ^  .  r- 

337 

CLASS  II.— ENDOGENOUS  OR  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 


SUBCLASS  I. — Petaloideals. 
Stamens  and  pistils  naked,  or  covered  by  verticillate  floral  envelopes. 


Order  124.  Hydroeharidacese, 

125.  Orchidacese, 

126.  Iridaces?, 

127.  Atnaryllidacese, 

128.  Hypoxidacese, 

129.  Dioscoreacee?, 

130.  Smilaceae, 

131.  Trilliaceffi, 

132.  Liliaceaa, 

133.  Melanthaceae, 

134.  Pontederaee®, 


342  Order  135. 


343 
353 
345 
355 
355 
356 
359 
361 
365 
369 


136. 
137. 
138. 
139. 
140. 
141. 
142. 
143. 
144. 
145. 


Eriocaulaceee, 

Xyridaeese, 

Juncaceae, 

Hsemodoraceae, 

Commelynaceae, 

Alismacese, 

JuncaginacecB, 

T/phaceae, 

Aracese, 

Pistiaceae, 

Naiad  aceae, 


370 
371 
371 
376 
376 
377 
379 
380 
381 
384 
384 


TABLE    OP    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS.  1x111 

SUBCLASS  II. — Glumaceals. 

Flowers  destitute  of  a  true  perianth,  but  consisting  of  imbricate  colorless 
or  herbaceous  scales. 

Page.  Paffe. 

Order  146.    Cyperacese,  387    Order   147.    Graminaceae,  418 

DIVISION  II. 

FLOWERLESS  OR  CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS. 
CLASS  I.— FERN-LIKE  PLANTS. 

Order  148.    Equisitaceee,  454    Order  150.    Lycopodiacese,  467 

149.    Filices,  456  151.    Marsiliace®,  470 


GENERIC  AND  SPECIFIC  DESCRIPTIONS 

OF  THK 

PLANTS  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES, 

NORTH    OF    VIRGINIA. 
ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 


BOTANY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

NORTH    OF    VIRGINIA. 

/X/\>^/Nx\^vxvyxx\yNX\/\^\x\x-* 

DIVISION  I. 
FLOWERING   OB   PHENOGAMOUS   PLANTS, 

PLANTS  FURNISHED  WITH  FLOWERS  AND  PRODUCING  SEEDS. 


CLASS  I.     EXOGENOUS  OR  DICOTYLEDONOUS 
PLANTS. 

Stem  composed  of  bark,  wood  and  pith ;  increasing  by  an 
annual  deposit  of  new  wood  and  cortical  matter  between  the 
wood  and  bark.  Leaves  articulated  with  the  stem,  their  veins 
reticulated.  Propagation  effected  by  stamens  and  pistils. 
Ovules  in  a  pericarp ;  embryo  with  two  or  more  opposite 
cotyledons. 

SUB-CLASS  I.    THALAMIFLORALS. 
Calyx  many  sepalled.     Petals  many,  distinct,  and  with  the 
stamens  inserted  into  the  receptacle. 

ORDER  I.    RANUNC UL ACE M.— CROWFOOTS. 

Calyx  of  3 — 6,  (but  usually  5,)  distinct  deciduous  sepals. 
Petals  3 — 15  (sometimes  wanting.)  Stamens  indefinite  in  num- 
ber, distinct.  Pistils  numerous.  Fruit  either  dry  nuts  or 
carpels,  baccate,  or  follicular.  Seeds  solitary  or  Several. — Her- 
baceous plants  or  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
generally  much  divided,  with  the  petiole  dilated  at  the  base. 
Flowers  usually  conspicuous. 


4  RANUNCULACE^E. 

1.     CLEMATIS.  Linn. — Virgin's  Bower. 

(From  the  Greek  /cX»?//a,  a  shoot  or  tendril ;  in  allusion  to  the  climbing  habit 
of  the  genus.) 

Involucre  none,  or  like  a  calyx  under  the  flower.  Sepals 
4 — 8,  colored.  Petals  none,  or  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Car- 
pels many,  terminated  by  a  long  mostly  feathery  awn. 

§  1.  CLEMATIS  proper.  Involucre  none.  Sepals  4 — 8,  colored.  Petals 
none. 

1.  C.  Virginiana  Linn. :  stem  climbing ;  leaves  ternate;,  leafets  cordate- 
ovate,  acute,  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed ;  flowers  paniculate,  dioecious. 

Woods  and  thickets.  Can.  to  Flor.  N.  to  lat.  55°  W-  to  Columbia  river. 
Aug.  T?. — Stem  long.  Flowers  white,  in  large  panicles.  Tails  of  the  carpels 
at  length  clothed  with  long  silken  hairs,  having  the  appearance  of  tufts  of 
wool.  Virgin's  Bower. 

2.  C.   Vioi'na  Linn. :    stem  climbing ;  leaves  pinnately  divided ;    seg- 
ments entire,  or  3-lobed,  ovate,  acute  ;  floral  ones  entire  ;  peduncles  1-flow- 
ered  ;  sepals  thick,  acuminate,  connivent,  reflexed  at  the  apex. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  1\. — Flowers  large,  nod- 
ding, violet,  on  peduncles  3 — 6  inches  long.  Tails  of  the  carpels  from  1  to 
near  two  inches  long,  plumose.  Leather  Flower. 

3.  C.  ochroleuca  Ait. :  herbaceous,  erect,  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  sim- 
ple, ovate,  very  entire,  the  younger  ones  with  the  calyx  silky ;  flower  pe- 
duncled,  terminal,  solitary,  nodding.     C.  sericea  Mich. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May,  June  1\- — Stem  12—18  inches  high.  Flowers 
yellowish-white.  Carpels  conspicuously  feathered,  the  silk  of  a  yellowish 
color.  Silky  Virgin's  Bower. 

$  2.    ATRAGENE.    Involucre  none.    Sepals  4.    Petals  several,  minute. 

4.  C.   verticillaris  D.    C. :    leaves  whorled  in    fours,  ternate ;   leafets 
petioled,    ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  cordate,   nearly  entire ;   peduncles 
1 -flowered ;  petals  acute.     Atragene  Americana  Sims. 

Rocks.  Ver.  to  Car.  N.  to  Lat.  54°.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  April, 
May.  }~i. — Stem  climbing.  Flowers  very  large,  purple. 

Whorl-leaved  Virgin's  Bower. 

2.     THALICTRUM.  Linn.— Meadow  Rue. 

(Supposed  to  be  from  the  Greek  OaXXw,  tobe  green  ;  in  allusion  to  its  verdant 
aspect.)  « 

Involucre  under  the  flower  none.     Sepals  4,  rarely  5,  peta- 
loid,  generally  caducous.    Petals  none.    Carpels  dry,  not  awned, 
sometimes   stipitate,    sometimes    with    a  longitudinal  furrow. 
Often  dioecious  or  polygamous. 
% 

*  Stamens  longer  than  the  sepals. 

1 .  T.  Cornuti  Linn. :  leaves  decompound ;  leafets  roundish-obovate  or 
oblong,  3-lobed,  glaucous  beneath,  with  the  nerves  scarcely  prominent ;  pe- 
duncles longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  dicecious  or  polygamous ;  carpels 


RANUNGULACE^:.  5 

nearly  sessile,  acute  at  each  end,  strongly  ribbed,  twice  as  long  as  the  style. 
— T.  Cornuti  and  T.  pubescens  Pursh.     T.  revolutum  and  T.  corynellum 

D.  a 

Wet  grounds.  From  lat.  56°  N.  to  Car.  June,  July.  7J-. — Stem  3 — 5  feet 
high,  branching.  Leaves  very  variabl4  in  form,  deep-green  above,  paler  glau- 
cous smooth  or  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  in  a  compound  leafy  panicle.  Se- 
pals greenish-white,  oblong,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens.  Carpels  about 
3  lines  long,  beaked  with  the  persistent  style.  Common  Meadow  Rue. 

2.  T.  dioicum  Linn. :  very  smooth ;   leaves  decompound,  on  short  pet- 
ioles ;    leafets  rounded,  crenately  and  obtusely  lobed,  glaucous  beneath ; 
flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  carpels 
oblong,  sessile,  strongly  ribbed.     T.  lavigatum  Mich.     T.  purpurascens 
Linn. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  lat.  67°.  W.  to  Oregon.  April, 
May.  °4-. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Sepals  white 
or  purplish.  Filaments  much  longer  than  the  sepals.  Anthers  yellowish- 

Early  Meadow  Rue. 

**  Stamens  shorter  than  the  petaloid  calyx. 

3.  T.  anemonoides  Mich. :  root  tuberous ;  radical  leaves  biternate  ;  leaf- 
ets subcordate,  3-toothed ;  floral  leaves  petioled,  resembling  an  involucre ; 
flowers  perfect,  few,  umbelled  ;    petaloid  calyx  8 — 10-leaved.     Anemone 
thalictroides  Linn. 

Woods.  Common  throughout  the  U.  S.  April — June.  1J.. — Stems  or  scapes 
4 — 8  niches  long,  often  several  from  one  root.  Flowers  about  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter. Sepals  6 — 10,  white  or  purplish,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens.  The 
flowers  of  this  species  resemble  those  of  Anemone,  but  the  fruit  that  of  Thalic- 
trum.  Rue  Anemone. 

3.     ANEMONE.  Linn.— Wind  Flower.* 

(From  the  Greek  ai>£/zo? ,  wind ;  because  the  flowers  are  supposed  to  open 
when  the  wind  blows.) 

Involucre  remote  from  the  flower,  of  3  divided  leaves.  Calyx 
petaloid,  with  5 — 15  sepals.  Petals  none.  Achenia  mucronate. 

1.  A.  nemorosa  Linn.:  leaves  ternate;   leafets  undivided,   or  with  the 
middle  one  3-cleft  and  the  lateral  one  2-parted,  incisely  toothed,  acute; 
those  of  the  involucre  similar,  petioled ;    sepals  4 — 6,  oval    or    elliptical. 
A.  lancifolia  Pursh. 

var.  quinquefolia,  D.  C. :  lateral  leaves  of  the  involucre  2-parted  to  the 
base.  A.  quinquefolia  Linn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  lat.  53°.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  April, 
May.  1J-. — Stem  or  scape  4 — 8  inches  high,  slender.  Flowers  about  an  inch  in 
diameter.  Sepals  4 — 7,  white  or  purplish.  Wood  Anemone. 

2.  A.  Pennsylvania  Linn.:  leaves  3 — 5-parted;  segments  3-cleft;  lobes 
oblong,  incisely  toothed,  acuminate ;  involucre  similar,  2-leaved,  sessile  ; 
sepals  5,  elliptic ;  carpels  hairy,  compressed,  crowned  with   a  long    style. 
A.  aconitifolia  Mich.    A.  dichotoma  Linn. 

Meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  June,  July.  %.— 
Stem  13—18  inches  high.  Flowers  1— 1 J  inches  in  diameter.  Sepals  white  and 
membranaceous.  Pennsylvania  Wind  Flower. 

3.  A.  cylindrica  Gray :  silky,  pubescent ;  leaves  ternately  divided ;  late- 


O  RANUNCULACE^. 

ral  segments  2-parted,  the  terminal  one  2-cleft ;  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  with 
the  apex  incisely  toothed  ;  those  of  the  involucre  similar  and  petioled ;  pe- 
duncles 2 — 6,  rarely  solitary ;  sepals  5,  obovate,  obtuse ;  carpels  densely 
woolly,  in  a  long  cylindrical  head. 

N.  H.  Mass.  Western  N.  Y.  W.  to  Ind.  and  Mich.  May,  June.  7J..— Plant 
1 — 3  feet  high.  Peduncles  8 — 12  inches  long,  usually  purple.  Flowers  about 
half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Sepals  hairy  outside,  pale  yellowish  green  within. 
Heads  of  carpels  an  inch  long.  Resembles  A.  Virginiana. 

Cylindrical-headed  Wind  Flower. 

4.  A.   Virginiana  Linn.:   leaves  ternate ;  segments   ovate-lanceolate, 
3-cleft,  acuminate,  incisely  toothed ;  those  of  the  involucre  similar,  petio- 
late;  sepals   5,  elliptic,  acuminate,  silky  without;    peduncles   elongated; 
carpels  densely  woolly,  in  an  ovoid-oblong  head. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  as  far  N.  as  lat.  55°.  July.  2J..— 
Stem  18 — 20  inches  high.  Flowers  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Se- 
pals greenish-white,  two  narrower  than  the  others.  Heads  of  carpels  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long.  Thimble  Weed. 

5.  A.  multifida  Pair. :  hairy;  leaves  ternately  divided  ;  segments  cunei- 
form, laciniately  3-cleft,  the  lobes  linear,  acute ;  those  of  the  involucre  sim- 
ilar, on  short  petioles ;  sepals  5 — 8,  oval,  obtuse ;  heads  of  carpels  oval, 
woolly. 

var.  Hudsoniana,  D.  C. :  stem  mostly  2-flowered.  A.  Hudsoniana  Oakes. 

Limestone  rocks.  Watertown,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.  (var.  Hudsoniana.) 
N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  W.  to  Oregon.  June.  %. — Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  about 
as  large  as  those  of  A.  Virginiana,  bright  purplish  red.  Sepals  silky- villous 
within.  Heads  of  carpels  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long. 

Cut-leaved  Wind  Flower. 

4.     HEPATICA.     Willd.— Liverwort. 

(From  the  Greek  rj-rup,  the  liver ;  from  the  supposed  resemblance  of  its  leaves. ! 

Involucre  3-leaved,  1 -flowered,  resembling  a  calyx,  entire. 
Sepals  petaloid,  6 — 9,  arranged  in  2  or  3  rows.  Ovaries  many. 
Carpels  without  awns. 

H.  triloda,  Willd. :  leaves  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed ;  lobes  entire.  Anemone 
Hepatica  Linn. 

var.  1.  obtusa  Pursh.:  leaves  3-lobed;  lobes  roundish,  obtuse.  H. 
Americana  D.  C. 

var.  2.  acuta  Pursh. :  leaves  3 — 5-lobed ;  lobes  spreading,  acute.  H. 
acutiloba  D.  V. 

In  woods.  Common  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  N.  to  lat.  52°.  April,  May, 
'ZJ.. — There  appears  to  be  no  doubt  that  these  supposed  distinct  species  are  no- 
thing more  than  varieties.  They  grow  indiscriminately,  and  the  lobes  of  the 
leaves  assume  almost  every  variety  of  form.  The  sepals  are  white,  blue,  or 
pale  purple.  This  plant  has  been  much  used  as  a  remedy  in  pulmonary  dis- 
eases ;  but  its  virtues  have  no  doubt  been  overrated. 

Liverwort.     Early  Anemone. 

5.  HYDRASTIS.     Linn.— Yellow  Root. 

(Supposed  to  be  from  the  Greek  Map,  water ;  from  its  growing  in  moist 
places.) 


Sepals  3,  petaloid,  caducous.  Petals  none.  Stamens  and 
ovaries  numerous.  Carpels  berry-like,  numerous,  aggregated  in 
a  globose  head,  terminated  by  the  style,  1 — 2 -seeded. 

H.  Canadensis  Linn. 

Rocks  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Rare.  May.  %.—Stem  fr—10 
inches  high,  with  two  nearly  opposite  leaves  above.  Leaves  2— 6  inches  wide, 
palmately  3— 5-lobed  ;  lobes  acute,  doubly  serrate.  Flower  solitary,  on  a  pe- 
duncle about  an  inch  long.  Sepals  fleshy,  pale  rose-color,  caducous.  Fruit 
fleshy,  purplish,  about  the  size  of  a  large  raspberry.  The  root  affords  a  juice 
of  a  fine  yellow  color,  which  is  used  by  the  Indians  for  staining  skins  and 
clothing-  YeUow  Root-  Yellow  Puccoon- 

6.  RANUNCULUS.     Linn.— Crowfoot. 

(Probably  from  the  Latin  rana,  a.  frog  ;  the  plant  often  growing  in  wet  places 
where  frogs  abound.) 

Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  rarely  10,  with  a  honey  scale 
at  the  base  on  the  inside.  Stamens  and  ovaries  numerous. 
Carpels  ovate,  somewhat  compressed,  terminating  in  a  point  or 
horn,  smooth,  striated,  or  tuberculated,  arranged  in  a  globose 
or  cylindric  head. 

*  Carpels  transversely  rugose-striate.     Petals  white;  claws  yellmv. 

1.  R.  aquatilis,  var.  capittaceus  D.  C.:  stem  filiform,  floating;  leaves 
all  submersed,  divided  into  capillary  diverging  segments;  petals  obovate, 
longer  than  the  calyx.     R.fluviatilis  Wild. 

In  streams.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  British  America.  N.  to  lat.  68°. 
Rather  rare.  July,  Aug.  7|.. — Stem  long.  Leaves  petioled.  Flowers  small, 
white  or  ochroleucous.  There  are  several  varieties  of  .R.  aquatilis,  which  have 
been  described  as  distinct  species.  Water  Crowfoot. 

**  Carpels  smooth,  ovate,  collected  into  a  roundish  head.     Flowers  yellow. 

f  Leaves  undivided. 

2.  R.  Fammula  Linn. :  leaves  glabrous,  linear-lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, subentire,  the  lower  ones  petiolate,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile ; 
stem  more  or  less  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  peduncles  oppo- 
site to  the  leaves.    R.  Fammula,  var.  major  Hook. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  July,  Sept.  1J-. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  long.  Flowers 
about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Whole  plant  of  a  yellowish-green  color.  Said 
to  be  a  powerful  and  speedy  emetic.  Smatt  Spear  wort. 

3.  R.  reptans  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  entire,  remote,  smooth ;  stem  filiform, 
creeping,  jointed ;  joints  1-flowered.     R.  JUiformis  Mich.    R.  reptans,  var. 
jUiformis  D.  C.  Torr.     R.  Fammula,  var.  JUiformis  Hook. 

River  banks.  Can.  to  N.  Y.  N.  to  Labrador.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug. 
1\.. — A  very  delicate  species.  Stem  6 — 12  inches  long.  Flowers  small.  Fruit 
very  smooth.  Although  coming  from  such  high  authority,  I  cannot  yet  adopt 
the  opinion  of  Dr.  Hooker,  that  this  plant  is  a  mere  variety  of  R.  Fammula. 
From  a  comparison  of  specimens,  lam  satisfied  that  our  plant  is  identical  with 
the  foreign  /?.  reptans.  Filiform  Crowfoot. 


8  RANUNCULACE^E. 

4.  R.  pusillus  Pursh. :  stem  erect  or  decumbent ;  leaves  petioled ;  lower 
ones  ovate  and  subcordate.  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  ;  upper  ones  linear- 
lanceolate  ;    pedicels  opposite  to  the  leaves,   solitary,  1-flowered ;  carpels 
smooth,  with  a  minute  blunt  point. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  and  Louisiana.  June.  Aug.  Q. — Stems 
6 — 12  inches  high,  weak.  Floir.ers  small,  pale-yellow.  Distinguished  from 
R.  Fammula  by  its  smaller  size,  and  by  its  lower  leaves  being  ovate.  Accord- 
ing to  Dr>  Torrey,  a  variety,  (muticus.)  in  which  the  carpels  are  destitute  of  a 
beak,  occurs  in  the  low  grounds  of  Bloomingdale,  about  five  miles  from  the 
City  Hall.  The  same  variety  is  also  found  in  Chester  co.  Penn.  Darlingt.  Fl. 
Cest.  Small-flowered  Crowfoot. 

5.  R.  Cumlalaria  Pursh. :  stoloniferous ;  leaves  petiolate,  smooth,  some- 
what fleshy,  cordate,   reniforra  or  ovate,   coarsely  crenate;    scape  1 — 3 
flowered ;  petals  spatulate,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  ovate,  ribbed, 
in  oblong  heads.    R.  Ci/mbalaritf,  var.  Americanus  D.  C. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  Mass.  Can.  to  lat.  68°  N.,  and  from  Hudson's  Bay  to 
the  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  does  not  appear  to  be  confined 
to  salt  marshes.  July,  Aug.  rl\.. — Scapes  2 — 6  inches  high.  Flowers  small. 
Fruit  oblong.  Its  runners  are  very  properly  compared  by  Dr.  Smith,  to  those 
of  the  garden  strawberry.  Sea  Crowfoot. 

ft  leaves  divided. 

G.  R.  aboriivus  Linn. :  smooth ;  radical  leaves  petiolate,  cordate-orbicu- 
late.  crenate,  sometimes  3-parted;  cauline  ternate  and  3 — 5-cleft,  with 
linear-oblong  nearly  entire  segments ;  upper  ones  sessile ;  sepals  a  little 
longer  than  the  petals,  reflexed. 

Wet  grounds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  to  lat.  57°  N.  W.  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  May.  7J.. — Stem  a  foot  high,  simple  or  branching,  smooth. 
Leaves  very  variously  dissected,  mostly  smooth.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  the 
petals  being  sometimes  longer  than  the  calyx.  Carpels  compressed,  forming  an 
ovate  or  nearly  globose  head.  R.  nitidus  of  Walter,  is  a  variety  of  this  species, 
differing  only  in  size,  being  nearly  twice  as  larg«.  Kidney-leaved  Crowfoot. 

7.  R.  sccleratus  Linn. :  smooth ;  radical  leaves  petioled,  3-parted,  the  seg- 
ments lobed ;  cauline  ones  3-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  linear,  entire ;  sepals  re- 
flexed,  about  equal  to  the  petals ;  carpels  small,  numerous,  forming  a  cylin- 
drical head. 

Wet  grounds.  From  lat.  67°  N.  to  Car.  May— Aug.  r^-.~ Stem  a  foot  high, 
branched,  succulent.  Flowers  small.  Petals  pale  yellow.  Head  sometimes 
an  inch  in  length.  The  plant  is  almost  entirely  glabrous. 

Celery-leaved  Crowfoot. 

8.  R.  Pwt'shii  Richardson  :  submerged  leaves  2 — 3-chotomously  divided, 
with  the  segments  flat  and  filiform ;  emersed  ones  reniform,  3 — 5-parted, 
the  lobes  variously  divided ;  petals  5 — 8,  obovate,  twice  as  large  as  the  re- 
flexed  sepals ;  carpels  in  globose  heads.     R.  midtifidus  Pursh.     R.  lacustris 
Beck  $*  Tracy. 

Ponds  and  muddy  places.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
May — July.  rZL. — Stem  I — 4  feet  long.  Leaves  varying  with  the  place  of 
growth,  from  being  all  divided  into  numerous  filiform  segments,  to  all  rounded 
or  reniform,  and  cleft  into  3 — 5  lobes.  Flowers  large,  shining,  bright  yellow. 

Pursh1 s  Crowfoot. 

9.  R.  acris  Linn. :  leaves  mostly  pubescent,  3 — 5  parted ;  lobes  incisely 


UANUNCU1.ACE.E.  0 

toothed,  acute,  the  upper  ones  linear;  stem  many-flowered;  peduncles 
terete,  not  furrowed ;  calyx  spreading,  villous ;  carpels  roundish,  com- 
pressed, terminated  by  a  short  recurved  beak. 

Meadows  and  pastures.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Del.  W.  to  Miss.  May — Sept. 
7J.. — Stem  varying  much  in  height,  mostly  hairy.  Flowers  bright  yellow, 
shining,  about  an  inch  in  diameter.  Introduced  ?  Tall  Crowfoot. 

10.  R.  repens  Linn. :  leaves  ternate ;  leafets  wedgeform,  3-lobed,  incisely 
dentate;  central  one  petiolate  ;  main  stems  prostrate,  flowering  ones  erect; 
peduncles  furrowed ;  calyx  pilose,  spreading ;  carpels  with  a  straight  point. 
R.    nilidus    Muhl.    R.  Marylandicus  Pair. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Pacific.  June— Sept.  %— Pla.nl 
increasing  by  runners.  Flowering  stems  erect,  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  mid- 
dle sized.  Creeping  Crowfoot. 

11.  R.  CLintonii  Deck :  somewhat  hairy ;  stems  creeping  and  rooting  at 
each  of  the  joints ;  lower  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ternate ;  leafets  toothed 
and  incised,  cuneate,  terminal  one  petioled ;  floral  leaves  incised  or  linear ; 
peduncle  1 — 3  flowered;  petals  rounded;  calyx   spreading;  carpels  mar- 
gined, with  a  short  uncinate  style.    R.  prostratus  Eat.    R.  repens  Tort: 
fy  Gr. 

Banks  of  the  canal,  near  Rome,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.  June,  July.  7J.. — Much 
smaller  than  R.  repens,  at  least  of  American  botanists,  in  all  its  parts  except 
the  flower,  which  is  of  a  bright  yellow,  and  about  as  large  as  that  of  R.  acris. 
Leaves  seldom  more  than  1J  inches  in  length,  and  about  the  same  in  breadth. 
Stems  distinctly  creeping  like  those  of  R.  reptans  ;  flowering  ones  6 — 8  inches 
high.  Style  short  and  hooked.  This  species,  which  was  introduced  into  the 
1st  edition,  I  still  believe  to  be  distinct.  Clinton's  Crowfoot. 

12.  R.  Mspidus  Mick.:  erect,  branched;  stem  and  petioles  with  stiff 
spreading  hairs;  leaves  ternate  or  3-parted;  leafets  or  segments  acutely 
lobed ;  pubescence  of  the  pedicels  appressed ;  calyx  hairy,  at  length  reflexed ; 
carpels  in  a  globose  head,  margined,  compressed,  smooth ;  style  short  and 
straight.     R.  Pennsylvanicus  Pursh. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  lat.  67°  ;  and  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  the 
Pacific.  June — Aug.  1\.. — Stem  18  inches  high,  very  hairy ;  Lower  leaves  on 
long  petioles  ;  upper  ones  nearly  sessile ;  leafets  nearly  all  petioled,  3-cleft  or 
3-parted,  attenuate  at  base.  Flowers  about  the  size  of  R.  acris. 

Hairy  Crowfoot. 

13.  R.  Pennsijlvanicus  Linn. :  stem  erect  and  with  the  petioles  covered 
with  stiff  spreading  hair's ;  leaves  ternate,  villous ;  segments  subpetiolate, 
acutely  3-Iobed,  incisely  serrate ;  calyx  reflexed,  longer  than  the  small  pe- 
tals; carpels  with  a  short  oblique   style,   collected  into  an   oblong  head. 
R.  hispidus  Pursh. 

Wet  meadows.  From  the  Arctic  regions  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  If.  — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  usually  much  branched.  Flowers  small,  pale  yellow.  Carpels 
viscid.  Distinguished  from  R.  hispidus,  by  its  oblong  heads  of  carpels,  and  by 
its  shorter  style.  Pennsylvanian  Crowfoot. 

14.  R.  recurvatus  Pursh. :  stem  erect  and  with  the  petioles  covered  with 
spreading  hairs;  leaves  3-parted,   hairy;  segments  oval,  subincised,   the 
lateral  ones  2-lobed ;  calyx  reflexed ;  petals  lanceolate ;    carpels  crowned 
with  a  sharp  hooked  style. 

Shady  woods.     Throughout  the  IT.  S.,  and  from  Labrador  to  the  Columbia 

1* 


10  RA-NUNCULACE.E. 

river.     May — July.     ^. — Stem  12 — 15  inches  high.     Flowers  small,  pale  yel- 
low, on  short  peduncles.  Sanicle-leaved  Crowfoot. 

15.  R. fascicularus  Muhl.:  stem  erect,  branched;  leaves  on  long  peti- 
oles, pubescent,  pinnately  divided ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obovate,  pinnatifid ; 
calyx  spreading,  shorter  than  the  petals,  villous ;  carpels  orbicular,  crowned 
with  a  slender  subulate  style,  collected  into  a  sub-globose  head. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  1\. — Root  fascicled. 
Stem  6 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  about  as  large  as  those  of  R.  acris,  pale 
yellow.  Varies  considerably  in  the  form  of  its  leaves,  which  are  however  al- 
ways much  more  compound  than  is  usual  in  this  genus. 

Bundle-rooted  Crowfoot. 

16.  R.  bulboms  Linn. :  stem  erect,  hairy,  bulbous  at  the  base ;  leaves  ter- 
nate,  or  quinate-pinnate ;  leafets  3 — 5-parted,  segments  trifid  or  incised ; 
peduncles  sulcate ;  calyx  reflexed,  hairy ;  carpels  in  a  globose  head,  with 
a  short  recurved  beak. 

Meadows.  May — Aug.  1\~ — Root  consisting  of  thick  fibres,  tuberous  at  the 
neck.  Stem  about  a  foot  high.  Petals  usually  5,  deep  yellow  and  shining. 
Medicinal.  See  Big.  Med.  Bot.,  III.  61.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Butter- cups. 

***  Carpels  aculeate  or  tuberculate. 

17.  R.  mtiricatiis  Linn. :  stem  erect  or  diffuse ;  leaves  smooth,  petiolate, 
suborbiculate,  3-lobed,  coarsely  dentate ;  peduncles  opposite  to  the  leaves ; 
calyx  spreading ;  carpels  tuberculate-aculeate,  terminated  by  Tin  ensiform 
beak. 

Alleghany  mountains.  Drummond.  S.  to  Louisiana.  May — July.  1\.. — 
Leaves  sometimes  undivided.  Flowers  small.  Petals  obovate,  bright  yellow. 
Introduced  I  Muricate  Crowfoot. 

7.     CALTHA.  Linn.— Marsh  Marigold. 

(From  the  Greek  KaXdBos,  a  basket:  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  flower.) 
Calyx  colored,  with  5 — 10  roundish  sepals  resembling  pe- 
tals.    Petals  none.     Stamens  numerous.     Ovaries  5 — 10.    Fol- 
licles compressed,  spreading,  many- seeded. 

1 .  C.  palustris  Linn. : .  stem  succulent,  erect ;  leaves  cordate,  suborlucu- 
lar,  obtusely  crenate,  petiolate ;  flowers  large,  pedunculate ;  sepals  broad 
oval. 

var.  integer  rima  Ton,  $•  Gr. :  radical  leaves  entire ;  floral  ones  sessile, 
obscurely  crenate  ;  petals  obovate.  C.  integerrima  Pursh. 

In  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Labrador  to  the  Columbia  river. 
April,  May.  1\.. — Root  of  coarse  fasciculate  fibres.  Stem  6 — 12  inches  high, 
erect,  somewhat  succulent,  dichotomously  branched  above.  Leaves  large  and 
shining.  Flowirs  few,  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  bright  yellow. 

Common  Marsh  Marigold. 

2.  C.  parnassi  folia  JRaf. :  stem  erect,  1-flowered,  1 -leaved  ;  radical  leaves 
petiolate,  lanceolate-cordate,  very  obtuse,  many-nerved;  sepals   elliptical, 
styles   5 — 8.     C.  fitaroines   Pursh.     C.  palitstris,  var.  parnassifolia   Tor/: 
<$•  Gr. 


I }.  A  N  U  N  O  U  L  AC  E  JR.  1 1 

Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  txj  (Jar.  June,  July.  %. — Flowers  deep  yellow,  mid- 
dle sized.  Parnas  ia-kaved  Marsh  Mar'gold. 

3.  C.  JlabdlifoUa  Pursh. :  stem  procumbent,  many-flowered  ;  leaves  di- 
lated-reniform ;  lobes  widely  spreading,  coarsely  and  acutely  toothed ;  pe- 
duncles axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered ;  sepals  obovate ;  capsules  uncinate. 
C.  palustris,\dit.  ftabellifolia  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Sand  spring,  on  Pokono  mountain,  Penn.  Pursh.  July,  Aug.  1J-. — Stem 
a  foot  high.  Flowers  yellow,  middle  sized.  Allied  to  C.  natans  found  in  Can- 
ada  and  in  Siberia.  Tooth-leaved  Marsh  Marigold. 

8.  TROLLIUS.  Linn.— Globe  Flower. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  obsolete  German  trol,  signifying  any  thing  round.) 
Sepals   colored,    5 — 10 — 15,    deciduous,    petaloid.      Petals 
5 — 25,  small,  1 -lipped,  tubular.     Stamens  and  ovaries  numer- 
ous.    Follicles  many,  subcylindrical,  sessile,  many-seeded. 

T.  Americaniis  Muhl. :  leaves  palmate ;  sepals  5 — 6,  spreading  ;  petals 
15 — 25,  shorter  than  the  stamens.  T.  laxus  Pursh. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Del.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May— July.  ^. 
— Stem  a  foot  or  more  high.  Flowers  terminal,  large,  yellowish.  Probably 
often  mistaken  for  a  species  of  Ranunculus.  American  Globe-flower. 

0.  COPTIS.  Salisb.— Gold  Thread. 

(From  the  Greek  K07rr&>,  to  cut ;  in  allusion  to  the  numerous  divisions  of  the 
leaves.) 

Sepals  5 — 6,  colored,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  small, 
cucullate.  Stamens  20 — 25.  Follicles  3 — 10,  on  long  stalks, 
membranous,  4 — 8  seeded. 

C.  trifolia  Salisb. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ternate ;  leafets  cuneifonn- 
obovate,  obtuse,  toothed  or  obscurely  3-lobed ;  scape  1-flowered.  Hdleborus 
trifolius  Linn. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Virg.  N.  to  Labrador.  May — July.  1|~ — Scnpe  4 — 6 
inches  high,  slender,  wiry.  Flowers  white.  It  affords  a  bitter  infusion  and  a 
yellow  dye.  See  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  60. 

Common  Gold  Thread. 

10.  AQ.IJILEGIA.  Linn.— Columbine. 

(From  the  Latin  aquila,  an  eagle ;  the  spurs  or  nectaries  having  some  re- 
semblance to  the  claws  of  that  bird.) 

Sepals  5,  deciduous,  petaloid.  Petals  5,  bilabiate,  drawn  out 
into  a  hollow  spur  at  base.  Follicles  5,  distinct,  many-seeded, 
with  acuminate  styles. 

A.  Canadensis  Linn. :  spur  straight ;  styles  and  stamens  exserted ;  sepals 
somewhat  acute,  a  little  longer  than  the  petals ;  segments  of  the  leaves  3- 
parted,  rather  obtuse,  incisely  toothed. 


\'£  ft  A  XUNCU  L  ACE.*i. 

Rocks.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  April,  May. 
fy.  _  Ste/w  1  —  2  feet  high,  branched  above.  Leaves  glaucous  ;  radical  ones 
biternate,  the  upper  ones  becoming  gradually  more  simple.  Flowers  yellow 
and  scarlet.  Wild  Columbine. 

11.  HELLEBORUS.  Atos.—  Hellebore. 

(From  the  Greek  e\st  v,  to  cause  death  ;  and  0opa,food  ;  on  account  of  its  poison- 
ous properties.) 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  mostly  greenish.  Petals  8  —  10,  very 
short,  tubular,  2  -lipped.  Stamens  numerous.  Stigma  orbicu- 
lar. Follicles  3  —  10,  slightly  cohering  at  the  base,  coriaceous, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  elliptical. 

H.  xir  id-is  Linn.  :  radical  leaves  glabrous,  pedately  divided  ;  the  cauline 
few,  nearly  sessile,  palmately  parted;  peduncles  often  geminate;  sepals 
roundish-ovate,  green. 

On  the  plains  near  Jamaica,  and  in  a  wood  near  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  April. 


Stem  about  a  foot  high.    Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles.    Flowers  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter.    A  naturalized  foreigner.     Torn  4-  Gr. 

Green  Hellebore. 

12.  DELPHINIUM.  Linn.—  Larkspur. 

(From  the  Greek  df.\<piv,  a  dolphin  ;  from  the  shape  of  the  upper  sepal.) 
Calyx  deciduous,  petaloid,  irregular,  the  upper  sepal  pro- 
duced downward  into  a  spur.     Petals  4  ;  2  upper  ones  horned 
behind.     Ovaries  1  —  5.     Follicles  many-seeded. 

*    Ovaries  3  —  5.     Petals  free.    Perennial. 

1.  D.  azureum  Mich.:  petioles  a  little  dilated  at  the  base;  leaves  3  —  5 
parted,  many-cleft,  lobes  ^linear  ;  raceme  erect;  petals  densely  bearded  at 
the  apex  ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  '2J-.—  Stem  2  feet  high.  Flow- 
ers large,  blue.  Azure  Larkspur. 

2.  D.  exaltatum  Ait.  :  petioles  not  dilated  at  the  base  ;  leaves  flajt,  3  —  7 
cleft  beyond  the  middle  ;  lobes  wedgeform,  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  acuminate  ; 
lateral  ones  often  2-lobed;  raceme  erect;  spur  straight,  as  long  as  the 
calyx  ;  capsules  3.     D.  tridactylum  Mich. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  '2L—  Stem  2  feet  high.  Flowers 
large,  light  blue.  High  Larkspur. 

3.  D.  tricorm  Mich.  :  petioles  smooth  at  the  base,  scarcely  dilated  ;  leaves 
5-parted,  lobes  3  —  5-cleft  ;  segments  linear  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  ; 
carpels  reflexed,  spreading  at  base,  arcuate. 

Hills  and  woods.  Penn.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Arkansas.  April,  May.  1J..  —  Stem 
6  —  8  inches  high.  Raceme  loose,  6  —  12  flowered.  Flowers  bright  blue,  some- 
times white.  Three-horned  Larkspur. 

**  Ovary  solitary.     Petals  united.     Annual. 
4..  D.Consolida  Linn.:  stem  erect,   smoothish.  divaricately   branched; 


&.ANUNCULACE.4E.  13 

flowers  few,  in  lux   racemes ;   pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts ;  carpels 
smooth. 

Near  cultivated  grounds.  July.  (J). — Stem  2  feet  high.  Flowers  blue.  In- 
troduced from  Europe.  Common  Larkspur. 

13.  ACONITUM.  Linn.— Wolfsbane. 
(From  the  Greek  a<6vr\,  a  cliff  or  rock ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.) 

Calyx  petaloid,  irregular,  deciduous ;  the  upper  sepal  large 
and  helmet-form.  Petals  5 ;  the  3  lower  ones  minute,  often 
converted  into  stamens  ;  the  2  upper  on  long  claws,  expanded 
into  a  sac  or  short  spur  at  the  summit.  Follicles  3 — 5,  many- 
seeded. 

A.  vncinalum  Linn.;  panicle  rather  loose,  with  divergent  branches; 
galea  exactly  conical ;  spur  inclined,  somewhat  spiral ;  leaves  3-lobed ; 
lobes  equal. 

Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Sept.  '2J-. — Stem  twining,  branching.  Leaves  co- 
riaceous, deeply  3-lobed.  Flowers  3 — 4,  near  the  summit  of  each  branch,  large, 
bright  blue.  De  Candolle  notices  two  American  varieties  of  this  species. 

American  Monkshood. 

14.  ACT^A.  Linn. — Baneberry. 

(From  the  Greek  a<rn,  the  elder ;  on  account  of  its  resemblance  to  that  plant.) 
Sepals  4 — 5.     Petals  4 — 8,  spatulate.     Stamens  numerous 
Carpels  solitary,  baccate,  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  r ubra,   Willd.:   leaves  twice  and  thrice   ternate;    raceme  hemi- 
spherical ;  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens,  acute ;    pedicels  of  the  fruit 
smaller  than  the  peduncle ;  berries  shining,  red,  many-seeded.     A.  spicata 
Mich.     A.  brachypetala.  D.  C.     A.  Americana,  var.  rubra  Pursh. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May.  %,—Stem  2 
feet  high.  Flowers  white.  Berries  red  and  shining.  Red  Cohosh. 

2.  A.  alba  Big. :  leaves  twice  and  thrice  ternate  ;  raceme  oblong  ;  petals 
equal  to  the  stamens  ;  pedicels  of  the  fruit  as  large  as  the  peduncle ;  berries 
white,  few-seeded.     A.  spicata,  var.  alba  Mich.     A.  Americana,   var.  alba 
Pursh.     A.  pachypoda  Ell. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  1J-. — Pedicels  shorter  and  thicker 
than  in  the  preceding.  Berries  milk-white  tipt  with  red,  smaller  than  in  A. 
ruhra.  White  Cohosh. 

15.  CIMICIFUGA.  Linn.-' Bugbane. 
(From  the  Latin  cimex,  a  bug,  undfugo,  to  drive  away.) 

Sepals  4 — 5.  Petals  3 — 5,  concave  or  unguiculate,  some- 
times fewer  or  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Style  short.  Car- 
pels 1 — 8,  follicular,  many-seeded. 

C.  racemosa  Ell. :  racemes  very  long  ;  leaves  ternately  decompound  ;  leaf- 
ets  ovate-oblong,  incisely  toothed.  C.Serpentaria  Pursh.  Act  tea  racemosa 
Linn. 


14  MAGNOLIACE^. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  July,  Aug.  1\..—  Stem  $—8  feet  high. 
Racemes  6 — 10  inches  long,  somewhat  panicled.  Flowers  greenish-white. 
Has  a  very  fetid  smell.  Medicinal.  Black  Snake-root, 

1C.  ZANTHORIZA.  .Linn.— Yellow  Root. 
(From  the  Greek  '£av9oj,  yellow,  and  piga,  a  root.) 

Calyx  deciduous,  5-sepalled.     Petals  5,  of  2  roundish  gland- 
like  lobes,  raised  on  a  pedicel.    Stamens  5 — 10.    Ovaries  5 — 15, 
-  pointed  with  the  curved  styles.     Follicles  membranaceous,  com- 
pressed, usually  1 -seeded. 
Z.  apiifolia  L'Herit. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Texas.  May.  Tj.— Suffruticose. 
Root  large,  yellow.  Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Leaves  bipinnate.  Flowers  in  ra- 
cemes, dark  purple.  Yellow  Root. 

ORDER  II.     MAGNOLIACEJE.— MAGNOLIADS. 

Sepals  3 — 6,  deciduous.  Petals  3 — 27,  in  several  rows. 
Stamens  indefinite,  distinct,  hypogynous ;  anthers  adnate,  long. 
Ovaries  numerous ;  style  short ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  either 
dry  or  succulent,  consisting  of  numerous  carpels,  which  are  ar- 
ranged upon  an  elongated  axis.  Seeds  solitary  or  several. — 
Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  coriaceous.  Flowers  large, 
solitary,  often  odoriferous. 

1.  MAGNOLIA.  Linn.— Magnolia. 
(In  honor  of  Prof.  Magnol,  a  French  botanist.) 

Sepals  3,  deciduous.  Petals  6 — 12,  in  concentric  series. 
Carpels  1 — 2 -seeded,  persistent,  forming  a  strobile-like  fruit. 
Seeds  coated  with  a  fleshy  arillus,  suspended  by  a  long  slen- 
der funiculus. 

1.  M.  glauca  Linn.:  leaves  perennial,  oblong  or  oval,  petiolate,  glau- 
cous beneath;  flowers^ — I2petalled;  petals  obovate,  concave. 

Swamps.'  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. — A  shrub  or  tree 
10 — 15,  sometimes  30  feet  high,  with  a  smooth  whitish  bark.  Flowers  terminal, 
on  thick  peduncles,  W7hite,  2—3  inches  broad,  very  fragrant.  The  bark  is  aro- 
matic and  bitter.  Sweet  Bay. 

2.  M.  acuminata  Linn. :  leaves  deciduous,  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent 
beneath  ;  flowers  6 — 9  petalled  ;  petals  obovate,  somewhat  obtuse.     -  * 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  A  middle  sized  tree,  sometimes,  how- 
ever, attaining  the  height  of  70  feet.  Flowers  of  a  dull  yellow  color,  sometimes 
6 — S  inches  in  diameter,  glaucous  externally.  Fruit  when  green  resembling  a 
young  cucumber.  Bark  aromatic.  Cucumber  Tree. 

3.  M.  tripetala  Linn. :  leaves  deciduous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  ur-ute.  silky 
when  younjr;  petals  9,   oval-lanceolate,   acute,   th?.  outrr  or.rs    refiV.etcd. 
M.  r.-'-J'rrU.i  7,;/>;?. 


ANONACE^E.  15 

Mountain  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June. — A  small  tree  with  irregular 
tranches  and  very  large  leaves.  Flowers  white,  7 — 8  inches  in  diameter. 

Umbrella  Tree. 

2.  LIRIODENDRON.  Linn.— Tulip  Tree. 

(From  the  Greek  \etptov,  a  lily,  and  tsvSpov,  a  tree;  from  the  appearance  of 
its  flowers.) 

Sepals  3,  deciduous.  Petals  6.  Carpels  (Samara)  imbri- 
cated in  a  cone,  1 — 2-seeded,  not  opening,  attenuated. 

L.  Tulipifera  Linn. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June,  July.  One  of  the  largest  trees  of 
our  forest.  Leaves  alternate,  3-lobed ;  the  middle  lobe  truncate.  Flowers  sol- 
itary, large,  each  with  two  large  caducous  bracts  at  the  base.  Sepals  obovate- 
oblong,  spreading  and  at  length  deciduous.  Petals  lance-obovate,  greenish- 
yellow,  stained  with  reddish  orange  below  the  middle.  According  to  Dr. 
Darlington,  there  are  two  varieties  of  this  species,  differing  chiefly  in  the  color 
and  texture  of  the  wood  ;  the  one  being  yellow  and  the  other  white.  The 
yellow  is  the  most  valuable,  but  both  are  employed  extensively  by  cabinet 
makers.  The  bark  is  a  valuable  tonic,  &c.—See  Big.  Med.  Sot. 

Ttdip  Tree.     White  Wood. 

ORDER  III.     ANONACE^E.— ANONADS. 

Sepals  3 — 4,  persistent,  usually  partly  cohering.  Petals  6, 
in  two  rows,  coriaceous.  Stamens  indefinite,  covering  a  large 
hypogynous  disk,  packed  closely  together:  filaments  short; 
anthers  adnate.  Ovaries  mostly  numerous  ;  styles  short ;  stig- 
mas simple.  Fruit  consisting  of  a  number  of  carpels.  Seeds 
attached  to  the  suture  in  one  or  two  rows. — Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  almost  always  entire,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  usually  green  or  brown,  axillary,  mostly  solitary. 

ASIMINA.  Adans.— Papaw. 
(A  name  given  by  Adanson,  the  origin  of  which  is  unknown.) 

Calyx  deeply  3-parted.  Petals  6,  spreading,  ovate-oblong  ; 
inner  ones  smallest.  Anthers  many,  subsessile.  Carpels 
usually  3,  baccate,  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile,  pulpy  within.  Seeds 
many. 

A.  triloba  D.  C. :  leaves  oblong,  crenate,  acuminate,  and  with  the 
branches  smoothish ;  flowers  on  short  peduncles;  outer  petals  roundish 
ovate,  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Anona  triloba  Linn.  Porcelia  triloba 
Pursk.  Uvaria  triloba  Tort:  fy  Gr. 

Banks  of  streams.  Western  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  April. — A  small 
tree  usually  from  10  to  15  feet  high,  with  slender  nearly  smooth  branches. 
Flowers  solitary,  lateral,  appearing  rather  before  the  leaves,  dark  brownish- 
purple.  Fruit  large,  fleshy,  sweetish.  '  Nuttall  states  that  the  fruit  does  not 
come  to  perfection  N.  or  E.  of  Steubenville,  Ohio.  Trav.  In  Arkansas. 

Pa-nan  Tree. 


16  BERBERIDACE.5C. 

ORDER  IV.     MENISPERMACE^E. — MEXISPERMADS. 

Flowers  diclinous,  usually  dioecious  and  very  small.  Sepak 
and  petals  confounded  in  one  or  several  rows,  each  of  which  is 
composed  of  3  or  4  parts,  deciduous.  Stamens  monadelphous 
or  occasionally  distinct,  sometimes  opposite  the  petals  and  equal 
to  them  in  number,  sometimes  3  or  4  times  as  many ;  anthers 
adnate.  Ovaries  sometimes  numerous,  each  with  one  style, 
distinct  or  rarely  united.  Drupes  mostly  berried,  1 -seeded, 
compressed.  Seed  same  shape  as  the  fruit ;  albumen  wanting 
or  small. — Shrubs,  with  a  flexible  tough  tissue  and  sarmenta- 
ceous  habit.  Leaves  alternate  and  entire.  Flowers  small, 
usually  racemose. 

MENISPERMUM.   Linn.— Moonseed. 

(From  the  Greek  uni"},  the  moon,  and  (nrtp/ia,  a  seed ;  on  account  of  the  lunate 
form  of  the  seeds.) 

Sepals  and  petals  arranged  in  fours,  2  or  3 -rowed.  STERILE 
FL.  Stamens  12 — 20.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovaries  1 — 4.  Drupe 
berried,  roundish-reniform,  with  a  single  lunate  nut  or  seed. 
Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  often  dissimilar. 

M.  Canadense  Linn:  leaves  peltate,  somewhat  glabrous,  cordate,  ob- 
tusely angled,  mucronate  ;  racemes  solitary,  compound ;  petals  4 — 8. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  T^. — Varies  somewhat 
in  the  angles  of  the  leaves.  Stem  climbing,  8 — 12  feet  long.  Flowers  very 
small,  greenish  yellow,  tinged  with  purple.  Berries  black,  resembling  grapes. 

Canadian  Moonseed. 

ORDER  V.     BERBERIDACEJE. — BERBERIDS. 

Sepals  3 — 4 — 6,  deciduous,  in  a  double  row,  surrounded  ex- 
ternally by  petaloid  scales.  Petals  either  equal  to  the  sepals 
in  number  and  opposite  to  them,  or  twice  as  many,  generally 
with  ap,  appendage  at  the  base  in  the  inside.  Stamens  equal 
in  number  to  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them.  Ovary  solitary, 
1 -celled  ;  style  rather  lateral ;  stigma  orbicular.  Fruit  a  berry 
'or  capsule.  Seeds  crustaceous  or  membranous. — Shrubs  or 
herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  BERBERIS.  Linn.— Barberry. 
(Supposed  to  be  the  Arabian  name  of  the  plant.) 

Sepals  6,  mostly  with  3  bracteoles  at  the  base.  Petals  6, 
with  2  glands  upon  their  claws.  Stamens  without  teeth,  *? 


BERBERIDACE^E.  17 

2 — 3  teeth.     Berry  2 — 3-seeded.     Seeds  2,  rarely  3,  in- 
serted laterally  at  the  base  of  the  cell. 

B.  vulgaris  Linn. :  spines  3-parted ;  leaves  simple,  obovate,  attenuate 
at  base,  closely  serrate  with  bristly  teeth ;  racemes  many-flowered,  pendu- 
lous ;  petals  entire .  B.  Canadensis  Pursh.  Nutt. 

Road  sides  and  fields.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  April,  May.  T?.— 
A  shrub  4 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  pendulous  racemes,  pale 
yellow.  Berries  red,  and  of  an  agreeable  acid.  Supposed  to  have  been  intro- 
duced from  Europe.  At  all  events  the  American,  is  exactly  similar  to  the  Eu- 
ropean, plant.  Common  Barberry. 

2.  LEONTICE.  Linn.— Lion's  Foot. 

(Abridged  from  the  Greek  \tovTairtTa\ov  ;  the  leaf  resembling  the  print  of  a 
lion's  foot.) 

Sepals  6,  naked  without.  Petals  6,  bearing  a  scale  at  the 
base  within.  Capsules  2 — 4-seeded.  Seeds  globose,  inserted 
into  the  bottom  of  the  capsulef 

L.  thalictroides  Linn. :  lower  leaf  triternate,  upper  one  biternate  ;  leafets 
oblong  ovate  and  cuneate-obovate,  mostly  3-lobed  at  the  apex ;  flowers 
paniculate ;  peduncle  from  the  base  of  the  upper  petioles.  Caulophyttum 
thalictroides.  Mich, 

Rocky  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  April,  May.  1|.— Stem  a 
foot  high,  purplish  and  glaucous  when  young.  Leaves  mostly  2.  Flowers 
small,  greenish-yellow.  Seeds  deep  blue,  globose,  contracted  below  into  a 
long  stipitate  base.  Whole  plant  turns  almost  black  in  drying. 

Blue  Cohosh. 

3.  PODOPHYLLUM.  Linn.— May  Apple. 

^From  the  Greek  novs,foot,  and  </n>XXov,  a  leaf;  the  leaf  resembling  a  web 
foot.) 

Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6 — 9.  Stamens  12 — 18.  Stig- 
ma large,  subsessile,  peltate,  persistent.  Berry  somewhat  fleshy, 
not  dehiscent.  Seeds  many. 

P.  peltatum  Linn. :  stem  erect,  2-leaved,  1-flowered ;  fruit  oval. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  May.  ^.—Stem  a  foot  high,  2- 
leaved,  1-flowered.  Leaves  large,  peltate,  palmate-lobed.  Flower  solitary  in 
the  fork  of  the  petiole,  pendulous,  white.  Fruit  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  yellowish  when  mature,  pulpy  and  succulent.  Its  root  is  often  used  as  a 
substitute  for  jalap.  See  Big.  $  Bart.  Med.  Bot.  and  Schneck's  Exper.  Inq.  fyc. 
N.  Y.  Med.  and  Phys.  Jour.\\.  30.  May  Apple.  Mandrake. 

4.  JEFFERSONIA.  Bart.— Twin-leaf. 
(In  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson.) 

Sepals  4,  petaloid.  Petals  8,  oblong.  Capsules  obovate, 
semicircularly  dehiscent.  Seeds  many,  arillate  at  base. 

J.  diphytta  Pers.     J.  Bartonis  Mich. 

Western  and  Northern  N.  Y.  Penn.  Virg.  and  Tenn.    May.     ^.—Scape  a 


18  XELUMBIACE^E. 

fool  high.  Leaf  hinnate,  petioled.  Flower  terminal,  solitary,  large,  white,  re« 
sembling  that  of  Sanguinaria.  Capsule  large,  coriaceous.  Seeds  shining,  ob- 
long. Twiri'leqf.  Rheumatism-root. 

ORDER  VI.     CACOMBACE^E.— WATER-SHIELDS. 

Sepals  3  or  4,  colored  inside,  persistent.  Petals  3  or  4,  al- 
ternate with  the  sepals.  Stamens  definite  or  indefinite;  an- 
thers linear,  turned  inwards,  continuous  with  the  filament. 
Ovaries  2  or  more.  Fruit  indehiscent,  tipped  by  the  indurated 
style.  Seeds  few,  pendulous  ;  embryo  seated  at  the  base  of  a 
fleshy  albumen. — Aquatics,  with  floating  leaves.  Flowers  ax- 
illary, solitary,  yellow  or  purple. 

HYDROPELTIS.  Mick.— Water-shield. 

Calyx  of  3 — 4  sepals.  Petals  3 — 4.  Stamens,  18 — 36. 
Ovaries  6 — 18.  Carpels  oblong,  acuminate,  1 — 2-seeded. 

H.  purpurea  Mich.     Brasenia  peltata  Pursh. 

Lakes  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  1}.. — Whole  plant  covered  with 
a  viscid  gelatine.  Stem  floating,  long,  terete,  branched.  Leaves  oval,  peltate, 
coriaceous,  very  entire  and  tinged  with  purple  on  the  lower  side.  Peduncles 
solitary,  long,  each  springing  from  the  side  of  a  petiole.  Flowers  purple,  about 
an  inch  in  diameter.  Water-shield.  Water-target. 

ORDER  VIL    NELUMBIACE^E.— WATER  BEANS. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  numerous,  oblong,  in  many  rows. 
Stamens  numerous,  arising  from  within  the  petals  in  several 
rows  ;  filaments  petaloid  ;  anthers  adnate.  Torus  a  fleshy  ele- 
vated disk,  very  large,  enclosing  the  numerous  separate  ovaries 
in  hollows  of  its  substance.  Nuts  numerous,  half  buried  in 
hollows  of  the  disk  in  which  they  are  finally  loose.  Seeds  soli- 
tary, rarely  2. — Herbs  with  peltate  fleshy  floating  leaves,  arising 
from  a  prostrate  trunk,  growing  in  quiet  waters. 

NELUMBIUM.  Juss.— Sacred  Bean. 
(From  the  Ceylon  name,  Nelumbo.} 

Calyx  petaloid,  of  4 — 6  sepals.  Petals  numerous.  Carpels 
numerous,  deeply  immersed  in  the  upper  surface  of  a  turbinate 
receptacle  or  torus,  1 -seeded.  Seed  large,  round,  solitary. 

N.  luteum  Willd. :  anthers  produced  into  a  linear  appendage  at  the  ex- 
tremity ;  leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  very  entire.  Cyamiis  fiavicomus  Salisb. 
Pursk.  C.  luteus  Nutt. 

Lakes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  7J.. — Leaves  a  foot  or  more  in 
fliameter,  alternate,  peltate-  Peduncles  very  long,  more  or  less  scabrous. 
Powers  yellowish-white,  and  larger  than  that  produced  by  any  plant  in  North 
America,  except  Magnolia  macrophyUa.  Water  Chinquapin. 


1'APAVERACE.E.  19 

ORDER  VIII.    NYMPH^EACE^E.— WATER-LILIES. 

Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated,  passing  gradually 
into  each  other.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  above  the  petals 
into  the  disk ;  filaments  petaloid ;  anthers  adnate.  Disk  large, 
flesh)',  surrounding  the  ovary  more  or  less.  Ovary  with  radi- 
ating ,  stigmas.  Fruit  many-celled,  indehiscent.  Seeds  very 
numerous. — Herbs  with  peltate  or  cordate  fleshy  leaves,  arising 
from  a  prostrate  trunk,  growing  in  quiet  waters. 

1.  NYMH^EA.  Linn.— White  Water-lily. 
(From  its  imbibing  the  water,  as  the  Nymphs  were  supposed  to  do.) 

Sepals  4,  at  the  base  of  the  disk.  Petals  and  stamens  inserted 
into  the  fleshy  disk  surrounding  the  ovary. 

N.  odorata  Ait. :  leaves,  floating,  orbicular-cordate,  very  entire  ;  nerves 
and  veins  prominent ;  stigma  16 — 20  rayed ;  rays  incurved. 

Ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1|-. — There  are  two  varieties  of  this  plant. 
One  has  the  sinus  and  lobes  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  acute ;  the  flowers 
white  (N.  alba.  Mich.}  The  other  is  smaller,  has  purplish  leaves  and  peduncles, 
and  rose-colored  flowers,  (N.  minor  D.  C.)  Both  have  the  leaves  on  very  long 
petioles,  coriaceous,  and  lying  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  Flowers  3 — 4  inches 
in  diameter,  very  odorous.  While  Pond  Lily. 

2.  NUPHAR.  Smith.— Yellow  Water-lily. 

(A  name  applied  by  Dioscorides.; 
Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk. 

1.  N.  luted  Smith:  calyx  with  5  sepals;  stigma  entire,  16—20  rayed, 
deeply  umbilicate  ;  leaves  cordate,  oval,  lobes  approximate ;  petioles  3-sided, 
acute- angled.     Nymphcea  lutea  Linn. 

In  water.  N.  S.  and  N.  to  lat.  64°.  June.  %.—  Sepals  very  obtuse.  Pe- 
tals much  smaller,  truncate.  Confounded  by  some  of  our  botanists  with  the 
next  species,  from  which  it  is  quite  distinct. 

Small-flowered  Yellow  Water-lily. 

2.  N.  advena  Ait. :   calyx  6-sepalled ;  petals  numerous,  small ;  leaves 
cordate,   with  divaricate   lobes ;    petioles    semicylindrical ;    fruit    sulcate. 
NymphcBa  advena  Mich. 

In  water.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  7|-. — Leaves  upright 
or  floating.  Flowers  large,  yellow.  Common  Yellow  Water-lily. 

3.  N.  Kalmiana  Ait. :    calyx  5-leaved ;  stigmas  incised,  8 — 12-rayed ; 
leaves  cordate,   submersed,   with   approximate  lobes ;    petioles    terete. — 
Nymphcea  lutea  var.  Kalmiana  Mich. 

In  water.  N.  S.  and  Can.  July,  Aug.  Tj..— Leaves  and  flowers  small.  Tor 
?ey  considers  it  a  variety  of  N.  lutea.  Kalm's  Water-lily. 

ORDER  IX.    PAP  AVERAGES. — POPPYWORTS. 
Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  deciduous.     Petals  4  or  6,  usually  crum- 
pled before  expansion,  occasionally  none.     Stamens  numerous ; 


20  PAPAVERACE^E. 

anthers  2-celled,  innate.  Ovary  1  ;  style  short  or  none.  Fruit 
1 -celled,  either  pod-shaped  or  capsular,  with  several  placentae. 
Seeds  numerous,  with  a  minute  embryo. — Herbaceous  plants 
or  shrubs,  often  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  more  or 
less  divided.  Peduncles  long,  1 -flowered. 

1.  ARGEMONE.  Linn. — Prickly  Poppy. 

(From  the  Greek  apycpa,  a  disease  of  the  eye;  supposed  to  be  relieved  by  this 
plant.) 

Petals  4 — 6.  Stamens  many.  Style  scarcely  any.  Stigma 
4 — 7-lobed ;  lobes  radiately  reflexed,  persistent.  Capsules  obo- 
vate,  spinose,  1 -celled,  5-valved ;  valves  opening  at  the  apex. 

A.  Mezicana  Linn. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Platte  River.  June,  July.  Op. 
— Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branching,  armed  with  prickles-  Leaves  sessile,  pin- 
natifid,  repand-sinuate,  margins  and  veins  beneath  armed  with  spines.  Flowers 
axillary  and  terminal,  large,  yellow  or  white.  Probably  introduced. 

Common  Prickly  Poppy. 

2.  SANGUINARIA.  Linn.— Blood-root. 

(From  the  Latin  sanguis,  blood ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  its  juice.) 

Sepals  2,  deciduous.  Petals  8 — 12.  Stamens  24.  Stigmas 
2,  connate.  Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  ventricose, 
valves  deciduous. 

£.  Canadensis  Linn. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  April,  May.  1\.. — Root  tuberous, 
affording  a  bitter  orange-colored  juice,  which  contains  a  vegeto-alkaline  prin- 
ciple. Leaves  radical,  reniform  or  cordate.  Flowers  large,  white,  solitary. 
Medicinal.  Emetic,  &c.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  75.  Tully  on  Sanguinaria.—Am. 
Med.  Recorder,  vol.  xiii.  Red  Puccoon.  Blood-root. 

3.  MECONOPSIS.  D.  C.— Meconopsis. 

(From  the  Greek  //??* uv,  a  poppy,  and  oi//ty,  appearance  ;  on  account  of  its  re- 
semblance to  the  poppy.) 

Petals  4.  Stamens  many.  Style  short.  Stigma  4 — 6,  ra- 
diating, convex,  free.  Capsules  obovate,  1 -celled  ;  valves  4 — 6, 
dehiscent  at  the  apex. 

1.  M.  diphyUa  D.  C. :  leaves  2,  sessile,  hairy ;  lobes  rounded  and  obtuse ; 
capsules  4-valved,  echinate.     Ckelidonium  diphyllum  Mich.  PursJi.     Stylo- 
phorum  diphyllum  Nutt. 

Woods.  Penn  to  Miss.  S.  to  Tenn.  May.  1|.  —Stem  a  foot  high.  Leaves 
glaucous.  Flowers  yellow.  Abundant  in  Indiana.  Two-leaved  Meconopsis. 

2.  M.  petiolata  D.  C. :  leaves  2 — 3,  on  long  petioles,  smoothish :   cap- 
sules echinate.     StyLophortim  petiolatum,  Nutt. 

Alleghany  Mountains.     Hooker.    Shady  woods  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio.— 


SARRACENIACEuE.  21 

Nutt.     May — July.     % — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.    Leaves  large,  smooth  and 
glaucous  beneath,  with  5 — 7  large  lobes.    Flowers  large,  yellow. 

Stalk-leaved  Meconopsis. 

4.  CHELIDONIUM.  Linn.— Celandine. 

(From  the  Greek  %£A«<W,  a  sioallow;  its  flowers  appearing  about  the  same 
time  as  that  bird.) 

Sepals  2,  glabrous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  many.  Capsule 
elongated,  (resembling  a  silique,)  2-valved,  1-celled ;  valves  de- 
hiscent from  the  base  to  the  apex.  Seeds  several,  furnished 
with  a  glandular  crest. 

C.  majus  Linn. :  leaves  pseudo-pinnate,  glaucous ;  segments  ovate;  cre- 
nate-lobed ;  pedicels  somewhat  umbellate ;  petals  elliptic,  entire. 

Fields  and  waste  places.  N.  S.  May— Oct.  ^.—Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
branched.  Flowers  yellow.  Capsule  about  an  inch  long,  narrow,  sublinear. 
Plant  full  of  an  orange  juice-  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Celandine. 

5.  PAP  AVER.  Linn.— Poppy. 

(From  the  Celtic  Papa, pap;  being  added  to  the  food  of  children  to  induce 
sleep.) 

Sepals  2,  concave,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Stigma  sessile,  ra- 
diate, persistent.  Capsule  obovoid,  1-celled,  opening  by  mi- 
nute valves  under  the  margin  of  the  stigma. 

P.  dubium  Linn. :  leaves  pseudo-pinnate ;  segments  lance-oblong,  pin- 
natifidly  incised,  sessile,  decurrent ;  stem  with  spreading  hairs;  peduncles 
with  appressed  bristly  hairs ;  capsule  obovoid-oblong,  smooth. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Downington,  Penn.  Darlingt.  May.  (J). — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high.  Flowers  on  long  flexuous  peduncles,  pale  red.  Introduced. 

Field  Poppy. 

ORDER  X.     SARRACENIACE^E. — SARRACENIADS. 

Calyx  4 — 6-leaved,  much  imbricated,  without  a  corolla;  or 
consisting  of  5  persistent  sepals,  often  having  a  3 -leaved  invo- 
lucre on  the  outside,  and  5  unguiculate,  concave  petals.  Sta- 
mens numerous ;  anthers  oblong,  adnate.  Ovary,  2 — 5-celled ; 
style  simple,  truncate,  or  expanded  into  a  large  peltate  plate 
with  5  stigmatic  angles.  Capsule  with  3 — 5  cells.  Seeds  mi- 
nute, very  numerous. — Herbs  found  in  bogs.  Leaves  radical, 
with  a  hollow  urn-shaped  petiole,  at  whose  apex  the  lamina  is 
articulated,  and  which  fits  like  a  lid.  Scapes  each  bearing  one 
large  flower. 


22  FUMARIACE^E. 


SARRACENIA.  Linn.— Side-saddle  Flower. 

( In  honor  of  Dr.  Sarrazin,  who  resided  in  Quebec,  and  sent  the  plant  to 
Tournefort.) 

Sepals  5,  with  a  3-leaved  involucre.  Petals  5.  Stigma  very 
large,  peltate,  5-angled.  Capsule  5-celled. 

S.  purpurea  Linn. :  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  scape,  inflated,  con- 
tracted at  the  mouth,  having  a  broad  arched  lateral  wing ;  appendix  erect, 
broad-cordate,  undulate,  not  mucronate. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Lake  Superior.  June,  July.  1\..— 
Scape  1 — 2  feet  high,  with  a  solitary  terminal  purple  flower.  A  variety  with 
yellow  flowers  has  been  found  in  Northampton,  Mass,  and  in  Seneca  co.  N.  Y. 

Common  Side-saddle  Flower. 

ORDER  XL     FUMARIACE^E.— FUMEWORTS. 

Sepals  2,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  cruciate,  very  irregular. 
Stamens  4,  distinct,  or  6,  in  2  parcels,  opposite  the  outer  pe- 
tals, very  seldom  all  separate.  Ovary  free,  1 -celled.  Stigma 
with  2  or  more  points.  Fruit  either  an  indehiscent  1  or  2- 
seeded  nut,  or  a  2-valved  many-seeded  pod.  Seeds  horizontal, 
with  fleshy  albumen. — Herbs  with  brittle  stems  and  a  watery 
juice.  Leaves  usually  alternate,  many-cleft,  often  with  tendrils. 

1.  FUMARIA.  Linn.— Fumitory. 

(From  the  Latin  fumus,  smoke  ;  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  effect  of  its  juice 
and  odor  on  the  eyes.) 

Calyx  of  2  sepals.  Petals  4,  one  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the 
base.  Pouch  ovate  or  globose,  1 -seeded,  indehiscent,  not  pointed 
with  a  style. 

F.  officinalis  Linn. :  stem  sub-erect ;  leaves  bipinnate  and  cleft  with 
linear  segments ;  racemes  rather  loose ;  fruit-bearing  pedicels  erect,  twice  as 
long  as  the  bracts ;  pouch  globose,  smooth,  somewhat  retuse. 

Near  cultivated  ground.  N.  Y.  to  Car,  May — July,  Aug.  (J). — Stem  a  foot 
high.  Flowers  rose-colored.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Fumitory. 

2.  DICENTRA.  Borckh.— Dicentra. 
(From  the  Greek  Sis  twice,  and  Ktvrpov  a  spur.) 

Petals  4,  2  outer  ones  equally  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base. 
Pod  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  D.  Cucullaria  Torr.:    scape  naked;  raceme,  siim)Je,  l-sided:   wino 
of'tiie  inner  petals  short;  spurs  straight,  divaricate,  aci>tfv  Didytra  C 
laria  D.  C.     Fumaria  Cucullaria  Linn. 

Shady  hills.    Throughout  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.      An-«1.  '.T:i 
Root  bulbous.    Scape  6 — 8  inches  high.    Leaves  2,  tritei..udy  A-i 


CRUCIFEFUE.  23 

Flowers  large,  white,  tinged  with  yellow  and  purple.     Spurs  frequently  much 
divaricated.  Dutchman's  Breeches. 

2.  D.  Canadensis  Torr. :  scape  naked,  raceme  simple,  4 — 6  flowered ;  spurs 
short,  rounded ;  wing  of  the  inner  petals  projecting  beyond  the  summit. 
Didytra  Canadensis  D.  C.     Corydalis  Canadensis  Goldie. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Ken.  April.  % — Root  tuberous. 
Scape  5—6  inches  high,  rising  above  the  leaves,  which  usually  have  the  seg- 
ments longer  and  narrower  than  those  of  the  preceding  species.  Flowers  fra- 
grant, white,  tinged  with  pale  purple.  Turkey  Corn. 

3.  D.  eximia  Torr. :  scape  naked ;  raceme  compound,  the  branches  cym- 
ulose ;  spurs  short,  obtuse,  somewhat  incurved;  wings  of  the  petals  project- 
ing beyond  the  summit ;  leaves  numerous.     Didytra  eximia  D.  C.     Cory- 
dalis formosa  Pursh. 

Mountains.  Yates  County,  N.  Y.  Sartwell.  S-  to  Car.  April— July.  Tj..— 
Root  bulbous.  Scape  8 — 12  inches' high.  Leaves  numerous.  Flowers  pendu- 
lous, reddish  purple.  Choice  Dicentra. 

3.  CORYDALIS.    D.  C.  Corydalis. 
(From  ^opvJaXif,  the  Greek  name  of  Fumitory.) 

Petals  4,  one  spurred  at  base.  Pod  2-valved,  compressed, 
many-seeded. 

1.  C.  glauca  Pursh.:  stem  erect,  branched;  leaves  glaucous,  decom- 
pound; segments  cuneate,  trifid;  bracts  oblong,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels ;  pod  linear,  flat,  scarcely  torulose. — Fumaria  glauca  Curtis. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  N.  to  64°  S.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  (J)  or 
(g). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  1 — 3  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  on  long 
petioles.  Flowers  variegated  with  red  yellow  and  green. 

Glaucous  Corydalis. 

2.  C.  aurea  Willd. :  stem  branched,  diffuse ;  leaves  glaucous,  doubly  pin- 
nate ;  lobes  oblong,  acute ;  bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed ; 
pod  terete,  torulose.     Fumaria  aurea  MiM. 

Shady  rocks.  Throughout  Can.  and  N.  to  lat.  64°.  W.  to  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  S.  to  S.  Car.  April— August.  ®  or  ®.— Stem  8—12  inches  high,  branch- 
ing, slender.  Racemes  terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  bright 
yellow.  Golden  Corydalis. 

4.  ADLUMIA.  Raf.— Climbing  Fumitory. 

( In  honor  of  Mr.  John  Adlum,  a  distinguished  cultivator  of  the  vine.) 
Petals  4,  united  in  a  spongy  monopetalous  corolla,  persistent, 
and  with  two  protuberances  at  base.     Pod  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

A.  cirrhosa  Raf. :     Corydalis  fungosa  Pers.     Fumaria  fungosa  Willd. 
Woods.    Can.  to  Penn.    Catskill  mountains.    July — September,    (g). — Stem 
8 — 15  feet  long,  slender,  branching  and  climbing.     Leaves  pinnately  divided, 
the  midrib  twining  like  a  tendril.      Flowers  in  compound  axillary  racemes, 
pale  violet  or  nearly  white.  Climbing  Fumitory. 

ORDER  XII.    CRUCIFEILE.— CRL  CIFERS. 

Sepals  4,  deciduous,  imbricate  or  valvate.  Petals  4,  cruciate, 
alternate  with  the  sepals.  Stamens  6,  of  which  two  are  shorter, 


24  CRUCIFERJE. 

solitary,  and  opposite  the  lateral  sepals,  and  four  longer,  in 
pairs,  opposite  the  anterior,  and  posterior  sepals.  Disk  with 
various  green  glands  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens  and 
ovary.  Ovary  superior,  1 -celled.  Stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  silicule 
or  silique  (pouch  or  pod,)  rarely  1 -celled  and  valveless,  gene- 
rally 2-celled  and  2-valved,  1  or  many-seeded,  indehiscent  or 
opening  by  the  two  valves.  Seeds  attached  in  a  single  row  by 
a  cord  to  each  of  the  placentae,  generally  pendulous,  without 
albumen ;  the  embryo  with  the  radical  folded  upon  the  cotyle- 
dons.— Herbaceous  plants.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  usually 
yellow  or  white,  in  corymbs  or  racemes. 

I.     SILICULOSjE.— Pod  slwrt  and  broad  (pouch.) 

1.  CAKILE.  Linn.— Sea  Rocket. 

(An  old  Arabic  word,  applied  probably  to  this  or  some  allied  genus.) 
Pouch  2 -jointed,  compressed ;  the  upper  joint  ensiform  or 
ovate.     Seed  solitary  in  the  cells ;  upper  erect,  lower  (some- 
times abortive)  pendulous. 

C.  Americana  Nutt. :  leaves  fleshy,  obovate,  attenuate  at  base,  more  or 
less  toothed  and  lobed ;  joints  of  the  pouch  1 -seeded ;  the  uppermost  one 
ovate,  acute.  C.  maritima,  var.  Americana  Torr.  Bunias  maritima 
Pursk.  B.  edentula  Big. 

Sea  shores.  Can.  to  Geor.  Shores  of  the  Great  Lakes.  July,  Aug.  (I). — 
Plant  fleshy,  branched  and  decumbent.  Flowers  corymbed,  pale  purple. 

American  Sea  Rocket. 

2.  THLASPI.  Linn.— Penny  Cress. 

(From  the  Greek  0Xaw,  to  flatten ;  probably  on  account  of  its  compressed 
seed  vessels.) 

Pouch  emarginate  at  the  apex ;  valves  boat-form,  winged  on 
the  back ;  cells  2 — many-seeded.  Petals  equal.  Calyx  equal 
at  base. 

1.  T.  arvense  Linn. :  leaves  oblong-sagittate,  coarsely  toothed,  smooth ; 
pouch  suborbicular,  shorter  than  the  pedicel,  its  wings  dilated  longitudinally. 

Stony  fields.  Can  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  (T). — Stem  a  foot  high, 
erect,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  smooth.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  ra- 
ceme. Pouch  very  large,  with  dilated  wings.  Perhaps  introduced. 

Penny  Cress. 

2.  T.  tuberomm  Nutt. :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  obsoletely  toothed,  smooth, 
sessile ;  radical  ones  upon  long  petioles ;  stem  pubescent,  very  short  and 
simple ;  root  tuberous ;  pouch  suborbicular,  short. 

Penn.  Nutt.  April,  May.  (I). — Stem  4 — 5  inches  hi^h.  Flowers  large, 
rosareous.  Ttfbrta**  /Vwny  Cress. 


CRUCIFER^E.  25 

3.  CAPSELLA.  D.  C. — Shepherd's  Purse. 
(The  diminutive  of  capsula ;  a  little  capsule  or  box.} 
Pouch  triangular,   wedge-form  at  base  ;  valves  boat-form, 
not  winged  ;  cells  many-seeded. 

C.  Bursa-pastoris  D.  C. :  radical  leaves  pinnatifid. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  April — Oct.  (J). — Stem  from  3 
inches  to  1 — 2  feet  high.  Radical  leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  hairy ;  cauline 
ones  oblong,  toothed,  sagittate  at  base.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  spiked 
racemes.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Shepherd's  Purse. 

4.  DRABA.  Linn. — Whitlow  Grass. 
(From  the  Greek  fyaffr],  acrid,  as  are  the  leaves  of  many  of  this  genus.) 

Pouch  sessile,  oval  or  oblong ;  valves  flat  or  slightly  convex. 
Seeds  many,  not  margined.  Calyx  equal.  Petals  entire.  Sta- 
mens without  teeth. 

1.  D.  Caroliniana  Walt.:  stem  leafy  and  hispid  at  the  base,  naked  and 
smooth  at  the  top ;  leaves  ovate-roundish,  entire,   hispid ;  pouch  linear, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  pedicel.     D.  hispidula  Mich. 

Sandy  fields.  Conn,  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  ©.—Stems  2—4 
inches  high.  Leaves  clustered  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  very  hairy.  Pouch 
4—6  lines  long,  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  white.  Carolina  Whitlow  Grass. 

2.  D.  arabisans  Mich. :  stem  leafy,  somewhat  branched,  subpubescent ; 
leaves  sparingly  toothed  ;  radical  ones  wedge-lanceolate ;  cauline  oblong ; 
pouch  smooth,  lanceolate-oblong,  longer  than  the  pedicel. 

Rocks.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  @.— Stems  6—12  inches 
high.  Pouch  half  an  inch  long,  erect,  acuminate,  twisted.  Flowers  white. 

Bunch-jlowered  Whitlow-grass. 

5.  EROPHILA.  D.  C.— Erophila. 

(From  the  Greek  np,  rjpost  spring,  and  ^uAAtw  to  love;  in  allusion  to  its  early 
flowering.) 

Pouch  oval  or  oblong ;  valves  flat.  Seeds  many,  not  mar- 
gined. Calyx  equal.  Petals  2-parted.  Stamens  without 
teeth. 

E.  vulgaris  D.  C. :  pouch  elliptic,  shorter  than  the  pedicel ;  scape  5 — 15 
flowered.  E.  Americana  D.  C.  Draba  verna  Linn. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Virg.  March— May.  ©.—Scape  2—6  inches  high,  naked. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed,  hairy.  Flowers  minute,  white.  Pouch 
on  long  pedicels,  with  a  very  short  style.  Specimens  of  this  plant  obtained 
from  my  friend,  Dr.  Matthew  Stevenson,  of  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  agree  in 
all  respects  with  the  foreign  E.  vulgaris,  as  do  also  those  which  I  have  collected 
elsewhere.  Common  Whitlow  Grass. 

6.  COCHLEARIA.    Linn.— Scurvy  Grass. 

(From  the  Latin,  cochkar,  a  spoon ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  leaves.) 
Pouch  sessile,  ovate,  globose,  or  oblong ;  valves,  ventricose. 
Seeds  many,  not  margined.     Calyx  equal  at  base,  spreading. 
Petals  entire.     Stamens  without  teeth, 

2 


26  CRUCIFER,E. 

C.  Armoracia,  Linn. :  root  large,  fleshy ;  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles, 
oblong,  crenate ;  cauline  long-lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire ;  pouch  oblong ; 
stigma  dilated,  nearly  sessile. 

Waste  grounds.  June.  1|_. — Root  large  arid  very  pungent  to  the  taste.  Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  elongated  racemes.  Introduced,  and  exten- 
sively cultivated.  Used  as  a  condiment.  Horse  Radish. 

7.  LEPIDIUM.  Linn. — Pepper-grass. 
(From  the  Greek  \erns,  a  scaU  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  pouch.) 

Pouch  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate ;  valves  keeled  or  rarely 
ventricose,  dehiscent ;  cells  1 -seeded.  Seeds  somewhat  triquet- 
rous or  compressed.  Petals  equal. 

1.  L.  Virginicum  Linn. :  stem  branched ;  radical  leaves  pinnatifid :  cau- 
line linear-lanceolate,  serate,  smooth :  stamens  often  2 ;  pouch  orbicular, 
flat,  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  pedicel.     Thlaspi  Virginianum  Pair. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Miss.  June—- Oct.  ®.— Stem  a  foot 
high,  branched  abo\c.  Flowers  minute,  white.  Pouch  about  2  lines  long, 
slightly  emarginate.  Wild  Pepper-grass. 

2.  L.  campestre  Brown :  cauline  leaves  sagittate,  toothed ;  pouch  ovate, 
winged,  rough  with  minute  scales,  emarginate ;  style  scarcely  longer  than 
the  notch.     Thlaspi  campestre  Linn. 

Waste  places.  Long  Island,  Staten  Island,  and  elsewhere  in  the  U.  S. 
June,  July.  (J)  or  @. — Stem  a  foot  high,  erect,  simple  or  paniculately  branched 
above.  Racemes  much  elongated  in  fruit.  Flowers  white.  Introduced. 

Field  Pepper-grass. 

3.  L.  Smithii  Hook:   cauline  leaves  sagittate,  toothed;  pouch  ovate, 
emarginate,  winged,  smooth  or  minutely  scaly  on  the  back ;  style  much 
exserted  beyond  the  notch.     L.  hirtum  Beek  Bot.  1st  Ed. 

Fields  near  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  June.  (§)  ? — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high, 
very  leafy.  Lower  leaves  petioled,  and  somewhat  pinnatifid ;  cauline  sub- 
clasping,  sagittate,  toothed,  covered  with  a  whitish  pubescence.  Flowers  in 
dense  hairy  racemes.  Pouch,  in  my  specimens,  scabrous,  emarginate,  with  a 
style  about  half  its  length.  Perhaps  introduced.  Rough  Pepper-grass. 

8.  CAMELINA.  Cranbz.— Camelina. 

(From  the  Greek  xa/*ai>  dwarf  or  humble,  and  \ivov,  flax  ;  on  account  of  a  fan- 
cied resemblance  in  the  plants.) 

Pouch  'obovate  or  subglobose ;  valves  ventricose,  dehiscent 
with  part  of  the  style ;  cells  many-seeded.  Style  filiform.  Seeds 
oblong,  not  margined. 

C.  saliva  D.  C. :  pouch  obovate,  pyriform,  margined,  tipped  with  the 
pointed  style ;  leaves  roughish,  sub-entire,  lanceolate,  sagittate ;  flowers  nu- 
merous, in  corymbs.  Myagrum  sativum  Linn. 

Cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  May,  June,  (p.— Stem  2— 3  feet  high 
panicled  above.  Flowers  numerous,  corymbose,  pam'culate,  small  yellow 
Pouches  large,  on  long  slender  pedicels.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

•      ,  Gold  of  Pleasure. 


CRUCIFER^E.  27 

9.  SUBULARIA.  Linn.— Awl-wort. 
(From  the  Latin  subula,  an  awl ;  the  leaves  being  subulate,  or  awl-shaped.) 

Pouch  oval ;  dissepiment  elliptical ;  valves  convex ;  cells 
many-seeded.  Stigma  sessile.  Cotyledons  incumbent,  linear, 
2 -plicate. 

fit  aquatica  Linn. 

Margins  of  ponds.  Maine.  July.  1\.. — Scape  2 — 4  inches  high.  Leaves 
few,  radical,  awl-shaped,  1 — 3  inches  long.  Ftowers  small,  white,  in  corymbs. 
Valves  more  convex  or  turgid  than  in  Draba.  Water  Awl-wort. 

10.  LUNARIA.  Linn.— Honesty. 

(From  the  Latin  luna,  the  moon ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  and  appearance  of  its 
pouch.) 

Pouch  pedicellate,  elliptic  or  lanceolate ;  valves  flat.  Funicles 
long,  adhering  to  the  dissepiment.  Calyx  somewhat  bisaccate. 
Petals  nearly  entire.  Stamens  not  toothed. 

L.  biennis  D.  C. :  pouch  elliptical,  obtuse  at  each  end.  L-annua.  Linn, 
Nutt. 

Fields.    Penn.    May,  June.    ©.—Naturalized  near  Philadelphia.    Nutt. 

Biennial  Honesty. 

II.     SILIQUOS^:.— Pod  mostly  long  and  narrow. 

11.  DENT  ARIA.  Linn. — Tooth-wort. 

(From  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth ;  on  account  of  the  tooth-like  scales  of  the  root? 

Pod  narrow-lanceolate,  with  a  long  tapering  style;  valves 
flat,  nerveless,  often  opening  elastically.  Seeds  ovate,  not  mar- 
gined, in  one  row. 

1.  D.  laciniataMuhl.:  cauline  leaves  3,  verticillate,  on  short  petioles; 
ternate ;  leafets  3-parted ;  segments  linear,  entire,  or  coarsely  toothed ;  root 
moniliform.     D.  concatenate,  Mick. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.,  but  rather  rare.  April,  May.  Q.—Stem 
6 — 12  inches  high,  simple.  Flowers  in  loose  terminal  racemes,  pale  rose-colored 
or  white.  Petals  wedge-obovate,  attenuated  below.  Pod  an  inch  long. 

Common  Tooth-wort. 

2.  D.  diphytta  Mich. :  cauline  leaves  mostly  2,  on  short  petioles,  ternate ; 
leafets  ovate-oblong,  unequally  and  coarsely  serrate  or  laciniate. 

Woods.  Throughout  Can.  and  U.  S.  May.  %.—Stem  6—10  inches  high. 
Leaves  large,  opposite  or  closely  approximate  above  the  middle  of  the  stem. 
Flowers  white  or  pale  purple,  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species.  Pod  about  an 
inch  long.  Pepper-root. 

3.  D.  heterophylla  Nutt :  stem  2-leaved  ;  leaves  ternate,  petiolate ;  leafets 
linear,  sub-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  margin  rough,  ciliate ;  radical  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  incisely  and  coarsely  toothed. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Ken.  June.  %.—Root  tuberous.  Corymb  about  9-flowered. 
Flowers  pale  purple,  about  as  large  as  those  of  Cardamine  pratensis.  The  smallest 
of  the  genus.  Small  Tooth-wort. 


28  CRUCIFERjE. 

4.  D.  maxima  Nutt. :  leaves  many,  alternate,  on  long  petioles,  ternate ; 
leafets  sub-oval,  incisely  and  acutely  toothed,  lateral  ones  lobed ;  axils 
naked  ;  racemes  lateral  and  terminal. 

Woods.  In  the  western  part  of  N.  Y.  and  Perm.  Nutt,  Rare.  June.  7J..— 
Tubers  concatenate.  Stem  sometimes  nearly  2  feet  high.  Leaves  5 — 7,  remote, 
the  margin  a  little  roughened  ;  leafets  broad.  Flowers  in  racemes,  pale  purple. 

Tall  Tooth-wart. 

12.  BARBAREA.  Brown. — Winter-cress. 
(From  St.  Barbara,  to  whom  this  plant  was  formerly  dedicated.) 

Pod  4-angled  and  somewhat  2-edged;  valves  awnless  at  the 
apex.  Seeds  in  a  single  row.  Calyx  erect,  equal  at  base. 

1.  J3.  vulgaris  Brawn :  lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  lobes  roundish ; 
upper  ones  sessile,  obovate,  toothed ;  pod  4-sided,  tapering  into  a  slender 
style.     Erysimum  Bar  bar ea  Linn. 

Pastures  and  wet  grounds.  N.  S.  N.  to  the  Arctic  Regions.  Hook.  May — 
Sept.  %. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  smooth,  branched  above.  Flowers  in  dense 
racemes,  small,  yellow.  Bitter  Winter-cress. 

2.  B.  prcecox  Brown :  lower  leaves  lyrate,  upper  ones  pinnatifid ;  seg- 
ments linear-oblong,  entire;  pod  linear,  obtuse,  compressed.     Erysimum 
prcBcox  Smith. 

Waste  grounds.  Can.  and  Conn.  Eaton.  April — Sept.  (g). — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high,  more  slender  than  the  last.  Flowers  smaller ;  pods  longer. 

Early  Winter-cress. 

13.  ARABIS.  Linn.— Wall-cress. 

(.Supposed  to  have  received  this  name,  because  originally  an  Arabian  genus.) 
Pod  linear,  plane  ;  valves  flat,  1 -nerved  in  the  middle.   Seeds 
in  one  row  in  each  cell,  oval  or  orbicular,  compressed.     Coty- 
ledons flat,  accumbent. 

1.  A.  sagittata  D.  C.:  leaves  subdentate,  rough,  with  the  pubescence 
often  branched ;  radical  ones  ovate  or  oblong,  attenuated  into  a  petiole ; 
cauline  lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate ;  pedicels  of  the  length  of  the  calyx ; 
pods  stiffly  erect. 

var.  ovata  D.  C. :  leaves  rough ;  radical  ones  ovate,  toothed ;  cauline 
clasping^.  A.  ovata  Pair.  Turritis  ovata  Pursh. 

var.  oblongata  D.  C. :  leaves  rough,  radical  ones  ovate-oblong,  toothed ; 
cauline  sagittate-amplexicaul.  Turritis  oblongata  Raf. 

Rocks.  Can.  (lat.  63°  N.)  to  Virg.  W.  to  Oregon.  (S).—Stem  12^18  inches 
high,  simple.  Flowers  small,  white.  A  very  variable  plant. 

Sagittate  Watt-cress. 

2.  A.  hirsuta  D.  C. :   leaves  dentate,   pubescent  or  scabrous ;  radical 
ones  obovate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;    cauline  ovate-lanceolate ; 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  pod  erect.     Turritis  hirsuta  Jacq. 

Conn.  Robbins.  Alleghany  Mountains.  Hook.  June.  ©). — Stem  6 — 12  inches 
high,  hairy.  Flowers  small,  white.  A  specimen  of  this  plant,  gathered  in  Con- 
necticut by  Dr.  Robbins,  agrees  very  well  with  the  foreign  one,  from  which  it 
teems  to  me  our  A.  sagittata  is  quite  distinct.  Hairy  Watt-cress 


CRUCIFER.E.  29 

3.  A.  lyrata  Linn. :  stem  somewhat  branched,  hairy  at  base ;  radical 
leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  often  pilose ;  those  of  the  stem  linear  or  spatulate, 
entire,  smooth  ;  pedicels  somewhat  spreading ;  pod  rather  erect  and  nearly 
straight.     Sisymbrium  arabidoides  Hook. 

On  rocks.  Throughout  the  N.  S.  and  Can.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
April — June.  (^J). — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  large,  white,  or  rarely 
pale  purple.  Lyre-leaved  Watt-cress. 

4.  A.  lavigata   D.  C. :    erect,  glabrous  and  glaucous ;    radical  leaves, 
obovate,  petioled,  sinuate-dentate ;  cauline  linear,  sessile,  very  entire ;  pod 
long  and  narrow,  recurved-pendulous ;  seeds  margined.     Turritis  l&vigata 
Wittd. 

Rocky  places.  N.  S.  May.  ®.—Stem  1—3  feet  high.  Flowers  few,  small, 
in  corymbed  racemes.  Pod  2  inches  long,  linear,  somewhat  tortuous,  tapering  at 
the  extremity  into  a  very  short  style.  Smooth  Watt-cress. 

5.  A.  dentata  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  rough  with  a  stellate  pubescence ;  radical 
leaves  obovate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole  which  is  as  long  as  the  la- 
mina, irregularly  dentate ;  cauline  oblong,  clasping ;  pod  short,  spreading ; 
seeds  slightly  margined. 

Sandy  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Miss,  and  Arkansas.  May.  (J). — Stem  a  foot  or 
more  high,  slender,  decumbent  at  base.  Leaves  scabrous  beneath.  Flowers  dull 
white.  Toothed  WaU-cress. 

6.  A.   heterophylla    Nutt.:   nearly  smooth;   radical    leaves    spatulate, 
toothed ;  upper  ones  linear,  sessile,  entire ;  pod  long  and  spreading ;  petals 
linear-oblong,  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Maine  or  N.  H.  Nutt.  d).— Radical  leaves  somewhat  hairy.  Pod  about  3 
inches  long.  Heterophyllous  Watt-cress. 

7.  A.  Canadensis  Linn. :  cauline  leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, somewhat  toothed  ;  pedicels  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pubescent, 
reflexed  in  fruit ;  pod  pendulous,  subfalcate,  nerved ;  seeds  with  a  broad 
wing.     A.falcata  Mich.  Pursh.     A.mollisRaf. 

Rocky  situations.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  (§). — Stem  1 — 3  feet 
high.  Flowers  white,  in  long  terminal  racemes.  Pod  very  long. 

SicJclePod. 

14.  CARDAMINE.  Linn.— Bitter-cress. 

(From  the  Greek  KapSta,  the  heart,  and  <5a/*aw,  to  fortify ;  on  account  of  its  sup- 
posed strengthening  qualities.) 

Pod  linear;  valves  flat,  nerveless,  often  opening  elastically. 
Seeds  ovate,  not  margined  ;  funicle  of  the  hilum  slender. 
*  Leaves  undivided. 

1.  C.  rhomboidea  D.  C. :  root  tuberous ;  leaves  ovate-rhomboid,  obscurely 
repand-toothed,  smooth ;  lower  ones  on  long  petioles^    AraMs  rhomboidea 
Purs/i.  Pers. 

Low  grounds.  From  Hudson's  Bay  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
May,  June.  %.. — Stem  9 — 18  inches  high,  erect,  smooth,  simple.  Flowers  in 
terminal  racemes,  large,  white.  Spring-cress. 

2.  C.  rotundifolia  Mich. :  root  fibrous ;  stem  weak,  procumbent ;  leaves 
Buborbicular,  subdentate,  smooth,  petioled ;  pod  spreading,  slender,  with  a 
long  style.     C.  rhomboidea  var.  Torr.  fy  Gr. 


30  CRUCIFER^E. 

Wet  grounds  near  springs,  Can.  to  Car.  July.  '4. — Stem  6 — 15  inches  high, 
decumbent.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  white,  or  yellowish,  half  the  size  of 
the  preceding.  The  taste  of  the  root  is  rather  bitter  than  acrid,  as  in  that  of  C. 
rhomboidea.  Quite  distinct.  Round-leaved  Cardamine. 

3.  C.  beUidifolia  Linn. :  leaves  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy ;  radical  ones 
petioled,  ovate,  entire  ;  cauline  few,  entire,  or  somewhat  3-lobed ;  pod  erect ; 
stigma  subsessile.     C.  rotundifolia  Big. 

Highest  summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  Rocky  Mountains,  and  throughout 
Arctic  America.  July.  %.— Plant  2—4  inches  high.  Flowers  in  a  corymbed 
raceme.  Petals  cuneiform,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  white.  Pod  an  inch  long, 
surmounted  by  a  short  style.  Allied  to  C.  alpina.  Mountain  Cardamine. 

**  Leaves  divided. 

4.  C.  pratensis  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  of  the  radical  ones  round- 
ish ;  of  the  cauline,  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire ;  flowers  large,  in  a  terminal 
corymb ;  style  very  short,  nearly  as  thick  as  the  pod ;  stigma  capitate. 

Swamps.  Arct.  and  N.  W.  America  to  Western  N.  Y.  June.  1\.. — -Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Flowers  purplish,  large.  Pod  linear,  an  inch  long.  This 
species  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  its  large  flowers  and  thick  style. 

Common  Bitter  Cress. 

5.  C.  hirsuta  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  of  the  radical  ones  petioled, 
mostly  rounded ;  of  the  cauline  ovate  or  linear,  toothed  or  entire ;  petals 
small,  oblong-cuneate ;  stigma  minute,  subsessile.     C.Pennsylvanica  Muhl. 
D.  C.     C.  Virginica  Mich. 

Wet  grounds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  to  Arct.  and  N.  W.  Amer. 
July,  (j) — From  4  inches  to  a  foot  or  more  in  height.  Leaves  hairy  or  smooth. 
Flmvers  small,  white.  A  very  variable  species.  American  Water  Cress. 

6.  C.  tcres  Mich. :  leaves  sublyrate-pinnatifid ;  segments  oval-oblong,  the 
terminal  one  somewhat  3-lobed ;  pod  short,  erect,  terete. 

Low  grounds.  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  PursTi.  June,  July.  1\.. — Stem  slender, 
erect,  branching.  Pod  on  a  short  pedicel.  De  Candolle  thinks  this  may  belong 
to  his  genus  Nasturtium ;  while  Torrey  and  Gray  place  it,  with  a  marjc  of  doubt, 
in  the  genus  Sigymbrium.  Terete  Cardamine. 

15.  NASTURTIUM.  Brown.— Cress. 

(From  Nasus  tortus,  a  convulsed  nose,  an  effect  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the 
acrid  and  pungent  quality  of  this  plant.) 

Pod  rounded  (sometimes  short.)  Stigma  sub-2-lobed.  Valves 
concave,  nerveless,  not  keeled.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Calyx 
spreading. 

1.  2V.  qfficinaie  Drown:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  ovate,  subcordate,  sinu- 
ate-dentate ;  upper  ones  pinnatifid.     Sisymbrium  Nasturtium  Linn. 

In  water.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  to  the  N.  W.  coast.  June,  July.  T^. — 
Stem  decumbent,  floating.  Leaves  large.  Flowers  white,  corymbed.  Pod  about 
an  inch  long.  Esteemed  as  a  salad.  Water  Cress. 

2.  N.  palustre  D.  C. :  root  fibrous;  leaves  ly rate-pin n atifid :  lobes  con- 
fluent, unequally  toothed,  smooth ;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  pod  obtuse 
at  both  ends,  turgid.     Sisymbrium  palustre  Wittd. 

Wet  places,  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  sea.  July. 
Cp. — Stem  18  inches  high,  mostly  erect,  branched.  Jjeaves  glabrous,  all  more  or 
lese  pinnatifid.  Flowers  numerous,  minute,  yellow.  Pod  short,  turgid. 

Marsh  Cress. 


CRVCIFKR^E.  31, 

3.  N.  sylvestre  Brown :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  lanceolate,  cut,  the  upper- 
most ones  entire.     Sisymbrium  sylvestre  Linn.     S.  vulgare  Pers. 

Banks  ol  the  Delaware,  near  Philadelphia.  Null.  July  1\.. — Root  creeping. 
Stem  a  foot  liigh,  angular,  branched.  Flowers  yellow,  larger  than  those  of  the 
preceding.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Creeping  Cress. 

4.  N.  amphibium  Broicn :  root  fibrous ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  lyrate- 
pinnatifid  or  serrate ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pod  elliptical,  tipped 
with  the  mucronate  style.     Sisymbriiim  amphibium  Linn. 

Wet  places.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  May— July.  1\..— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  branched.  Flowers  yellow,  minute,  in  a  long  raceme.  Very  variable 
in  the  character  of  its  leaves.  Water  Radish. 

5.  N.  hispidum  D.  C. :  leaves  pinnatifidly  lobed  or  runcinate-pinnatifid ; 
lobes  rather  obtusely  toothed  ;  pod  ovoid,  tumid,  pointed  with  the  distinct 
style,  about  half  as  long  as  the  pedicel ,  petals  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Sisymbrium  hispidum  Pair. 

Wet  places.  Conn.  N.  Y.  Penn.  July,  Aug.  7J..— Stem  2—4  feet  high, 
much  branched  above.  Leaves  more  or  less  pinnalifid.  Flowers  yellow,  in  nu- 
merous panicled  racemes.  Hispid  Cress. 

6.  N.  natans  D.  C. :  emerged  leaves  oblong-linear,  entire ;  immersed  ones 
cut  into  many  capillary  segments ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
pod  obovate,  globose. 

In  water.  Montreal  to  New  Orleans :  rare.  July.  %. — Stem  long,  sub- 
merged. Lower  leaves  finely  divided ;  middle  ones  often  pinnatifid ;  emerged 
ones  lanceolate,  undivided,  serrate.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  small.  According  to 
Torrey  and  Gray  the  American  plant  is  a  variety  of  the  foreign  one. 

Floating  Cress. 

16.  TURRITIS.  DHL—Tower  Mustard. 

(From  the  Latin  turris,  a  tower;  on  account  of  the  pyramidal  form  of  the 
plant.) 

Pod  linear ;  the  valves  plane.  Seeds  in  a  double  row  in  each 
cell. — Flowers  white  or  rose-color. 

T.  stricta  Graham:  smooth;  stem  straight  and  erect;  cauline  leaves 
linear-lanceolete  clasping  and  sagittate,  sparingly  toothed ;  radical  petioled, 
narrow-spatulate,  remotely  denticulate  ;  pods  linear,  elongated  and  (like  the 
flowers)  strictly  erect. 

On  rocks.  Jefferson  and  Chenango  counties,  N.  Y.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. May.  (g).  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  simple.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
white.  Pod  2 — 3  inches  long.  Straight  Tower  Mustard. 

17.  CHEIRANTHUS.  R.  Brown.— Wall  Flower. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Arabic  kheyry,  not  however  originally  applied  to 
this  genus.) 

Pod  terete  or  compressed.  Stigma  2-lobed  or  capitate. 
Inner  sepals  saccate  at  the  base.  Seeds  in  a  single  series, 
ovate,  compressed. 

C.  hesperidoides  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  smooth ;  lower  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid ; 
upper  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  and  sharply  serrate ;  pedicels  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  limb  of  the  petals  obovate,  entire.  Hespera  pinnoJifida  Mich. 


32  GRUCIFER^E. 

Banks  of  streams.  Western  Penn.  to  Ken.  and  Arkansas.  May — July.  %•— 
Stem  1—3  feet  high,  simple  or  branched,  flowers  in  racemes,  pale  purple,  small. 
Pods  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Rocket-like  Watt  Flower. 

18.  SISYMBRIUM.  AIL—  Sisymbrium. 

iFromthe  Greek  ctavfilSpiov,  a  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  some  plant  allied 
to  this.) 

Pod  roundish,  sessile  upon  the  disk.  Stigmas  2,  somewhat 
distinct,  or  connate  in  a  head.  Calyx  equal  at  base.  Stamens 
without  teeth.  Seeds  ovate  or  oblong. 

1.  'S.  officinale  D.  C. :  leaves  runcinate  and  with  the  stem  hairy ;  flow- 
ers in  a  long  raceme;  pod  subulate,  pressed  to  the  rachis.     Erysimum 
officinale  Linn. 

Road  sides.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  W.  to  Columbia  river.  June- 
Sept.  (1). — Stem  I — 3  feet  high,  branched.  Leaves  hairy,  or  nearly  smooth. 
Flowers  yellow,  minute.  Varies  much  in  the  form  of  its  leaves.  Introduced  ? 

Common  Sisymbrium. 

2.  S.  Sophia  Linn. :  leaves  bipinnate,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  segments 
oblong-linear,  cut ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  calyx  thrice  as  short  as 
the  pedicel ;  pod  linear,  erect. 

Sandy  places.  Can.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  (J). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers 
numerous,  yellow.  Segments  of  the  leaves  very  narrow.  Pod  nearly  an  inch 
long,  very  narrow.  Flix-weed. 

3.  S.  canescens  Nutt.:  leaves  bipinnatifid ;  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
somewhat  toothed  ;  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  pods  in  elongated 
racemes,   oblong  or  oblong-linear,   shorter  (or  rarely  longer)  than  the 
pedicels. 

Arct.  Amer.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.—- Stem  1—2  feet  high. 
Flowers  very  small.  Pedicels  spreading,  with  the  pod  often  erect.  A  very 
variable  species.  Canescent  Sisymbrium. 

4.  S.   Thalianum  Hook. :  leaves  obscurely  dentate  pilose ;  radical  ones 
numerous,  elliptic-oblong,  sub-petiolate ;    cauline  lanceolate,  sessile  j   pod 
ascending,  rather  longer  than  the  pedicel.     Arabis  ThaLiana  Linn.  Pursh. 
A.  parinftora  JRaf. 

Sandy  fields  or  rocks.  Mass,  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  April,  May.  (£).— Stem 
6 — 15  inches  high,  slender,  terete.  Leaves  mostly  in  a  radical  cluster,  scarcely 
an  inch  long.  Flowers  small,  white.  Introduced  ?  Watt  Cress. 

19.  ERYSIMUM.    Linn.— Hedge  Mustard. 
(From  the  Greek  eptw,  to  cure ;  on  account  of  the  supposed  virtues  of  the  plant.) 

Pod  four-sided.     Calyx  closed.     Cotyledons  flat,  oblong. 

E.  cludranthoides  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed  and 
scabrous ;  pod  erect,  spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicel ;  stigma  small, 
nearly  sessile. 

Along  streams.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
July — Sept.  (I)  or  (§). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect,  branched  and  with  the 
leaves  scabrous.  Flowers  yellow,  in  long  terminal  racemes.  Pod  about  an 
inch  long,  pointed  with  a  short  style.  Worm-seed  Hedge  Mustard. 


CAPPARIDACEyE.  33 

20.  SINAPIS.  Linn.— Mustard. 

(From  the  Greek  an/am,  derived  again  by  Theis  from  the  Celtic  nap,  a  turnip 
or  cabbage.) 

Pod  roundish ;  valves  bearing  nerves.  Style  small,  short, 
acute.  Seeds  in  one  series,  subglobose.  Calyx  spreading. 

1.  S.  nigra  Linn. :  lower  leaves  lyrate ;  upper  lanceolate,  entire,  petio- 
late ;  pod  smooth  and  even,  somewhat  4-sided,  appressed  to  the  peduncle. 

Fields.  N.  S.  June,  July.  (1).— Stem  2—4  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow.  In- 
troduced from  Europe.  Black  Mustard. 

2.  S.  alba  Linn. :  leaves  lyrate,  nearly  smooth,  the  terminal  lobes  large ; 
pod  mostly  hispid,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  broad  sword-form  beak; 
seeds  large,  pale. 

Waste  places.  N.  S.  July.  (£).—< Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow, 
rather  large,  corymbose.  Introduced  from  Europe.  White  Mustard. 

3.  £.  arvensis  Linn. :   leaves  lyrately-pinnatifid,  rough ;  pod  smooth, 
many-angled,  turgid  and  knotty,  longer  than  the  two-edged  beak. 

Wet  meadows  and  fields.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  June— Aug.  (p.— Stem  2—3 
feet  high,  rough.  Flowers  rather  large,  bright  yellow.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Charlock.     Wild  Mustard. 

21.  RAPHANUS.  Linn.— Radish. 

(From  the  Greek  pa,  quickly,  and  (jiatvofiai,  to  appear ;  in  allusion  to  its  rapid 
germination.) 

Pod  transversely  many-celled  or  dividing  into  several  joints. 
Seeds  in  one  row,  globose,  pendulous. 

R.  Raphanistrum  Linn.:  leaves  simply  lyrate;  pod  jointed,  1-celled, 
striate,  3 — 8-seeded,  longer  than  the  style. 

Fields  and  waste  places.  N.  S.  July.  ®.—Stem  1—2  feet  high,  hispid. 
Flowers  yellow,  about  as  large  as  those  of  the  common  radish.  Wild  Radish. 

ORDER  XIII.     CAPEARIDACE^E.— CAPPARIDS. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  or  even  8,  imbricated,  or  none,  cruciate, 
usually  unguiculate  and  unequal.  Stamens  6 — 12,  (rarely  4,) 
or  numerous,  usually  some  multiple  of  4.  Disk  hemispherical 
or  elongated.  Fruit  either  pod-shaped  and  dehiscent,  or  fleshy 
and  indehiscent,  rarely  1 -seeded,  rnqst  frequently  with  poly- 
spermous  placentae.  Seeds  generally  reniform,  without  albu- 
men ;  embryo  curved,  cotyledons  foliaceous. — Herbaceous 
plants  or  shrubs  without  a  true  stipule,  but  sometimes  with 
spines  in  their  place.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  undivided  or 
palmate. 

1.  GYNANDROPSIS.  D.  C.— Gynandropsis. 
(From  three  Greek  words,  in  allusion  to  the  situation  of  the  stamens.) 
Calyx  of  4   sepals,  spreading.     Petals  4.     Disk  elongated. 

2* 


34  CISTACE^E. 

Stamens  6,  united  around  the  torus,  free  at  the  apex.  Pod 
stiped. 

G.  pentaphylla  D.  C. :  smoothish  ;  leaves  quinate ;  the  lower  and  floral 
ones  ternate  ;  leafets  entire  and  subserrulate.  Cleome  pentaphylla  Linn. 

In  cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  to  Flor.  July.  (I).  Stem  2  feet  high,  viscid. 
Flowers  white,  in  long  terminal  racemes.  Petals  obovate,  with  very  long  capil- 
lary claws.  Pod  long,  linear,  on  a  long  foot-stalk.  Five-leaved  Gynandropsis. 

2.  POLANISIA.  Raf.— Polanisia. 

(From  the  Greek  n-oXv,  much,  and  aviaos,  unequal ;  in  allusion  to  the  inequality 
of  the  stamens.) 

Calyx  of  4  sepals,  spreading.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8 — 32. 
Disk  small.  Pod  sessile  or  scarcely  stiped.  Style  distinct. 

P.  graveolens  Raf. :  viscidly  pubescent ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  elliptical- 
oblong  ;  stamens  8 — 12 ;  pod  oblong,  attenuate  at  base,  muricate  with  a 
glandular  pubescence.  Cleome  dodecandra,  var.  Canadensis  Linn. 

Gravelly  banks  of  rivers  and  lakes.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Miss. :  rare.  June 
— Aug.  '!(-. — Stem  6 — 15  inches  high,  often  purplish.  Flowers  in  a  corymbose 
raceme,  yellowish-white  and  purple.  Whole  plant  more  or  less  viscid  and  fetid. 

Strong-scented  Polanisia. 

ORDER  XIY.    CISTACE^E. — ROCK  ROSES. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  unequal,  the  three  inner  often  with  a 
twisted  aestivation.  Petals  6,  (very  rarely  3,)  very  fugitive, 
crumpled  in  aestivation  and  twisted  in  a  direction  contrary  to 
that  of  the  sepals.  Stamens  definite  or  indefinite  ;  ovary  1  or 
many-celled ;  style  and  stigma  simple,  hypogynous  ;  style  sin- 
gle. Fruit  capsular,  either  1 -celled  with  parietal  placentae  in 
the  axis  of  the  valves,  or  imperfectly  5 — 10-celled.  Seeds  few 
or  numerous.  Embryo  inverted,  either  spiral  or  curved  in  the 
midst  of  mealy  albumen. — Shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants.  Leaves 
usually  entire,  opposite  or  alternate.  Flowers  very  fugacious. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM.   Tourn.— Rock  Rose. 

(From  the  Greek  fi\ios,  the  sun,  and  avBefJiov,  a  flower ;  the  flowers  opening  only 
in  sunshine.) 

Calyx  with  3  equal  sepals,  or  5  disposed  in  two  rows,  the 
two  outer  ones  often  smaller,  rarely  larger.  Petals  5,  (some- 
times wanting,)  often  irregularly  denticulate  at  the  apex.  Stig- 
ma capitate.  Ovary  triquetrous.  Capsule  3-valved,  with  the 
dissepiment  in  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Seeds  angled,  smooth. 

1.  H.  Canadense  Mich. :  stem -at  first  simple,  erector  ascending;  leaves 
oblong  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  with  revolute  margins,  (when  dry.)  and  with 


CISTACE^E.  35 

the  sepals  and  often  the  branches  and  peduncles  canescently  tomentose : 
the  primary  or  terminal  flowers  large,  few  or  solitary,  on  peduncles  about 
as  long  as  the  flower ;  secondary  flowers  axillary,  very  small,  nearly  sessile, 
solitary  or  somewhat  clustered  on  short  leafy  branches,  the  petals  very 
small  or  none,  the  outer  sepals  usually  wanting.  (Tb?T.)  H.  ramuliflorum 
Mich.  H.  corymbosiim  Pursh.  H.  rosmarinifolium  Purth.  Cistus  Cana- 
densis  Linn. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  1\.. — Stem  about 
a  foot  high,  at  length  branching.  Primary  flowers  an  ioch  in  diameter,  yellow ; 
secondary  ones  often  very  numerous,  with  very  minute  capsules,  in  which  stage 
it  has  probably  been  mistaken  for  Lechea.  I  follow  Torrey,  Gray,  and  Darling- 
ton, in  uniting  the  several  supposed  distinct  species  above  named. 

Rock  Rose..     Frost  Weed. 

2.  H.  corymbosnm  Mich:  stem  branching  from  the  base,  canescent; 
flowers  in  terminal  fastigiate  cymes ;  the  primary  ones  on  filiform  peduncles 
much  longer  than  the  flower,  the  petals  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx ;  the  secondary  flowers  in  glomerate  cymules,  mostly  apetalous,  3 — 10 
androus ;  sepals  tomentose  villous  ;  the  inner  ones  oblong-ovate,  acute,  the 
outer  linear  and  obtuse ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  softly  canescent  beneath. 
(Torr.  <$•  Gr.) 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  April— May.  '2]..— Stem  about  a  foot  high. 
Flowers  about  as  large  as  those  of  H.  Canadense.  from  which  it  is  quite  distinct. 

Corymbose  Rock  Rose. 

2.  LECHEA.  Linn.— Pin  Weed. 
(In  honor  of  John  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 

Calyx  3-sepalled,  with  two  outer  bracts  or  sepals,  persistent. 
Petals  3,  inconspicuous,  lanceolate.  Stamens  3 — 12,  and  often 
thrice  the  number.  Ovary  1,  3-sided.  Stigmas  3,  scarcely  dis- 
tinct. Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  as  many  inner  valves 
opposite  the  others.  Seeds  affixed  to  the  dissepiment  or  nerve, 
very  few,  often  8. 

1.  L.  villosa  Ell.:   radical  branches  prostrate,  villose;    leaves  oblong 
lanceolate,  mucronate,  pilose ;  panicle  short,  leafy ;  flowers  fasciculate-race- 
mose, secund,  on  very  short  pedicels.     L.  major  Mich. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  'July.  %. — Stem  I — 2  feet  high,  erect.  Leaves 
on  the  radical  branches  opposite  or  verticillate ;  those  on  the  stem  alternate. 
Flowers  small,  brown,  in  racemose  clusters:.  Larger  Pin  Weed. 

2.  L.  minor  Pursh. :    nearly   smooth ;   stem   assurgent ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  and  linear,  acute ;  panicle  leafy ;  branches  elongated ;  flowers  on 
short  pedicels. 

Dry  hills.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July— Sept.  '7J..— Stem  8—12  inches  high. 
Flowers  brown.  Fruit  larger  than  in  the  former.  Smaller  Pta  Weed. 

3.  L.  racemulosa  Mich. :  whole  plant  covered  with  appressed  pubescence  ; 
stem  erect ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  ciliate  ;  panicle  slender  and  very  branching; 
raceme  naked  ;  flowers  small,  alternate,  pedicellate. 

Sandy  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  Tj..— Pursh.  Perhaps  only  a  variety 
of  the  preceding  Bunch-flovxred,  Pin  Weed. 


36  VIOLACE.E. 

4.  L.  thymifolia  Pursk. :  whole  plant  whitish-villose ;  stem  erect ;  leaves 
linear,  acute ;  panicle  leafy,  elongated ;  branches  very  short ;  flowers 
minute,  in  lateral  and  terminal  fasicles ;  pedicels  very  short. 

Sands.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July.  ^ — Stem  a  foot  high,  erect,  much  branched. 
Leaves  villose  at  base.  ^Flowers  rather  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species. 

Thyme-leaved  Lechea. 

3.  HUDSONIA.  Linn.— Hudsonia. 
(In  honor  of  William  Hudson,  author  of  the  Flora  Anglica.j 

Calyx  5 -parted;  segments  unequal,  the  two  outer  ones 
minute.  Petals  5.  Stamens  9 — 30.  Style  straight,  simple. 
Stigma  simple.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  1 — 3-seeded.  Seeds 
granulated. 

1.  H.  ericoides  Linn. :  canescently  pubescent ;  stem  suffruticose,  sub- 
erect  ;  branches  elongated  ;  leaves  filiform,  subulate,  subimbricate  ;  pedun- 
cles exserted,  longer  than  the  flowers ;  sepals  acutish ;  capsules  oblong, 
slightly  pubescent,  1 — 3-seeded. 

Sandy  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  May,  June.  17. — Stem  4 — 6  inches  high, 
much  branched.  Leaves  small,  persistent.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  Stamens 
about  15.  Heath-like  Hudsonia. 

2.  H.  tomentosa  Nutt. :  cespitose,  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  minute,  closely 
imbricate,  ovate,  acute  ;  flowers  aggregated,  subsessile  ;  calyx  sub-cylindric, 
with  obtuse  segments ;  capsule  1-seeded ;  valves  ovate,  smooth. 

Sea-shores.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June.  17. — Stem  ascending,  much 
branched.  Flowers  yellow,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  Stamens  9- — 18. — 
The  whole  plant  is  silvery  gray  and  tomentose.  Woolly  Hudsonia. 

ORDER  XV.     VIOLACE^E.— VIOLETS. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation.  Petals 
5,  equal  or  unequal,  with  a  convolute  aestivation.  Stamens  5, 
inserted  in  a  hypogynous  disk,  often  unequal ;  anthers  either 
separate  or  cohering,  and  lying  close  upon  the  ovary ;  filaments 
dilated,  elongated  beyond  the  anthers  ;  two  of  them,  in  the 
irregular  flowers,  generally  furnished  with  an  appendage  or 
gland  at  the  base.  Style  usually  declined,  with  a  thickened  or 
hooded  stigma,  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  often  with 
a  tumor  at  their  base ;  albumen  fleshy. — Herbaceous  plants 
or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  usually  alternate,  furnished  with 
stipules. 

1.  VIOLA.   Tnvrn.— Violet. 
(Origin  of  the  name  doubtful.) 

Sepals  5,  auricled  at  their  base.  Petals  unequal,  the  lower 
one  spurred.  Stamens  5,  approximated  ;  filaments  distinct ; 


VIOLACE^E.  37 

anthers  connate,  the  two  lower  ones  with  processes  at  their 
back.     Capsules  1 -celled,  3-valved,  opening  elastically. 

*  Stemkss. 
f  Flowers  blue. 

1.  V.  pedata  Linn. :   leaves  pedate,   often  nearly  smooth,  from  5 — 7 
parted ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed ;  stipules 
radical,  peclinately  lacerate ;  petals  beardless,  entire,  rounded  at  the  ex- 
tremity ;  stigma  large,  compressed,  obliquely  truncate  and  perforate  at  the 
apex.     V.  digitata  Pursh. 

Rocky  hills.  From  lat.  53°  N.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  ^.—Scapes 
'3 — 5  inches  high,  several  from  the  same  root.  Flowers  large,  pale  blue,  rarely 
almost  white.  Pedate  Violet. 

2.  V.  palmata  Linn. :  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent,  reniform-cordate, 
palmate,  or  hastate-lobed  ;  lobes  very  various,  the  intermediate  one  always 
larger;  stipules  lanceolate,  subciliate;  lateral  petals  densely  bearded  to- 
wards the  base ;  stigma  capitate,  recurved,  margined,  rostrate.     V.  hetero- 
phylla  Le  Conte. 

Swamps  and  low  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  River  Platte.  May.  Ij.. 
— Scape  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  middle-sized,  bright  blue.  This 
species  varies  greatly  in  the  form  of  the  leaves,  and  sometimes  closely  resembles 
V.  cucuttata,  of  which  it  is  perhaps  only  a  variety.  Palmate  Violet. 

3.  V.  cucuttata  Ait. :  smoothish ;  leaves  cordate,  cucullate  at  base,  den- 
tate-serrate, veined ;  stipules  small,  linear,  ciliate ;  flower  oblique ;  lower 
and  lateral  petals  rigidly  bearded ;  upper  one   smooth ;  spur  very  short, 
rounded.     V.  papilionacea  Pursh.     V.  affinis  Le  Conte.     V.  obliqua  Pursh. 

Wet  meadows.  Common  throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S.  April,  May.  7J.. — 
This  species  varies  considerably  in  the  form  of  its  leaves,  and  in  the  degree  of 
pubescence.  The  same  individual,  indeed,  undergoes  changes  during  the  season. 

Hood-leaved  Violet. 

4.  V.  Selkirkii  Goldie  :  leaves  cordate,  crenately  serrate,  minutely  hairy 
above,  smooth  beneath,  the  sinus  deep  and  nearly  closed ;  stigma  triangu- 
lar, margined,  with  a  distinct  beak ;  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  lamina, 
thick,  very  obtuse. 

Hills  and  mountains.  Can.  Mass,  and  N.  Y. :  rare.  7[_. — Leaves  numerous, 
in  a  radical  tuft.  Flowers  pale  blue,  much  smaller  than  in  V.  cucuttata.  Spur 
conspicuous,  somewhat  dilated  at  the  end.  Selkirk's  Violet. 

5.  V.  sagittata  Ait. :   leaves  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,   oblong, 
acute,  cordate,  sagittate,  often  hastate  at  base,  serrate  or  crenate-dentate ; 
petals  oblong,  ovate,  all  except  the  lower  one  bearded;  stigma  depressed, 
margined.     V.  dentata  Pursh. 

var.  emarginata  Nutt. :  leaves  almost  triangular,  lacerately  toothed 'at 
the  base  ;  petals  emarginate  or  bi-dentate.  V.  emarginata  Le  Conte. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  April,  May.  1{-. — Leaves  quite  variable. 
Flowers  middle-sized,  purple.  Var.  emarginata,  is  found  in  the  sandy  fields  of 
New  Jersey.  Arrow-leaved  Violet. 

6.  V.  ovata  Nutt. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  rather  acute,  subcordate,  crenate, 


38  VIOLACE^:. 

often  lacerately  toothed  at  base,  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  pubescent  on  both 
sides  ;  stipules  broad-lanceolate,  ciliate  ;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  ;  petals 
obovate,  entire ;  lateral  ones  densely  bearded.  V.  sagittata,  var.  ovate 
Torr.  fy  Gr.  V.  primulafolia  Piirsh. 

Dry  hills.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  T].. — Whole  plant  pubescent.  Leaves 
much  narrower  and  more  downy  than  in  C.  cucuttata.  Flowers  larger  than  those 
of  V.  primuUefolia.  Ovate-leaved  Violet. 

7.  F.  vittosa  Walt. :  leaves  reniform-cordate  or  renifbrm,  obtuse,  crenate, 
flat,  very  pubescent ;  sepals  oblong,  auriculate  at  base  ;  lateral  and  lower 
petals  bearded ;  stigma  deflexed ;  capsule  smoothish.     F.  barbata  Muhl. 

var.  cordifolia  Nutt. :  leaves  smooth  beneath,  rather  acute  ;  sepals  narrow, 
short,  smooth  and  scarcely  produced  at  base.  F.  cordifolia  Schw.  F.  soro- 
ria  Darlingt. 

Rocky  hills.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  %. — Leaves  rather  thick,  mostly  incumbent 
on  the  grounds  often  purplish  on  the  under  side.  Scape  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Bearded  Violet. 

ff  Flowers  yellow. 

8.  F.  rotundifolia  Mich. :  leaves  broad-ovate  or  orbicular,  cordate,  with 
the  sinus  at  length  closed,  slightly  crenate,  smooth  beneath  ;  stipules  lance- 
olate-subulate ;  sepals  oblong,   narrow,  obtuse ;    lateral   petals  bearded ; 
lower  ones  smaller,  smooth ;  spur  very  short ;  stigma  recurved. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  1\. — Scape  1 — 2£  inches  high,  smooth. 
Flowers  pale  yellow,  middle  sized.  Distinct  from  V.  dandestma  of  Pursh. 

Round-leaved  Violet. 

fff  Flowers,  somewhat  regular,  small,  white. 

9.  F.  lanceolata  Linn. :  leaves  very  smooth,  narrow  lanceolate,  atten- 
uated at  each  end,  sub-serrate ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth ;  petals 
beardless,  nearly  equal ;  spur  very  short ;  stigma  recurved,  rostrate. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  April,  May.  1\.. — Scape  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  white,  inodorous.  The  long  narrow  leaves 
will  sufficiently  distinguish  this  species.  One  of  the  finest  localities  that  I  have 
met  with,  is  a  swamp  about  a  mile  west  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  Lance-leaved  Violet. 

10.  F.  acuta  Dig. :  leaves  ovate,  smooth,  crenate,  rather  obtuse  ;  stipules 
linear-subulate ;  scape  angular ;  bracts  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals :  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  smooth ;  petals  ovate,  acute,  mostly  smooth,  lower  ones 
veined ;  stigma  capitate,  rostrate. 

Moist  grounds.  Cambridge,  Mass.  Big.  1\.. — A  small  species.  Distin- 
guished by  its  even  and  always  acute  petals  and  by  its  long  linear  bracts. 

Acute  Violet. 

11.  F.  primulafolia  Linn. :  leaves  smooth,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate, 
subcordate,  rather  obtuse,  sparingly  crenate ;  nerves  beneath  and  scape 
somewhat  pubescent ;  sepals  lanceolate ;  petals  obtuse :   the  two  lateral 
ones  a  little  bearded  and  striate ;  stigma  capitate,  rostrate. 

Wet  grounds.  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ken. ;  rare.  April,  May.  1\.. — Leaves 
2 — 5  inches  long,  and  an  inch  or  more  wide,  about  as  long  as  the  scape.  Flowers 
white,  odorous,  about  the  size  of  those  of  V.  lanceolata.  Bracts  long.  This 
species  varies  in  the  form  of  its  leaves  from  broad-cordate  to  lanceolate. 
Near  New  Brunswick,  where  what  I  consider  the  V. primula 'folia,  i^  very  abun- 
dant, it  certainly  passes  into  F.  lanceolata,  with  which  pper-io  1  think"  it  will 
eventually  prove  identical.  Dr.  Bigclow  Miggesis  that  V.  hhiudt:  and  V.  lancv- 


VIOLACE^E.  39 

olata  may  be  the  same.  This  seems  also  to  be  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Darlington ; 
but  so  far  as  my  observation  extends  the  former  is  much  more  constant  in  its 
characters  than  V.  primulcefolia.  Primrose-leaved  Violet. 

12.  V.  blanda  Willd :  leaves  broad-cordate,  remotely  serrate  or  crenate, 
nearly  smooth ;  sinus  rounded ;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate  ;  petals  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, nearly  beardless  ;  stigma  depressed,  acutely  margined. 

Wet  meadows.  From  lat.  66°  N.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  Tj..— 
Leaves  1 — 2  inches  in  diameter,  flat  and  thin.  Flowers  small,  white,  streaked 
with  purple,  odorous.  This  species  very  closely  resembles  the  foreign  V.  palus- 
tris.  White  Violet. 

13.  V.  dandestina  Pursk  :  cespitose  ;  leaves  large,  suborbicular,  obtuse, 
thin,  nearly  smooth,  crenate-serrate  ;  sinus  closed,  cordate  ;  stipules  ovate, 
short ;  stolons  floriferous ;  petals  narrow,  ovate,  beardless,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  flowers  often  apetalous  ;  stigma  straight,  capitate. 

Shady  woods,  on  mountains.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June — Sept.  Tj.. — Flowers 
often  apetalous,  generally  concealed  in  the  earth.  More  nearly  allied  to  V.  ro- 
tundifolia  than  to  V.  blanda  ;but,  in  my  opinion,  distinct  from  both. 

Hidden-flowered  Violet. 
**  Caulescent. 

14.  V.  Canadensis  Linn.:  stem  erect;  leaves  broad-cordate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  nerves,  lower  ones  011  long  petioles ;  stip- 
ules broad-lanceolate,  membranaceous,  entire ;  sepals  subulate,  lanceolate ; 
spur  very  short ;  stigma  s>hort,  pubescent ;  capsule  somewhat  globose,  pu- 
bescent. 

Shady  woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Pacific.  May — July.  %. — 
Stem  9  — 18  inches  high,  usually  simple.  Flowers  large,  blue  without,  paler 
within.  Canadian  Violet. 

15.  V.  ochroleuca  Schw. :  stem  assurgent ;  leaves  alternate,  lower  ones 
round-cordate,  crenate-serrate,  obtuse,  upper  ones  acuminate ;  stipules  large, 
oblong-lanceolate,  dentate-ciliate ;  sepals  subulate-lanceolate ;    petals  ob- 
tuse, the  lateral  ones  and  often  the  lowest  profusely  bearded ;  spur  pro- 
duced, obtuse;  stigma  recurved,  subpubescent.     V.  tfriaJa  Ait.  T^e  Cimtf. 
Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  Le  Conte :  rare.  May.  'lj-. — Stem  G — 10  inches 
high.  Flowers  yellowish-white,  large.  Ochroleucous  Violtl. 

16.  V.  MiMenbergii  Torr. :  stem  weak,  subprostrate,  branched,  smooth ; 
lower  leaves  reniform-cordate ;  upper  ones  a  little  acuminate,  crenate-ser- 
rate, nearly  smooth  ;  stipules  large,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate-ciliate ;  sepals 
linear-lanceolate ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  ones  bearded ;  spur 
nearly  one-third  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  stigma  rostrate.    V.  uliginosa  find 
asarifolia  MuM. 

Swamps.  Labrador  vo  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May.  '2J-. — Stf-m 
6—10  inches  high,  branched.  Flowers  middle-sized,  pale  purplish.  Very  nearly 
allied  to  V.  canina  of  Europe.  Muhlenberg's  Violet. 

17.  V.  rostrala  Muhl. :  stem  diffuse,  erect ;  leaves  smooth,  cordate,  acute, 
serrate ;  sinus  open ;  stipules  large,  lanceolate,  serrate-ciliate ;  peduncles 
filiform,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  petals  obovate,  all  beardless  ;  spur  longer 
than  the  corolla. 

Rocky  hills.     Can.  to  Virg.    W.  to  Ken.     May.  %. — S/em  6 — 3  inches  high, 


40  VIOLACE.E. 

smooth.     Flowers  large,  pale  blue,  with  a  very  long  horn  or  spur,  by  which  thi 
species  can  be  easily  recognized.  Spurred  Violet. 

18.  V.  pubescens  Ait. :  villous-pubescent ;  stem  elongated,  erect,  naked 
below ;  leaves  broad-ovate,  cordate,  dentate,  more  or  less  acuminate ;  stip- 
ules large,  ovate,  somewhat  toothed ;  lateral  petals  bearded ;  spur  short, 
acuminate.  V.  Pennsylvania  Mich. 

var.  1.  eriocarpa  Nutt :  capsule  densely  villous.     V.  eriocarpa  Schw. 

var.  2.  scabriuscula  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  stems  several,  often  decumbent,  nearly 
smooth,  or  with  a  pubescent  line  on  one  side  ;  leaves  somewhat  scabrous, 
but  hardly  pubescent ;  capsule  smooth  or  villous.  V.  scabriuscula  Schw. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Council  Bluffs.  May.  1\.. — Stem  6—8 
inches  high.  Flowers  middle-sized,  yellow.  Var.  2  is  found  near  Albany  and  in 
Oneida  county,  N.  Y.  Yellow  Violet. 

19  V.  hastcda  Mick. :  smooth ;  stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  above  ;  leaves  on 
long  petioles,  cordate-lanceolate  or  hastate,  acuminate ;  lobes  obtuse,  den- 
tate ;  stipules  minute,  ciliate-dentate ;  lower  petal  dilated,  sub-3-lobed ; 
lateral  ones  slightly  bearded ;  spur  short ;  stigma  truncate,  hairy  on  the 
sides. 

Mountains.  Penn.  to  Flor.  May.  7J.. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers 
yellow,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  Halberd-leaved  Yellow  Violet. 

20.  V.  tricolor  Linn. :  root  somewhat  fusiform  ;  stem  branching,  diffuse  ; 
lowest  leaves  ovate,  cordate  ;  stipules  runcinately  pinnatifid,  the  middle  lobe 
crenate  ;  petals  with  short  claws  ;  spur  thick,  obtuse,  not  produced  ;  appen- 
dages short ;  seeds  oblong-ovate. 

var.  arvensis  D.  C.  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  annual ;  stems  assurgent ;  upper  leaves 
spatulate-ovate ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  yellowish,  blue,  or 
spotted  with  purple.  V.  bicolor  Pursh.  V.  arvensis  Ell.  V.  tenella  Muhl. 

Dry  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  ©.—Stem  slender,  3— 8  inches 
high.  Leaves  less  than  an  inch  long.  Flowers  small,  pale  blue.  I  follow 
Hooker,  Torrey  and  Gray,  in  uniting  our  plant  with  V.  tricolor,  although  not 
without  some  hesitation.  Pansey.  Heart's  Ease. 

2.  SOLEA.  Ging.  D.  C.— Solea. 

(In  honor  of  W.  Sole,  author  of  an  Essay  on  the  genus  Mentha.) 
Sepals  scarcely  equal,  carinate  ?  not  auricled  at  base,  decur- 
rent  into  a  pedicel,  at  length  reflexed.  Petals  unequal,  the 
lowest  one  2-lobed  and  somewhat  gibbous  at  base.  Stamens 
cohering,  the  lowest  two  bearing  a  gland  above  the  middle.  Cap- 
sule somewhat  3 -sided.  Seeds  6 — 8,  very  large. 

S.  concolor  D.  C.  S.  stricta  Spreng.  Viola  concolor  Fors.  Nuti. 
Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss. ;  rare.  April,  May.  %.— Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high,  simple,  erect.  Leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  sessile,  irregularly 
toothed  above.  Peduncles  short,  2— 3-flowered.  Flowers  small,  greenish.  Ca- 
lyx nearly  as  long  as  the  petals.  Spur  none.  I  possess  fine  specimens  of  this 
plant,  which  were  gathered  near  Lebanon,  N.  Y.  It  is  also  found  in  the  western 
part  of  that  state,  and  in  Delaware  county,  Penn.  Green-flowered  Solea. 


DROSERACE.E.  41 

ORDER  XVI.    DROSERACE^E.— SUNDEWS. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  equal,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation 
Corolla  of  5  nearly  equal  petals.  Stamens  distinct,  either  equal 
in  number  to  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  2  or  3  or 
4  times  as  many.  Styles  3 — 5,  either  wholly  distinct  or  slightly 
connected  at  the  base,  bifid  or  branched.  Capsule  of  3  or  5 
valves.  Seeds  either  naked  or  furnished  with  an  arillus ;  em- 
bryo minute,  in  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. — Delicate  herbs, 
often  covered  with  glandular  hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  with 
stipulary  cilise  and  a  circinate  vernation. 

1.  DROSERA.  Linn.— Sundew. 

(From  the  Greek  fyo?u? ,  dew ;  the  glands  exuding  a  fluid  which  makes  the  plant 
appear  as  if  covered  with  dew.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3 — 5, 
bipartite.  Capsule  superior,  globose  or  ovoid,  1 — 3-celled, 
3 — 5-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  D.  rotundifolia  Linn. :  leaves  all  radical,  orbicular,  spreading,  fringed 
with  purple  ciliae,  pilose  above,  abruptly  tapering  into  the  long  hairy  petiole ; 
scape  erect,  bearing  a  terminal  and  mostly  simple  raceme ;  seeds  arillate. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  From  Arct.  Amer.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Scape 
4 — 3  inches  high.  Flowers  small,  5 — 10,  whitish.  Round-leaved  Sundew. 

2.  D.  longifolia  Linn. ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  erect-spreading,   tapering 
below  into  the  long  and  slender  naked  petiole  ;  scape  declined  at  base  ;  seeds 
not  arillate.     D.  Americana  Muhl.     D.foliosa  Ell. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Alabama.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Scape  3 — 6  inches  long,  usu 
ally  curved  to  one  side  at  the  base.  Flowers  5—9  in  a  raceme,  twice  as  large  as 
in  the  preceding.  Long-leaved  Sundew. 

3.  D.filiformis  Raf. :  leaves  filiform,  very  long,  nearly  erect,  glandular 
the  whole  length ;  scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  many-flowered,  simple  or 
bifid.     D.  tenuifolia  Willd. 

Sandy  swamp.  Mass,  to  Flor. ;  rare.  Aug.,  Sept.  1J-. — Scape  8 — 12  inches 
high.  Leaves  6 — 10  inches  long.  Flowers  purple,  few,  in  a  one-sided  raceme. 

Thread-leaved  Sundew. 

2.  PARNASSIA.  Linn. — Parnassus  Grass. 
(From  Mount  Parnassus ,•  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  this  plant.  > 
Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.      Petals  5.     Scales  (or  abortive  sta- 
mens?) opposite   to  the  claws  of  the  petals,    terminating   in 
glandular  bristles  at  the  apex.    Stamens  5.    Stigmas  4,  sessile. 
Capsule  4-valved,  1 -celled.     Seeds  arillate,  numerous. 

1.  P.  Caroliniana  Mich. :  radical  leaves  cordate,  orbicular-ovate,  on  long 
petioles;  cauline  one  sessile;  flowers  solitary,  terminal;  scales  3-bristled 
P.  Americana  and  P.  ovata  MvM. 


42  POLYGALACE.E. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Ftor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  Sept.  1J.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches 
high.  Leaves  mostly  radical.  Flowers  large,  yellowish  white. 

Carolina  Parnassus  Grass. 

2.  P.  palustris  Linn. :  leaves  all  cordate ;  cauline  one  sessile ;  scales 
smooth,  many  bristled. 

Bog  meadows.  Labrador  to  N.  Y.  ?  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Flowers 
white,  with  veins  of  green  or  purple.  Distinguished  by  the  numerous,  slender, 
white,  pellucid  hairs  of  its  scales  from  all  the  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Marsh  Parnassus  Grass. 

ORDER  XVII.    POLYGALACE^E.— MILKWORTS. 

Sepals  5,  very  irregular,  distinct,  3  exterior,  of  which  1  is 
superior  and  2  inferior  ;  2  inner  ones  (the  wings)  usually  peta- 
loid.  Petals  hypogynous,  mostly  3,  of  which  the  anterior  (keel) 
is  larger  than  the  rest,  and  usually  crested  or  lobed.  Stamens 
8,  usually  in  a  tube ;  anthers  mostly  1 -celled,  and  opening  by  a 
terminal  pore.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled ;  style  and  stigma  sim- 
ple. Fruit  usually  a  capsule,  sometimes  indehiscent.  Seeds 
with  abundant  albumen. — Shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants,  with  sim- 
ple entire  leaves  destitute  of  stipules.  Flowers  mostly  in  ra- 
cemes or  spikes. 

POLYGALA.  Tmcrn.— Milkwort. 

(From  the  Greek  ™Ai>,  much,  and  yaX«e,  mUk ;  from  its  supposed  power  of  in- 
creasing the  secretion  of  milk.) 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  2  of  them  wing-shaped  and  colored. 
Petals  3 — 5,  united  to  the  stamens,  the  lower  one  keelform. 
Capsule  compressed,  elliptic,  obovate  or  obcordate.  Seeds 

pubescent. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes. 

1.  P.  incarnata  Linn.:  glaucous;  stem  erect,  slender,  nearly  simple; 
leaves  scattered,  few,  subulate ;  racemes  spiked,  oblong,  without  glands ; 
corolla  with  a  long  tube. 

N.  J.  to  Ftor.  W.  to  Ark.  Near  Niagara  Falls.  Hook.  June,  July.  ®. — 
Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  somewhat  angled,  with  few  remote  subulate  leaves. 
Flowers  flesh-colored,  in  a  somewhat  loose  terminal  spike.  Petals  united  into  a 
long  slender  tube.  A  specimen  of  this  plant,  received  from  Dr.  Charles  Picker- 
ing, and  gathered  by  him  in  New  Jersey,  has  only  4  or  5  subulate  leaves  on  the 
stem,  which  is  more  than  a  foot  high.  Flesh-colored  Milkwort. 

2.  P.  cruciata  Linn. :   stem   fastigiate,  winged   at  the  angles ;   leaves 
whorled  in  fours,  linear  and  linear-oblong,  punctate ;  spikes  ovate,  dense, 
sessile  or  on  short  peduncles ;  flowers  subcristate ;    wings  deltoid-cordate, 
acute  or  cuspidate.     P.  brevifolia  and  P.fastigiata  Nutt. 

Swamps.  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Louis.  Aug.  Sept.  (1). — Stem  variable 
in  height,  depending  on  situation.  Spikes  sometimes  pedunculate.  Flowers  red 
or  purple.  Cross-leaved  Milkwort. 


POLYGALACE^E.  43 

3.  P.  purpurea  Nutl. :  stem  fastigiately  branched ;  leaves  alternate,  linear 
and  oblong-linear ;  flowers  beardless,  imbricated  in  obtuse  cylindrical  spikes ; 
rachis  squarrose ;  wings  of  the  calyx  cordate-ovate,  erect,  twice  as  long  as 
the  capsule.     P.  sanguined  Mich.  Pursh. 

Woods  and  hill  sides.  Mass,  to  Louis.  W.  to  Ark.  July,  Aug.  (p. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Flowers  rose-colored.  Purple  Milkwort. 

4.  P.  sanguinea  Linn. :  stem   fastigiately  branched ;    leaves  alternate, 
narrow-linear  ;  flowers  beardless,  in  long  and  crowded  spikes ;  rachis  squar- 
rose ;  wings  of  the  calyx  obovate,  as  long  as  the  capsule. 

Dry  soils.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  July— Oct.  ©.—Stem  8—12  inches 
high.  Flowers  dark  red.  Allied  to  the  former,  but  a  much  smaller  plant,  the 
leaves  shorter  and  narrower,  and  with  a  longer  and  more  loose  spike  ;  the  rachis 
also  is  much  more  squarrose.  Red  Milkwor!. 

5.  P.  ambigua  Null. :  stem  erect,  virgately  branched ;   leaves  linear ; 
the  lower  ones  sometimes  whorled,  the  rest  scattered ;  spikes  rather  ob- 
tuse, dense,  on  very  long  peduncles ;  flowers  cristate ;  wings  of  the  calyx 
round  and  veined,  as  long  as  the  fruit ;  bracts  deciduous. 

Dry  Woods.  N.Y.toVirg.  Aug.  Sept.  ©.—Stem  6— 12  inches  high,  slen- 
der, somewhat  angular.  Flowers  greenish-white,  tinged  with  purple,  distinctly 
pedicellate,  larger  than  those  of  the  next  species.  Ambiguous  Milkwort. 

G.  P.  verticittata  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched ;  leaves  whorled,  linear, 
and  lance-linear ;  racemes  spiked,  acute,  on  rather  short  peduncles  ;  bracts 
deciduous ;  flowers  cristate  ;  wings  of  the  calyx  roundish,  shorter  than  the 
capsule. 

Sandy  soils.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Oct.  (J).— . Stem.8— 12  inches 
high,  slender,  slightly  angled.  Leaves  sometimes  solitary,  but  mostly  in  whorls 
of  4  or  5.  Flowers  small,  greenish- white,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple. 

Whorl-leavtd  Milkwort. 

7.  P.  Senega  Linn. :  stems  numerous,  erect,  smooth,  simple ;  leaves  al- 
ternate, lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  spikes 
rather  dense,  somewhat  acute;  wings  of  the  calyx  orbicular;  capsule  ellip- 
tic, emarginate. 

Woods.  Can,  to  Geor.  June,  July.  'ZJ-. — Stem  a  foot  high,  with  ovate, 
scale-like  leaves  at  the  base.  Leaves  smooth,  finely  serrulate  and  fringed  under 
a  lens.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  a  terminal  spike,  which  is  1 — 2  inches  long. 
The  root  is  hard,  firm  and  branching,  and  is  much  usedln  medicine.  Big.  Med. 
Bot.  ii.  97.  Seneca  Snake-root. 

8.  P.  polygama  Walt. :  stems  numerous,  simple,  erect  and  procumbent ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  downwards ;  racemes  filiform,  terminal 
and  lateral,  elongated ;  lower  ones  procumbent,  without  petals ;  flowers 
sessile.     P.  rubella  Willd.  Pursh. 

Forests.  Can.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  (g). — Stem  4 — 8  inches  high,  angular. 
Terminal  racemes  10 — 25-flowered  ;  pedicels  slender.  Flowers  purple,  at  length 
pendulous.  The  whole  plant  is  bitter  and  is  used  in  medicine.  Big.  Med.  Bot. 
iii.  129.  Bitter  MiVcwort. 

**  Flowers  capitate,  (yellow.) 

9.  P.  lutea  Linn. :  stem  simple  or  branched ;  lower  leaves  spatulate ; 
upper  ones  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  globular  heads,  yellow ;  wings  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  mucronate ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

3,  in  pine  barrens.    N.  J.  to  Flor.    June— Oct.    ®.-—Stem  8—12  inches 


44  CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

high,  mostly  simple.     Leaves  fleshy.     Flowers  bright  orange  yellow.     Abundant 
in  a  peat  bog  four  miles  south  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.        Yellow  MUkwort. 

***  Flowers  in  corymbs. 

10.  P.  cymosa  Walt. :  stem  simple  below,  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  radi- 
cal leaves  spatulate-obovate  ;  cauline  ones  linear ;  cymes  compound ;  spikes 
ovate  ;  wings  oblong,  cuspidate.     P.  corymbosa  Mich.     P.  ramosa  Ell. 

Swamps.  Del.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  July,  Aug.  %.— Stem  8—12  inches 
high,  bearing  a  large  terminal  corymb.  Spikes  compact,  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Flowers  yellow,  dark  green  when  dry.  Corymbose  MUkwort. 

****  Flowers  axillary,  (large.') 

11.  P.  paucifiora  Willd. :  stem  simple,  erect,  naked  below  ;  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  smooth ;  flowers  mostly  terminal  and  by  threes,  large,  cristate,  some- 
times axillary.     P.  uniftora  Mick. 

var.  alba  Eights :  flower  solitary,  smaller,  white ;  stem  somewhat  leafy 
at  base. 

Woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Geor.  June.  7J.. — Stem  3 — 4  inches  high.  Flowers 
large,  purple,  with  the  summit  of  the  keel  densely  crested.  Var.  alba  was  found 
by  Dr.  James  Eights  in  the  sandy  plains  near  Albany.  It  has  the  stem  rather 
lower  and  more  leafy  than  in  the  former ;  the  flower  also  is  solitary,  smaller, 
white,  and  the  keel  less  densely  crested.  Fringed  MUkwort. 

ORDER  XVIII.     CARYOPHYLLACE^E.— CLOVEWORTS. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  either  distinct  or  cohering  in  a  tube,  persistent. 
Petals  4 — 5,  unguiculate,  inserted  upon  the  pedicel  of  the 
ovary ;  occasionally  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  or  more  com- 
monly twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  ;  an- 
thers fixed  by  the  middle.  Ovary  often  stipitate  ;  stigmas  2 — 5, 
sessile,  filiform,  papillose  on  the  inner  surface.  Capsule  2 — 5- 
valved,  either  1-celled  or  2 — 5-celled,  in  the  latter  case  with  a 
loculicidal  dehiscence  ;  placenta  in  the  axis.  Seeds  numerous, 
rarely  few ;  the  embryo  curved  round  mealy  albumen. — Her- 
baceous plants.  Stems  with  tumid  joints.  Leaves  opposite, 
entire,  without  stipules. 

1.  DIANTHUS.  Linn.— Pink. 

(From  the  Greek  ZEUS,  Atoj,  Jupiter,  and  avBos,  afloicer  ;  the  high  value  set 
upon  the  plants  of  this  genus  being  such  as  to  render  them  worthy  of  being  dedi- 
cated to  Deity  itself.; 

Calyx  tubular,  5 -toothed,  with  2 — 4  opposite  imbricate  scales 
at  base.  Petals  5,  with  long  claws.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2. 
Capsule  1-celled. 

D.  Armeria  Linn. :  flowers  in  terminal  crowded  clusters ;  scales  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  villous,  as  long  as  the  tube.  D.  armerioides  Kaf. 


C  ARYOPHYLLACEvE.  45 

Sandy  fields-  Mass,  to  Md.  July.  ®.—Stem  18  inches  high,  branched 
above.  Leaves  linear,  opposite  and  connate.  Flowers  rose-colored,  with  white 
dots,  inodorous,  small.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Deptford  Pink. 

2.  SILENE.  Linn.— Catchfly. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  oia\ov,  saliva ;  in  allusion  to  the  vis- 
cid secretion  on  the  stem.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked.  Petals  5,  unguiculate, 
mostly  crowned  at  the  orifice ;  limb  bifid.  Stamens  10.  Styles 
3.  Capsule  3 -celled  at  base,  dehiscent  at  the  top  into  6  teeth. 

*  Caulescent.     Flowers  solitary  or  pamcled.     Calyx  inflated. 

1.  S.  steUata  Ait. :  stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent ;  leaves  verticillate 
in  fours,  oval-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  smooth;    flowers  in  panicles; 
calyx  bladder-liJke,  pubescent ;  limb  of  the  petals  fringed.     Cucubalus  stel- 
lat/us  Linn. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  1\. — Stem  2 — 4  feet 
high,  slender,  somewhat  4-sided.  Leaves  with  a  long  tapering  point,  sessile. 
Flowers  white,  the  petals  fringed  at  the  apex.  Four-leaved  Campion. 

2.  S1.  inflate  Smith :    stem  erect,   branching ;    leaves   ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  ;  flowers  numerous,  panicled  ;  petals  deeply  cleft,  with  narrow  seg- 
ments, scarcely  crowned;  calyx  inflated,  reticulated.      Cucubalus  Behen 
Linn. 

Fields.  Can.  and  Mass.  July.  %.—  Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Flowers  white  ; 
petals  bifid.  Calyx  bladder-like  and  beautifully  veined.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Bladder  Campion. 

3.  S.  nivea  Muhl. :  stem  divaricate  and  dichotomous  above ;  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, minutely  and  puberulently  pubescent,  the  uppermost  ovate ; 
calyx  obtuse,  bell-shaped,  inflated,  subpilose;  petals  small,  reflexed,  bifid 
at  the  extremity  ;  claws  exserted  beyond  the  calyx,  nearly  naked ;  flowers 
solitary,  dichotomal,  terminal.     Cucubalus  niveus  Nutt.     SUene  alba  Muhl. 

"  Upon  an  island  in  the  Susquehannah  near  to  Columbia,  Penn.  Muhlen- 
berg."  Nutt.  June,  July.  %. — Stem  smooth  and  slender.  Leaves  opposite, 
2  inches  long,  and  £  an  inch  wide.  Flowers  white,  remote,  solitary,  dichotomal 
and  terminal.  White  Catchfly. 

**  Caulescent.     Flowers  in  axillary  spikes,  alternate.     Calyx  \Q-striate. 

4.  S.  nocturna  Linn. :  stem  branched,  pilose  below ;  leaves  pubescent, 
long  ciliate  at  base ;  lower  ones  spatulate,  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate ; 
spike  secund,  dense ;  flowers  sessile,  alternate ;  calyx  cylindrical,  nearly 
smooth ;  petals  2-parted,  narrow. 

Penn.  and  Virg.  July.  (J). — Flowers  white,  greenish  beneath.  Introduced 
from  Europe.  Night-smelling  Catchfly. 

***  Caulescent.     Stem  rigidly  erect.     Peduncles  filiform.      Calyx  bellform 
or  cylindrical. 

5.  S1.  Antirrhina  Linn. :  almost  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branching 
above,  somewhat  leafy;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  subciliate,  upper  ones 


46  CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

linear;  flowers  small,  panicled;  calyx  oroid,  glabrous;  petals  small,  ob- 
cordate,  slightly  crowned. 

Dry  hills.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  ©.—Stem  1—2  feet 
high,  nearly  glabrous,  with  some  of  the  upper  internodes  viscid.  Petals  white  or 
pale  purple,  only  expanding  towards  evening.  Calyx  broad-oval  or  obovate, 
ehining.  Snapdragon  Catchfly. 

****  Caulescent.      Flowers  panickd,  rarely  solitary.      Pedicels  opposite, 
short.     Calyx  tubular. 

6.  &  noctijiora  Linn. :  viscid-pubescent ;  stem  erect,  branching ;  lower 
leaves  spatulate,  the  upper  ones  linear  ;  calyx  cylindrical-ventricose,  the  al- 
ternate strise  veined ;  teeth  very  long,  subulate ;  petals  2-parted. 

In  cultivated  places.  N.  S.  Torr.  July.  (J). — Stem  a  foot  or  more  high. 
Flowers  rather  large,  pale  reddish  or  white,  expanding  only  in  cloudy  weather 
or  in  the  evening.  Night-Jlowering  Catchfly. 

7.  S1.  Catesb&i  Walt. :  branching ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate ;  flowers  in 
panicles ;  calyx  clavate,  colored  ;  petals  with  long  claws ;  limb  bifid,  with 
two  lateral  teeth;  lobes  acute.     S.  Virginica  Mich.  Pursh.  not  of  Linn. 

Penn.  to  Miss.  Muhl.  June.  rl\-. — Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  crimson. 
Both  De  Candolle  and  Hooker  concur  in  supposing  the  present  plant  distinct 
from  S.  Virginica.  Catesby's  Catchfly* 

8.  S.  Virginica  Linn. :  viscid-pubescent ;  stem  mostly  erect,  branching ; 
leaves  lanceolate ;  lower  ones  on  long  petioles,  with  long  cilise  at  base ; 
flowers  large,  in  panicles ;  petals  with  long  claws,  broad,  bifid,  crowned. 

Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  1J-. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers 
larger  than  in  the  next  species,  purple.  Virginia  Catchfly. 

9.  S.  Pennsylvania  Mich. :  viscid ly-pubescent ;   radical  leaves  some- 
what cuneate ;  those  of  the  stem  long-linear ;  flowers  in  panicles,  some- 
what trichotomous ;  calyx  long,  tubular ;  petals  slightly  emarginate,  sub- 
crenate.     S.  Carolinians  Walt. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May,  June'.  %.. — Stems  numerous,  cespitose, 
8 — 12  inches  high.  Petals  bright  purple,  sometimes  almost  white. 

Wild  Pink. 

*****  Cespitose.      Stems  almost  wanting.      Calyx  subinflated.     Peduncles 
\-flowered. 

10.  &  acaulis  Linn. :  stems  very  densely  cespitose.  low ;  leaves  linear, 
ciliate  at  base.;  peduncles  solitary,  short.  1-flowered ;  calyx  campanulate ; 
petals  obcordate,  crowned. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Arct.  Amer.  Rocky  Mountains.  July.  rl\.. — Stem 
short,  much  branched  or  tufted.  Leaves  spreading.  Flowers  purple. 

Moss  Campion. 

3.  SAPONARIA.  Linn.— Soapwort. 

(From  the  Latin  sapo,  soap ;  the  plant  yielding  a  mucilaginous  juice,  which 
has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  that  article.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  base.  Petals  unguicu- 
late;  claws  equalling  the. calyx.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Cap- 
sule 1 -celled. 


CARYOPHYLLACE 

1.  S.  Vaccana  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile7  flowers  in  pan- 
icles ;  calyx  pyramidal,  5-angled,  smooth  ;  bracts  membranaceous,  acute. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Mass,  and  N.  Y. ;  rare.  July,  Aug.  (T). — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high.  Flowers  rose- colored.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Field  Soapwort. 

2.  S.  qfficinalis  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  ribbed,  acute  or  obtuse  ; 
flowers  large,  in  a  fasciculate  panicle ;  calyx  cylindrical ;  appendages  of 
the  petals  linear. 

Road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June— Sept.  7J..— Stem  12—18  inches  high. 
Leaves  opposite  and  connate.  Flowers  large,  rose-colored.  It  is  said  to  make  a 
lather  with  water,  and  hence  its  common  name.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Soapwort. 

4.  AGROSTEMMA.  Linn.— Rose  Campion. 
(From  the  Greek  aypy  oreupa,  crown  of  the  field,  quite  applicable  to  this  species.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5 -sided,  coriaceous.  Petals  5,  unguiculate, 
not  crowned ;  limb  entire.  Capsule  l-celled,  opening  with  5 
teeth. 

A.  Githago  Linn.:  hairy;  leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate;  segments 
of  the  calyx  much  longer  than  the  corolla  ;  flower  solitary,  terminal,  large ; 
petals  entire,  destitute  of  a  crown.  Lychnis  Githago  D.  C.  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Cultivated  grounds.  June,  July.  (J). — Stem  18—20  inches  high.  Flowers 
large,  purple,  not  crowned,  on  long  peduncles.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Corn  Cockle. 

5.  SAGINA.  Linn.— Pearlwort. 

(The  name  signifying  meat  which  fattens,  is  applicable  to  any  of  the  minute 
plants  of  this  genus.) 

Sepals  3 — 5,  united  at  base.  Petals  4 — 5,  or  more.  Sta- 
mens 4 — 10.  Styles  4 — 5.  Capsule  4 — 5-valved,  l-celled, 
many-seeded. 

1 .  S.  procumbens  Linn. :  perennial ;  stems  procumbent,  smooth,  branched ; 
leaves  linear-mucronate  ;  petals  much  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Borders  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  W.  to  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  river. 
May — July.  1\.. — Stems  2 — 4  inches  long,  diffuse  and  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 
Lower  leaves  connate.  Peduncles  solitary,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  white,  at  first  drooping.  Procumbent  Pearlwort. 

2.  S.  apetala  Linn. :  annual ;  stems  erect  or  procumbent  only  at  base, 
subpubescent ;  leaves  subulate ;  flowers  alternate ;  petals  4,  very  minute  01 
none. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Md.  May,  June.  ®. — Stems  numerous,  erect,  fili- 
form. Leaves  narrower  and  more  bristle -pointed  than  in  the  preceding.  Flowers 
on  long  slender  peduncles.  Petals,  according  to  Mr.  Wilson,  (Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 
always  present,  but  if  so,  they  must  be  exceedingly  minute. 

Annual  Pearlwort. 

0.  MOLLUGO.  Linn. — Indian  Chickweed. 

(Supposed  to  be  from  Galium  Mollugo,  to  which  this  plant  bears  some  re- 
semblance.) 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3 — 5. 
Styles  3.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded. 


48  CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

M.  verticittata  Linn. :  stem  decumbent,  dichotomous ;  leaves  verticillate, 
obovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  verticillate. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Columbia  river.  July— Sept.  (T).—Stem 
spreading  on  the  ground  in  all  directions,  4 — 12  inches  long.  Leaves  about  6  in 
a  whorl.  Flowers  small,  white,  forming  a  sessile  umbel.  Carpet  Weed. 

7.  STELLARIA.  Linn. — Stitchwort. 

(From  the  Latin  stella,  a  star ;  because  the  corolla  is  spread  in  a  star-shaped 
manner.) 

Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Petals  5,  (sometimes  by  abortion  none,) 
2-cleft  or  2-lobed.  Stamens  10,  or  by  abortion  3 — 8.  Styles 
3,  rarely  4.  Capsule  3 — 4-valved  ;  valves  2-parted,  membra- 
naceous.  Seeds  usually  many. 

1.  S.  media  Smith:  stem  procumbent,  with  an  alternate  pubescent  late- 
ral line  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  very  smooth  ;  upper  ones  sessile ;  pe- 
tals oblong,  deeply  divided,  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  stamens  3 — 10.    Alsine 
media  Linn. 

Road  sides,  &c.  Can.  to  Flor.  March — Nov.  (T). — Stem  much  branched 
and  somewhat  succulent.  Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  hairy,  deflexed  in 
fruit.  Petals  white.  Stamens  usually  3  or  5.  Introduced. 

Common  Chickweed. 

2.  &  pubera  Mich. :  pubescent ;  stem  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
sessile,  acute,  ciliate ;  pedicels  filiform  dichotomous,  recurved  or  deflexed ; 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Rocky  banks.  Penn.  to  Geor. ;  rare.  April,  May.  l^.—Stem.  &— 12  inches 
liigh,  diffuse  and  dichotomous.  Flowers  large,  axillary  and  terminal,  on  filiform 
pedicels.  Petals  white,  deeply  bifid.  Oval-leaved  Stitchwort. 

3.  S.  longifolia  MM. :  smooth ;  stem  erect,  square,  weak ;  leaves  linear- 
acute,  spreading,  with  the  margins  often  scabrous ;  panicle  terminal,  divari- 
cate, very  long,  bracteate ;  petals  broad-obovate,  2-parted,  about  as  long  as 
the    3-nerved  calyx.      Spergulastrum    gramineum  Mich.     Mwropetalon 
gramineum  Pers. 

Moist  woods.  N.  S.  and  N.  to  lat.  64°.  W.  to  Oregon.  June.  %. — Stem 
12 — 15  inches  high.  Petals  white,  becoming  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
B— 10.  Long-leaved' Stitchwort. 

4.  S.  borealis  Big. :  stem  spreading,  angular,  dichotomous ;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute,  veinless ;  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered ;  petals 
deeply  cleft,  about  equal  to  the  calyx  ;  capsule  ovate,  oblong,  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     Micropetalon  lanceolatwm  Pers. 

Shady  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Arct.  Amer.  July,  Aug.  (T). — Stem  4 — 15  inches 
high,  weak.  Leaves  slightly  connate.  Petals  white,  deeply  cleft. 

•  Northern  Stitchwort. 

5.  S.  aquatica  D.  C. :  weak  and  decumbent,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  ob- 
long, acute,  veined;  petals  2-cleft,  rather  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  very 
acute  sepals ;  capsule  ovoid,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.    (  Torr.  fy  Gr.)    S. 
borealis  Darlingt. 

Sandy  spring*.    Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.    May.    '1\.. Stem  6 12 

iiifhes  long,  very  slender.     Flowers  white,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

Water  Stitchwort 


CARYOPHYL-LACE^E.  49 

6.  &  longipes  Goldie.:  weak,  very  smooth,  glaucous;  leaves  linear, 
subulate,  spreading  ;  peduncles  terminal,  dichotomously  branched ;  bracts 
membranaceous ;  pedicels  much  elongated ;  petals  broad-ovate,  deeply  bifid, 
a  little  longer  than  the  obtuse  and  obscurely  3-nerved  calyx. 

Shores.  Lake  Ontario  to  Subarct.  Amer.  W.  to  Oregon. — Stem  2 — 8 
inches  high,  nearly  simple  or  branched.  Very  variable. 

Sharp-leaved  Stitchwort. 

8.  ARENARIA.  Linn.— Sandwort. 

(From  the  Latin  arena,  sand ;  because  the  species  generally  grow  in  sandy 
foils.) 

Calyx  5-sepalled.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  10,  or  fewer 
by  abortion.  Styles  3,  rarely  2  or  4.  Capsule  1-celled,  3- 
valved,  many-seeded. 

*  Leaves  linear,  with  scarious  stipules  at  base. 

1 .  A.  rubra  Linn. :  stem  prostrate,  pilose :    leaves  filiform,  somewhat 
fleshy,  acute  or  mucronatc,  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
somewhat  obtuse,  scarious  on  the  margin;  peduncles  axillary,  at  length 
deflexed;  seeds  compressed,  angular,  roughish,  not  margined.     A.  Cana- 
densis  Pers.    A.  marina  Big.     Spergula  rubra  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  California.  April— Nov.  (J>— Stem 
3 — 10  inches  long,  at  first  erect,  at  length  diffuse,  smooth  or  pubescent.  Leaves 
variable  in  length  and  form.  Flowers  small,  red,  axillary  and  solitary,  and  in 
terminal  leafy  cymes  or  racemes.  A  very  variable  species. 

Common  Sandwort. 
**  Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  rounded,  without  stipules. 

2.  A.  squarrosa  Mich. :  densely  cespitose ;  stem  simple,  few-leaved ;  lower 
leaves,  densely  squarrose,  imbricate,  channelled,  smooth ;  flowers  in  dicho- 
tomous  panicles,  erect ;  sepals  roundish-ovate,  smooth ;  petals  obovate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx;  capsule  oval,  3-valved,  exceeding  the  calyx.     A. 
Caroliniana  Walt. 

Pine  barrens.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May — Aug.  1{.. — Stem  6 — 8  inches  high, 
forming  dense  tufte.  Flowers  white,  in  a  small  terminal  panicle. 

Squarrose  Sandwort. 

3.  A.  stricta  Mich. :  stems  numerous,  erect,  smooth,  filiform ;  leaves  sub- 
ulate-linear, erect,  subfasciculate,  spreading;  panicle  few-flowered;  sepals 
ovate,  very  acute,  3-ribbed,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ;  capsule  ovate. 

Rocks  and  barren  ground.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  1J.. — Stems  6 — 12 
inches  high.  Leaves  more  linear  than  in  the  preceding,  and  not  so  much  crowded 
near  the  base.  Upright  Sandwort. 

4.  A   Gr&nlandica  Spreng. :  densely  cespitose,  smooth ;  stems  low,  de- 
cumbent at  base,   1— 5-flowered;  leaves  narrow-linear,   obtuse;    pedicels 
filiform,  nearly  erect ;  petals  obovate  wedge-form,  entire  or  with  a  slight 
notch,  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong,  obtuse,  membranaceously  margined, 
nerveless  sepals.     (  Torr.  <f*  Gr.} 

Rocks.  Greenland ;  Labrador ;  White  Mountains,  N.  H. ;  Whiteface  and 
Shawangunk  Mountains,  N.  Y.  June — Aug.  1\.. — Stems  numerous,  2—4 
inches  high,  slender.  Leaves  erect  or  spreading.  Flowers  3  or  4  lines  in 
diameter.  A.  glabra  of  Michaux  is  said  to  be  confined  to  the  more  or  less 
mountainous  portions  of  the  southern  states  Greenland  Sandwort. 

3 


50  CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

5.  A.  serpyUifolia  Linn  :  stem  dichotomous,  diffuse ;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
sessile,  somewhat  rugose,  smooth,  ciliate ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved, 
larger  than  the  corolla ;  capsule  ovate,  6-valved,  equalling  the  calyx ;  seeds 
exactly  reniform,  rugose. 

Sandy  fields.  Mass,  to  Geor.  May — July.  (f). — Stem  mostly  decumbent, 
3 — 8  inches  long.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Thyme-leaved  Sandwort. 

9.  MCEHRINGIA.  Linn.— Moehringia. 

(In  honor  of  Moehrmg,  a  German  physician  and  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
Sepals  4 — 5.    Petals  4 — 5,  somewhat  perigynous.    Stamens 
8 — 10.    Styles  usually  3,  sometimes  2  or  4.    Capsule  splitting 
into  twice  as  many  (half)  valves  as  there  are  stigmas.     Seeds 
few,  smooth. 

.  M.  laierijlora  Fenzl. :  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  oblong  or 
oval,  obtuse ;  peduncles  lateral  and  terminal,  2  (rarely  3—4)  flowered,  one 
of  the  pedicels  with  2  bracteoles  near  the  middle;  petals  twice  the  length  of 
the  sepals.  (  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.}  Arcnaria  lateriflora  Linn. 

Woods.  Mass.  N.  Y.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay ;  not  very  common.  June.  %•— 
Stem  5 — 10  inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above.  Peduncles  axil- 
lary, solitary,  filiform.  Flowers  white.  Lateral-flowered  Moehringia. 

10.  HONCKENYA.  Ehrh.—  Sea  Chickweed. 
(In  honor  of  J.  G.  Honckeny,  a  German  botanist.) 
Sepals  5,  slightly  united  at  base.     Petals  6,  perigynous,  with 
short  claws,  entire.     Stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals  into 
a  glanduliferous  disk.     Styles  3 — 5.     Capsules  3 — 5-valved  ; 
valves  entire,  8 — 10-seeded.     Seeds  large,  smooth. 

H.  peploides  Ehrh. :  sepals  broadly  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  with  scarious 
margins ;  petals  spatulate-obovate ;  leaves  and  stem  very  fleshy.  (  Torr.  fy 
Gr.}  Arenaria  peploides  Linn. 

Sea  coast.  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  Mass,  N.  J.  N.  to  Arctic  America  and 
Labrador.  May,  June.  ri\.. — Stems  6 — 10  inches  high,  thrown  up  from  a 
creeping  rhizoma.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  closely  sessile  or  clasping,  very  acute, 
or  mucronate.  Flowers  in  short  pedicels,  white.  Common  Sea  Chickweed. 

11.  CERASTIUM.  Linn.— Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 
(From  the  Greek  Kepas,  a  horn  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of 'the' capsule.) 

Calyx  5-sepalled.  Petals  5,  bifid  or  emarginate.  Styles  5, 
(rarely  4.)  Capsule  membranaceous,  cylindrical  or  oblong, 
opening  at  the  summit  by  10  teeth. 

1.  C.  vulgatum  Linn.:  viscidly  pubescent,  pale  green  ;  stems  numerous, 
cespitose,  suberect;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  hirsute  ;  flowers  dicho- 
tomous, subumbelled,  longer  than  the  peduncles ;  petals  oblong,  emarginate, 
scarcely  larger  than  the  calyx ;  capsule  oblong,  tapering,  as  long  again  as 


ILLECEBRACE^E.  51 

the  calyx.    C.  kirsutum  Muhl.    C.  connatum  Seek,  Dot.  1st.  Ed.     C.  semi- 
decandrum  Walt. 

Fields  and  hills.  Can.  to  Geor.  May— Aug.  ©.—Stem  6—10  inches  high. 
Flowers  white.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

2.  C.  viscosum  Linn. :   hairy  and  somewhat  viscid,  deep  green ;  stems 
numerous,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong;  flowers  subpaniculate,  shorter 
than  their  pedicels  ;  capsule  somewhat  incurved,  terete,  as  long  again  as 
the  calyx.     C.  semidecandrum  Linn. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Louis.  May— Aug.  7J..— Stems  6—12  inches 
high.  Leaves  rather  obtuse.  Petals  white,  obovate,  a  little  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Clammy  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

3.  C.  arvense  Linn. :  stems  ascending ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse ; 
more  or  less  hairy,  especially  at  base ;  flowers  few,  terminal ;  peduncles  de- 
flexed,  pubescent ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  capsule  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     C.  tenuifolium  Pursh.     C.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum  Horn. 

Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May — Aug. 
11-. — Root  creeping.  Stems  4 — 8  inches  long,  ascending,  slender,  somewhat 
cespitose.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  short,  ciliate  at  base, 
Flov>ers  large,  2  or  3  on  terminal  pedicels.  Petals  deeply  cleft,  white,  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  Field  Chickweed. 

4.  C.  oblongifoliumTorr. :  stems  erect  or  declined,  villous;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse ;  flowers  numerous ;  peduncles  viscid  ;  petals  obo- 
vate, 2-cleft,  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong  obtuse  sepals ;  capsule  cylindrical, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    C.  pubescens  Goldie.    C.  viUosum.  Muhl. 

Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Penn. ;  rather  rare.  May,  June.  1J-. — Stems  6 — 12 
inches  high,  rather  stout,  very  villous,  tomentose  at  and  below  the  nodes. 
Flowers  larger  than  in  C.  arvense,  7 — 15  in  a  cyme. 

Oblong-leaved  Chickweed. 

5.  C.  nutans  Raf. :  viscid  and  pubescent ;  stem  erect,  straight,  deeply 
striate;  leaves  elongated,  distant,  lanceolate-linear;  panicle  much  elongated, 
divaricate,  many-flowered,  with  long  filiform  pedicels ;  petals  oblong,  bifid 
at  the  tip,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  nodding,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.     C.  glutinosum  Nutt.     C.  longepedunculatum  Muhl. 

Moist  grounds.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Louis.  W.  to  Oregon.  June.  (1). — Stem 
8 — 12  inches  high,  very  viscid  and  covered  with  a  woolly  pubescence.  Lower 
leaves  oblong-spatulate,  acute.  Flowers  terminal,  in  a  loose  dichotomous  pan- 
icle. Nodding  Chickweed. 

ORDER  XIX.    ILLECEBRACE^E.— KNOTWORTS. 

Sepals  5,  seldom  3  or  4,  distinct  or  more  or  less  cohering. 
Petals  minute,  inserted  upon  the  calyx  between  the  lobes,  oc- 
casionally wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  oppo- 
site to  them,  or  fewer  by  abortion.  Ovary  superior ;  styles  2 — 5, 
distinct  or  partially  combined.  Fruit  small,  dry,  1 -celled,  either 
indehiscent  or  opening  with  3  valves.  Seeds  solitary  or  nume- 
rous, with  mealy  albumen. — Herbaceous  or  half  shrubby  plants, 


53          ';„  ELATINACE.K. 

with  opposite  or  alternate,  entire  leaves,  and  scarious  stipules. 
Flowers  minute,  with  scarious  bracts. 

1.  ANYCHIA.  Mich.— Forked  Chickweed. 

(From  the  Greek  ovv£,  ow^oj,  a,  finger-nail;  on  account  of  its  reputed  virtue 
in  curing  whitlows.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Sepals  connivent,  subsaccate,  callous  at  the 
aptx.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3 — 5  ;  filaments  distinct.  Styles 
short ;  stigmas  2,  subcapitate.  Capsule  indehiscent,  utricular, 
1 -seeded,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx. 

1.  A.  dichotoma  Mich.:  stem  erect  or  spreading,  dichotomously  branched, 
pubescent,  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  smooth;    flowers  solitary,  terminal 
and  axillary,  very  minute,  on  very  short  pedicels,  about  as  long  as  the  stip- 
ules.    A.  Canade-nsis  Ell.     Queria  Canadensis  Linn. 

Dry  soils.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  July,  Aug.  (T).—Stem  6—12  inches 
high,  very  pubescent,  with  numerous  forking  almost  filiform  branches,  often 
purple.  Flowers  very  minute,  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  greenish.  A 
very  variable  plant.  Common  Forked  Chicktveed. 

2.  A.  capillacea  D.  C. :  stem  very  smooth  and  slender ;  leaves  ovate ; 
stipules  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  flowers  remote.    A.  dichotoma  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 
Queria  capillacea  Nutt. 

Pine  barrens.    N.  J.    Aug.    ®. — Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

Capillary  Forked  Chickweed. 

2.  SPERGULA.  Linn.— Spurrey. 
(From  the  Latin  spargo,  to  scatter;  from  the  seeds  being  so  widely  dispersed.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  5 — 10.  Styles 
3 — 5.  Capsule  ovate,  5-celled,  5-valved. 

1.  £  arvensis  Linn. :  leaves  whorled,  with  minute  stipules  at  the  base ; 
panicle  dichotomous ;  flowers  decandrous ;  peduncles  of  the  fruit  reflexed ; 
seeds  spherical,  somewhat  hispid,  black,  with  a  narrow  margin. 

Sandy  Fields.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Columbia  river.  June — Aug.  d). — 
Stem  6—12  inches  high,  swelling  at  the  joints.  leaves  narrow-linear,  whorled. 
Flowers  in  a  panicle,  white.  According  to  Sir  W.  Hooker,  the  margin  of  the 
seed  varies  greatly  in  its  breadth.  (Brit.  Fl.)  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Corn  Spurrey.  Tares. 

2.  £  saginoides  Linn. :  stems  creeping ;  leaves  opposite  linear,  smooth, 
awnless ;  peduncles  solitary,  very  long ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  as  long  as 
the  calyx ;  seeds  kidney-form,  punctate.     $.  decumbens  Ell.     Sagina  de- 
cumbens  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Louis.  W.  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  April — July.  (1). — 
Stems  2—4  inches  long,  decumbent.  Flowers  erect,  white.  Resembles  Sagina 
procumbens.  Introduced  I  Pearlwort  Spurrey. 

ORDER  XX.    ELATINACE^E.— WATERWORTS. 
Sepals  2 — 5,  distinct,  or  slightly  connate  at  the  base.     Petals 
hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  sepals.     Stamens  as  many  or 


LINAGES.  53 

twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Styles  2 — 5,  very  short,  or  none ; 
stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  2 — 5-celled,  2 — 5-valved.  Seeds 
numerous,  without  albumen ;  embryo  straight. — Small  annual 
plants,  found  in  marshes.  Stems  fistulous,  rooting.  Leaves 
opposite,  with  minute  stipules. 

ELATINE.  Linn.— Waterwort. 

(From  the  Greek  c\drri}  ajir ;  its  minute  leaves  somewhat  resembling  those 
of  the  fir  tree.) 

Calyx  2 — 4-parted.  Petals  2 — 4.  Stamens  2 — 8.  Cap- 
sule 2 — 4-valved ;  margin  of  the  valves  not  introflexed. 

E.  Americana  Arnott :  stems  diffuse,  rooting  and  creeping ;  leaves  cu- 
neate-obovate,  obtuse;  flowers  minute,  sessile;  sepals,  petals,  stamens 
and  sessile  stigmas  2,  sometimes  3  ;  seeds  6 — 8.  (Torr.  N.  Y.  M.)  Crypta 
minima  Nutt.  Peplis  Americana  Pursh. 

Banks  of  streams.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July — Sept.  (p  ? — Stems  rooting 
and  creeping,  forming  patches.  Leaves  2—3  lines  long,  entire.  Flowers  soli- 
tary, very  minute.  Petals  roundish,  white.  American  Waterwort. 

ORDER  XXI.  LINACE^E.— FLAXWORTS. 
Sepals  3 — 5,  persistent,  with  an  imbricated  aestivation.  Pe- 
tals as  many  as  the  sepals,  unguiculate,  with  a  twisted  aestiva- 
tion. Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternate  with  them, 
often  with  intermediate  teeth  or  abortive  stamens.  Ovaries  of 
3 — 5  united  carpels  ;  styles  filiform.  Capsule  globose,  3 — 5- 
celled  ;  each  cell  partially  divided  in  two  by  an  imperfect  spu- 
rious dissepiment,  and  opening  by  2  valves  at  the  apex.  Seeds 
solitary,  with  thin  albumen  and  a  straight  embryo. — Herba- 
ceous plants  or  small  shrubs.  Leaves  entire,  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, without  stipules.  Flowers  terminal. 

LINUM.  Linn.— Flax. 
(From  the  Celtic  lin,  thread.) 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  with  the  fila- 
ments united  at  base.  Styles  5,  very  rarely  3.  Capsule  supe- 
rior, subglobose,  10-valved,  10-celled.  Seeds  ovate,  com- 


1.  L.  lisita  tissimum  Linn. :  stem  mostly  solitary,  round,  smooth,  simple, 
branched  above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  alternate  ;  flowers  large,  on  peduncles , 
segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute ;  petals  crenate ;  capsule  roundish, 
acuminate. 

Fields.  June,  July.  (I).— -Stem  H  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  distant,  3-rowed 
Flowers  large,  purplish-blue.  Introduced ;  scarcely  naturalized. 

Common  Flax. 


54  MALVACEAE. 

2.  L.  Virginianum,  Linn. :  stem  erect,  slender,  smooth ;  radical  leaves 
ovate  and  spatulate  ;  those  of  the  stem  linear-lanceolate,  alternate  ;  panicle 
lax,  corymbose  ;  sepals  acute  ;  capsule  globose,  awnless. 

Hills  and  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Arkansas.  June— Aug.  Q.—Stem 
I — 2  feet  high,  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in  a  dichotomous  panicle. 

Virginian  Flax. 

3.  S.  rigidum  Pitrsh. :  stem  rigid,  angular,  grooved ;    leaves  subseta- 
ceous,  short  and  erect ;  margin  of  the  calyx  glandulously  ciliate  ;  petalb 
cuneate-oblong  ;  seeds  pale  brown. 

Woods.  Mass,  to  Geor.  W.  to  Fort  Mandan  and  California.  (T>.—Stem  about 
6  inches  high.  Flowers  pale  yellow.  Smau  Wild  Flax. 

ORDER  XXII.    MALVACEAE. — MALLOWWORTS. 

Sepals  5,  very  seldom  3  or  4,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base, 
often  bearing  external  bracts  forming  an  involucre.  Petals 
equal  in  number  to  the  sepals.  Stamens  indefinite,  monadel- 
phous  ;  anthers  1 -celled,  reniform.  Ovary  formed  by  the  union 
of  several  carpels  round  a  common  axis,  either  distinct  or  co- 
hering ;  styles  as  many  as  the  carpels.  Fruit  capsular  or  ber- 
ried. Seeds  without  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate,  more  or  less  divided,  stipulate.  Flowers 
showy. 

1.  MALVA.  Linn.— Mallow. 

(Name  altered  from  /zaXa^>?,  soft ;  in  allusion  to  the  emollient  nature  of  the 
species.  Hook.  Br.  Fl) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  usually  of  3,  some- 
times 1 — 2,  or  5 — 6  setaceous  bracts  ;  rarely  naked.  Capsules 
dry,  numerous,  1 -seeded,  circularly  arranged. 

1.  M.  sylvcstris  Linn. :  stem  erect,  herbaceous,  branched  hairy;  leaves 
large,  roundish,  with  7  somewhat  acute  lobes  ;  flowers  large,  axillary ;  pe- 
duncles and  petioles  hairy ;  petals  obcordate,  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Fields.  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  ^.—Stem  2—3  feet  high,  branched.  Flmuers 
large,  3  or  4  together,  purplish  rose-color,  with  darker  veins.  Whole  plant  mu- 
cilaginous and  emollient.  Introduced  from  Europe.  High  Mallow. 

2.  M.  roiiindifolia  Linn. :  stem  somewhat  prostrate ;  leaves  roundish, 
cordate,  obtusely  5 — 7-lobed;  peduncles  bent  downwards,  and  with  the 
petioles  pubescent ;  flowers  axillary  ;  corolla  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Oct.  1[-. — Root  fusi- 
form. Stem  10 — 18  inches  long.  Flowers  small,  pink,  with  darker  veins,  on 
pedicels,  2 — 3  together.  Extensively  naturalized.  Low  Mallow. 

3.  M.  ?  Americana  Muhl. :  leaves  ovate,  crenate,  stipules  oblong-linear ; 
peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered.     Malope  malacoides  Linn. 

Penn.  Virg.  ®. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  sparingly  branched.  Flowers 
on  peduncles  2 — 3  lines  long.  Petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  yellow.  Torr. 
Sf  Gr.  American  Mallow. 


MALVACEAE.  55 

2.  ALTHAEA.  Linn.— Marsh  Mallow. 
From  the  Greek  aA0u>,  to  cure ;  on  account  of  its  healing  properties.) 

C'ilyx  surrounded  by  a  6 — 9-cleft  involucre.  Capsules  nu- 
merous, 1 -seeded,  arranged  circularly. 

A.  officinalis  Linn. :  leaves  soft  tomentose  on  both  sides,  cordate  and 
ovate,  dentate,  entire  or  3-lohed  ;  peduncles  axillary,  many-flowered,  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Near  salt  marshes.  Mass.  N.  Y.  N.  J.  Aug.,  Sept,  %.— Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  large,  purple.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Marsh  Mattmo. 

3.  HIBISCUS.  Linn.— Hibiscus. 
(From  an  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  plant  of  this  tribe.) 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5 -toothed,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  which 
is  often  many-leaved.  Stigmas  5.  Carpels. united  in  a  5  or  10- 
celled  capsule ;  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle ;  cells  many- 
seeded,  rarely  1 -seeded. 

1.  H.  Virginicus  Linn. :  roughish  tomentose  ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acu- 
minate, unequally  serrate-toothed  ;  upper  ones  undivided ;  lower  3-lobed ; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  petioles ;  flowers  cernuous ;  capsule  hispid.     H. 
clypeatus  Walt. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  3  feet  high.  Flowers  in  pan- 
iculate racemes,  2  inches  in  diameter,  rose-colored.  Involucre  8— 9-leaved,  to- 
mentose. Petals  obovate-cuneate.  Virginian  Hibiscus. 

2.  H.  Moschcutos  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  often  3-lobed, 
whitish-tomentose  beneath,  somewhat  scabrous  pubescent  above ;  pedun- 
cles and  petioles  often  united  ;  calyx  tomentose.     H.  palustris  Linn. 

Swamps,  especially  near  salt  water.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  Ij. — Stem 
3 — 5  feet  high.  Leaves  5  inches  long  and  3  broad,  usually  obtuse  at  base. 
Flowers  white  or  pale  purple,  sometimes  with  a  crimson  centre,  about  as  large  as 
the  common  Hollyhock.  Swamp  Hibiscus. 

3.  H.  militaris    Wittd. :    leaves  3-lobed,   hastate,   acuminate,   serrate, 
smooth ;  pedicels  articulate  in  the  middle  ;  corolla  subcampanulate ;  cap- 
sule ovate,  acuminate,   smooth;  seeds  silky.     H.    Virginicus   Walt.     H. 
hastatus  Mich. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.  %.—Stem  3—4  feet 
high.  Flowers  large,  purple,  axillary,  solitary.  Smooth  Hibiscus. 

4.  H.    Trionum  Linn. :  leaves  toothed ;  lower  ones  scarcely  divided ; 
upper  3-parted;  lobes  lanceolate,  middle  one  very  long;  calyx  inflated, 
membranaceous,  nerved.     H.  pallidus  Raf. 

Near  gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  July.  (p. — Stem  2  feet  high, 
somewhat  hispid.  Flowers  yellowish  white,  with  the  lower  part  purple.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe.  Bladder  Ketmia. 

4.  SIDA.  Linn.— Sida. 

(An  ancient  Greek  name  applied  to  some  plant  of  this  tribe.) 
Calyx  5-cleft,  often  angied,  naked,  or  rarely  with   1 — 2  se- 


56  TILIACE^J. 

taceous  bracts.    Style  many-cleft  at  the  top.    Carpels  numerous, 
arranged  circularly,  1 -celled,  1 — 3-seeded. 

1.  S.  spinosa  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed,  with  the  tubercles 
at  the  base  spiny  ;  pedicels  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than  the  stipules  and 
petioles ;  carpels  5,  bi-rostrate. 

Barrens  and  road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  (J). — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  branched.  Flowers  solitary,  yellow.  Leaves  sometimes  sub- 
cordate.  Prickly  Sida. 

2.  S.  Napcea   Willd. :  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  smooth ;  lobes  oblong, 
acuminate,   toothed;    peduncles  many-flowered;    capsules   10,    awnless, 
acuminate.     Napasa  Icevis  Linn. 

Rocky  places.  Penn.  to  Virg. ;  rare.  Pursh.  July.  QJ..—- Stem  3—4  feet  high. 
Flowers  small,  white.  Smooth  Sida. 

3.  S.  dioica  Willd. :  leaves  palmately  7-lobed,  rough ;  lobes  lanceolate, 
incisely  toothed ;  peduncles  many-flowered,  bracteate,  subcorymbed ;  flow- 
ers dioecious ;  capsules  10,  awnless.     Napcea  dioica  and  N.  scabra  Linn. 

Stony  ground.  Penn  and  Virg.  Oct.  %. — Stem  4 — 5  feel  high.  Flowers 
small,  white,  crowded  into  heads.  Rough  Sida. 

4.  S.    Abutilon  Linn. :  leaves  roundish-cordate,   acuminate,  toothed, 
tomentose ;  peduncles  shorter  than   the  petioles ;  capsules   15,  truncate, 
bi-rostrate,  hairy.     Abutilon  Avicennce  Gceert.  Torr.  $•  Gr. 

Waste  ground.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  (T). — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  with  spreading 
branches.  Leaves  large.  Flowers  orange  yellow.  Introduced  from  India. 

Indian  Mallow. 

ORDER  XXIII.     TILIACE^E.— LINDENS. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  distinct  or  united,  with  a  valvate  aestivation. 
Petals  4 — 5,  entire,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  generally  in- 
definite, hypogynous,  distinct;  anthers  2-celled.  Disk  often 
with  4 — 5  glands  at  the  base  of  the  petals.  Ovary  of  2 — 10 
united  carpels  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  carpels.  Fruit 
dry,  of  several  cells.  Seeds  solitary  or  numerous,  with  fleshy 
albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate 
leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

TILIA.  Linn. — Linden  or  Lime  Tree. 
(A  name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  naked,  or  with  a  small 
scale  within.  Stamens  many  ;  filaments  free,  or  somewhat  in 
sets.  Ovary  globose,  villous,  5-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded,  ( Fruity 
coriaceous,  by  abortion  1 -celled,  1 — 2-seeded. 

1.  T.  glabra  Vent.:  leaves  deeply  cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  acutely 
serrate,  subcoriaceous,  smooth ;  flowers  in  cymes ;  petals  truncate  at  the 
apex,  crenate  ;  style  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  fruit  ovate,  somewhat  ribbed. 
T.  Americana  Linn.  Mich.  f.  T.  Canadensis  Mich. 


HYPERICACEJS.  57 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  A  tree  often  60  or  70  feet  high, 
with  yellowish- white  flowers.  The  wood  is  white  and  soft,  and  much  used  by 
cabinet  and  coach-makers.  The  bark  is  grayi>h,  and  so  strong  and  flexible  as 
to  make  tolerable  ropes.  Big.  Basswood.  Whitewood. 

2.  T.  laxijiora   Mich.  :  leaves  cordate,   gradually   acuminate,   serrate, 
mernbranaceous,   smooth ;  flowers   in   loose  panicles ;  petals  emarginate ; 
styles  longer  than  the  petals  ;  fruit  globose. 

Near  the  sea  coast.  Penn.  to  Geor.  May.  T^ . — A  very  distinct  species, 
though  generally  confounded  with  the  former.  Pursh. 

Loose-jluwered  Linden. 

3.  T.  pubescens  Ait. :  leaves  truncate  at  the  base,  subcordate,  oblique, 
denticulate-serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  petals  emarginate  ;  styles  longer 
than  the  petals ;  fruit  globose,  smooth.     T.  Americana  Walt. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Tenn.  June. — A  large  tree. 
Flowers  white,  in  axillary  cymes.  Hairy-leaved  Linden. 

ORDER  XXIV.  HYPERICACE^E.— TUTSANS. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  distinct  or  cohering,  unequal.  Petals  4 — 5, 
with  a  twisted  aestivation  and  oblique  veins.  Stamens  usually 
numerous  and  cohering  at  base  in  three  or  more  parcels.  Ovary 
single,  superior  ;  styles  several,  rarely  connate  ;  stigmas  simple, 
occasionally  capitate.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  of  many  valves 
and  many  cells.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  without  albu- 
men ;  embryo  straight. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  with  a 
resinous  juice,  and  dotted  with  pellucid  or  black  glands.  Leaves 
opposite,  entire,  without  stipules.  Flowers  mostly  yellow. 

1.  HYPERICUM.  Linn.— St.  John's  Wort. 

(A  name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  mostly  equal.  Pe- 
tals 5,  oblique,  and  often  inequilateral.  Stamens  numerous,  or 
sometimes  few,  united  at  the  base  into  3 — 5  parcels,  sometimes 
distinct.  Styles  3 — 5,  distinct  or  more  or  less  united.  Capsule 
membranaceous. 

*  Stamens  numerous.     Styles  5.     Flowers  mostly  terminal,  large,  yellow. 

1.  H.  jrtjramidatum  Ait.:   smooth;  stem  square,  somewhat  branching 
above ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping,  acute,  membranaceous, 
pellucid-punctate ;   sepals  ovate-lanceolate ;  styles  free,  as  long  as  the  sta- 
mens.    H.  macrocarpon  Mich.    H.  ascyroides  Willd. 

River  banks.  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ohio.  July.  %. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  with 
two  of  the  angles  strongest.  Flowers  few  or  solitary,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
more  than  an  inch  in  diameter.  Capsule  ovoid-conical,  as  large  as  a  nutmeg. 

Giant  St.  John's  Wort. 

2.  Kalmianum  Willd.  :  frutescent,  much  branched ;  branches   square  ; 

3* 


58  HYPER  ICACE^E. 

leaves  crowded,  narrow-oblanceolate,  obtuse  ;  cymes  fastigiate,  3 — 7-flow- 
ered  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals. 

Banks  of  streams  and  in  swamps.  Can.  and  around  the  great  lakes.  Falls 
of  Niagara.  N.  J.  July,  Aug.  A  shrub  about  2  feet  high.  Flowers  smaller  than 
in  the  preceding.  The  var.  elongatum  of  Macnab  occurs  in  a  swamp  about 
8  miles  S.  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  The  branches  are  more  elongated,  the 
leaves  more  obtuse,  and  the  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  specimens  from  Niagara 
Falls.  Kalm's  St.  John's  Wort. 

**  Stamens  numerous.     Styles  mostly  3.     Flowers  yellow. 

3.  H.  angulosum  Mich. :  stem  herbaceous,  square,  erect ;  leaves  distant, 
elongated,  ovate,  subclasping,  sinuate  on  the  margin,  acute,  not  punctate ; 
flowers  axillary,  solitary,  in  a  dichotomous  panicle ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute, 
somewhat  keeled.     H.  denticulatum  Walt. 

Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  rftr. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high, 
branched  towards  the  summit.  Flowers  scattered  in  the  panicle  and  alternate, 
orange-colored.  Styles  3,  often  united.  Angular  St.  John's  Wort. 

4.  H.  adpressum  Bart. :  stem  2-winged  above ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate 
or  linear-oblong,   closely  sessite,    pellucid-punctate ;    cyme   few-flowered, 
naked ;  sepals  very  unequal,  oblong  and  obovate,  at  length  reflexed ;  petals 
oblong-obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Swamps.  N.  J.  Penn.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.,  Sept.  ^..—Stem  2  feet  high, 
somewhat  shrubby  at  base.  Flowers  in  compound  cymes.  Stamens  very  nu- 
merous. Winged  St.  John's  Wort. 

5.  H.  ellipticum  Hook. :  stem  square,  simple  below,  somewhat  branched 
above;  leaves  elliptic,  very  obtuse,  closely  sessile,  pellucid-punctate;  cyme 
nearly  naked ;  sepals  oblong,  very  unequal,  spreading ;  capsule  ovate-glo- 
bose. 

Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Penn.  July.  9|. — Stem  10 — 20  inches  high.  Flowers 
pale  orange.  Styles  3,  connate  nearly  to  the  summit. 

Elliptic  St.  John's  Wort. 

6.  H.  corymbosum  Muhl. :  stem  terete,  black  punctate ;  leaves  ovate  lance- 
olate, obtuse,  sub-clasping ;  flowers  in  dense  corymbs ;  sepals  ovate,  acute ; 
petals  oblong.     H.  punctatum  Torr.  Comp. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  *2J..—  Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  in  a  compact  panicle  or  corymb.  Styles  3,  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Whole  plant,  except  the  filaments  and  styles,  spotted  with  black  dots. 

Corymbed  St.  John's  Wort. 

7.  H.  perforatum  Linn. :  stem  ancipital ;  leaves  obtuse,  ovate-elliptic,  and 
with  the  lanceolate  sepals  pellucid-punctate ;  flowers  panicled ;  anthers  with 
black  punctures ;  styles  diverging. 

Fields,  pastures,  &c.  Throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S.  June — Aug.  QJ.. — 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branched.  Flowers  numerous.  Stamens  mostly  in  three 
sets.  A  pernicious  weed,  producing,  according  to  Dr.  Darlington,  troublesome 
sores  upon  horses  and  horned  cattle,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  them.  Tt 
would  seem  that  the  dew  which  collects  on  the  plant,  becomes  active  in  this 
way.  Fl>  Cest.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  St.  John's  Wort. 

8.  H.  mutilum  Linn. :  stem  erect,  much  branched,  smooth,  square  ;  leaves 
ovate,  subcordate,    obtuse,  sessile,  obscurely  5-nerved,  pellucid-punctate ; 
flowers  in  a  dichotomous  corymb  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  petals. 
H.  quinquenervium  Walt.  Mich.     H.  parviflorum  Willd. 


HYPERICACE^E.  59 

Overflowed  grounds.     Throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S.    June — Aug      Q\. 

Stem  6 — 12  inches  high.    Flowers  very  small,  pale  yellow,  solitary  in  the  divisions 
of  the  stem.  Small-flowered  St.  John's  Wort. 

9.  H,  Canadense  Linn. :  stem  erect  and  straight,  4-winged  ;  leaves  linear, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  rather  obtuse :  panicle  elongated,  dichotomous ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  very  acute,  longer  than  the  petals ;  stamens   5 — 10 ;  capsule 
long,  conical,  colored. 

Gravelly  soil.  Can.  to  Geor.  June — Aug.  (J). — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high. 
Flowers  small,  yellow.  Capsule  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  of  a  reddish 
color,  by  which,  together  with  its  linear  leaves,  it  can  be  readily  distinguished 
from  the  preceding.  Canadian  St.  John's  Wort. 

10.  H.  Sarothra  Mich.:  erect,  much  branched  above;  branches  seta- 
ceous ;  leaves  minute,  subulate,  appressed ;  flowers  terminal,  subsolitary ; 
stamens  5 — 10  ;  capsule  conical,  very  acute,  1-celled.     H.  nudicaule  Walt. 
Sarothra  gentiaiwides  Wittd. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June— Aug.  7J..— Stem  4—8  inches  high, 
much  branched.  Leaves  scarcely  more  than  a  line  long.  Flowers  minute' 
orange-yellow.  Stamens  variable  in  number.  Ground  Pine. 

11.  H.  prolificum  Linn. :  stem  shrubby,  terete  ;  branches  angled  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,    revolute    on  the  margin,   pellucid-punctate ;     corymbs 
axillary  and  terminal,  few-flowered,  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  ;  stamens  very 
numerous.     H.  galioides  Pursh. 

Banks  of  streams.     N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.     Jiily. — A  shrub  2 3  feet 

high,  with  much  compressed  branches.     Leaves  2  inches  "long.     Peduncle*  gen- 
erally 3-flowered,  the  intermediate  one  nearly  sessile. 

Proliferous  St.  John's  Wort. 

-2.  ASCYRUM.  Linn.— St  Peter's  Wort.. 

(From  the  Greek  a,  privative,  and  a<vpogt  roughness ;  the  plant  being  smooth 
to  the  touch.  Torr.  N.  Y.  f7.) 

Calyx  4-sepalled ;  2  outer  sepals  smaller.  Petals  4,  cadu- 
cous. Stamens  many,  scarcely  united  at  base.  Styles  2 — 3, 
rarely  4,  sometimes  united.  Capsule  1-celled,  2 — 3-valved. 

1.  A.  Crux-AndrecB  Linn.:  stem  much  branched  at  base,  assurgent; 
leaves  obovate-oblong,  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  flowers  solitary  or  cymu- 
lose,  on  short  pedicels ;  outer  sepals  ovate,  inner  ones  very  minute ;  petals 
linear-oblong;  styles  2,  at  length  distinct.     (Torr.  <f*  &>'•)     A.  mnlticaide 
Mich. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July.  QJ-. — Stem  8  inches  to  2  feet 
high,  ancipital  above.  Leaves  variable  in  width.  Flowers  usually  in  threes, 
pale  yellow.  Common  St.  Peters  Wort. 

2.  A.  sfans  Mich. :   stem  ancipital   and   somewhat  winged ;   straight ; 
leaves  closely  sessile,  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse,  glaucous  ;  outer  sepals  cordate- 
orbicular  ;  inner  ones  lanceolate,  one-third  shorter  than  the  others ;  styles 
3,  rarely  4.     A.  hypericoides  Linn.  ? 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
branched  at  the  summit.  Floicers  mostly  three  together,  yellow,  much  larger 
than  in  the  preceding.  Upright  St.  Peter's  Wort; 


60  ACERACE.E. 

3.  ELODEA.  Adans. — Elodea. 
(From  the  Greek  eXw^s,  growing  in  marshy  places.) 
Sepals  5,  somewhat  united  at  base.     Petals  5,  deciduous,, 
equilateral.     Stamens    9,   (rarely  12 — 15,)  united  into   three 
parcels  which  alternate  with  3  hypogynous  glands.     Styles  3, 
distinct.     Capsule  oblong,  membranaceous,  3-celled. 

E.  Virginica  Nutt. :  leaves  sessile,  clasping ;  stamens  united  below  the 
middle.  E.  campanulata  Pursh.  Hypericum  Virginicum  Linn. 

Bogs  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July — Sept.  1J-. — Stem  12 — 18 
inches  high,  tinged  with  purple.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  paler  beneath.  Fkno- 
ers  few,  in  terminal  and  axillary  cymes,  reddish-yellow,  half  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Virginian  Elodea. 

ORDER  XXV.     ACERACE^E. — MAPLES. 

Calyx  5,  or  rarely  4 — 9-parted,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation. 
Petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  round  a  hypogynous  disk.  Stamens  usually  8,  some- 
times 3 — 12,  distinct.  Ovary  2-lobed,  2  -  celled  ;  style  1  ;  stig- 
mas 2.  Fruit  of  2  indehiscent  winged  carpels,  (samarce,)  each 
1-celled,  1 — 27seeded.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen. — Trees, 
with  opposite,  palmately  lobed,  rarely  pinnate,  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  often  polygamous,  in  racemes,  corymbs  or  fascicles. 

1.  ACER.  Linn. — Maple. 

(From  the  Latin  acer,  sharp ;  the  wood  having  been  used  for  pikes,  or  lances.) 
Flowers  mostly  polygamous.     Calyx  5-lobed,  sometimes  5- 
parted.     Stamens  rarely  5,  often  V — 10.     Samarse  3,  winged, 
united  at  base,  by  abortion  1 -seeded. 

*  Flmoers  in  corymbs  or  fascicles. 

1.  A.  rubrumLinn.:  leaves  3— 5-lobed,  cordate  at  the  base,  unequally 
and  incisely  toothed,  glaucous  beneath ;  the  sinuses  acute,  the  lobes  acute 
or  acuminate;  flowers  aggregated  in  about  fives,  on  rather  long  pedicels; 
fruit  smooth ;  the  wings  slightly  falcate,  at  length  spreading. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  April. — A  tree  from  20 — 50  feet  high.  Leaves 
pubescent  when  young.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  in  sessile  fascicles, 
red  or  yellowish.  Pedicels  of  the  flowers,  half  an  inch  long,  of  the  fruit  2—3 
inches.  Red  Maple. 

2.  A.  eriocarpum  Mich. :  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  truncate  at  the  base, 
smooth  and  whitish-glaucous  beneath ;  sinuses  obtuse ;  lobes  acuminate, 
incisely  toothed ;  flowers  aggregated,  on  short  pedicels  ;  fruit  woolly  when 
young,  nearly  smooth  when  old,  with  large  dilated  wings.     A  dasycarpum 

Willd. 


ACERACE.ffi.  61 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.— A  tree  30—50  feet  high,  af- 
fording a  sweet  sap.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  nearly  smooth  when  old.  Flowers 
greenish-yellow  or  purplish,  usually  about  5  together.  Pedicels  of  the  fruit 
about  an  inch  long.  Silver-leaved  Maple.  White  Maple. 

3.  A.  barbatum  Mich.:  leaves  ovate-cordate,   with   3   short  lobes,   un- 
equally serrate,  glaucous  beneath  and  pubescent  on  the  nerves ;  corymbs 
sessile ;  peduncles  hairy  ;  those  of  the  sterile  flowers  branched,  of  the  fer- 
tile simple  ;  calyx  bearded  within;  fruit  smooth;  wings  erect.     A.  Caro- 
linianum  Walt. 

Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Pursh.  April. — A  small  tree.  Leaves  small. 
Flowers  pale  green.  Calyx  densely  bearded  within.  Hairy  Maple. 

4.  A.  saccharinum  Linn. :  leaves  palmately  3 — 5-lobed,  subcordate  at 
base,  petioled,  glaucous  beneath  ;  sinuses  obtuse ;  lobes  acuminate ;  pe- 
duncles corymbose,  loose,  nodding,  hairy ;  fruit  glabrous ;  wings  divergent. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April.— A  tree  50—80  feet  high. 
Leaves  deep  green  and  smooth  above.  Flowers  yellowish,  on  long  filiform  pe- 
duncles. Petioles  smooth.  Valuable  for  its  timber  and  for  the  sugar  obtained 
from  its  sap.  Common  Sugar  Maple.  Hard  Maple. 

5.  A.  nigrum  Mich. :  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  cordate,  with  the  sinus 
closed,  pubescent  beneath;  lobes  divaricate,  sinuate-dentate;  flowers  on 
long  slender  peduncles,  corymbed ;  fruit  glabrous,  turgid  at  base ;  wings 
diverging.     A.  saccharinum  var.  nigrum  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Woods,  on  hill-sides.  Ver.  to  Car.  April. — A  large  tree.  Flowers  yellowish. 
Petioles  pubescent.  Black  Sugar  Maple. 

**  Flowers  in  racemes. 

6.  A.  striatum  Mich. :  leaves  with  3   acuminate  lobes,  rounded  at  the 
base,  acutely  dentate,  somewhat  pubescent ;  racemes  simple,  pendulous ; 
petals  oval ;  fruit  smooth  ;  wings  large,  somewhat  diverging.     A.  Pennsyl- 
vanicum  Linn. 

Shady  rocks.  Can.  to  Geor.  (Not  south  of  the  Highlands  in  N.  Y.  Torr.) 
May. — A  shrub  or  small  tree  10 — 15  feet  high ;  trunk  beautifully  striate.  Leaves 
rarely  undivided.  Flowers  large,  greenish-yellow,  10 — 12  in  a  raceme. 

Striped  Maple.     Moose  Wood. 

7.  A.  spicatum  Linn. :  leaves  small,  3 — 5-lobed,  acute,  dentate,  cordate, 
pubescent  b*neath ;  racemes  spikeform,  erect ;  petals  linear ;  fruit  smooth ; 
wings  somewhat  diverging.     A.  montanum  Ait. 

Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Geor.  May. — Shrub  8—12  feet  high.  Flowers  green- 
ish, small,  in  racemes  2  or  3  inches  long.  Mountain  Maple. 

2.  NEGUNDO.  D.  C.    Box  Elder. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  minute,  unequally  4 — 5-toothed. 
Petals  none.  Anthers  4 — 5,  linear,  sessile. 

N.  fraxinifolium  Nutt. :  leaves  ternate,  or  pinnate  by  fives ;  leafets 
rhomboid-oval  or  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  unequally  and  coarsely  den- 
tate ;  flowers  dioecious,  in  simple  pendulous  racemes.  Acer  Negundo  Linn. 
Mich. 

Low  wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  April.-— A  tree 
15 — 20  feet  high,  with  a  smooth  yellowish-green  bark.  Leaves  mostly  ternate. 
Flowers  yellowish-green,  pendulous.  Ash-leaved  Maple.  Box  Elder. 


62  VITACEvE. 


ORDER  XXVI.    HIPPOCASTANACE^E.— HORSE  CHESTNUTS. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5,  unequal.  Stamens 
7 — 8  distinct,  unequal,  inserted  upon  a  hypogynous  disk. 
Ovary  3-celled ;  style  filiform,  acute.  Fruit  coriaceous,  1 — 2 
or  3-valved,  1 — 2  or  3-celled.  Seeds  1 — 3,  large,  roundish, 
with  a  smooth  shining  coat,  and  a  broad  hilum  ;  albumen  none  ;s 
embryo  curved,  germinating  under  ground. — Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  opposite,  compound.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles. 

JESCULUS.    Linn.— Horse  Chestnut. 
(A  Latin  name  said  to  have  been  originally  applied  to  an  oak.) 
Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.     Petals   4 — 5,  more    or  less 
unequal.     Filaments  recurved  backward. 

1.  M.  glabra  Willd.:  leafets  5,  ovate,  acuminate,  very  smooth ;  corolla 
4-petalled,  spreading,  with  the  claws  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  stamens  longer 
than  the  corolla ;  fruit  echinate.     JE.  echinata,  MuM.      Pavia   Ohiemis 
Mich.f. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — A  large  shrub  or  small 
tree.  Flowers  yellowish-white,  in  terminal  racemose  panicles.  Buck-eye. 

2.  M.  Hippocastanum  Linn. :  leafets  7,  obovate-cuneate,  acute,  dentate ; 
flowers  with  5  petals  and  7  stamens  ;  fruit  echinate. 

About  houses.  May. — A  tree  with  a  smooth  bark,  very  branching  towards 
the  top.  Flowers  large,  white,  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow.  A  native  of 
India.  Common  Horse  Chestnut. 

ORDER  XXVII.     VITACEJS.— VINES. 

Calyx  small,  nearly  entire.  Petals  4  or  5,  sometimes  co- 
hering above'  and  calyptriform,  with  a  valvate  aestivation. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  upon  the  disk,  some- 
times sterile  by  abortion.  Ovary  2 -celled  ;  style  1,  very  short ; 
stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  globose  pulpy  berry,  2-  (or  by  abortion 
1-)  celled/  Seeds  1 — 5,  bony,  with  hard  albumen. — Climbing 
shrubs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  small  green 
flowers. 

1.  AMPELOPSIS.  Mich.— Ampelopsis. 

(From  the  Greek  a/in-tXoj  vine,  and  o^ij,  aspect ;  on  account  of  its  resemblance 
to  the  vine.) 

Calyx  nearly  entire.  Petals  5.  Style  1,  very  short.  Stig- 
ma capitate.  Ovary  not  immersed  in  the  disk,  2 — 4-se<>ded. 

1.   A.  cordata  Mich. :  stem  climbing,  with  slender  hnmrl.">  :  Ir-aves  cor- 


GERANIACEJB.  63 

date,  acuminate,  toothed  and  angular ;  nerves  beneath  pubescent ;  racemes 
dichotomous,  few-flowered.  Cissus  Ampelopsis  Pers.  Vitis  indivisa  Wittd. 
Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  June,  July.  T2. — Leaves  cor- 
date, often  straight  at  base  as  if  truncate.  Panicles  opposite  the  leaves.  Berries 
pale  red.  Heart-leaved  Ampelopsis. 

2.  A.  quinquefolia  Mich. :  stem  climbing  and  rooting ;  leaves  digitate, 
by  fives,  on  long  petioles,  glabrous ;  leafets  connected  at  base,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  dentate  towards  the  apex  ;  racemes  somewhat  dichotomously 
cymose.  A.  hederacea  D.  C.  Cissus  hederacca  Pursh.  Hedera  quinquefolia 
Linn. 

var.  hirsuta  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides ;  leafets  ovate. 
A.  hirsuta  Muhl.  Cissus  hederacea.  var.  hirsuta  Pursh. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  Var.  hirsuta,  Alleghany  Mountains.  Pursh. 
June,  July.  17. — Stem  climbing.  Flowers  small,  yellowish-green.  .Berries  dark 
blue  or  nearly  black.  Virginian  Creeper. 

2.  VITIS.  Linn,— Vine. 

(An  ancient  Latin  name;  the  derivation  of  which  is  unknown.) 
Calyx  somewhat  4 — 5-toothed.  Petals  4 — 5,  cohering  at  their 
apex,  deciduous.      Stamens  5.     Style  none.     Berry   2-celled, 
1 — 4-seeded  ;  cells  and  seeds  often  abortive. 

1.  V.  Labrusca  Linn. :  leaves  very  large,  broad-cordate,  sub^S-lobed, 
acutely  toothed,  glabrous  above,  and  with  the  peduncles  grayish-tomentose 
beneath  ;  racemes  small,  panicled ;  berries  large. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  Tj. — Stem  climbing  to  a  great  height. 
Flowers  greenish.  Berries  dark  purple,  sometimes  greenish-white.  It  under- 
goes great  changes  by  cultivation.  Fox  Grape. 

2.  V.  (sstivalis   Mich. :  stem   long   and  slender ;  leaves  broad-cordate, 
3 — 5-lobed,  younger  ones  ferruginous-tomentose  beneath,  when  old  nearly 
smooth ;  sinuses  rounded ;  racemes  opposite  the  leaves,  rather  crowded, 
oblong ;  berries  small.     V.  intermedia  Muhl. 

Woods  and  river  banks.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  T?.—  Berries 
deep  blue,  almost  black.  Summer  Grape. 

3.  V.  vulpina  Linn. :  leaves  cordate,  abruptly   acuminate,   somewhat 
equally  and  rather  coarsely  toothed,  smooth  above  ;  racemes  loose,  many- 
flowered  ;  berries  small.     V.  cordifolia  Mich.  Pursh. 

River  banks.  Can.  to  Flor.  June.  T^. — Serries  amber-colored,  nearly  black 
when  ripe,  and  have  a  tart  taste.  Winter  Grape.  Frost  Grapr. 

4.  V.  riparia  Mich. :  leaves  cordate,  unequally  and  incisely  toothed ; 
shortly  3-lobed,  pubescent  on  the  margin,  nerves  and  petiole  :  racemes 
loose  ;  berries  small.     V.  odwatissima  Donn. 

Gravelly  bunks.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Ark.  May — July.  ?,». — Stem  long. 
Leaves  ineisely  toothed,  by  which  it  may  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding. 
Flowers  sweet-scented.  Berries  dark  purple  or  amber  color,  when  ripe. 

Sweet-scented  Grape. 

ORDER  XXVIII.    GERANIACEJS.— CRANE'S-BILLS. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  more  or  less  unequal,  with  an  imbricated 
aestivation.  Petals  5,  (or  by  abortion  4,  rarely  none,)  unguicu- 


64  GERANIACE^E. 

late.  Stamens  usually  monadelphous,  hypogynous,  twice  or 
thrice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Fruit  formed  of  5  carpels  co- 
hering round  the  axis,  having  a  membranous  pericarp  and  ter- 
minated by  an  indurated  style,  which  finally  twists  and  carries 
the  pericarp  along  with  it.  Seeds  solitary,  without  albumen. 
Cotyledons  convolute  and  plaited. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby 
plants  usually  strong-scented.  Leaves  opposite  and  alternate, 
mostly  lobed.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular. 

1.  GERANIUM.  Linn.— Crane's-bill. 
(From  the  Greek  ycpavo  j,  a  crane ;  the  fruit  resembling  the  bill  of  that  bird.) 

Sepals  5,  equal.     Petals  5,  equal.     Stamens  10,  all  fertile; 
alternate  ones  longer,  and  with  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base. 
Carpels  with  long  awns,  at  length  separating  elastically  from 
the  summit  to  the  base  ;  awns  smooth  internally. 
*  Perennial. 

1.  G.  maculatum  Linn.:  stem  somewhat  angular,  erect,  dichotomous, 
retrorsely  pubescent ;  leaves  3 — 5-parted,  incised ;  radical  on  long  petioles ; 
upper  opposite,  sessile ;  petals  entire ;  filaments  slightly  ciliate  at  the  base. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  '2J..— ; Stem  8—15  inches 
high.  Leaves  hairy.  Flowers  large,  purple.  The  root  is  very  astringent,  and 
is  useful  for  medicinal  purposes.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  19. 

Spotted  Geranium,  or  Crane's-bill. 

**  Annual. 

2.  G.  pusillum  Linn. :  stem  procumbent ;  leaves  reniform  or  nearly  orbicu- 
lar, deeply  5 — 7-lobed ;  lobes  of  the  lower  leaves  3-cleft,  of  the  upper  entire ; 
peduncles  short,  2-flowered;  petals  emarginate,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
awnless  calyx ;  carpels  keeled,  pubescent. 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  &  Penn.  May — July.  (T). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  long,  very 
slender.  leaves  slightly  pubescent.  Flowers  pale  purple,  much  smaller  than  in 
the  preceding.  Introduced  ?  Small-flowered  Crane's-bill. 

3.  G.  Carolinianum  Linn. :   diffusely  branched,    pubescent ;   leaves  5- 
lobed  beyond  the  middle  ;  lobes  incised,  3 — 5-cleft;  peduncles  crowded  to- 
wards the*top ;  petals  notched,  as  long  as  the  awned  calyx ;  carpels  hairy. 
G.  dissectum  Pursh. 

Barren  grounds.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains and  California.  April — June.  (1). — Stem  4 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers 
small,  rose-color,  or  nearly  white.  Carolina  Crane's-bill. 

4.  G.  Robertianum  Linn. :  leaves  ternate  or  quinate ;  leafets  somewhat 
pinnatifid,  segments  mucronate ;  peduncles  long,  2-flowered ;  calyx,  angu- 
lar, hairy,  with  longish  awns,  snorter  than  the  entire  petals ;  carpels  small, 
wrinkled. 

Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Virg.  June— Sept.  (£).— S*m  long.  Flowers  rather 
small,  purple.  Plant  very  fetid.  Herb  Robert. 


BALSAMINACE^E.  65 

2.  ERODJUM.  VHerit.— Heron' s-bill. 

(From  the  Greek  tputtos,  a  heron ;  the  fruit  resembling  the  head  and  beak  of 
lhat  bird.) 

Sepals  5,  equal,  regular.  Petals  5,  mostly  equal.  Stamens 
10,  the  5  outer  ones  (opposite  the  petals)  shorter  and  sterile; 
the  perfect  ones  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  the  base.  Styles 
persistent,  bearded  on  the  inside,  at  length  spirally  twisted. 

E.  cicutarium  Smith :  stem  prostrate  or  diffuse,  hairy ;  leaves  pinnately 
divided ;  segments  sessile,  pinnatifid,  incised  or  acute ;  peduncles  several 
flowered  ;  petals  unequal.  Geranium  cicutarium  Linn. 

Gravelly  shore  of  Oneida  Lake,  N.  Y. ;  abundant.  W.  to  Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia. May,  June.  ®. — Leaves  2 — 4  inches  long,  oblong,  with  numerous  pin- 
natifid lobes.  Flowers  as  large  as  those  of  Geranium  pusiuum.  Introduced  ? 

Hemlock-leaved  Heron's-bitt. 

ORDER  XXIX.  BALSAMHSTACE^E.— BALSAMS. 
Sepals  5,  irregular,  deciduous ;  the  two.  upper  commonly 
united  into  one,  the  lower  spurred.  Petals  4,  hypogynous, 
linited  in  pairs,  so  that  apparently  there  are  only  2  petals. 
Stamens  5  ;  filaments  subulate.  Ovary  5-celled  ;  stigma  sessile, 
more  or  less  5-lobed.  Fruit  capsular,  with  5  elastic  valves 
and  5  cells.  Seeds  solitary  or  numerous,  without  albumen. — 
Succulent  herbaceous  plants.  Leaves  simple,  without  stipules. 

IMPATIENS.  Linn.— Balsam. 

(In  allusion  to  the  bursting  of  the  seed-vessels  by  the  slightest  touch.) 
Sepals  5,  the  lower  one  spurred.     Corolla  4-petalled,  irregu- 
lar ;  the  two  inner  petals  unequally  bilobed.    Stigmas  5,  united. 
Capsule  prismatic-terete,   elongated,    5-valved,   opening   elas- 
tically. 

1.  7.  pallida  Nutt.:  peduncles  solitary  2 — 5-flowered;    leaves    oblong- 
ovate,  on  short  petioles,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  the  teeth  mucronate  ; 
lower  sepal  dilated,  obtusely  conic,  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  a  very 
short  recurved  spur;  flowers  sparingly  punctate.     /.  noli-tangere  Pursh. 
I.  aurea  Muhl. 

Damp  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  ®. — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high, 
much  branched.  Leaves  obtuse  at  base,  on  petioles  half  an  inch  long,  upper 
ones  sessile.  Flowers  gamboge -yellow,  larger  than  the  next. 

Snap-weed.     Touch-me-not. 

2.  I.  fulva   Nutt. :  peduncles  solitary,   2 — 4-flowered ;  leaves  rhombic- 
ovate,  somewhat  obtuse,  on  longish  petioles,  coarsely  serrate,  the  teeth  mu- 
cronate; lower  sepal  acutely  conic,  with  a  long  recurved  spur;  flowers 
with  .crowded  spots.     7.  biflora  Pursh.     I.  noli-tangere,  var.  Mich.     I.  ma' 
culata  Muhl. 


66  OXALIDACE^E. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  (£).—< Stem  2—4  feet 
high.  Leaves  on  petioles  an  inch  or  more  long.  Flowers  deep  orange  with  red- 
dish brown  spots,  smaller  and  less  numerous  than  the  former. 

Balsam  Weed.     Jeivel  Weed. 

ORDER  XXX.     TROPJEOLACE^E.— INDIAN  CRESSES. 

Sepals  3 — 5,  upper  one  with  a  long  distinct  spur.  Petals  1 — 5, 
equal  or  unequal.  Stamens  6 — 10,  distinct.  Ovary  1,  3-cor- 
nered ;  style  1 ;  stigmas  3 — 5,  acute.  Fruit  indehiscent,  the 
pieces  separable  from  a  common  axis,  sometimes  winged.  Seeds 
large,  without  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants  with  an  acrid  taste. 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 

FLCERKIA.   Willd.— False  Mermaid. 
(In  honor  of  Flosrke,  a  German  botanist.)     • 

Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Sta- 
mens 6. 

F.  proserpinacoides  Willd.     F.  uliginosa  Muhl.     Nedris  pinnata  Pursh. 

Marshes.  Ver.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  ($)—Stem  4—10  inches 
long,  at  length  decumbent,  nearly  simple.  Leaves  somewhat  succulent,  on  slen- 
der petioles,  trifid  and  pinnatifid.  Peduncles  axillary,  at  first  short,  gradually 
lengthening.  Flowers  about  3  lines  in  diameter,  with  white  oblong  petals. 

False  Mermaid. 

ORDER  XXXI.    OXALIDACE^E.— WOOD  SORRELS. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  equal.  Petals  5,  equal,  unguiculate, 
with  a  twisted  aestivation.  Stamens  10,  usually  more  or  less 
monadelphous.  Styles  5,  filiform ;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit 
capsular,  membranous,  with  5  cells,  and  from  5  to  10  valves. 
Seeds  few,  with  a  fleshy  integument,  which  bursts  elastically. 
Albumen  between  cartilaginous  and  fleshy. — Herbaceous  plants, 
rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  compound. 

OXALIS.  Linn.—  Wood  Sorrel. 
(From  the  Greek  o£v ?,  sharp  or  acid ;  in  allusion  to  the  sour  taste  of  the  plant.) 

Sepals  5,  free  or  united  at  base.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10, 
often  monadelphous  at  base,  5  outer  ones  shorter.  Styles  5. 
Capsule  pentangular,  oblong  or  cylindric,  5-celled. 

*  Stemless. 

1.  O.  Acetosella  Linn.;  root  creeping,  scaly;  scape  1-flowered,  longer 
than  the  leaves,  with  two  small  bracts  above  the  middle  ;  leaves  ternate ; 
leafets  obcordate.  hairy ;  petals  oval,  obtuse ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner 
stamens. 


ZANTHOXYLACE.E.  G7 

Mountain  woods.  Can.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  1\.. — Scape  3 — 5  inches 
long.  Flowers  large,  white,  with  red  veins,  drooping.  Petals  slightly  emargi- 
nate.  This  is  the  Shamrock  of  the  Irish.  The  expressed  juice  yields  binoxate 
of  potash.  Common  Wood  Sorrel. 

2.  O.  violacea  Linn. :  bulb  scaly ;  scape  umbelliferous,  3 — 9-flowered  ; 
flowers  nodding  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  obcordate,  smooth  ;  styles  shorter 
than  the  outer  stamens. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Texas.  May,  June.  Tj.. — 
Scape  4—6  inches  high.  Flowers  violet,  umbelled,  with  the  petals  obovate  and 
sometimes  slightly  emarginate.  Violet  Wood  Sorrel. 

**  Caulescent. 

3.  O.  corniculata  Linn. :  pubescent ;  stem  rooting,  decumbent,  branched ; 
peduncles  2-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  ob- 
cordate ;  petals  obovate,  emarginate ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens. 
O.  corniculata  var.  Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— Aug.  ^.—Stern  6—10  inches 
long.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  It  is  distinguished  chiefly  by  its  habit ;  but  the 
plant  of  American  authors  may  after  all  be  only  a  variety  of  the  next. 

Decumbent  Wood  Sorrel. 

4.  O.  stricta  Linn. :  hairy  ;  stem  erect,  sometimes  procumbent,  branched ; 
peduncles  2 — 6-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  leaves  ternate ;  leafets 
obcordate ;  petals  obovate,  entire  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens. 

Sandy  Fields.  Can.  to  Louis.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May — Aug.  7].. 
— Stem  4 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  4 — 6  in  an  umbel. 

Upright  Wood  Sorrel.  - 

ORDER  XXXII.     ZANTHOXYLACE^E.— ZANTHOXYLS. 

Flowers  diclinous,  regular.  Calyx  in  3,  4,  or  5  divisions. 
Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  rarely  none,  convolute.  Stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovaries  as  many  as 
the  petals,  sometimes  fewer;  styles  more  or  less  combined. 
Fruit  either  baccate  or  membranous,  sometimes  consisting  of 
several  drupes  or  2-valved  capsules.  Seeds  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
with  fleshy  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  without  sti- 
pules, usually  marked  with  pellucid  dots. 

1.  ZANTHOXYLUM.    Linn.— Prickly  Ash. 
(From  the  Greek  J-avBos,  yelloiv,  and  |vXoj/,  wood.) 

Polygamo-dicecious.  Sepals  3 — 5,  small.  Petals  longer 
than  the  sepals,  or  none.  Stamens  and  carpels  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx,  1 — 2-seeded. 

Z.  Americanum  Mill. :  prickly ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  in  4 — 5  pairs, 
ovate,  obsoletely  serrate,  equal  at  base ;  petioles  terete,  unarmed ;  prickles 
stipular;  flowers  in  short  axillary  sessile  umbels.  Z.  fraodneum  Wittd. 
Z.  ramiflorum  Mick. 


68  CELASTRACE^E. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  (Not  below  the  Highlands  in  N.Y.  Torr.)  W. 
to  Ark.  April. — Shrub,  3—5  feet  high,  covered  with  sharp  strong  prickles. 
Leaves  pinnate,  sometimes  prickly  on  the  back.  Flowers  in  umbels,  small,  green- 
ish, appearing,  be  fore  the  leaves.  The  bark  of  this  shrub  is  pungent,  and  is  em- 
ployed medicinally.  Big.  Med.  Bat.  iii.  156.  Prickly  Ash. 

2.  PTELEA.  Linn.— Shrubby  Trefoil. 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  elm,  from  a  root  which  alludes  to  the  winged  seed 


Polygamo-dicecious.  Sepals  3 — 6,  (usually  4,)  small.  Petals 
much  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  alternating  with  the 
petals.  Torus  tumid,  pentagonal.  Ovary  1  ;  style  short ;  stig- 
mas 2.  Samarae  membranaceous,  margined,  2-celled ;  cells  2- 
or  by  abortion  1 -seeded. 

PL  trifoliatu  Linn.:  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ternate;  leafets  sessile, 
ovate,  acuminate,  odd  one  much  attenuated  at  base ;  flowers  in  panicles, 
polvgamous,  mostly  with  4  stamens. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Texas.  June. — Shrub  6 — 10 
feet  high.  Flowers  greenish-white,  small,  hi  corymbose  clusters. 

Shrubby  Trefoil. 

SUBCLASS  II.— CALCYFLORALS. 

Calyx  with  the  sepals  more  or  less  united  at  base,  (gamosep- 
alous,  D.  C. — monophyllous,  Linn.)  Petals  and  stamens  in- 
serted into  the  calyx. 

ORDER  XXXIII.     CELASTRACE^E.— SPINDLE  TREES. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  imbricated,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  a  large 
expanded  disk.  Petals  4 — 5,  imbricate.  Stamens  alternate, 
with  the  petals,  inserted  upon  the  margin  or  upper  surface  of 
the  disk.  Ovary  free,  2 — 5-celled.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupace- 
ous. Seeds  often  with  an  aril ;  albumen  fleshy. — Small  trees 
or  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  and  small  caducous  stipules. 

1.  EVONYMUS.  Linn.— Spindle  Tree. 

(From  Euonyme,  mother  to  the  Furies,  in  allusion  to  the  injurious  effects  pro- 
duced by  the  fruit  of  this  plant.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 

Calyx  4 — 5 -cleft,  having  a  peltate  disk  within.  Petals  4 — 5. 
Stamens  inserted  upon  glands  at  the  margin  of  the  disk.  Cap- 
sule with  3 — 5  angles  and  as  many  cells  and  valves.  Seeds 
covered  with  a  colored  fleshy  aril. 

1.  E.  Americanus  Linn. :  branches  opposite,  smooth,  square ;  leaves  op- 
posite, subsessile,  varying  from  elliptic-lanceolate  to  oval-obovate ;  smooth, 


STAPHYJLEACE^E.  69 

acute,  serrate;  peduncles  1 — 3-flowered,  terete;  calyx  small,  with  acute 
segments ;  corolla  5-petalled ;  fruit  roughened,  warty. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.— Shrub  4—6  feet  high,  with 
opposite  branches.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  with  a  tinge  of  purple.  Fruit 
cnmson,  when  mature.  E.  obovatus  Nutt.  is  a  trailing  variety. 

Strawberry  Tree. 

2.  E.  atropurpureus  Jacq. :  stem  with  smooth,  opposite,  square  branches; 
leaves  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ; 
peduncles  divaricate,  many-flowered ;  flowers  4-cleft ;  fruit  smooth. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  lo  Miss.  June.  l^.—Stem  4—8  feet  high. 
Flowers  dark  purple.  Fruit  crimson.  Burning  Biish. 

2.  CELASTRUS.  Linn.  —  Staff  Tree. 
(A  Greek  name  of  uncertain  application.) 

Dioeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  minute,  5-lobed.  Petals 
5,  small,  unguiculate.  Ovary  small,  with  10  striae,  immersed  in 
the  disk;  style  short  and  thick;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule 
2 — 3-valved ;  valves  septiferous  in  the  centre.  Seeds  1 — 2  in 
each  cell,  inclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril. 

C.  scandens  Linn. :  stem  climbing,  unarmed  ;  leaves  petioled,  oval,  acu- 
minate, serrate  ;  stipules  minute ;  racemes  terminal. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. — A  woody  vine  or  low 
shub.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  small  terminal  racemes. 
Fruit  scarlet.  Climbing  Staff  Tree. 

ORDER  XXXIV.     STAPHYLEACE^E.— BLADDER-NUTS. 

Sepals  5,  colored,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  imbricated.  Sta- 
mens 5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  perigynous.  Disk  large, 
urceolate.  Ovary  2 — 3 -celled,  superior ;  styles  2 — 3,  cohering 
at  base.  Fruit  membranous  or  fleshy.  Seeds  roundish,  with  a 
bony  testa ;  hilum  large  ;  albumen  none. — Shrubs,  with  oppo- 
site pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

STAPHYLEA.  Linn.— Bladder-Nut. 

(From  the  Greek  <rra<£uA»7,  a  bunch  of  grapes ;  in  allusion  to  its  mode  of  flow- 
ering.) 

Sepals  5,  oblong,  erect,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Styles  distinct  or  slightly  united.  Fruit  a  membra- 
naceous  inflated  2 — 3-celled  capsule.  Seeds  globose. 

&  trifolia  Linn. :  leaves  ternate,  on  long  petioles  ;  leafets  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, serrulate,  pubescent,  the  terminal  one  petioled  ;  styles  glabrous ;  cap- 
sule  bladder-like. 

Moist  places.     Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.     April— June.    \i-Stem  6—10  fe< 
high,  with  straight  and  smooth  slender  branches.    Flowers  white,  in  axillary 
and  terminal  pendulous  panicles.  American  Bladder-nut. 


70  RHAMNACE^E. 

ORDER  XXXV.     RHAMNACE^.— BUCKTHORNS. 

Calyx  4 — 5 -cleft,  valvate.  Petals  distinct,  inserted  into  the 
orifice  of  the  calyx,  occasionally  wanting.  Stamens  definite, 
opposite  the  petals.  Disk  fleshy.  Ovary  superior  or  half  su- 
perior, 2 — 3 — 4-celled.  Fruit  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  or  dry 
and  separating  in  3  parts.  Seeds  erect,  mostly  with  fleshy  al- 
bumen ;  embryo  with  large  flat  cotyledons. — Trees  or  shrubs, 
often  thorny.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  simple,  usually  with 
minute  stipules. 

1.  RHAMNUS.  Linn.— Buckthorn. 

(From  the  Greek  pa/*i/pj,  while-thorn ;  probably  from  its  resemblance  to  some 
of  the  thorn  tribe.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  urceolate.  Petals  alternating  with  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  very  minute  or  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 4 — 5,  inserted  above  the  petals.  Style  2 — 4-cleft.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  roundish,  containing  2 — 4  cartilaginous  nuts. 

1.  R.  alnifolius  L'Herit:  unarmed;  leaves  alternate,  oval,  acuminate, 
serrulate,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  dioecious ;  peduncles 
1-flowered,   aggregate ;    calyx   acute ;    fruit  turbinate.      R.  franguloides 
Mich. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Penn. ;  rare.  May,  June.  fy. — Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high,  branching.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  axillary  fascicles.  Berries 
black,  the  size  of  a  small  pea.  R.  alnifolius  of  Pursh  is  described  by  De  Can- 
dolle  as  a  distinct  species,  under  the  name  of  R.  Purshianus. 

Alder-leaved  Buckthorn. 

2.  R.  catharticus  Linn. :  branches  thorny  at  the  top ;  leaves  opposite, 
ovate,  erosely  denticulate ;  flowers  mostly  4-cleft,  polygamo-dioecious ;  ber- 
ries 4-seeded,  subglobose. 

Highlands  of  N.Y.  Torr.  Mass. — A  small  tree  or  large  shrub,  with  yellowish- 
green  flowers.  Fruit  black ;  cathartic.  Introduced  ?  Common  Buckthorn. 

2.  CEANOTHUS.  Linn.— Ceanothus. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name  applied  to  this  genus.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate,  persistent  and  somewhat  ad- 
hering with  the  fruit.  Petals  5,  small,  saccate  and  arched, 
with  long  claws.  Stamens  exsert.  Styles  2 — 3,  united  to  the 
middle.  Fruit  dry  and  coriaceous,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  3-parted, 
opening  on  the  inner  side. 

1.  C.  Americanus  Linn. :  stem  shrubby ;  branches  terete,  and  somewhat 
pubescent;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  alternate,  serrate,  3-nerved,  tomentose, 
pubescent  beneath ;  common  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  almost  leafless. 
C.  kerbaceus  Raf. 


ANACARDIACE^E.  71 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  \i.— Stem  2—3  feet  high. 
Leaves  on  petioles,  sometimes  slightly  cordate  at  base.  Flowers  small,  white,  in 
an  oblong  terminal  thyrse.  Root  very  large,  dark  red.  The  leaves  were  used 
as  a  substitute  for  tea  during  the  American  Revolution.  A  variable  plant.  C. 
herbaceus  Raf.  is  a  variety  with  oval  nearly  smooth  leaves. 

New  Jersey  Tea,    Red  Root. 

2.  C.  ovalis  Dig. :  leaves  narrow,  oblong,  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  3-nerved 
from  the  base,  serrulate,  nearly  smooth ;  thyrse  umbel-like,  the  pedicele 
elongated  and  closely  approximate.  H.  intermedius  Hook,  not  of  Pursh. 

Rocky  places.  Can.  Maine,  Ver.  and  Northern  N.  Y.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Texas. 
May,  June.  T^ — Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Leaves  1 — 3  inches  long.  Fruit  black. 
Easily  distinguished  by  its  narrow  leaves  and  short  thyrse  from  C.  Americanus. 

Narrow-leaved  Ceanothus. 

ORDER  XXXVI.     ANACARDIACE^E.— ANACARDS. 

Flowers  usually  diclinous.  Galyx  usually  small,  persistent, 
5-  (sometimes  3 — 7)  divided.  Petals  as  many  as  the  segments 
of  the  calyx,  perigynous,  imbricate.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals,  and  alternate,  or  twice  as  many  or  more ;  filaments  dis- 
tinct or  cohering  at  the  base.  Disk  fleshy,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
single  (or  rarely  5 — 6  ;)  stigmas  usually  3.  Fruit  indehiscent, 
usually  drupaceous.  Seed  without  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  a  resinous,  gummy,  caustic,  or  milky  juice.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, simple,  ternate  or  pinnate,  not  dotted. 

RHUS.  Linn.— Sumach. 

(From  the  Celtic  rhudd,  red  ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  fruit) 
Calyx  small,  5-parted,  persistent.    Petals  5,  ovate,  spreading. 
Stamens  5,  equal,  inserted   into  the  disk.      Styles   3,  short. 
Drupe  nearly  dry,  with  one  bony  seed. 
*  Leaves  ternate. 

1.  R.  Toxicodendron  Linn. :  stem  erect,  pubescent  near  the  summit ;  leaves 
ternate;  leafets  broad-oval  or  rhomboid,  entire,  sinuate  or  lobed,  subpubes- 
cent  beneath ;  flowers  direcious,  in  sessile  axillary  racemes.     R.  Toxico- 
dendron, var.  quercifolium  Mich. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  Mountains.  June.  >£. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Flowers  yellowish-green.  Fruit  globose,  brown,  smooth. 

Poison  Oak  or  Ivy. 

2.  R.  radicans  Linn. :  stem  climbing ;  leaves  ternate ;  leafets  petiolate, 
ovate,  acuminate,  smooth,  generally  entire ;  flowers  in  axillary  racemes, 
towards  the  top  of  the  stem,  dioecious ;  fruit  smooth.     JR.  Toxicodendron, 
var.  vulgare  Mich.  Pursh.    R.  Toxicodendron  var.  radicans  Torr. 

Woods  and  hedges.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  17. — Stem  climbing.  Flowers  yel- 
lowish-green. Fruit  subglobose,  brown.  De  Candolle  thinks  R,  radicans  distinct 
from  R.  Toxicodendron,  although  they  are  considered  identical  by  Torrey  and 
Gray.  Both  are  very  poisonous  to  persons  of  peculiar  constitutions. — Christy,  in 
N.  Y.  Med.  4-  Phys.  Jour,  N.  S.  i.  21.  Climbing  Poison  Oak. 


72  LE&UMINOSJS. 

3.  R.  aromatica,  Ait :  branches  slender,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  ternate , 
leafets  sessile,  ovate-rhomboid,  deeply  toothed,  tomentose  beneath ;  flowers 
in  dense  axillary  racemes  or  catkins,  dioecious ;  fruit  pilose. — Lobadium, 
aromaticum  Raf. 

Rocky  places.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  \i\ — Stem 
2-  -6  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow.  Fruit  red,  more  or  less  hispid,  acid. 

Aromatic  Sumach. 
**  Leaves  pinnate,  smooth. 

4.  R.  glabra  Linn. :  stem  and  branches  smooth ;  leafets  in  many  pairs ; 
sessile,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  whitish  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  flowers  all  perfect,  in  terminal  compound  panicles. 

Old  fields.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  1}.— Stem  6—12  feet  high. 
Flowers  greenish-yellow.  Fruit  crimson,  covered  with  short  hairs,  acid. 

Smooth  SumacJi. 

5.  R.  Copallina  Linn. :  branches  terete,  downy  ;  leafets  4 — 7  pairs,  with 
an  odd  one,  oval-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  very  entire,  shining  on  the  upper 
surface ;  pubescent  beneath,  unequal  at  base  ;  petiole  winged,  appearing  as 
if  jointed ;  flowers  in  sessile  panicles,  dioecious. 

Dry  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  July,  Aug.— A  small  shrub,  with  yel- 
lowish-green flowers.  Fruit  red,  small,  compressed,  hairy,  acid,  and  bitter. 

Mountain  Sumach. 

6.  R.  venenata  D.  C. :   branches,   leaves,    and   petioles    very  smooth ; 
leafets  in  3 — 6  pairs,  oblong-oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  nearly  entire ;  peti- 
oles without  joints  or  wings ;  flowers  in  loose  slender  panicles,  dioecious ; 
fruit  smooth,  greenish- white.     R.  Vernix  Linn. 

Margins  of  swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Louis.  June,  July.  \i. — Stem 
6 — 12  feet  high.  Flowers  greenish.  Fruit  about  as  large  as  a  pea.  Poisonous. 
Big.  Med.  Sot.  i.  96.  Poison  Sumach.  Poison  Elder. 

***  Leaves  pinnate,  pubescent. 

7.  R.  typhina  Linn. :  branches  and  petioles  very  villous ;  leafets  in  many 
pairs,  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  whitish  and  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath ;  flowers  in  oblong  dense  panicles,  dioecious. 

Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  I}.— Stem  10—15  feet  high.  Flowers 
greenish-yellow.  Fruit  in  clusters,  covered  with  a  purple  velvety  down,  acrid. 

Stag-horn  Sumach. 

ORDER  XXXVII.   LEGUMINOS^E. — LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  combined.  Petals  5,  either 
papilionaceous  or  regularly  spreading.  Stamens  definite  or  in- 
definite, distinct  or  monadelphous,  or  diadelphous.  Ovary  sim- 
ple, superior.  Fruit  a  legume.  Seeds  attached  to  the  upper 
suture,  without  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants,  shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound,  and  with  2  stipules  at  base. 

SUBORDER  I.    PAPILIONACE^E. 

Petals  papilionaceous,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  the  upper 
exterior. 


LEGUMINOS^E.  73 

1.  BAPTISIA.   Vent.— Baptisia. 

(From  the  Greek  tfairrw,  to  dye  ;  in  allusion  to  the  coloring  properties  of  some 
of  the  species.) 

Calyx  half  4 — 5 -cleft,  bilabiate.  Petals  5,  nearly  equal. 
Standard  with  the  sides  reflexed.  Wings  oblong.  Keel  slightly 
incurved.  Stamens  deciduous.  Legume  ventricose,  pedicelled, 
many-seeded. 

1.  B.  tinctoria  Broi&n :  very  smooth,  much  branched ;  leaves  ternate, 
petioled,  upper  ones  subsessile ;  leafets  cuneate-obovate,  rounded  and  often 
emarginate  at  the  summit ;  stipules  minute,  subulate,  deciduous  ;  racemes 
terminal,  few-flowered ;  legume  on  a  long   stipe.     Sophora  tinctoria  Linn. 
Podaiyria  tinctoria  Willd. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  June— Aug.  '4.— /SVewt  2— 3  feet  high,  very 
bushy.  Flowers  yellow.  Whole  plant  turns  bluish-black  in  drying.  It  is  said 
to  yield  a  considerable  quantity  of  inferior  indigo.  Wild  Indigo. 

2.  B.  australis  Brown  •-    smooth ;  leaves  ternate,  on  short  petioles,  the 
upper  ones  nearly  sessile ;  leafets  oblong-wedge  form,  obtuse  ;  stipules  linear- 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  petioles ;  racemes  elongated,  erect ;   legumes 
oval-oblong,  the  stipe  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.     B.  ccerulea  Nutt.     So 
phora  australis  Linn. 

Banks  of  streams.  Near  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.  Easton,  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to 
Miss.  July.  %. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Flowers  an  inch  long,  bright  indigo 
blue.  Blue-flowered  Baptisia. 

3.  B.   alba  Brown:  leaves  ternate,   petioled,  and  with  the  branches 
gmooth ;  leafets  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse ;  stipules  deciduous,  subulate,  shorter 
than  the  petioles ;  racemes  terminal ;  ovaries  smooth.     Sophora  alba  Walt. 

Sandy  fields.  On  Lake  Erie,  Goldie.  S.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  branching  towards  the  top.  Flowers  white. 

White-flowered  Baptisia 

2.  CROTALARIA.  Linn.— Rattlebox. 
(From  the  Greek  KporaXov,  a  rattle ;  the  seeds  becoming  loose  in  the  ripe  pod.) 

Calyx  5-lobed,  subbilabiate ;  upper  lip  2-,  lower  one  3-cleft. 
Standard  large,  cordate.  Keel  falcate,  acuminate.  Filaments 
all  united,  with  the  sheath  often  divided  above.  Legume  tur- 
gid, inflated,  with  ventricose  valves,  often  many-seeded,  pedi- 
celled. 

C.  sagittalis  Linn. :  hairy,  erect,  branched ;  leaves  simple,  oblong- 
lanceolate  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  decurrent ;  racemes  opposite  the 
leaves,  about  3-flowered ;  corolla  smaller  than  the  calyx.  C.  parmflora 
Willd.  ' 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark  July,  Aug.  (p.— Stem  4—10  inches 
high,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides,  and  varying  from 
oblong  to  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  yellow.  Legume  inflated,  blackish  when 
ripe.  I  am  satisfied  that  C.  parviflora  is  not  specifically  distinct. 

Arrow-leaved  RatOebox. 

4 


74  LEGUMINOS^E. 

3.  GENISTA.  Lam.— Green  Weed. 
(From  the  Celtic  gen  ,-  signifying  a  shrub.    Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 
Calyx  bilabiate,  upper  lip  bipartite ;  lower  one  3 -toothed,  or 
5-lobed  ;  3  lower  lobes  united  almost  to  the  summit.     Standard 
oblong-oval.     Keel  oblong,  straight.     Stamens  monadelphous. 
Legume    flat-compressed    or   rarely  somewhat  turgid,  many- 
seeded,  rarely  few-seeded. 

G.  tinctoria  Linn. :  stem  unarmed,  erect ;  branches  terete,  striate ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  nearly  smooth  ;  flowers  in  spiked  racemes ;  legume  smooth. 

Hills.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  July.  Tj. — Stem  a  foot  high,  with  numerous 
branches,  shrubby.  Leaves  rather  distant.  Flowers  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
branches,  nearly  sessile,  yellow,  with  a  floral  leaf  at  the  base-  Said  to  afford  a 
fine  yellow  dye.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Dyer's  Green  Weed. 

i,  MEDICAGO.  Linn.— Medick. 

(From  the  Greek  ^r)(J<*c>; ;  because  it  was  introduced  into  Greece  by  the  Medes.) 
Calyx  subeyliridric,  5-cleft.     Keel  somewhat  remote  from  the 
standard.     Stamens  diadelphous.     Legume  many-seeded,  vary- 
ing in  form,  always  falcate  or  twisted  into  a  spiral. 

1.  M.  liipulina  Lin-n. :  stem  procumbent;  leafets  obovate-cuneate,  den- 
ticulate at  the  apex ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  entire ;  flowers 
in  capitate  spikes  ;  legume  reniform,  1-seeded. 

Fields.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June— Aug.  (T).—Stem  6—12  inches  high. 
Flowers  small,  yellow,  crowded.  Legume  black  when  ripe.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Black  Medick  or  Nonesuch. 

2.  M.  intertexta   Willd.:  stem  procumbent;  leafets  obovate,  toothed; 
stipules  ciliate-toothed ;  peduncles  somewhat  2-flowered ;   legume  pilose, 
cochleate.   membranaceous,   obliquely   reticulate;    spines  straight,   thick, 
rigid  and  acute. 

Sandy  fields.  Conn,  and  Car.  July,  Aug.  ®. — Flowers  yellow.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe.  Hedgehog  Medick. 

3.  M.  saliva  Linn. :  erect,  smooth ;  leafets  ovate-oblong,  toothed  above, 
mucronate  ;  flowers  in  oblong  racemes  ;  legume  spirally  twisted. 

Fields.  N.  S.  June.  July.  '4. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect  or  oblique. 
Flowers  purple.  Pods  twisted.  A  native  of  Europe,  which  has  been  occasion- 
ally cultivated,  and  has  in  some  places  almost  become  naturalized.  Lucerne. 

5.  MELILOTUS.   Tmirn.— Melilot. 
(From  the  Latin  mel.  honey,  and  lotus,  the  genus  so  called.) 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  free,  longer  than  the  wings. 
Keel  petals  united,  free  from  the  stamen-tubes.  Legume  cori- 
aceous, globose  or  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx,  scarcely  dehis- 
cent, 1  or  few-seeded. 

1.  M.  officinalis  Wittd.:  stem  erect,  branching;  leafets  lanceolate-ob- 
long, obtuse,  remotely  serrate  ;  spikes  axillary,  paniculate ;  legume  2-seeded, 


LEGUMINOS^E.  75 

rugose ;  style  filiform,  as  long  as  the  legume ;  seeds  unequally  cordate. 
Trifolium  qfficinale,  var.  a.  Linn. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug.  ®. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  in  long  ra- 
cemes, yellow.  Plant  giving  out  an  odor  when  dry,  similar  to  the  vernal  grass. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Yellow  Melilot. 

2.  M.  leucantha  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  branched ;  leafets  ovate-oblong, 
truncate  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  remotely  serrate ;  stipules  setaceous  ; 
teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal,  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  standard  longer  than  the 
keel  and  wings  ;  legume  1 — 2-seeded,  ovate,  lacunose-rugose,  green ;  seeds 
exactly  ovate.  M.  vulgaris  WUld.  Enum.  "Frifolium  officinale,  var.  b. 
Linn. 

Fields.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  ®.—Slem  3—5  feet  high.  Flowers  white.  Ra- 
cemes longer  and  less  crowded  than  in  the  former.  Both  species  become  fragrant 
upon  drying.  Introduced.  White  Melilot.  Scented  Clover 

6.  TRIFOLIUM.   Tourn.— Clover  Trefoil. 
(From  the  Latin  tres,  three ;  and  folium,  a,  leaf.) 

Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  without  glands,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed. 
Segments  subulate.  Keel  shorter  than  the  wings  and  standard. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  small,  scarcely  dehiscent,  often 
ovate,  1 — 2-seeded,  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  covered  by  it, 
rarely  oblong,  3 — 4-seeded,  and  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

*  Legume  1-seeded.    Standard  of  the  cor  olid  deciduous.   Flowers  not  yellow . 

1.  T.  arvense  Linn.:  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched,  pubescent;  leaves 
on  short  petioles ;  leafets  obovate-linear  or  cuneate-oblong,  somewhat 
toothed  at  the  apex ;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate ;  spikes  oblong-cylindric, 
very  villous ;  segments  of  the  calyx  pilose,  equal,  setaceous,  longer  than  the 


corolla. 
Dry  i 
Flowers  minute,  white  or 


Dry  pastures.     Can.  to  Flor.     May — Sept.    ®. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high, 
pink.    Seeds  ovoid,  brown.    Introduced  from  Europe. 


Stone  Clover.     Hare's-foot  Trefoil 

2.  T.  pratense  Linn. :  stem  suberect,  branched ;  leaves  on  long  petioles-, 
leafets  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  often  retuse  or  emarginate,  nearly  entire ;  stip- 
ules broad-lanceolate,  terminating  in  a  subulate  point;  heads  of  flowers 
ovate,  dense,  nearly  sessile ;  segments  of  the  calyx  setaceous,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  corolla,  the  lower  one  longer  than  the  rest. 

Meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon.  May— Oct.  '2J..— Stem  1—2  feet 
high.  Flowers  united  into  a  tube  at  the  base,  rose-colored.  Seeds  yellowish, 
reniform.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Red  Clover 

3.  T.  Pennsylvanicum  Willd. :  stem  ascending,  much  branched,  flexu- 
ous ;  leafets  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse,  very  entire  ;  stipules  awned ;  heads  of 
flowers   ovate-cylindric,  solitary,  dense ;  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  shorter 
than  the  corolla. 

Woods.  Mass,  and  Penn.  June — Sept.  Q. — Flowers  fine  red.  Resembles 
T.  medium  of  Linnaeus.  Introduced  ?  Buffalo  Clover. 


76  LEGUMINOSA:. 

**  Legume  \-seeded.     Standard  of  tlve  corolla  persistent,  scarious.     flowers 

yellow. 

4.  T.  procumbcns  Linn. :  stem  mostly  procumbent ;  leaves  on  short  pe- 
tioles ;  leafets  obovate  or  obcordate,  denticulate,  terminal  one  petioled ;  stip- 
ules lance-ovate,  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  heads  axillary,  ovate  ; 
peduncles  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  leaves ;  segments  of  the  calyx  un- 
equal, the  2  upper  ones  very  short ;  seeds  elliptic. 

Dry  fields.  Mass,  to  Virg.  May — Aug.  (T). — Stem  spreading,  3-6  inches 
long.  Flowers  numerous,  and  with  the  seeds  yellow.  According  to  De  Can- 
dolle  T.  campestre  is  a  mere  var.  with  erect  branching  stems.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Hop  Clover. 

5.  T.  agrarium  Linn.  :  stem   ascending,  with  erect  branches ;  leaves 
nearly  sessile ;    leafets    oblong-ovate,    or   cuneate-oblong,  denticulate,   all 
nearly  sessile ;  stipules  leafy,  lanceolate,  acute,  often  longer  than  the  pe- 
tiole ;  heads  on  rather  long  peduncles,  oval ;  standard  obcordate  ;  segments 
of  the  calyx  smooth,  elongated,  the  upper  one  smaller. 

Sandy  fields.  Mass,  to  Virg.  June — Aug.  ®. — Stem  6 — 15  inches  long. 
Flowers  small,  pale  yellow-brown  when  old.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Golden  Clover. 
***  Legume  3 — 8-seeded. 

6.  T.  repens  Linn. :  stem  creeping  and  somewhat  rooting ;  leafets  obo- 
vate-roundish,  somewhat  retuse,  serrulate ;  stipules  scariose,  narrow-lanceo- 
late, mucronate ;  heads  axillary,  on  very  long  peduncles ;  flowers  pedicelled, 
and  at  length  reflexed ;  segments  of  the  calyx  unequal,  shorter  than  the 
corolla ;  legume  4-seeded. 

Fields  and  pastures.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May— Oct.  Ij..— . Stem  6—12 
inches  long.  Leaves  on  long  slender  petioles.  Flowers  white,  becoming  pale 
brown.  Seeds  brown.  White  Clover. 

7.  T.  reflexum  Linn. :  stem  ascending ;  leafets  ovate  or  obovate,  serru- 
late ;  stipules  leafy,  lanceolate-acuminate  ;  heads  globose,  axillary ;  flowers 
on  long  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed;  segments  of  the  calyx  hairy,  nearly 
equal,  very  narrow,  one-nerved,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  but  shorter 
than  the  standard ;  legume  4-seeded.     T.  stoloniferum  MuM. 

Fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  (£).— Plant 
smoothish  or  pubescent.  Stem  6 — 18  inches  long.  Heads  of  flowers  middle- 
sized.  Standard  broad-ovate,  rose-red.  Wings  and  keel  white. 

Running  Buffalo  Clover. 

7.  CLITORIA.   Linn.— Clitoria. 
(From  an  anatomical  term.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed ;  the  teeth  much  shorter  than  the 
tube.  Standard  very  large,  emarginate  or  bifid.  Keel  small, 
shorter  than  the  wings,  incurved,  acute,  on  very  long  claws. 
Style  dilated  at  the  apex,  longitudinally  bearded.  Legume  stipi- 
tate,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  twisted. 

1.  C.  Mariana  Linn. :  stem  climbing,  glabrous;  leaves  ternate ;  leafets 
ovate-lanceolate ;  peduncles  solitary,  1 — 3-flowered ;  calyx  tubular-campan- 
ulate,  glabrous,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  bracts ;  teeth  nearly  equal ; 
legume  4 — 8-seeded,  smooth. 


77 

Sandy  soil.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  Ala.  July,  Aug.  2J..— Stem  2  or  more  feet 
long,  climbing,  sometimes  erect.  Flowers  large,  pale  blue,  usually  1 — 2  on  the 
peduncles.  Maryland  Clitoria. 

2.  C.  Virginiana  Linn. :  stem  twining,  and  with  the  ovate  leafets  gla- 
brous or  subpubescent ;  peduncle  1 — i-flowered ;  calyx  5-parted,  about  as 
long  as  the  lanceolate  bracts ;  legume  linear,  compressed.  Centrosema 
Virginiana  Benth.  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Dry  soils.  Penn.  to  Flor.  Aug.  7}.. — Flowers  purple  or  violet,  larger  than 
that  of  any  of  our  North  American  Papilionaceae.  De  Candolle  describes  three 
varieties  of  this  species,  which  differ  only  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves. 

Butterfly  Weed. 

8.  GALACTIA.  Browne.— Milk  Pea. 
(.From  the  Greek  yaXn,  milk  ;  some  of  the  species  yielding  a  milky  juice.) 

Calyx  bibracteate,  4-cleft ;  segments  acute,  of  nearly  equal 
length  ;  the  upper  one  broadest.  Standard  incumbent,  broad. 
Keel  petals  slightly  cohering  towards  the  apex.  Legume  com- 
pressed, linear,  many-seeded. 

1.  G.  mollisMich.:  stem  twining,  softly  villous ;  leaves  ternate;  leafets 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  pale  beneath ;  racemes  axillary,  a  little  longer  than 
the  leaves,   pedunculate ;    flowers   pedicelled ;    calyx   acuminate,   villous ; 
legume  compressed,  villous. 

Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem  prostrate  or  climbing. 
Flowers  reddish-purple,  about  half  as  large  as  the  next.  Soft  Milk  Pea. 

2.  G.  glabella  Mich. :  stem  prostrate,  somewhat  twining,  smooth  ;  leaves 
ternate;  leafets  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  emarginate  at  each  end,  shining 
above ;  racemes  axillary,  simple,  few-flowered,  on  peduncles  as  long  as  the 
leaves  ;  calyx  smooth ;  legume  pubescent. 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.  ^.—Root  fusiform.  Stem  Z-4  feet  long, 
spreading  on  the  ground  or  twining.  Flowers  reddish-purple  and  white,  large 
and  handsome.  Smooth  Milk  Pea. 

9.  TEPHROSIA.  Pers.— Tephrosia. 
(From  the  Greek  Tempos,  ash-colored  ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  foliage.) 

Calyx  without  bracts,  nearly  equal,  5 -toothed.  Standard  of 
the  corolla  large,  roundish,  pubescent  or  sericeous  without,  re- 
flexed-spreading  ;  wings  adhering  to  the  obtuse  keel.  Stamens 
monadelphous,  or  diadelphous.  Legume  compressed-flat,  linear, 
many-seeded. 

T.  Virginiana  Pers. :  villous  pubescent ;  stem  erect ;  leafets  8 — 14  pairs, 
oval  or  linear-oblong,  in ucronate,  white  villous  beneath;  raceme  terminal, 
subsessile  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  very  villous,  acuminate-cuspidate  ;  le- 
gume falcate,  villous.  Galega  Virginiana  Linn. 

Sandy  soil.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  1\-. — Root  long  and 
tough.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  usually  several  from  one  root.  Flowers  in  a 
dense  terminal  raceme,  showy,  yellow,  tinged  with  purple.  Goal's  Rue. 


78  LEGUMINOSJU. 


10.  AMORPHA.  Linn.— False  Indigo. 

(From  the  Greek  a,  privative,  and  [*<>p<f>v,  shape ;  on  account  of  the  absence  of 
the  wings  and  keel  of  the  corolla.) 

Calyx  5-toothed,  obconic-campanulate.  Standard  of  the  co- 
rolla ovate,  concave ;  wings  and  keel  none.  Style  filiform, 
straight,  glabrous.  Stamens  exserted,  monadelphous  at  base. 
Legume  compressed,  ovate  or  lunulate,  1-celled,  1 — 2-seeded. 

A.  fruticosa  Linn. :  subarborescent,  pubescent,  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves 
pinnate,  petiolate ;  oval  or  elliptic-oblong ;  spikes  aggregated ;  calyx  some- 
what pubescent.  4  teeth  obtuse,  the  other  one  acuminate ;  legume  few- 
seeded. 

N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Rocky  Mountains.  July. — A  shrub  with  spikes  of  pur- 
ple flowers.  Varies  with  emarginate,  mucronate  and  narrower  leaves. 

Shrubby  False  Indigo. 

11.  ROBINIA.  D.  C.— Locust. 
(In  honor  of  John  and  Vespasian  Robin,  French  botanists.) 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  5,  lanceolate,  two  upper  ones  approximate. 
Corolla  papilionaceous.  Standard  large.  Keel  obtuse.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous,  deciduous.  Legume  compressed,  straight, 
subsessiie,  many-seeded ;  valves  flat,  thin. 

K.  Pseudacacia  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate  and  oblong-ovate , 
stipules  prickly  ;  racemes  pendulous,  and  with  the  legume  smooth ;  teeth  of 
the  calyx  unarmed. 

Near  cultivated  grounds,  but  apparently  native.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss. 
May. — A  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is  much  esteemed  in  ship-building. 
Leafets  4. — 9  pairs,  with  an  odd  one.  Flowers  white,  odorous,  in  racemes  which 
are  3 — 5  inches  long.  Common  Locust  Tree. 

12.  ASTRAGALUS.  Linn.— Milk  Vetch. 
(A  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  a  leguminous  plant.) 
Calyx  5-toothed.     Corolla  with  the  keel  obtuse.     Stamens 
diadelphous.     Legume  2-,  or  half  2-celled  ;  lower  suture  in- 
flexed. 

A.  CanfJ'knsis  Linn.:  erect,  canescent;  leafets  10 — 14  pairs  with  an 
odd  one.  elliptic-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  smoothish  ;  stipules  broad-lanceolate, 
acuminate ;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  flowers  in  oblong  or 
elongated  spikes  ;  bracts  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  legume 
ovate-oblong,  terete,  erect,  smooth,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  A.  Carolinianus 
Linn. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  as  far  N.  as  lat.  58°,  to  Louis,  and  W.  to  Oregon. 
June — Aug.  ^ — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high.  Leafets  usually  smooth  above,  sparsely 
pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  in  spikes  1 — 4  inches  long. 

Canadian  Milk  Vetch. 


LEGUM 1 NOS  £3.  79 

13.  PHACA.  Linn.— Bastard  Vetch. 
(From  the  Greek  <S>aicos,  lentils.) 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft ;  the  two  upper  teeth  a  little  dis~ 
tant  from  each  other.  Keel  obtuse.  Legume  usually  turgid 
or  inflated,  1 -celled,  the  upper  suture  somewhat  tumid. 

P.  negkcta  Tarr.  tf-  Gr, :  nearly  smooth ;  leafets  6 — 10  pairs,  elliptic, 
smooth  above,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs  beneath ;  stipules  triangular 
ovate ;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  spikes  oblong,  many-flow- 
ered; calyx  campanulate;  legume  sessile,  globose,  ovate,  pointed. 

Gravelly  banks  and  sandy  woods.  Western  N.  Y.  to  Wisconsin.  June, 
July.  %. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  sparingly  branched.  Flowers 
15 — 25  in  a  spike,  white.  Resembles  Astragalus  Canadensis,  but  has  shorter 
and  looser  spikes,  white  flowers,  and  a  campanulate  calyx.  Bastard  Vetch. 


14.  STYLOSANTHES.  Swartz.—  Pencil  Flower. 

(From  the  Greek  srwAo?,  a  column,  and  wQos,  &  flower  ;  the  flowers  appearing 
stipitate.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  very  long,  slender  ;  limb  5  -parted,  lobes 
unequal.  Corolla  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Keel 
minute,  bifid  at  the  apex.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Style  fili- 
form, very  long,  straight.  Stigma  capitate,  hispid.  Legume 
with  1  —  2  joints;  joints  1  -seeded;  the  apex  subuncinate,  acu- 
minated into  the  base  of  the  style. 

S.  elatior  Swartz  :  stein  erect,  herbaceous,  pubescent  on  one  side  ;  leaves 
ternate  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  hispid-ciliate  ; 
spikes  few-flowered  ;  legume  2-jointed,  the  lower  joint  sterile  and  stipitate. 
S.  hispida  Mich.  Arachis  aprica  Walt. 

Sandy  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ala.  and  Ark.  July,  Aug.  %.—Stem 
a  foot  high,  branched  at  the  top.  Flowers  yellow,  in  terminal  compact  heads. 
Legume  1-seeded,  hooked  at  the  summit.  Pencu  Flower. 


15.  ^SCHYNOMENE.  Linn.—  ^Eschynomene. 
(From  the  Greek  atsxvvopai,  to  be  bashful;  in  allusion  to  its  sensibility.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2-cleft  or  2-toothed  ;  lower 
one  3-cleft,  or  3-toothed.  Corolla  papilionaceous.  Stamens 
10,  in  two  equal  sets.  Legume  compressed,  transversely  jointed, 
erect,  exsert  ;  joints  1-seeded. 

JE.  hispida  Willd.  :  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  and  with  the  petioles  and 
peduncles  hispid  ;  leaves  in  many  pairs  ;  leafets  linear,  obtuse  ;  racemes 
simple,  3  —  5-flowered  ;  legume  distinctly  stipitate,  with  G—  9  hispid  joints. 
Hedysarum  Virginicum  Linn. 

Marshes.  Penn.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  (£.—Rtem  2—3  feet  high-  Leafets 
20  —  35  pairs.  Flowers  yellow  and  red.  Hiqpid  JKichjinomem; 


80  LEGUMINOS.*:. 


16.  DESMODIUM.  D.  C.—  Desmodium. 


(From  the  Greek  <fe?f<o?,  a  chain,  and  e<&>j,  form  ;  the  articulated  pods  re- 
sembling a  chain.) 

Calyx  with  two  bracts  at  base,  obscurely  bilabiate  to  the  mid- 
dle ;  upper  lip  bifid  ;  lower  one  3  -parted.  Corolla  papiliona- 
ceous. Standard  roundish  ;  keel  obtuse,  not  truncate  ;  wings 
longer  than  the  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  fila- 
ments subpersistent.  Legume  with  many  joints  ;  joints  com- 
pressed, 1  -seeded,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  scarcely  de- 
hiscent. 

1.  D.  Canadense  D.  C.  :  stem  erect,  hairy,  striate  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  teaf- 
ets  oblong  -lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  nearly  smooth  above  ; 
stipules  lanceolate  ;  racemes  terminal  and  in  the  axils  of  the  uppermost 
leaves  ;  joints  of  the  legume  3  —  4,  ovate-triangular,  truncate  at  both  ends, 
hispid.     He.dysarum  Canadense  Linn. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  1\..—Stem  3—6  feet  high, 
often  branched.  Leafets  2  —  3  inches  long.  Flowers  pale  violet  blue. 

Canadian  Desmodium. 

2.  D.  canescens  D.  C.  :  stem  erect,  branching,  striate,  hairy  and  scabrous  ; 
leafets  ovate,  rather  acute,  scabrous,  pubescent  on  both  sides;  stipules  large, 
obliquely  ovate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle  ;  legume 
with  4  or  5  oblong-triangular  reticulated  strongly  hispid  joints.     D.  Akin- 
ianum  Beck  BoL  1st  Ed.  Hedysarum  viridiflorum  Pursh.  Z>.  C.    H.  canes- 
cens Linn. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  Ij..  —  Stem  3  —  5  feet  high,  more  or 
less  hairy.  Leafets  2  —  4  inches  long,  hairy  on  both  sides,  the  shorter  hairs  un- 
cinate.  Flowers  violet-purple.  Hoary  Desmodium. 

3.  D.  Marylandicum  Boolt  :  stem  erect,  simple,  slender,  nearly  smooth  ; 
leafets  (small)  ovate,  very  obtuse,  often  subcordate,  thin  ;  petiole  as  long 
as  the  lateral  leafets,  smooth  ;  stipules  lanceolate-subulate,  caducous  ;  pan- 
icle elongated;  legume  with  2  —  3  hispid  somewhat  semiorbicular  joints. 
D.  obtusum  D.  C.     Hedysarum  Marylandicum  Linn,  and  H.  oUusum 
Pursh. 

Fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July,  Aug.  7J..  —  Stem  2  —  3 
feet  high,  nearly  smooth.  Leafets  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long.  Flowers 
small,  violef-purple,  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Smooth  Small-leaved  Desmodium. 

4.  D.  Dillenii  Darlingt.  :  stem  erect,  branching,  pilose  ;  leafets  oblong 
or  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  glaucous  and  villous  beneath;  stipules   sub- 
ulate ;  racemes  slender,  forming  a  loose  terminal  panicle  ;  legume  with 
3  —  4  rhomboid  reticulated  hispid  joints.     D.  Marylandicum  D.  C.     Hedy- 
sarvm  Marylandicum  Pursh. 

Dry  woods.  Ma?s.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Ken.  Aug.  1J-.  —  Stem  2  —  3  feet  high. 
Leafets  1$  —  3  inches  long,  obtuse,  sometimes  acute.  Flowers  purple,  becoming 
bluish-green.  DiHenius's  Desmodium. 

5.  D.  mridiftorum  Beck  :  stem  erect  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  villous  and  very  soft  beneath  ;  panicle 


81 

terminal,  very  long,  naked ;  legume  with  3 — 4  roundish  triangular  very 
hispid  joints.     Hedysarum  viridijlorum  Linn.  Ett.  not  of  Pursh. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July.  7).'. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  very  scabrous  to- 
wards the  summit.  Leaves  very  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  clothed  with  a 
velvet-like  tomentum  on  the  under.  Flowers  purple  within,  greenish  without. 

Villous-leaved  Desmodium. 

6.  D.  ciliare  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  rather  slender,  hairy ;  leaves  crowded, 
on  short  hairy  petioles  ;  leafets  small,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  subcoriaceous, 
ciliate ;    stipules   subulate-linear ;    racemes   paniculate,  terminal ;    legume 
with  2  or  3  semiorbicular  hispid  joints.     Hedysarum  c'diare  Wittd. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  July,  Aug.  %.-—  Stem  about  2  feet 
high.  Resembles  H.  Marylandicum,  but  diners  in  having  the  petioles  short  and 
hairy.  Hairy  Small-leaved  Dtsmodium. 

7.  D.  rigidum  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  branching,  rough-pubescent ;  leafets 
ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  reticulate,  ciliate,  scabrous  above,  hairy  be- 
neath ;    stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  racemes  paniculate,  erect, 
very  long ;  legumes  with  2 — 3  semiorbicular  or  oval  hispid  joints.     Hedy- 
sarum rigidum  Ell. 

Dry  woods.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.  1\..—Stem  2—3 
feet  high.  Leafets  1 — 3  inches  long,  somewhat  coriaceous.  Flowers  small,  pur- 
ple. It  sometimes  closely  resembles  D.  ciliare.  Rigid  Desmodium. 

8.  D.  Itevigalum  D.  C. :  stem  simple,  erect,  smooth,  somewhat  glaucous ; 
leaves  ternate,  on  long  petioles ;  leafets  ovate,  acute  ;  panicle  terminal ;  flow- 
ers in  pairs,  on  long  pedicels ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  flower 
buds ;  lower  segment  of  the  calyx  elongated ;  joints  of  the  legume  triangu- 
lar.    Hedysarum  Itevigatum  Nutt. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. ;  rare.  Aug.  7}..— Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers 
purple.  The  smoothest  of  the  North  American  species.  Smooth  Desmodium. 

9.  D.  cuspidatum  Torr.  <$•   Gr. :   stem  erect,  smooth ;  leafets  ovate  or 
lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate,  smooth ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  pan- 
icle terminal,  elongated,  rather  slender;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  striate, 
smooth ;  legume  with  4 — 6  triangular-oblong  reticulated  sparingly  hispid 
joints.     D.  bracteosum  D.  C.     Hedysarum  cuspidatum   Willd.     H.  brac- 
ieosum  Mich. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.  1\.--Stem  3—5  feet  high, 
nearly  simple.  Leafets  2 — 5  inches  long.  Floivers  in  a  large  open  panicle,  red- 
dish-purple. Large-bracted  Desmodium. 

10.  D.  paniculatum  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets 
oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  smoothish ;  stipules  subulate  ;  panicle  ter- 
minal ;  legumes  with  3  or  4  rhomboidal  pubescent  joints.     Hedysarum  pan- 
iculatum Linn.  ' 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  1\..—Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
slender,  often  branching.  Leafcts  1 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  small,  purple,  in  a 
paniculate  raceme.  Paniculate  Desmodium. 

11.  D.  strictum  D.  C. :  stem  stiffly  erect,  simple,  subpubescent ;  leaves  ter- 
nate ;  leafets  sublinear,  smooth,  reticulate,  glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  sub- 
ulate;   panicles  terminal,   pedunculate,   few-flowered;    legume  incurved, 
with  sublunate-triangular  hispid  joints.     Hedysarum  hirtum  Pursh. 

Pine  barrens.     N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.     Aug.     7|.. — Stem  slender,  very 


82  LEGUMINOS^E. 

erect.     Leaf  els  narrow.     Flowers  small,  purple,  in  long  axillary  and  termina. 
panicles.     *  Strict  Desmodium. 

12.  D.  acuminatum  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  at  the 
summit ;  leaves  ternate,  on  very  long  petioles  ;  leafets  ovate,  conspicuously 
acuminate,  somewhat  hairy,  the  terminal  one  broader  and  orbicular-ovate ; 
panicle  terminal,  on  a  very  long  peduncle  ;  joints  of  the  legume  2 — 3,  semi- 
oval,  pubescent.     Hedysarum  acuminatum  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  %.— Stem  about  a  foot 
high,  a  little  hairy.  Leafets  2 — 4  inches  long.  Peduncle  1 — 2  feet  long.  Flow- 
ers pale  purple.  Acuminate-leaved  Desmodium. 

13.  D.  nudifl&rum  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
ternate;  leafets  broad-ovate,  acuminate  ;  scape  paniculate,  smooth,  radical; 
legume  on  a  very  long  stipe,  with  3 — 4  obtusely  triangular  joints.     Hedy- 
sarum nudiflorum  Linn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  (J). — Stem  8 — 10  inches  high.  Scape  l£ — 3 
feet  long,  slender.  Flowers  purple.  Naked-flowered  Desmodium. 

14.  D.  pauciflorum  D.  C. :  stem  decumbent  or  suberect,  low  and  slender, 
mostly  simple,  pilose ;  leaves  alternate  and  distant,  lateral,  on  rather  long  pe- 
tioles ;  leafets  obliquely  ovate,  subacuminate  and  pubescent  ciliate ;  the  ter- 
minal one  dilated,  rhomboid-ovate ;  stipules  obsolete ;  raceme  slender,  few- 
flowered,  on  a  terminal  peduncle ;  legume  stipitate,  with  2 — 3  semi-oval 
pubescent  joints.     Hedysarum  paucijlorum  Null. 

Woods.  Penn. ;  rare.  Darlington.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  6 — 9  inches 
high,  rather  erect  or  decumbent  at  base.  Leafets  1 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  in 
a  loose  slender  raceme,  small,  white  or  reddish-white. 

Few-Jlowered  Desmodium. 

15.  D.  rotundifolium  D.  C. :  stem  prostrate,  hirsute ;    leaves  ternate ; 
leafets  orbicular,  hairy ;  stipules  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  reflexed ;  racemes 
axillary  and  terminal ;  legume  with  3 — 5  rhomboid-oval  hispid  joints.     He- 
dysarum rotundifolium  Mich. 

Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  %.. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  long,  hirsute  with 
spreading  hairs.  Racemes  few-flowered,  pedunculate.  Flowers  purple. 

Round-leaved  Desmodium. 

1 6.  D.  humifusum   Beck :    stem  procumbent,   smooth ;  leaves  ternate ; 
leafets  ovate,  slightly  hairy ;  racemes  terminal,  elongated  ;  joints  of  the  le- 
gume subrhomboidal.     Hedysarum  humifusum  Muhl.  Dig. 

Woods.  Mass.  Penn.  to  Car.  Muhl.  Aug.  7J.. — Resembles  the  last,  but  is 
smoother,  and  has  the  leafets  oval  or  ovate  and  subacute.  Perhaps  only  a  va- 
riety. Procumbent  Desmodium. 

17.  HEDYSARUM.  D.  C— Hedysarum. 
(Etymology  uncertain.) 

*  Calyx  5-cleft ;  segments  linear-subulate,  nearly  equal.  Stand- 
ard large.  Keel  obliquely  truncate  ;  wings  much  shorter  than 
the  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Legume  with  many 
joints  ;  joints  compressed,  roundish,  1 -seeded. 

H.  boreale  Nutt. :  stem  subdecumbent ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  (7  or  8 
pairs)  oblong-ovate,  partly  villons ;  stipules  sheathing,  subulate :  racemes 


LEGUMINOSjE.  83 

on  long  peduncles ;  legume  with  smooth  rugose    roundish  joints.     H.  al- 
pinum  Mich. 

Mountains.  Can.  and  Penn.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
June,  July.  %. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  rather  stout.  Flowers  large,  nu- 
merous, purple.  Northern  Hedysarum. 

18.  LESPEDEZA.  Mich.— Lespedeza. 
(Dedicated  by  Michaux  to  Lespedez.  a  Spanish  governor  of  Florida.) 

Calyx  with  2  bracts  at  base,  5 -parted  ;  segments  nearly  equal. 
Corolla  papilionaceous.  Keel  transversely  obtuse.  Stamens 
diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Legume  lenticular,  compressed-flat, 
not  opening,  1 -seeded,  unarmed. 

1.  L.  reticulata  Pers. :  stem  erect,  simple,  nearly  smooth ;  leafets  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  hairy  beneath ;  fascicles  of  flowers  subsessile, 
numerous ;  axillary   ones   subracemose ;  legume   ovate,   reticulate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  calyx.     L.  sessiliflora,  var.  Mich.     L.  an  gusti  folia.  Raf. 
L.  violacea.  Torr.  dp  Gr.    Hedysarum  reticulatum  Willd. 

Dry  woods.  N.  J.  Penn.  W.  to  111.  Aug.  1\..— Stem  2  feet  high,  very  rarely 
branched.  Leafets  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  2  lines  wide.  Flowers  in  short 
clustered  axillary  racemes,  violet.  Reticulated  Lespedeza. 

2.  L.  scssiliflora  NiM. :  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched  ;  leaves  on  short 
petioles ;  leafets  oblong-oval,  obtuse  -,  fascicles  of  flowers  subsessile  ;  axillary 
ones  partly  racemose ;  legume  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  much  longer  than 
the  minute  calyx.     Hedysarum  sessiliflorum  Lam.     L.  violacea  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  QJ..— Stem  2  feet 
high,  slender.  Leaves  hairy  beneath.  Floivers  in  subsessile  axillary  clusters, 
violet.  Sessile-flowered  Lespedeza. 

3.  L.  Stuvci  Nult. :   stem,  simple,  erect,  softly  and  sericeously  villous ; 
leaves  on  very  short  petioles ;  leafets  elliptic-oval,  mucronate  ;  racemes  pe- 
dunculate, scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves ;    legume  pubescent,  naked, 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Texas.  July,  Aug.  %.— Stem  2—3 
feel  high,  covered  with  a  silky  pubescence.  Peduncles  an  inch  long.  Flowers 
purple,  very  variable.  Stuve's  Lespedeza. 

4.  L.  capitata  Mich. :  stem  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  on  very  short  petioles ; 
leafets  varying  from  elliptic  to  linear,  with  close-pressed  hairs  beneath ;  spikes 
capitate,  on  short  peduncles ;  calyx  villous,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  with  the 
oval  legume  much  longer.     L.  frutescens  and  L.  angustifolia  Ell. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  7J.  —Stem  2—4  feet 
high,  straight.  Leafets  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  2 — 6  lines  wide. 
Flowers  in  oblong  or  subglobose  heads,  white  or  very  pale  yellow. 

Round-headed  Lespedeza. 

5.  L.  polystachia  Mich. :  stem  erect,  branched,  very  villous ;  leaves  on 
very  short  petioles  ;  leafets  round-oval,  obtuse ;  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  the 
peduncles  at  length  much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  and  legume  about 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     L.  hirta  Ell.  Torr.  fy  Gr.    Hedysarum  hirtum  Linn. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  [2J..— Stem  2—4  feet  high  Leafets 
about  an  inch  long.  Flowers  reddish-white,  in  dense  spikes  which  are  about  an 
inch  in  length.  Hairy  I^espedeza. 


84  LEGUMINOSJE. 

6.  L.  violacea  Pers. :  diffuse,  much  branched,  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaves 
on  long  petioles ;  leafets  elliptic-obtuse,  somewhat  hairy ;  racemes  subum- 
belled,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  flowers  in  pairs,  distinctly  pedicellate ; 
legume  rhomboidal,  reticulate  and  smooth.     Hedysarum  vwlaceum  Linn. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  1\.. — Stem  long,  slender. 
Flowers  violet. — Lespedeza  divergens  of  Pursh,  is  probably  only  a  variety  of  the 
above,  although  Mr.  Elliott  considers  it  very  distinct.  "  It  is,  he  says,  distin- 
guished by  much  larger  leaves  on  much  longer  petioles,  its  stem  is  much  more 
diffusely  branched,  the  peduncles  long,  with  the  flowers  scattered  and  distinctly 
racemose."  Torrey  and  Gray  include  under  this  species  L.  divergens  Pursh. 
L.  frustescens  Linn,  (not  of  ELI.)  L.  sessiliflora  Mich.,  and  L.  reticutala  Pers. 

Violet-flowered  Lespedeza. 

7.  L.  procumbens  Mich. :  slender,  procumbent,  with  the  branches  assur- 
gent,  everywhere  pubescent ;  leaves  on  long  petioles ;  leafets  oval,  obtuse, 
mucronate  j  rapemes  short,  subumbellate,  on  long  erect  axillary  peduncles, 
few-flowered;  legume  orbicular-ovate,  pubescent.    Hedysarum  Lespedeza 
Lam. 

Sandy  woods.  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  0|..— Stem  2—3 
feet  long,  densely  pubescent.  Flowers  purple,  tinged  with  violet. 

Procumbent  Lespedeza. 

8.  L.  repens  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  minutely  pubescent   or  nearly  smooth,  dif- 
fusely procumbent ;  leafets  oval  or  obovate-elliptical,  the  uppermost  ones 
emarginate  ;  petioles  mostly  very  short ;  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  few- 
flowered  ;  legume  nearly  orbicular.    L.  repens  Dart.    L.  prostrala  Pursh. 
Hedysarum  repens  Linn. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  July,  Aug.  1\..—Stem  2  feet  or 
more  long,  very  slender.  Flowers  violet,  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

Slender  Lespedeza. 
19.  VICLA.  Linn.— Vetch. 

(A  name  derived  from  a  Celtic  term,  signifying  Vetch.) 
Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed  ;  two  upper  teeth  shorter. 
Corolla  papilionaceous.     Stamens  diadelphous.     Style  filiform, 
bent  at  a  right  angle  with  the  ovary,  bearded  beneath  the  stig- 
ma,    Legume  oblong,  many-seeded. 

*  Flowers  on  peduncles. 

1.  V.  Caroliniana  Walt. :  smoothish;  leafets  8 — 10,  elliptical-lanceolate, 
subalternate,  obtuse,  mucronate ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;  pedun- 
cles many-flowered,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  distant ; 
teeth  of  the  calyx  short ;  style  villous  at  the  top  ;  legume  lanceolate,  smooth, 
obliquely  veined.      V.  parviflora  Mich. 

Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  May,  June.  I}..— Stem  long 
and  climbing.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pale  blue.  Standard  black  at  the  tip. 

Carolina  Vetch. 

2.  V.  Americana  Muhl. :  leafets  8—12,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  smooth, 
mucronate ;  stipules  semisagittate,  deeply  toothed  ;  peduncles  4 — 8-flowered, 
shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June.  'ZJ..— Stem 
1 — 3  feet  long,  slender,  somewhat  4-angled.  Flowers  pale  purple,  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long.  American  Vetch. 


LEGUMINOS^E.  85 

3.  V.  Cracca  Linn. :  stem  branching  ;  leafets  numerous,  oblong,  alternate 
and  opposite,  mucronate,  pubescent;  stipules  semisagittate,  linear,  nearly 
entire;  peduncles  many-flowered,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves; 
racemes  crowded,  secund ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal ;  upper  ones  very 
short;  lower  ones  shorter  than  the  tube;  styles  hairy  at  the  top;  legume 
oblong,  coriaceous,  compressed,  smooth. 

Woods  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Ken.  June,  July.  1\.. — Stem 
•J — 3  feet  long,  slender.  Leafets  10 — 12  pairs,  an  inch  long,  1 — 3  lines  wide. 
Fivwers  10 — 20  in  a  raceme,  pale  purple.  Tufted  Vetch. 

4.  V.  teirasperma  Loisel :  smooth ;  leafets  4 — 6,  oblong ;  stipules  lance- 
olate, semisagittate ;  peduncles  mostly  2-flowered ;  legume  oblong,  smooth, 
mostly  4-seeded.     V.  pusilla  Muhl.     Ervum  tetraspermum  Linn. 

Fields,  &e.  Can.  to  Penn.  May,  June.  (1). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  long,  very 
slender,  4-angled.  Leafets  half  an  inch  long,  rather  obtuse,  with  a  fine  point. 
Flowers  white  or  bluish-white,  very  small,  sometimes  3  or  4  together. 

Slender  Vetch. 
**  Mowers  nearly  sessile. 

5.  V.  sativa  Linn. :  leafets  6 — 12,  ovate-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  retuse, 
mucronate,  more  or  less  pilose  beneath ;  stipules  semisagittate,  toothed,  with 
a  dark  spot  beneath ;  flowers  mostly  in  pairs,  subsessile  ;  calyx  cylindric ; 
segments  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  equal ;  style  bearded  at  the  top ;  legume 
compressed. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  ®. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect  or  decumbent. 
Flowers  half  an  inch  long,  pale  purple.  A  very  variable  species.  Introduced 
from  Europe.  Common  Vetch. 

20.  ERVUM.  Linn.— Tare. 
(From  the  Celtic  erw,  a  ploughed  field,  of  which  it  is  the  pest.   Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  segments  linear,  acute,  nearly  equalling  the 
corolla.  Stigma  glabrous.  Legume  oblong,  2 — 4-seeded. 

E.  hirsutum,  Linn.:  leafets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  truncate  or  retuse, 
mucronate  ;  stipules  semisagittate,  narrow ;  peduncles  3 — 6-flowered,  about 
as  long  us  the  leaves ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  equal,  longer 
than  the  tube ;  legume  oblong,  compressed,  hairy,  finely  reticulate ;  seeds 
globose,  variegated.  Vicia  Mitchelli  Raf. 

Fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May,  June.  (T).—Stem  2—3  feet  long,  much  branched, 
and  diffuse.  Leafets  8 — 20,  about  half  an  inch  long  and  a  line  or  two  wide- 
Flowers  very  small,  bluish-white.  Introduced  ?  Hairy  Tare. 

21,  LATHYRUS.  Linn.— Vetchling. 
(From  \advpof ;  a  leguminous  plant  of  Theophrastus.) 
Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft ;  two  upper  lobes  shorter.    Corolla 
papilionaceous.     Stamens   diadelphous.     Style  flat,  bent  at  a 
right  angle  with  the  ovary,  dilated  at  the  summit,  villous  or  pu- 
bescent  on  the  upper  side.      Legume  oblong,  many-seeded, 
2-valved,  1-celled.     Seeds  globose  or  angled. 

J .  L.  maritimus  Big. :  smooth ;  stem  stout,  at  length  decumbent ;  leafets 
4 — 6  pairs,  oval  or  slightly  obovate;  stipules  cordate-hastate,  nearly  as 


86  LEGUMINOS^E. 

large  as  the  leafets;  peduncles  6 — 10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
legume  oblong,  somewhat  falcate.  L.  pisiformis  Hook.  Pisum  maritimum 
Linn. 

Sandy  shores.  Labrador  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Oregon  and  California.  Oneida 
Lake  and  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  June,  July.  %.— Plant  pale  green.  Stem  1—2 
feet  long.  Flowers  large,  purple  and  blue.  Beach  Pea. 

2.  L.  venosus  Muhl. :  stem  square,  naked ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  5 — 7 
pairs,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  subopposite,  mucronate,  smooth,  veined ;  stipules 
small,  semisagittate,    ovate;    peduncles  many-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves. 

Low  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  California.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Leafets 
large.  Flowers  purple.  Veiny-leaved  Vetchling. 

3.  L.  palustris  Linn. :  stem  smooth,  winged,  weak ;  leafets  in  3  pairs, 
oblong,  somewhat  coriaceous,  mucronate ;    stipules   semisagittate,   acute ; 
peduncles  3 — 5-flowered,  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  unequal,  sublinear,  as  long  as  the  tube ;  legume  compressed. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  T|. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  long,  climbing.  Leafets  varying  in  width.  Flowers  pale  purple. 

Marsh  Vetchling. 

4.  L.  myrtifolius  Muhl. :  stem  weak,  flexuous,  square  ;  leafets  2 — 3  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,   somewhat  obtuse,   mucronate,   rigid,   smooth,   veined; 
stipules  semisagittate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  pe- 
duncles 3 — 6-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  July,  Aug.  1\-. — Resembles  the  former, 
but  usually  has  a  more  slender  stem,  and  broader  leafets  and  stipules.  Flowers 
smaller,  purple,  and  rose-colored.  Myrtle-leaved  Vetchling. 

5.  L.  ochrokucus  Hook. :  plant  smooth,  pale,  and  somewhat  glaucous ; 
leafets  in  3 — 4  pairs,  ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  reticulate  beneath ;  stipules 
large,  broad-ovate,  acuminate  ;  peduncles  4 — 10-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  legume  compressed,  smooth.     L.  glaucifolius  Beck  Sot.  1st.  Ed. 

Banks  of  streams.  Arct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  May,  June.  1J-. — Stem 
slender,  1 — 2  feet  long,  often  nearly  erect.  Leafets  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
long,  and  an  inch  wide.  Flowers  large,  pale  yellow.  When  I  introduced  this 
plant  as  a  new  species  into  the  former  edition  of  this  work,  I  was  not  aware 
that  it  had  already  been  described  under  another  name  by  Dr.  Hooker. 

Cream-colored  Vetchling. 
22.  AMPHIC^RP^EA.  Ell.— Hog-Nut. 

(From  the  Greek  ap<f>t,  both,  and  icap-nos,  fruit ;  producing  fruit  both  above 
and  under  ground.) 

Flowers  of  two  kinds ;  the  one  perfect  and  petaliferous,  but 
often  sterile ;  the  other  imperfect,  but  usually  fertile.  PERFECT 
FL. — Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  4-toothed,  without  bracts  at 
the  base.  Standard  incumbent  and  partly  folded  round  the 
other  petals.  Style  smooth.  Stigma  small,  capitate.  Le- 
gume linear-oblong,  stipitate,  compressed,  3 — 4-seeded.  IM- 
PERFECT FL. — Corolla  none  or  with  the  rudiment  of  a  standard. 
Stamens  either  wanting,  or  5 — 10.  Legume  obovate,  1 — 2- 
seeded,  usually  maturing  below  the  surface  of  !!.<•  -'round. 


LEGUMINOS^E.  87 

A.  iiwnoica  To-rr.  <$•  Gr. :  racemes  of  the  petaliferous  flowers  nodding ; 
teeth  of  the  calyx  short  and  broad,  somewhat  triangular ;  bracts  shorter 
than  the  pedicels.  A.  monoica  and  A.  sarmentosa  Ell.  Glycine  monoica, 
comosa  and  bracteata  Linn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Louis.  July,  Aug.  1}.. — Stem  slender,  twi- 
ning, 3—8  feet  long,  more  or  less  hairy.  Leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  rhombic  or 
oblong-ovate.  Flowers  pale  purple,  in  shortly  peduncled  racemes,  some  of  them 
under  ground  and  imperfect.  Common  Hog-nut. 

23.  APIOS.  Boerh.— Ground-Nut. 
(From  the  Greek  an-to?,  a.  pear  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  its  tuberous  roots.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  obscurely  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  of  2 
short  rounded  teeth.  Standard  very  broad,  with  a  longitudinal 
fold  in  the  centre,  reflexed.  Keel  long,  falcate,  and  with  the 
stamens  and  style  at  length  spirally  twisted.  Legume  some- 
what terete,  slightly  falcate,  many-seeded. 

^A.  tuber osa  McKnch.     Glycine  Apios  Linn. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  7J.. — Root  producing 
oval  tubers  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Stem  4 — 8  feet  long,  slender, 
climbing.  Leafets  mostly  in  fives,  ovate -lanceolate,  acuminate,  on  short  hairy 
petioles.  Flowers  in  short  oval  racemes,  purple  and  green. 

Ground-nut.     Wild  Bean. 

24.  PHASEOLUS.  Linn.— Kidney  Bean. 
(From  the  Latin  phaselus,  a  little  boat ;  on  account  of  the  form  of  the  legume.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed  ;  the  two  upper  teeth 
more  or  less  united.  Keel,  stamens  and  style,  spirally  twisted, 
or  rarely  incurved.  Legume  linear  or  falcate,  more  or  less 
compressed,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  perennis  Walt,  .'stem  twining,  pubescent;  leafets  ovate,  acuminate, 
3-nerved ;  racemes  solitary  or  somewhat  clustered,  simple  or   somewhat 
branched,  longer  than  the   leaves ;   legume  pendulous.       P.  panicidatus 
Mich.     Dolichos  polystachyos  Linn.  ^ 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Jmy.  7|.. — Stem  4 — 10  feet  long, 
climbing.  Leafets  2 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  purple,  in  numerous  racemes 
which  are  from  4 — 10  inches  long.  Wild  Kidney  Bean. 

2.  P.  diversifolius  Pers. :  stem  prostrate ;  leafets  broad-ovate,  angular, 
2 — 3-lobed  ;  peduncles  angled,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  in  heads ; 
bracts  ovate ;  legume  linear,  terete,  subpendulous,  pubescent,  6— 7-seeded. 
P.  trilobus  Mick.     Sirophostyks  angulosa  Ell.     Glycine  angulosa  MuM. 
in  Wittd. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.  (£}• — Stem  prostrate  and  a  little  scabrous, 
2 — 6  feet  long.  Leafete  more  or  less  distinctly  3-lobed.  Flowers  4 — 8,  purple, 
on  peduncles  4 — 6  inches  long.  Various-leaved  Kidney  Bean. 

3.  P.  helvohis  Linn. :  stem  slender,  hairy  backwards ;  leafets  ovate,  ob- 
long, usually  entire,  about  the  length  of  the  petiole ;  stipules  lanceolate ; 
peduncles  slender,  3 — fl  times  as  long  as  the  leaves;  flowers  few,  in  heads; 


88  LEGUMINOS./E. 

legume  narrow-linear,  7 —  10-seeded,  slightly  pubescent ;  seeds  pubescent. 
P.  vexillatus  and  P.  helvolus  Pursh.  Strophostyles  helvola  and  S.  peduncu- 
lar is  Ell. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  %—Stem  3—4  feet 
long,  prostrate  or  climbing.  Leaf  els  rarely  3-lobed.  Flowers  purple,  3 — 5  on  a 
very  long  peduncle.  Pale-red  Kidney  Bean. 

25.  LUPINUS.  Linn.— Lupine. 

^From  the  Latin  lupus,  a  wolf ;  because  it  was  supposed  to  destroy  the  fertility 
of  the  soil.) 

Calyx  deeply  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft ;  the  lower 
entire,  or  3 -toothed.  Standard  with  the  sides  reflexed.  Wings 
united  at  the  top.  Keel  acuminate.  Anthers  5  roundish  and 
5  oblong.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  small,  capitate,  bearded. 
Legume  oblong  or  linear,  torulose,  coriaceous,  many-seeded. 

L.  perennis  Linn. :  perennial,  somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  digitate ;  leafets 
7 — 11,  obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  mucronate,  smoothish 
above,  a  little  hairy  beneath ;  flowers  scattered  in  a  long  loose  raceme ; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  emarginate,  lower 
one  nearly  entire ;  legume  linear-oblong,  very  hairy. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. 
1}.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent,  Leafets  usually 
8  or  9,  digitately  arranged.  Flowers  purplish-blue,  large,  in  a  terminal  spike  or 
raceme  which  is  6 — 10  inches  long.  Common  Lupine. 

SUBORDER  II.     C^ESALPINE^E. 

* 
Petals  imbricated  in  aestivation,  the  uppermost  interior. 

26.  GLEDITSCHIA.  Linn.— Honey  Locust. 
(In  honor  of  Gleditsch,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
Flowers  by  abortion  imperfect  or  perfect.     Sepals   3-4-5, 
equal.     Petals  as*  many  4t  the  sepals,  arising  from  the  tube  of 
the  calyx.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them, 
or  by  abortion  fewer ;  style  short ;   stigma  pubescent  above. 
Legume   compressed,    1-  or   many-seeded.     Seeds   oval,  com- 
pressed. 

G.  triacantkos  Linn. :  branches  spiny  ;  spines  thick,  simple  or  triple  and 
compound ;  leaves  equally  pinnate ;  leafets  linear-oblong ;  legume  com- 
pressed-flat, falcate,  many-seeded.  G.  triacanthos  and  brachycarpa  Pursh. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July. — A  tree  sometimes  attaining  the 
height  of  40  or  50  feet,  with  very  long  spines.  Leafets  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  nearly  smooth.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  greenish.  Legume  10 — 15 
inches  long,  many-seeded,  the  intervals  between  the  cells  of  the  seeds  filled  with 
a  saccharine  pulp.  The  tree  is  sometimes  unarmed,  when  it  forms  the  var 
inermis  of  De  Candolle.  Three-thorned  Hwet/  Locmt, 


LEGUMINQS^E.  89 


27.  GYMNOCLADUS.  Lam.—  Coffee  Tree. 

(From  the  Greek  yvpvos  ,  naked,  and  *XaJoj,  a  branch  ;  in  allusion  to  the  naked 
appearance  of  this  tree  in  winter.) 

Flowers  by  abortion  direcious.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.  Pe- 
tals 5,  equal,  oblong,  exserted  from  the  tube.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded. Legume  oblong,  very  large  and  thick,  pulpy  inside. 

G.  Canadensis  Mich. 

Can.  N.  Y.  W.  to  Ark.  May,  June.—  A  middle-sized  tree  with  few  branches. 
Leaves  very  large,  (1  —  3  feet  long,)  bipinnate  ;  leafets  oval,  acuminate,  slightly 
pubescent.  Flowers  white,  in  racemes.  Legume  large,  dark-brown.  Seeds 
half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Canadian  Coffee  Tree 

28.  CASSIA.  Linn.—  Cassia. 

(Said  to  have  been  derived  from  a  Hebrew  term  Latinized  by  Cassia.) 
Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  base,  somewhat  unequal.  Pe- 
tals 5,  unequal.  Stamens  10,  free,  unequal  ;  3  lower  ones 
longer  ;  4  middle  ones  short  and  straight  ;  3  upper  ones  usually 
abortive.  Anthers  opening  at  the  apex.  Legume  terete  or 
compressed,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  Maryland-Lea  Linn.  :  stem  erect;  leafets  in  6—  9  pairs,  ovate-oblong, 
mucronate,  equal  ;  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  ovate  ;  racemes  axillary, 
many-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  legume  compressed,  linear,  hispid, 
at  length  smooth. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  %. 
—  Stem  3  —  4  feet  high,  smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent.  Flowers  yellow,  large, 
in  axillary  racemes  which  appear  paniculate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Me- 
dicinal ;  a  tolerable  substitute  for  the  senna  of  the  shops.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  166. 

Wild  Senna. 

2.  C.fasciculata  Mich.  :  nearly  smooth  ;  leafets  in  8  or  9  pairs,  oblong- 
linear,  mucronate  ;  gland  near  the  middle  of  the  petiole  sessile  ;  fascicles 
lateral,  many-flowered  ;  petals   and  stamens  of  the  same  color  ;  legume 
smooth,  curved,  ascending. 

Dry  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June—Aug.  ®.—  Flowers  yellow.  A  doubtful 
species.  Fascicled  Cassia. 

3.  C.  nictitans  Linn.  :  stem  erect  or  decumbent,  branched  ;  leafets  in 
10  —  20  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  gland  on  the  petiole  cup- 
shaped,  on  a  slender  foot-stalk  ;  racemes  lateral,  above  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  short,  few-flowered  ;  stamens  5  ;  legume  pubescent. 

Sandy  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  (1).  —  Stem  a  foot  .high. 
Flowers  small,  yellow,  2  —  3  in  a  raceme.  The  leaves  are  somewhat  irritable, 
like,  the  Mimosa  or  sensitive  plant.  Wild  Sensitive  Plant. 

4.  C.  Chamacrisla  Linn.  :  erect  or  decumbent  ;  leafets  in  10  —  15  pairs, 
Linear-oblong,  oblique  at  base,  obtuse,  mucronate  :  gland  on  the  petiole  cup- 
shaped  ;  fascicles  of  flowers  above  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  legume  sparingly 
hirsute. 

Sandy  places.     N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.     June—Aug.     ©.—Stem  a  foot  or 
more  high.     Flowers  yellow,  larger  than  in  the  preceding  ;  sometimes  the  bas 
of  all  the  petals  are  spotted.  Partridge  Pea. 


90  DRUPACE^E. 

29.  CERCIS.  Linn.— Red  Bud. 

(From  the  Greek  xcpKi s,  a  weaver's  shuttle ;  being  the  form  of  the  legume.) 
Calyx  5-toothed,  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  5,  with  claws, 
subpapilionaceous,  all  distinct.  Wings  larger  than  the  stand- 
ard. Stamens  10,  free,  unequal.  Legume  oblong,  compressed, 
1- celled,  many-seeded;  upper  seminiferous  suture  margined. 
Seeds  obovate. 

C.  Canadensis  Linn. :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  in 
the  axils  of  the  nerves ;  legume  on  short  foot-stalks ;  flowers  in  small 
fascicles. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  3.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  April. — A  small  tree  with 
grayish-brown  bark.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  of  a  dark  rose-color. 
Legume  about  3  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end.  Judas  Tree.  Red  Bud. 

ORDER  XXXVIII.     DRUPACE^E.— ALMONDS. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  deciduous,  the  odd  lobe  superior.  Petals 
5.  Stamens  about  20,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  superior,  solitary  ;  styles  terminal,  with  a  reniform  stig- 
ma. Fruit  a  drupe.  Seeds  mostly  solitary,  without  albumen. — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves.  Stipules  simple, 
mostly  glandular.  Flowers  white  or  pink. 

1.   PRTJNUS.    Linn.— Plum. 

(The  Latin  name  for  a  plum.) 

Calyx  urceolate,  hemispherical ;  limb  5 -parted,  deciduous. 
Petals  spreading.  Stamens  numerous.  Drupe  ovate  or  oblong, 
fleshy,  very  smooth,  covered  with  grayish  dust;  stone  com- 
pressed, acute  at  both  ends,  subsulcate  at  the  margin,  elsewhere 
smooth. 

1.  P.  maritima  Wang:  low  ;  branches  seldom  thorny  ;  leaves  oval,  ovate 
or  obovate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate ;  petioles  usually  with  2  glands ; 
flowers  few,  bn  short  pedicels,  umbellate ;  drupe  subglobose.   P.  acuminata 
Mich.     P.  littoralis  Big.     Cerasus  pubescens  and  C.  pygiruea  D.  C. 

Sandy  sea-coast.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Ala.  April,  May.  fy. — Stem  2 — 5  feet 
high.  Drupe  often  as  large  as  the  common  garden-plum  and  eatable,  but  some- 
times smaller  and  astringent ;  the  two  kinds  being  sometimes  on  the  same  stem. 

Beach  Plum.    Sand  Plum. 

2.  P.  Americana  Marsh :   branches   somewhat  thorny ;    leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  ovate  or  obovate,   acuminate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate, 
at  length  smooth ;  umbels  2 — 5-flowered ;  drupe  roundish  oval.     P.  nigra 
Ait.    P.  mollis  Torr.  Fl.  N.  fy  M.  S.     P.  hiemalis  Mich.     Cerasus  nigra 
and  kyemalis  D.  C. 

Banks  of  streams-.     Arrt.  Amer.  toGeor.  Louis,  and  Texas.    April,  May.  Tj. — 


DRUPACE^E.  91 

Stem  8 — 15  feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  rather  coarsely  serrate.  Flowers 
white,  preceding  the  leaves.  Drupe  an  inch  or  a  little  less  in  diameter,  with  a 
yellow  pulp,  and  thick  tough  skin.  Red  Plum.  Yellow  Plum. 

3.  P.  spinosa  Linn. :  branches  thorny ;  peduncles  solitary ;  calyx  cam- 
panulate ;  lobes  obtuse,  longer  than  the  tube ;  leaves  obovate-elliptic  or 
ovate,  pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  and  doubly  dentate  ;  drupe  globose. 

Hedgerows.     Penn.     Tj. — Introduced.     Pursh.  Black  Thorn  or  Sloe. 

2.  CERASUS.  Juss.— Cherry. 

(The  name  of  an  Asiatic  town,  whence  the  cherry  is  said  to  have  been  de- 
rived.) 

Flowers  as  in  the  preceding.  Drupe  globose  or  umbilicate 
at  base,  fleshy,  very  smooth,  destitute  of  gray  powder ;  nucleus 
subglobose,  smooth. 

*  Flowers  umbetted :  pedicels  L-flowered,  arising  from  the  buds. 

1.  C.  pumila  Mich. :  depressed  or  prostrate ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  or 
oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrulate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath;  umbels  sessile, 
few-flowered ;  drupe  ovoid.     C.  depressiz  D.  C.     Prunus  pumila  Wittd. 

Banks  of  streams.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Virg-.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  }~i . — Stem 
trailing,  the  branches  3 — 20  inches  high.  Drupe  dark-red,  eatable. 

Sand  Cherry. 

2.  C.  Pennsijlvanica  D.  C. :  leaves  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
smooth  and  shining  when  old,  mostly  with  2  glands  at  the  base ;  umbels 
subsessile,  somewhat  corymbose,  many-flowered ;  drupe  ovoid-subglobose. 
C.  borealis  Mich.     Prunus  borealis  Pursh.    P.  Pennsylvanica  and  lance- 
olata  Willd. 

Woods.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  April,  May. — 
A  small  tree,  with  reddish  bark.  Leaves  2 — 5  inches  long.  Drupe  small,  red 
and  astringent.  Bird  Cherry. 

**  FlmKers  racemose,  arising  from  the  branches. 

3.  C.  Virginiana  D.  C. :    leaves  broad-oval  or  somewhat  obovate,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  often  subcordate,  toothed,  smoothish ;  petioles  with  2 — 4 
glands ;  racemes  short,  erect  or  spreading ;  drupe  subglobose.     C.  obovata 
Deck  Bot.  1st.  Ed.     Prunus  Virginiana  Linn.    P.  obovata  Big.    P.  sero- 
tina  Pursh. 

Woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  April,  May. — A  small  tree  or  low  shrub, 
with  gray  branches.  Fruit  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  dark-red  when  ripe, 
very  astringent.  Choke  Cherry. 

4.  C.  serotina  D.  C. :  leaves  oval-oblong  or    lance-oblong,  acuminate, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  bearded  along  the  midrib  beneath,  finely  ser- 
rate ;  petiole  mostly  with  2  or  more  glands ;  drupe  globose.    C.  Virginiana 
Mich.     Prunus  serotina  Willd. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  May,  June.— A  tree  30—60  feet  high;  branches 
spreading.  Flowers  in  long  racemes,  which  are  at  length  pendulous.  Drupe 
dark  purple,  about  as  large  as  in  the  preceding,  slightly  bitter.  The  wood  is 
close-grained,  and  very  valuable  for  cabinet  work.  Wild  Cherry. 


92  ROSACES. 


ORDER  XXXIX.    ROSACEJS.— ROSEWORTS. 

Calyx  4  or  5-lobed,  with  a  disk  either  lining  the  tube  or  sur- 
rounding the  orifice.  Petals  5,  equal,  or  none.  Stamens  usu- 
ally indefinite.  Ovaries  superior,  solitary  or  several,  1 -celled ; 
styles  lateral.  Fruit  1 -seeded  nuts,  achenia,  or  follicles  contain- 
ing several  seeds  ;  albumen  none. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs, 
with  simple  or  compound  leaves. 

1.  SPIRAEA.  Linn.— Spiraea. 

(Supposed  to  be  from  the  Greek  cirsipa,  a  cord;  in  allusion  to  its  flexible 
branches.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  20 — 50.  Car- 
pels 3 — 8,  distinct,  rarely  united  at  base,  short  apiculate,  sessile, 
rarely  stiped.  Seeds  2 — 15. 

*  Shrubby.    Leaves  lobed  and  toothed. 

1.  S.  opulifolia  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  often  subcordate,  3-lobed,  doubly 
toothed  and  crenate,  petioled,  smoothish;  corymbs  umbel-like,  hemispherical, 
peduncled ;   pedicels   filiform ;    carpels  3 — 5,  at  length  spreading,   much 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Oregon.  May,  June.  rj. — Stem 
3 — 6  feet  high,  much  branched.  Flowers  numerous,  white,  in  corymbs  which 
are  about  two  inches  in  diameter.  Calyx  and  pedicels  pubescent.  Nine-bark. 

**  Shrubby.     Leaves  entire  or  toothed.      , 

2.  S.  corymbosa  Raf. :  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  on  short  petioles,  whitish  be- 
neath, incisely  serrate  toward  the  apex  ;  corymb  terminal,  pedunculate, 
compound,  fastigiate,  somewhat  leafy ;  carpels  3 — 5,  smooth.     S.  chamtc- 
drifolia  Pursh. 

Mountains  of  Penn.  S.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  May,  June.  T^. — Stem  18 
inches  high,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  nearly  smooth  above,  pale  beneath. 
Flowers  pale  rose-color,  in  a  compound  pedunculate  corymb. 

Corymbose  Spiraea. 

3.  »S.  salicjfolia  Linn. :  stem  and  peduncles  glabrous  ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  obovate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  smooth ;  racemes  in  dense  terminal 
compound  panicles ;  carpels  5.  distinct,  not  inflated,  scarcely  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx.     /S1.  alba  Ehrh.     S.  hypericifolia  Muhl.  according  to  Torr. 
<f-  Or. 

Meadows.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Geor.  June,  July,  Tj. — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  the 
branches  purple  and  brittle.  Leaves  varying  in  form,  usually  acute,  but  some- 
times obtuse.  Flowers  white  or  reddish-white.  "  Meadow  Sweet. 

4.  S.  tomentosa  Linn. :  stem  and  peduncles  reddish  tomentose ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  densely  tomentose  beneath ;  racemes 
terminal,  compound,  crowded ;  carpels  5,  woolly. 

In  low  grounds.    Can.  to  Geor.    July,  Aug.    Tj. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  cov- 


ROSACEJB.  93 

ered  with  a  loose  wool.    Flowers  small,  pale  purple,  in  a  very  dense  elongated 
conical  raceme.  Hard-hack.     Steeple-bush. 

***  Herbaceous.     Leaves  pinnate. 

5.  (S1.  Aruncus  Linn. :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  shining ;  leafets 
lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate ;  the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply 
and  incisely  doubly  serrate  ;  flowers  very  numerous ;  carpels  3 — 5,  smooth. 
S.  Aruncus  var.  Americana  Pursh. 

Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  %.— Stem  4—6  feet  high. 
Leaves  very  large.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  slender  terminal  spikes. 

Goat's  Beard. 

6.  S.  lobata  Jacq.:  leaves  palmate-pinnate,  smooth,  lower  ones  bipin- 
nate  ;  terminal  leafet  much  larger  and  7-lobed ;  lateral  leafets  3-lobed ;  the 
lobes  all  serrate,  mostly  incised  or  toothed  ;  flowers  in  a  compound  cymose 
panicle ;  sepals  reflexed ;  carpels  6 — 8,  smooth. 

Moist  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Ken.  June,  July.  Tj.. — 
Stem  5 — 8  feet  high,  angled.  Flowers  in  an  imperfect  cyme,  deep  rose-color, 
large.  Lobe-leaved  Spircea. 

2.  GILLENIA.  Mcench  —Indian  Physic. 
(Etymology  uncertain.) 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  5 -cleft. 
Petals  5,  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  unequal,  coarctate  at  the 
claws.  Stamens  10 — 20,  mostly  included.  Styles  filiform. 
Carpels  5,  distinct,  2-valved. 

1.  G.  trifoliata  Mcench :  leaves  ternate;  leafets  lanceolate  or  obovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  stipules  small,  subulate-linear,  entire.     Spi- 
reea  trifoliata  Linn. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss. ;  rare.  June.  ^.—Stem  2—3 
feet  high.  Flowers  white  or  pale  rose-color,  few,  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Medi- 
cinal ;  emetic,  &c.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  iii.  11. 

Indian  Physic.     Bowman's  Root. 

2.  G.  stipulacea  Nutt. :  radical  leaves  pinnatifid ;  cauline  ternate ;  leafets 
incisely  serrate ;  stipules  foliaceous,  ovate,  incisely  toothed  and  clasping. 
Spirtea  stipulata  Muhl. 

Western  part  of  N.  Y.  D.  Thomas.  S.  to  Car.  and  Louis.  W.  to  Miss.  June. 
%.— Stem  2—3  feet  high,  branching.  It  resembles  the  former,  but  can  readily 
be  distinguished  by  its  large  clasping  stipules.  It  possesses  nearly  the  same 
medicinal  properties.  American  Ipecacuanha. 

3.  DRYAS.  Linn. — Dryas. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  <5pt>y,  the  oak ;  on  account  of  a  distant 
similarity  between  their  leaves.) 

Calyx  8 — 9-parted,  naked  without ;  tube  somewhat  concave. 
Petals  8 — 9.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  numerous,  crowned 
by  a  terminal  style,  at  length  terminating  in  a  bearded  plumose 
awn. 

D.  integrifolia  Vahl. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  broader  at  base,  entire  or  very 
slightly  toothed  at  the  base ;  sepals  linear.  D.  tenella.  Punk. 


94  ROSACE^E. 

White  Hills,  N.  H.  N.  to  Labrador.  July,  2L— Flower  white,  on  a  termi- 
nal peduncle.  Scarcely  distinct  from  D.  octopetala  Linn. 

Entire-leaved  Dryas. 

4.  GEUM.  Linn.— Avens. 

(From  the  Greek  ysvo),  to  yield  an  agreeable  flavor ;  the  root  of  one  species 
being  aromatic.) 

Calyx  concave;  limb  5-cleft,  with  5  small  external  bracts 
alternating  with  the  segments.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous, 
inserted  into  the  disk  that  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Carpels 
in  a  head,  awned  by  the  persistent  styles. 

1.  G.  strictum  Ait. :  hairy;  radical  and  lower  leaves  interruptedly  pm- 
nate  ;  upper  cauline  ones  3 — 5- foliate;  the  leafets  rhombic-ovate,  acute, 
sharply  toothed  and  incised ;  stipules  large,  incised  ;  petals  roundish,  longer 
than  the  calyx.     C.  Canadense  Murr. 

Swamps.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  New  Eng.  Aug.  Q|.— Stem  2—4  feet  high, 
simple.  Radical  and  lower  leaves  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  nearly  sessile. 
Flowers  large,  yellow,  in  a  loose  dichotomous  panicle.  Yellow  Avens. 

2.  G.  Virginianum  Linn. :  pubescent ;  radical  leaves  pseudo-pinnate  or 
ternate  ;  upper  simple,  lanceolate,  incisely  serrate ;  stipules  subovate,  entire 
or  incised ;  petals   cuneate-obovate,   shorter  than   the  calyx.     G.  album 

wind. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  %.— Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
smooth,  or  pubescent.  Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  white  or  pale 
yellow,  on  peduncles  1 — 3  inches  long  terminating  the  branches,  at  first  some- 
what  nodding,  at  length  erect.  Virginian  Avens. 

3.  G.  macrophyllum   Willd. :  hispid ;  radical  leaves  lyrately  and  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate ;  cauline  with  2 — 4  minute  lateral  leafets,  the  terminal  one 
large  roundish  and  3-parted ;  stipules  nearly  entire ;  petals  obovate,  a  little 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

White  Mountains.  N.  H.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  the  Pacific.  June, 
July.  '2J-. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  very  hispid.  Leaves  sometimes  nearly  smooth. 
Flowers  yellow,  intermediate  in  size  between  G.  strictum  and  Virginianum. 

Long-leaved  Avens. 

4.  G.  rivale  Linn. :   pubescent ;   stem  simple,    1 — 4  flowered ;   radical 
leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  cauline  ternate  or  3-lobed ;  petals  broad  ob- 
cordate-spatulate,  emarginate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  carpels  in  a 
stipedhead,  very  hairy;  upper  joint  of  the  style  plumose. 

Moist  places.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May,  June.  Tj.. — 
Stem  18  inches  or  2  feet  high,  nearly  simple,  somewhat  pilose.  Radical  leaves 
on  very  long  petioles.  Flowers  largej  purple,  nodding.  Water  Avens. 

5.  G.  triflorum  Pursh. :    stem   nearly   naked,   softly  pubescent,   about 
3-flowered  at  the  summit ;  radical  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  petioles 
hairy ;  leafets  cuneiform-oblong,  deeply  incised  and  toothed  ;  bracts  longer 
than  the  segments  of  the  calyx  ;  styles  very  long  and  filiform  in  fruit, 
plumose.     Sieversia  triflora,  R.  Drown. 

On  rocks.  Watertown,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y. ;  very  rare.  Dr.  Crawe. 
White  Mountains,  N.  H.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  N.  to  Labrador.  May, 
June.  %.— -Stem  4—6  inches,  in  fruit  12—15  inches  high,  with  two  opposite 


ROSACES.  96 

email  laciniate  leaves  near  the  middle.  Radical  leaves  numerous.  Flowers  at 
first  nodding.  Calyx  purple.  Petals  yellowish  white.  Three-flowered  Avens. 

6.  G.  Peckii :  somewhat  hairy ;  stem  paniculately  branched  above, 
several-flowered,  scarcely  leafy;  radical  leaves  lyrate-pinnate ;  the  terminal 
leafet  very  large,  roundish  reniform,  somewhat  truncate  at  base ;  lateral 
ones  minute ;  petals  obovate-roundish,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-triangular 
segments  of  the  calyx.  Sieversia  Peckii  R.  Drown. 

White  Mountains.  N.  H.  Prof.  Peck.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  a  foot  or  more 
high,  with  3  or  4  small  sessile  incised  leaves.  Flowers  terminal  and  solitary  at 
the  end  of  each  branch  or  peduncle,  yellow,  middle-sized.  Peck's  Avens. 

5.  COMAROPSIS.  Rich.— Dry  Strawberry. 

(From  the  Greek,  Kopapos,  the  ancient  name  of  a  strawberry,  and  oifsis,  appear- 
ance ;  on  account  of  its  resemblance  to  the  strawberry.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  turbinate,  the  limb  5-cleft,  not  bracted. 
Petals  5,  without  claws.  Stamens  numerous.  Capsule  small, 
with  an  elongated  filiform  style  at  the  apex.  Achenia  2 — 6, 
dry,  not  united  at  base. 

C.  fragarioides  D.  C. :  leaves  radical,  terhate ;  leafets  broad  wedgeform, 
toothed  and  incised;  scapes  3 — 5-flowered ;  petals  much  larger  than  the 
segments  of  the  calyx ;  carpels  hairy.  Dalibarda  fragarioides  Mick. 
Pursh.  Waldsteinia  fragarioides  Torr.  $•  Gr. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  %. — Root  creeping.  Scape  3 — 4  inches 
high,  with  a  small  leafy  bract  below  the  middle.  Leaves  on  long  petioles. 
Flowers  yellow.  Dry  Strawberry. 

6.  RUBUS.  Linn. — Raspberry  and  Blackberry. 
(Said  to  be  from  the  Latin  ruber,  red.) 

Calyx  concave  or  flattish  at  base,  naked,  5-parted.  Petals 
5,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  border  of 
the  disk.  Berry  composed  of  many  pulpy  carpels  aggregated 
on  a  spongy  receptacle,  persistent  or  deciduous. 

§  1.  Berry  concave  beneath  and  falling  away  f ram  the  dry  receptacle  when 
ripe.     (Raspberry.) 

*  Leaves  simple. 

1.  R.  odoratus  Linn. :  hispid  with  glandular  hairs ;  stem  erect,  branched ; 
leaves  large,  3 — 5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  serrate ; 
peduncles  many-flowered,  compound  ;  sepals  long,  acuminate,  shorter  than 
the  obovate-roundish  petals. 

Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  Tj. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers 
large,  purple.  Fruit  broad  and  flat,  yellowish  or  red  when  ripe,  scanty,  but 
well-flavored.  It  is  often  abortive.  Flowering  Raspberry. 

2.  R.  Chamamorus  Linn.:  dioecious;  stem  creeping  at  base,  simple,  1- 
flowered,  somewhat  pubescent,  unarmed ;  leaves  cordate-reniform,  plicate, 
5-lobed,  serrate,  the  lobes  rounded ;  sepals  ovate,  obtvyse,  shorter  than  the 
spreading  obovate  petals. 


yO  ROSACES. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Lubeck,  Maine.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Oakes.  N.  to 
Arct.  Amer.,  from  Greenland  to  Behring's  Straits.  June,  July.  TJ..— Flower 
large,  white.  Fruit  red,  well-flavored,  composed  of  few  and  large  carpels. 

Cloud  Berry. 

**  Leaves  compound, 

3.  R.  trifiorus  Richardson :  unarmed ;  stem   suffrutescent  at  base,    as- 
cending ;  leaves  ternate  or  pedate-quinate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  leafets  niem- 
branaceous,  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely 
serrate  or  incised,  the  terminal  one  petiolate ;  peduncle  terminal.  1 — 3-flow- 
ered  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  reflexed,  shorter  than  the  spatulate-oblong  petals. 
R.  saxatilis  j3  Canadensis  Mich.     R.  saxatilis  Big. 

Moist  woods  and  hills.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Penn.  June.  T^. — Stem  a  foot  or 
more  high,  and  with  the  branches  often  rooting  at  the  extremity,  minutely  pu- 
bescent. Flowers  white.  Fruit  small,  reddish-purple,  usually  sour. 

Jhoarf  Raspberry. 

4.  R.  strigosus  Mich.:  stem  erect,  suffruticose,  strongly  hispid;  leaves 
ternate  or  quinate ;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  incisely  serrate,  white 
tomentose  beneath,  the  terminal  one  often  subcordate ;  peduncles  4 — 6- 
flowered  ;  sepals  spreading,  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals.     JR.  Pennsylvani- 
cus  Lam. 

Rocky  places.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Oregon.  May.  ?2- — Stem 
reddish-brown,  shining.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  red,  richly  flavored.  This 
species  has  probably  been  confounded  with  R.  Idceus,  which  is  not  a  native. 

Red  Raspberry. 

5.  JR.  occidentalis  Linn. :  somewhat  smooth,  armed  with  strong  hooked 
prickles  ;  leaves  ternate,  rarely  quinate ;  leafets  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
or  incisely  serrate,  hoary  tomentose  beneath ;  terminal  peduncles  several- 
flowered  ;  petals  obovate-wedgeform,  shorter  than  the  reflexed  sepals. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Oregon.  May— July.  17 — Stem  5—8  feet  long, 
sparingly  branched.  Flowers  white,  1 — 3  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  terminal 
leafy  racemes.  Fruit  roundish,  dark  purple,  almost  black,  sweet  and  well-fla- 
vored. Black  Raspberry.  Thimble  Berry. 

$  2.  Fruit  persistent  on  the  somewhat  juicy  receptacle.    (Blackberry.) 

6.  R.  viUosus  Ait. :  prickly ;  stem  angular,  and  with  the  branches,  pe- 
duncles and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  tomentose-villous  and  glandular ; 
leaves  ternate  and  pedate-quinate ;  leafets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  mostly 
acuminate,  doubly  or  unequally  serrate,  the  terminal  one  petiolate  and 
subcordate';  flowers  in   elongated  terminal   racemes ;    sepals   acuminate, 
much  shorter  than  the  obovate  spreading  petals. 

var.  frondosus  Torr. :  much  less  glandular,  smoother ;  flowers  fewer, 
corymbose,  with  leafy  bracts.  JR.  frondosus  Big. 

Fields  and  woods.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  May,  June.  Pj. — Stem 
erect,  (4— -8  feet  high.)  or  reclined.  Flowers  white,  numerous.  Fruit  ovoid- 
oblong,  sometimes  acute,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  purple  or  nearly 
black  when  ripe,  sweet  and  well-flavored.  High  Blackberry. 

7.  R.  Canadensis  Linn. :  stem  procumbent  or  trailing,  somewhat  prickly  ; 
leaves  ternate  or  pedate-quinate,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  leafets  oval,  rhom- 
bic-ovate or  lanceolate,  sharply  and  unequally  serrate,  often  incised ;  flow- 
ers in  racemes  or  somewhat  corymbed,  with  leafy  bracts ;  sepals  raucronate. 


UOSACE^E.  97 

half  as  long  as  the  petals.     R.  procumbent  Muhl.    JR.  trivialis  Pursh.  not 
of  Mich.     R.  flagcllaris  Willd. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  toVirg.  May,  June.  T2- — Stem  trailing  or  procumbent, 
ascending  at  base.  Flowers  white,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  Fruit  round- 
ish or  oblong,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  black,  sweet  and  juicy. 

Low  Blackberry.     Dewberry. 

8.  R.  hispidus  Linn. :  stem  slender,  prostrate,  and  with  the  petioles  and 
peduncles  armed  with  retrose  bristles  or  weak  prickles ;  leaves  ternate  or 
pedate-quinate ;  leafets  somewhat  coriaceous,  obovate,  coarsely  and  un- 
equally serrate,  entire  towards  the  base,  smoothish ;  flowers  in  corymbs  or 
racemes,  without  bracts  ;  sepals  spreading,  half  the  length  of  the  obovate 
or  oblong-obovate  petals.    R.  obo'valis  Mich.    R.  sempervirens  Big. 

Wet  woods  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June,  \i. — Stem  profusely 
trailing,  with  short  erect  branches.  Flowers  white,  small.  Fruit  composed  of 
a  few  Targe  grains,  blackish,  sour.  Trailing  Swamp  Blackberry. 

9.  R.  setosus  Big. :  stem  reclining,  armed  with  weak  prickles ;  branches 
setose  at  the  apex ;  leaves  ternate  or  quinate,  on  long  petioles ;  leafets  obo- 
vate-wedgeform,  simply  serrate,  smooth ;  flowers  in  racemes,  with  bristly 
pedicels ;  petals  obovate-wedgeform,  longer  than  the  sepals.     R.  hispidus 
var.  setosus  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Swamps.  Can.  and  Mass.  Big.  June.  ?<>. — Flowers  white.  Fruit  red, 
small.  Bristly  Raspberry. 

10.  R.  trivialis  Mich. :  sarmentose  procumbent,  bristly,  at  length  prickly ; 
leaves  ternate  or  pedate-quinate  ;  leafets  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  mostly 
acute,  sharply  serrate,  nearly  smooth;  peduncles   1 — 3-flowered;    petals 
broad-obovate,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed  sepals.    R.  hispidus 
Willd. 

Dry  woods.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  March — May.  T2 . — The  leaves 
are  more  coriaceous  and  often  smaller  than  in  any  other  N.  American  species, 
the  young  stems  very  hispid  as  well  as  prickly,  the  jlowers  large  in  proportion, 
on  long-hispid  or  prickly  peduncles.  Torr.  <y  Gr.  Stem  sometimes  with  erect 
branches.  Fruit  large,  black.  Low  Bush  Blackberry. 

11.  R.  cuneifolius  Pursh.:   low,  armed  with  stout  recurved  prickles; 
leaves  ternate  and  pedate-quinate ;  leafets  wedgeform-obovate,  somewhat 
coriaceous,  entire  at  base,   subplicate,  pubescent-tomentose  beneath,  ter- 
minal one  petiolate  ;  peduncles  few-flowered  ;  petals  obovate,  much  longer 
than  the  tomentose  oblong  mucronate  sepals.     R.  parviflorus  Walt. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  May,  June,  f? . — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves 
rarely  quinate.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  ovoid,  black,  juicy,  eatable. 

Sand  Blackberry. 

7.  DALIBARDA.  Linn.— Dalibarda. 
(In  honor  ofDalibard,  a  French  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  short,  concave  ;  limb  5 — 6 -cleft,  naked 
without ;  lobes  dentate.  Petals  5,  sessile,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens many.  Ovaries  5 — 10,  with  short  terminal  styles.  Ache- 
ma  few,  dry,  adhering  to  the  calyx. 

D.  repens  Linn. :  stem  creeping ;  leaves  simple,  cordate,  crenate-dentate ; 

5 


98  ROSACE^E. 

stipules  laciniate ;  peduncles  1-flowered ;  sepals  not  bristly.    D.  violaoides 
Mick.     Rubus  Dalibarda  Linn. 

Moist  shady  places.  Can.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June— Aug.  71..— 
Stem  herbaceous,  creeping  and  rooting.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  with  a  deep 
and  often  closed  sinus  at  the  base.  Flowers  solitary,  white,  on  long  nearly 
radical  peduncles.  Creeping  Dalibarda. 

8.  FRAGARIA.   Tonrn.— Strawberry. 
(From  the  Latin  fragrans  ;  on  account  of  its  fragrant  fruit.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  concave,  5 -cleft,  and  with  5  bracts  with- 
out, (or  10-cleft.)  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Carpels  naked, 
fixed  on  a  long  pulpy  deciduous  receptacle.  Style  lateral. 

1.  F.  Virginiana  Linn. :  leafets  broad-oval,  smoothish  above,  the  late- 
ral ones  distinctly  petioled  ;  peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  fruit 
ovoid  ;  achenia  imbedded  in  the  receptacle.     F.  Canadensis  Mick. 

Fields  and  meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Can.  and  Arct.  Amer.  to  lat.  64°. 
May.  7]-. — Flowers  white.  F.  Canadensis  Mich,  is  the  larger  form  of  this  spe- 
cies, and  appears  in  some  situations  to  be  quite  constant.  This  is  the  case  at 
Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  Wild  Strawberry. 

2.  F.  vesca  Linn. :  lobes  of  the  leaves  plicate,  thin,  pilose  beneath ;  pe- 
duncles usually  longer  than  the  leaves  j  fruit  conical  or  hemispherical  j 
achenia  superficial. 

Fields.  N.  S.  Subarct.  Amer.  and  N.  W.  Coast.  April,  May.  7J..— More 
stoloniferous  than  the  former,  and  the  carpels  not  imbedded  in  the  receptacle. 
There  are  several  cultivated  varieties.  Common  Strawberry. 

9.  POTENTILLA.  Linn.-  Cinquefoil. 

(From  the  Latin  potens,  powerful ;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.) 
Calyx  with  the  tube  concave ;  limb  4 — 5-cleft,  4 — 5-bracted 
without  (or  8 — 10-cleft).  Petals  4 — 5,  obtuse  or  obcordate. 
Stamens  many.  Carpels  many,  roundish,  rugose,  naked,  fixed 
to  a  small  dry  receptacle. 

*  Leaves  ternate  or  quinate-palmate. 

1.  P.  Norvegica  Linn. :  hirsute;  stem  erect,  dichotomous  above  ;  leaves 
ternate-palmate  ;  leafets  lanceolate  or  obovate,  simply  and  doubly  serrate ; 
stipules  lanceolate ;  flowers  numerous,  subcorymbed  and  axillary ;  petals 
obovate,  slightly  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  calyx.     P.  hirsute  Mich. 

Old  fields  and  pastures.  Can.  to  Car.  N,  to  Arct.  Amer.  June — Aug,  (T). — 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  hirsute,  at  length  more  or  less  branched.  Lower  leaves  on 
petioles  1 — 4  inches  long.  Flowers  yellow,  in  leafy  corymbs  at  the  top,  and  on 
long  solitary  peduncles  below.  Norway  Cinquefoil. 

2.  P.  tridcntata,  Ait. :  stems  ascending,  woody  and  creeping  at  base  ; 
leaves  ternate-palmate ;  leafets  obovate-wedgeform,  coriaceous.  3-toothed 
at  the  end,  pale  pubescent  beneath ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  co- 
rymb loose,  few-flowered  ;  petals  oblong-ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Mountains.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  June,  July.  7J.. — Stem  4 — 10  inches  high. 
Leafets  sometimes  4 — 5-toothed.  Flowers  6—8  in  the  summit  of  each  stem, 
white  or  reddish- white  Three-toothed  Cinquefoil. 


ROSACES.  99 

3.  P.  Canadensis  Linn. :    silky-villous ;  stem  procumbent  and  ascend- 
ing, somewhat  branched ;  leaves  quinate-palmate ;  leafets  obovate-wedge- 
form,  acutely  dentate ;  stipules  lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse ;  peduncles 
solitary,   elongated ;  lobes  of  the   calyx   linear-lanceolate,    acute,  nearly 
equalling  the  obovate  or  obcordate  petals.     P.  simplex  Mich.     P.  sarmen- 
tosa  W'dld. 

Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April— Aug.  1\..— Stems  at 
first  short,  but  at  length  12 — 18  inches  long.  Leaves  white,  villous  when  young. 
Flowers  yellow,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles.  Quite  variable.  Five-finger. 

4.  P.  minima  Holler :  stem  ascending,  pubescent,  mostly  1-flowered ; 
leaves  ternate ;  leafets  obovate,  very  obtuse,  smooth  except  on  the  margin 
and  veins  beneath,  incisely  serrate  towards  the  apex ;  petals  obcordate, 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

Near  the  summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  June,  July.  1\.. — Root 
fusiform  Stems  1 — 3  inches  high.  Leaves  crowded.  Flowers  small. 

Small  Cinquefoil, 

5.  P.  argentea,  Linn. :  stem  ascending  or  erect,  tomentose ;  leaves  qui- 
nate-palmate ;  leafets  obovate- wedgeform,  deeply  incised,  revolute  on  the 
margin,  smooth  above,  canescent  beneath;  flowers  numerous,  corymbed; 
lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  obovate  petals. 

Fields.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  June — Sept.  7J.. — Stems  numerous, 
4 — 10  inches  long,  somewhat  woody  at  base.  Leaves  green  above.  Flowers 
yellow,  small,  in  spreading  corymbs.  Silvery  Cinquefoil. 

**  Leaves  pinnate. 

6.  P.  fruticosa  Linn. :  stem  fruticose  ;  leaves  pinnate,  hirsute  or  silky; 
leafets   oblong-lanceolate,  very  entire,   approximate ;    stipules  lanceolate, 
membranaceous,  acute ;  flowers  in  corymbs,  large ;  petals  longer  than  the 
calyx.     P.  fruticosa  and  P.  floribunda  Pursh. 

Margins  of  swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arct  Amer.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
June — Sept. — A  shrub  about  2  feet  high,  much  branched  and  hairy.  Leaves 
numerous,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  numerous,  large,  yellow. 

Shrubby  Cmquefo'd. 

1.  P.  supina  Linn. :  stem  decumbent,  herbaceous,  dichotomous ;  leaves 
pinnate ;  leafets  obovate  or  oblong,  somewhat  glabrous,  more  or  less  toothed ; 
peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered ;  segments  of  the  calyx  triangular- 
lanceolate  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx.  P.  paradoxa  Nutt.  in  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Overflowed  banks  of  streams.  Can.  and  Penn.  From  the  Ohio  to  Oregon. 
Null,.  June — Aug.  (J). — Flowers  small,  yellow.  Perhaps  not  a  native  of  our 
section.  Decumbent  Cinquefoil. 

8.  P.  Anserina  Linn. :  stem  filiform,  rooting ;  leaves  interruptedly  pin- 
nate ;  leafets  ovate-oblong,  incisely  and  acutely  serrate,  smooth  above,  silvery 
canescent  beneath ;  stipules  many-cleft ;  peduncles  scape-like,  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  axillary,  solitary ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  entire,  half  as 
long  as  the  obovate  petals. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  Oregon.  June.  ^\,. — Stems 
long,  reddish,  with  a  tuft  of  leaves  and  one  or  more  pedicels  at  each  joint. 
Leaves  sometimes  white  and  silky  on  both  sides.  Flowers  bright  yellow. 

Silver-weed.     Wild  Tansey. 

9.  P.  Pennsylvania  Linn. :  whole  plant  white  tomentose ;  stem  herba- 
:eou8,  erect ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  leafets  oblong,  obtuse,  pii 


100  ROSACES. 

or  pinnateiy  incised ;  stipules  lanceolate,  somewhat  laciniate ;  flowers  in 
corymbose  panicles ;  segments  of  the  calyx  somewhat  acute,  as  long  or  a 
little  longer  than  the  corolla ;  petals  obcordate.  P.  arguta  Lehm.  not  of 
Pursh. 

N.  S.  ?  Can.  and  throughout  British  America.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
June.  1\.. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  pale  yellow.  According  to  Torrey 
and  Gray  this  species  is  not  found  within  the  limits  of  the  U.  S.  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. They  represent  it  as  being  very  variable.  Northern  Cinquefoil. 

10.  P.  arguta  Pursh. :  erect,  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  unequally  pin- 
nate ;  leafets  roundish,  ovate  or  somewhat  rhomboid,  incised  or  doubly  ser- 
rate, outer  ones  larger ;  stipules  rhomboidal,  toothed  or  entire ;  flowers  ter- 
minal, in  a  crowded  corymb.     P.  conflertijlora  Lehm.     Geum  agrimonoides 
Pursh.     Bootia  sylvestris  Big. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June,  July. 
1\.. — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  nearly  simple,  branched  above  and  with  the 
petioles  peduncles  and  calyx  covered  with  a  brownish  and  glandular  pubes- 
cence. Flowers  erect,  at  first  in  dense  corymbs,  at  length  paniculate.  Calyx 
with  the  five  alternate  segments  smaller.  Petals  ochroleucous  or  white. 

Close-floviered  Cinquefoil. 

11.  P.  Comarum  D.C.:  root  creeping ;  stem  ascending;  leaves  pinnate, 
upper  ones  ternate ;  leafets  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate ;  petals  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.     P.  palustris  Lehm.     Comarum 
palustre  Linn.   Torr.  <f«  Gr. 

In  swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  June,  July.  1J-. — Stem  18  inches  high, 
nearly  simple.  Leaves  petioled,  with  5 — 6  leafets.  Flowers  large,  purple,  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  stem.  Marsh  Cinquefoil. 

10.  SIBBALDIA.  Linn.— Sibbaldia. 

(In  honor  of  Robert  Sibbald ;  a  writer  upon  the  natural  history  of  Scotland, 
of  the  17th  century.) 

Calyx  10-cleft,  with  the  alternate  segments  narrower.  Petals 
5,  minute.  Stamens  and  carpels  often  5.  Styles  5,  proceeding 
laterally  from  the  germ.  Capsules  5,  indehiscent,  in  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx,  1 -seeded. 

(S.  procumbens  Linn. :  leaves  ternate ;  leafets  cuneate,  tridentate,  smooth 
above,  hairy  beneath ;  flowers  corymbed;  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter 
than  the  calyx. 

High  mountains.  Can.  and  Ver.  Pursh.  Labrador  and  the  summits  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  July.  17 . — A  small  procumbent  plant,  with  the  habit  of  Po- 
tentilla  tridentata.  Petals  yellow,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  5 — 7.  Pistils 
5—10.  Procumbent  Sibbaldia. 

11.  AGRIMONIA.  Linn. 

(.Corrupted  from  Argemone,  a  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  a  plant  supposed  to 
cure  cataract,  called  apyr^a.) 

Calyx  turbinate,  covered  with  hooked  bristles,  5-cleft,  infe- 
rior, with  2  bracteoles  at  the  base.  Petals  5.  Stamens  12 — 15, 
inserted  with  the  petals  upon  the  calyx.  Achenia  1 — 2,  in- 
vested by  the  hardened  calyx. 


ROSACE,*:.  101 

1.  A.  Eupatoria  Linn.:  hairy;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate;  leafets  ob- 
long-ovate, crenate-dentate,  the  terminal  one  petioled;  spike  virgate,  many- 
flowered,  terminal,  long  and  slender ;  tube  of  the  calyx  bell-shaped,  with 
spreading  bristles  near  the  middle  ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  fruit 
distant,  turbinate,  hispid,  smooth  at  base. 

Woods  and  hedges.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  Tj..— Stem  2  feet 
high.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  long  terminal  spike  or  raceme. 

Common  Agrimony. 

2.  A.  parviflora  Ait :  hirsute  with  brownish  hairs ;  leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate ;  leafets  numerous,  linear-lanceolate,  incisely  serrate ;  spike  virgate ; 
flowers  on  very  short  pedicels ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  fruit 
roundish,  divaricately  hispid.     A  Eupatoria  var.  parviflora  Hook. 

Woods.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  July,  Aug.  %.— Stem  4—5  feet  high. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  virgate  racemes.  Petals  small,  pale  yellow. 

Small-flowered  Agrimony. 

12.  ROSA.  Linn.— Rose. 
(From  the  Celtic  rhos ;  signifying  red.) 

Calyx  urceolate,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  terminating 
in  5  segments.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Carpels  many, 
long,  hispid,  included  in  and  fixed  to  the  fleshy  tube  of  the 
calyx. 

*  Styles  cohering  in  a  column. 

1.  R.  setigera  Mich. :  stem  ascending ;  branches  glabrous ;  prickles  few, 
falcate ;  leaves  ternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  stip- 
ules narrow,  entire ;  peduncles  and  calyx  hispid  ;  flowers  corymbose ;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  ovate,  short,  simple  ;  styles  cohering  in  a  tomentose  club- 
shaped  column,  as  long  as  the  stamens ;  fruit  pisiform.    JR.  rubifolia  R. 
Broicn. 

Shores  of  the  Western  lakes.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  T^  . — Flowers  very  numer- 
ous, changing  from  white  to  different  shades  of  red,  sometimes  in  a  large  co- 
rymb. When  cultivated,  it  may  be  trained  to  a  great  extent. 

Michigan  Rose. 

**  Styles  free. 

2.  R.  lucida  Ehrh. :  prickles  straight  or  slightly  recurved  ;  leafets  5 — 9, 
lanceolate-elliptic,  coriaceous,  sharply  serrate,  shining  above ;  stipules  di- 
lated, large,  smooth,  serrulate ;  peduncles  somewhat  hispid  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  entire,  appendaged,  spreading  but  not  deflexed  ;  flowers  mostly 
in  pairs ;  fruit  globose-depressed,  hispid  or  smooth.     R.  parviflora  Ehrh. 
R.  Caroliniana  Mich.    R.  nitida  and  R.  parviflora  Beck  Bat.  1st  Ed. 

Borders  of  swarnps.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  June,  July.  J?  • — Stem  1 — 3 
or  4  feet  high.  Flowers  rather  large,  pale  red.  Petals  obcordate  or  emargi- 
nate.  Fruit  small,  red,  mostly  smooth  when  mature.  A  very  variable  species. 

Dwarf  Wild  Rose. 

3.  R.  Carolina  Linn. :  prickles  recurved,  often  wanting ;  leafets  5 — 9, 
coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  obovate,  serrulate,  approximate,  glaucous  beneath ; 
stipules  long,  with  an  involute  margin  ;  flowers  mostly  in  corymbs,  rarely 
solitary ;  lobes  of  the.  calyx  very  long,  appendaged,  spreading ;  fruit  de- 


102  POMACE^S. 

pressed-globose,  mostly  somewhat  glandular  hispid.     Rf  corymbosa  Ehrli. 
R.  Pennsylvania  Mich. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July,  fy  -—Slem  3—6  feet  high. 
Flowers  5 — 7,  in  terminal  corymbs.  Petals  large,  red,  obovate,  emarginate. 
Petioles  tomentose.  A  very  variable  species.  Numerous  specimens  found  on 
an  island  near  Troy,  N.  Y.,  have  the  stems  uniformly  and  constantly  unarmed, 
except  near  the  root,  where  there  are  a  few  slender  prickles.  Swamp  Rose. 

i.  R.  blanda  Ait.:  prickles  straight,  slender,  deciduous;  leafets  5 — 7, 
oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  equally  serrate,  pale  and  mostly  pubescent  beneath ; 
stipules  dilated  ;  flowers  1 — 3,  on  short  smooth  peduncles ;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  shorter  than  the  petals ;  fruit  globose.  R.  gemeLla  Willd. 

Dry  hills  and  rocks.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Penn.  May,  June.  ^. — Stem  1 — 3 
feet  high.  Flowers  rather  large,  rose-color.  Petals  obcordate.  Distinguished 
from  R.  cinnamomea,  to  which  it  is  allied,  by  its  being  more  slender  and  nearly 
unarmed,  by  the  absence  of  stipular  prickles,  the  smaller  bracts  and  shorter 
sepals  as  compared  with  the  petals.  Torr.  $  Gr.  R.  stricta  is  said  not  to  be  a 
native  of  the  U.  S.  Early  Rose. 

5.  R.  rubiginosa  Linn. :  prickles  strong,  compressed,  uncinate,  rarely 
straight ;  leafets  5 — 7,  ovate  or  somewhat  rounded,  serrate,  more  or  lesss 
especially  beneath,  glandular  and  ferriginous ;  fruit  ovoid  or  obovate  and 
with  the  peduncles  hispid.  R.  suaveolens  Pursh. 

Hedges  and  road  sides.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June,  July.  pj. — Stem  tall 
and  slender.  Flmixrs  solitary  or  two  or  three  together,  pale  red.  Fruit  orange 
red.  Sweet-brier. 

ORDER  XL.     POMACE^E. — APPLEWORTS. 

Calyx  adherent,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens 
numerous.  Disk  thin,  lining  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  bearing  the 
petals  and  stamens  on  its  margin.  Ovaries  1 — 5,  adhering 
more  or  less  to  the  sides  of  the  calyx  and  each  other ;  styles 
1 — 5  ;  stigmas  simple.  Fruit  a  pome,  1 — 5 -celled,  seldom  spu- 
riously 10-celled.  Seeds  1 — 2  in  each  carpel ;  albumen  none. — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  simple  or  compound  leaves. 

1.  CRAT^EGUS.  Linn.— Thorn. 

(From  the  Greek  xparos,  strength ;  in  allusion  to  the  strength  or  firmness  of 
the -wood.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  urceolate,  and  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals 
5,  spreading,  orbicular.  Stamens  many.  Styles  1 — 5,  glabrous. 
Pome  fleshy,  or  baccate,  crowned  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx, 
containing  1 — 5  bony  1 -seeded  carpels,  the  summit  contracted 
or  closed  by  the  disk. 

*  Leaves  serrate  or  subentire,  not  lobed. 

1.  C.  Crus-galli  Ait. :  leaves  obovate- wedge  form,  subsessile,  shining, 
coriaceous,  serrate,  entire  near  the  base ;  corymbs  smooth ;  segments  of"  the 


POMACES.  103 

calyx  lanceolate,  smooth,  subserrate ;  styles  1 — 3  ;  fruit  ovoid-oblong,  some- 
times pyriform.     C.  lucida  Wang.  Amer. 

Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. — A  shrub  oj 
small  tree,  much  branched,  and  with  long  sharp  spines.  Flowers  white,  in  fi 
corymb.  Style  often  solitary.  Fruit  red.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this 
apecies.  Cockspur  Thorn. 

2.  C.  pundata  Jacq. :  leaves  obovate-cuneate,  smooth,  somewhat  plaited, 
doubly   or  incisely  serrate ;   corymbs  and  calyx   villous -pubescent  when 
young ;  styles  1 — 3 ;  fruit  dotted,  globose. 

Woods  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — A  small  tree  with 
rugged  branches,  usually  armed  with  stout  sharp  thorns,  but  sometimes  nearly 
unarmed.  Leaves  light-green,  mostly  hairy.  Flowers  white,  numerous,  in  com- 
pound corymbs.  Fruit  large,  red  or  yellow,  eatable,  but  tough. 

Common  Thorn. 

3.  C.  parvifoUa  Ait. :  leaves  obovate-cuneate,  nearly  sessile,  crenate-ser- 
rate,  rarely  somewhat  incised,  pubescent ;  flowers  subsolitary  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  foliaceous,  incised,  as  long  as  the  petals,  and  with  the  short  pedi- 
cels and  branchlets  villous ;  styles  5 ;  fruit  roundish-pyrifoHn.     C.  tomen- 
'j)sa  Linn.     MespUus  laciniata  Walt. 

Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  April,  May.  T?  • — ^tem  3  or  4 — 8  feet  high,  much 
branched,  with  a  few  long  and  sharp  thorns.  Flowers  white,  mostly  solitary  and 
terminal.  Fruit  a  third  to  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  pale  greenish-yellow,  eat- 
able. Smatt-leaved  Thorn. 

**  Leaves  incised  and  more  or  less  lobed. 

4.  C.  tomentosa  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-elliptic  or  oval,  cuneate  and  nar- 
rowed at  base  into  a  short  margined  petiole,  incisely  serrate  and  sublobed 
towards  the   apex,  smooth   above,   somewhat  tomentose  beneath  when 
young ;    peduncles  and  calyx  villous ;  segments  linear-lanceolate ;  styles 
3 — 5 ;  fruit  obovoid  or  pyriform.   (  Torr.  <$•  Gr.}  C.  pyrifolia  Ait.    C.  flava 
Darlingt. 

Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Car,  W.  to  Ken.  May,  June.  T?.— Stem  12— 20 
feet  high,  branching ;  the  branches  armed  with  long  and  sharp  thorns.  Leaves 
usually  large.  Flowers  white,  in  large  leafy  corymbs.  Fruit  large,  orange  red, 
eatable,  but  rather  insipid.  Tomentose  Thorn. 

5.  C.  coccinea  Linn. :  leaves  roundish-ovate,  acutely  incised  or  sublobed, 
sharply  serrate,  thin  and  at  length  nearly  smooth,  on  long  slender  petioles, 
sometimes  a  little  cordate ;  corymbs  and  calyx  pubescent  or  smooth ;  styles 
3 — 5 ;  fruit  globose.     C.  glandulosa  Willd. 

Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  May.  T^. — Stem  10 — 20  feet 
high,  with  spreading  rugged  branches  armed  with  short  slightly-curved  thorns. 
Leaves  usually  cut  into  3  or  4  acute  or  acuminate  angulate  lobes  on  each  side. 
Flowers  white,  in  corymbs  terminating  the  young  branches.  Fruit  rather  large, 
bright  red  or  purple,  eatable.  Very  variable.  Scarlet-fruited  Thorn. 

6.  C.  cordata  Ait. :  leaves  deltoid-ovate  and  subcordate,  on  long  and 
slender  petioles,  acuminate,  incised  and  serrate,  mostly  3-lobed  near  the 
base ;  petioles  and  calyx  without  glands ;  styles  5 ;  fruit  depressed-globose. 
P.  populifolia  Pursh. 

Banks  of  streams.  Washington  city  to  Geor.  June.  17. — Stem.  15 — 20  feet 
high,  branching;  the  branches  dark  purple  and  armed  with  long  and  very 
slender  thorns.  Leaves  often  deeply  and  equally  3-lobed  like  those  of  the  red 
maple.  Flowers  white,  numerous,  in  corymbs  terminating  the  branches.  Fniit 
small,  bright  purple.  This  species  is  not  known  to  be  a  native  of  our  district, 


104  POMACE^E. 

but  according  to  Dr.  Darlington  it  was  long  since  introduced  into  Chester  county, 
Penn.,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Washington  city,  and  is  there  extensively  used 
in  hedging.  It  is  known  by  the  name  of  Washington  Thorn. 

7.  C.  Oxycantha  Linn. :  leaves  obovate-cuneate,  3 — 5-lobed,  incised  and 
serrate,  smoothish,  shining ;  petioles  and  calyx  destitute  of  glands ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  acute  or  acuminate  ;  styles  1 — 3 ;  fruit  ovoid. 

Road  sides,  &c.  N.  S.  June.  Tj  • — Stem  4 — 10  feet  high,  much  branched  ; 
the  branches  armed  with  sharp  and  short  tapering  thorns.  Leaves  variously 
lobed,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  white,  in  corymbs.  Fruit  small,  purple  when 
mature.  Introduced  from  Europe.  English  Thorn.  Hawthorn. 

2.  AMELANCHIER.  D.  C.— June  Berry. 
(Amelancier  is  said  to  be  the  Savoy  name  for  A.  vulgaris.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  ovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate.  Stamens 
many,  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Styles  5,  somewhat 
united  at  base.  Pome,  when  mature,  3 — 5-celled. 

1.  A.  Botryapium  D.  C. :  unarmed  ;  leaves  cordate,  oval,  conspicuously 
acuminate,  pubescent  when  young,  smooth  when  mature  ;  flowers  in  loose 
racemes,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  petals  linear-lanceolate,  four  times  as 
long  as  the  calyx.     A.  Canadensis  var.  Botryapium  Torr.  <£•  Gr.     Aronia 
Botryapium  Pers.    Pyrus  Botryapium  Linn. 

Rocky  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May. — A  small  tree.  Flowers  large, 
white.  Fruit  dark  purple.  Common  June-berry.  Shad-bush. 

2.  A.  ovalis  D.  C. :  leaves  roundish-elliptic  or  oblong-oval,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, serrate,  smooth  when  mature ;  flowers  in  compact  racemes  ;  petals 
obovate,  oblong.     A.  Canadensis  var.  oblongifolia  and  rotundifolia  Torr. 
<$•  Gr.     Aronia  ovalis  Pers.    Pyrus  ovalis  Linn. 

Near  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  lat.  62°.  May. — A  small  shrub.  Flowers 
in  racemes.  Fruit  small,  nearly  black,  eatable.  Supposed  by  some  botanists 
to  be  a  variety  of  the  preceding,  but  I  am  still  inclined  to  believe  it  distinct. 

Medlar  Bush. 

3.  A.  sanguinea  D.  C. :  leaves  oval,  obtuse  at  each  end,  mucronate,  with 
very  slender  serratures,  subcordate  at  base ;  racemes  few-flowered ;  calyx 
smooth ;  petals  linear,  obtuse.     Pyrus  sanguinea  Pursh.    Aronia  sangui- 
nea Nutt. 

Can  and  Mass.  W.  to  Columbia  river.  Pursh.  May. — A  small  tree  with 
blood-red  branches.  Berries  red,  eatable.  Pursh.  Torrey  &  Gray  refer  this 
plant,  with  a  mark  of  doubt,  to  their  A.  Canadensis ;  while  Nuttall,  Hooker  and 
Lindley,  consider  it  distinct.  Red  June-berry. 

3.  PYRUS.  Linn.— Pear.  Apple. 
(The  Latin  name  for  the  pear ;  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  peren.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  urceolate,  and  the  limb  5-lobed.  Petals 
roundish.  Styles  often  5,  rarely  2 — 3.  Pome  closed,  5-celled, 
with  a  cartilaginous  putamen;  cells  2-seeded.  Seeds  with  a 
cartilaginous  covering. 


SANGUISORBACE^E.  105 

*  Petals  spreading,  flat.     Styles  5,  nearly  united  at  base.    Learns  simple, 
without  glands.    MALUS. 

1.  P.  coronaria  Linn. :  leaves  broad-ovate,  rounded  at  base,  serrate, 
somewhat  angulate-lobed,  smoothish ;  corymbs  terminal,  few-flowered,  on 
long  peduncles ;  fruit  depressed,  globose.     Mains  coronaria  Mich. 

In  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May. — A  tree  15 — 20  feet  high.  Flowers  large, 
fragrant,  pale  rose-color.  Fruit  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  pale,  greenish- 
yellow,  firm  and  hard,  very  acid.  Crab  Apple. 

2.  P.  angustifolia  Ait. :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  at  base,  slightly 
crenate-dentate  or  almost  entire,  smooth,  shining  above ;  flowers  in  co- 
rymbs ;  pedicels  smooth.     Mains  angustifolia  Mich. 

In  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  March — May. — A  tree  15 — 20  feet 
high.  Leaves  and/ruii  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

Narrow-leaved  Crab  Apple. 

**  Petals  spreading.     Styles'^ — 5.     Leaves  pinnate.     SORB  us. 

3.  P.  Americana  D.  C. :  leaves  pinnate ;   leafets   13 — 15,   oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  and  with  the  common  petiole  at  length 
smooth  ;  flowers  in  large  compound  cymes ;  fruit  globose.     Sorbus  Ameri- 
cana Pursh. 

var.  microcarpa  Torr.  fy  Gr.:  fruit  smaller.  P.  microcarpa  D.  C. 
Sorbus  microcarpa  Pursh.  m 

Moist  woods.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  N.  W.  Coast.  Var.  microcarpa  on 
high  mountains,  Virg.  and  N.  Car.  Torr.  fy  Gr.  May. — A  large  shrub  or  small 
tree,  (sometimes  in  Vermont  20 — 30  feet  high,)  with  the  younger  branches  pu- 
bescent. Flowers  very  numerous,  white.  Styles  3 — 5.  Fruit  somewhat  acid, 
bright-red  when  ripe,  remaining  on  the  tree  during  the  winter. 

Mountain  Ash. 

***  Petals  spreading,  with  claws.     Styles  2 — 5.     Leaves  simple,  glandular 
on  the  midrib  above.     Pome  turbinale  or  globose.     ADENORACHIS. 

4.  P.  arbutifolia  Linn. :  leaves  obovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  smooth  above,  veiny  beneath,  with  two  rows  of 
glands  on  the  midrib ;  flowers  in  corymbs  ;  fruit  nearly  globose. 

var.  1.  erythrocarpa  Torr.  fy  Gr.:  calyx  peduncles  and  lower  surface 
of  the  leaves  tomentose,  especially  when  young ;  fruit  dark-red.  P.  arbu- 
tifolia D.  C.  Aronia  arbutifolia  Nutt. 

var.  2.  melanocarpa  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  calyx  peduncles  and  leaves  smooth 
or  nearly  so ;  fruit  purplish-black.  P.  melanocarpa  Wttld.  Aronia  arbu- 
tifofia  Pers. 

Low  woods  or  bogs.  Can.  to  Geor.  May,  June. — A  shrub  2 — 5  feet  high, 
branching.  Flowers  numerous,  reddish-white,  in  cymes  or  compound  corymbs. 
Fruit  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter,  dark-red  or  nearly  black,  sweetish  and  astrin- 
gent. Choke-berry. 

ORDER  XLI.     SANGUISORBACE^.— SANGUISORBS. 

Calyx  3 — 5-lobed,  with  a  thickened  tube.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  few  or  definite.  Ovary  solitary,  simple,  enclosed  in 
the  tube  of  the  calyx;  stigma  simple  or  compound.  Nut 

*5 


106  CALYCANTHACE.E. 

solitary.  Albumen  none. — Herbaceous  plants  or  under-shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  lobed  or  compound.  Flowers  some- 
times polygamous  or  dioecious. 

1.  ALCHEMILLA.  Linn.— Ladies'  Mantle. 

{From  the  Arabic  alkamdych,  alchemy ;  from  its  pretended  alchemical  virtues.; 
Calyx  tubular ;  tube  somewhat  contracted  at  the  top  ;  limb 
8 -parted,  the  alternate  lobes  smaller.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
1 — 4.  Carpels  1 — 2,  with  a  filiform  capitate  style  on  the  side, 
at  length  dry  and  1 -seeded. 

A.  alpina  Linn. :  leaves  digitate ;  leafets  5 — 7,  lanceolate-cuneate,  ob- 
tuse, serrate  at  the  apex,  white  and  silky  beneath. 

High  mountains.  N.  H.  and  Ver,  Pursh.  June,  July.  Ij..— Flowers  white, 
in  corymbs.  Alpine  Ladies'  Mantle. 

2.  SANGUISORBA.  Linn.— Great  Burnet. 

(From  the  Latin  sanguis,  blood,  and  sorbeo,  to  take  up  or  absorb ;  from  the 
supposed  vulnerary  properties  of  the  plant.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  polygamous.  Calyx  4-cleft,  with 
2 — 3  scales  at  base  externally.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4,  op- 
posite the  calyx  segments ;  filaments  often  dilated  upwards. 
Achenium  dry,  included  in  the  hardened  4-winged  calyx-tube. 

1.  S.  Canadensis  Linn. :   leaves  pinnate ;   leafets  ovate-oblong  subcor- 
date,  coarsely  serrate ;  spikes  cylindric,  long ;    stamens  longer  than  the 
corolla.     S.  Canadensis  a  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.— Stem  2 — 4  feet  high. 
Flowers  white,  in  crowded  spikes,  which  are  from  2—5  inches  long,  and  termi- 
nate the  naked  branches.  White  Great  Burnet. 

2.  &  media  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate  and  with  the  bracts  smooth  ;  leafets 
ovate,  subcordate,  toothed ;  spikes  ovate-cylindric ;  stamens  scarcely  longer, 
than  the  corolla.     &  Canadensis,  ft  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Wet  meadows,  principally  on  the  mountains.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Oregon 
and  N.  W.  Coast.  Aug.,  Sept.  rl\-. — The  spikes  shorter  than  in  the  former,  and 
tinged  with  red.  Pursh.  Short-spiked  Great  Burnet. 

ORDER  XLII.    CALYCANTHACEJE. — CALYCANTHS. 

Sepals  and  petals  confounded,  indefinite,  imbricated,  com- 
bined in  a  fleshy  tube.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  into  a 
fleshy  rim  at  the  mouth  of  the  tube.  Ovaries  several,  simple. 
Nuts  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx,  1 -seeded.  Albu- 
men none. — Shrubs  with  square  stems.  Leaves  opposite,  sim- 
ple. Flowers  axillary,  solitary. 


ONAGRACEvE.  107 


CALCYANTHUS.  Linn.— Allspice- Shrub. 

(From  the  Greek  xaAu£,  a  calyx,  and  a«/0oj,  a,Jlov)er;  the  calyx  resembling  a 
corolla.) 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  in  many  rows,  imbricate,  lanceolate,  col- 
ored, all  more  or  less  coriaceous  or  fleshy.  Stamens  about  12, 
unequal,  deciduous,  the  outer  ones  fertile. 

C.  IfEvigatus  Willd. :  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
oval,  gradually  acuminate,  somewhat  rugose,  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides;  branches  straight,  erect.  C.  floridus,  y  lavigatus.  Torr.  fy  Gr. 
C.  ferax  Mich, 

Mountains.  Penn.?  to  Geor.  March — June.  ^ — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high. 
Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Flowers  large,  solitary,  terminal.  Calyx  brownish  pur- 
ple. Common  in  gardens.  Sweet-scented  Shrub.  Carolina  Allspice. 

ORDER  XLIII.    ONAGRACE^E.— ONAGRADS. 

Calyx  tubular  ;  the  limb  usually  4-lobed.  Petals  usually  4. 
Stamens  4  or  8,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Ovary  mostly  4-celled ; 
style  filiform ;  stigma  capitate  or  4-lobed.  Fruit  baccate  or 
capsular,  many-seeded.  Seeds  without  albumen. — Herbaceous 
plants  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite.  Flowers 
axillary  or  terminal,  of  various  colors. 

1.  EPILOBIUM.  Linn.—  Willow  Herb. 

(From  the  Greek  tin ,  upon,  \o(3os,  a  pod ;  the  flower  being  at  the  apex  of  a 
long  pod.) 

Calyx  with  a  long  4-sided  tube ;  limb  4-parted,  deciduous. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8,  the  4  alternate  a  little  shorter.  Stigma 
clavate,  or  with  4  spreading  or  revolute  lobes.  Capsule  linear, 
obtusely  4-sided,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
crowned  with  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

\.E.spicatumLam.:  stem  tall,  terete,  smooth,  branched  above;  leaves 
scattered,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  denticulate,  veined; 
flowers  large,  pedicelled,  in  a  terminal  spike ;  petals  clawed,  obovate ;  sta- 
mens unequal,  declined.  (Torr.  <$•  Gr.}  E.  anguslifolium  Linn. 

Swamps  and  moist  woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  Oregon. 
July.  q\  .—Stem  3—5  feet  high.  Floicers  purple,  in  a  terminal  leafless  spike  or 
raceme  which  is  often  a  foot  long.  Spiked  Willow  Herb. 

'2.  E.  coloratum  Muhl. :  stem  terete,  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  mostly 
opposite,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  petiolate,  smooth,  with  colored  veins,  upper 
ones  alternate ;  flowers  small,  axillary,  near  the  extremity  of  the  branches; 
petals  2-cleft  at  the  apex ;  capsule  pedicellate,  slightly  pubescent.  E  tetra- 
gonum  Pursh.  not  of  Linn. 


108  ONAGRACE^E. 

Wet  grounds.  Arct.  Araer.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  7L — Stem 
1 — 3  feet  high,  much  branched,  often  purplish.  Flowers  small,  purplish,  some- 
times nearly  white.  Colored  Willow  Herb. 

3.  E.  palustre  Linn. :   stem  terete,  branched,  somewhat  hirsute ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  rather  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  nearly  sessile,  sparingly  toothed 
or  entire,  the  lower  ones  opposite;  petals  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx  ;  stigma  undivided ;    capsule  pubescent.     E.  rosmarifolium  Pursh. 
E  sjuama'um  Nutt. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Labrador  to  Penn.  W.  to  Oregon.  Aug.,  Sept.  1|-. — 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  slender,  at  length  much  branched.  Flowers  pale  purple 
or  white.  Marsh  Willow  Herb. 

4.  E.  tetragonum  Linn. :  stem  4-sided,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate-oblong,  denticulate,  lower  ones  slightly  petioled;  petals  emargi- 
nate ;  stigma  clavate  ;  capsule  pedicellate. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  '2J-. — Stem  2  feet  high,  branched,  smooth. 
Flowsrs  small,  pale  red,  in  terminal  racemes.  Perhaps  not  a  native  of  the 
Northern  States.  Square-stalked  Willow  Herb. 

5.  E.  molle  Torr. :    densely  and  softly  pubescent ;  stem   terete,  erect ; 
leaves  alternate  and  opposite,  crowded,  sessile,  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear, 
remotely  denticulate  or  entire  ;  petals  deeply  emarginate,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  stigma  large  and  thick ;  capsule  pedicellate.    E.  strictum  MM. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Penn.  Aug.,  Sept.  Tj.. — Stem  18 — 20 
inches  high,  simple  or  branched  above.  Flowers  axillary  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  stem,  pale  purple.  Soft  Willow  Herb. 

6.  E.  alpmum  Linn. :  stem  creeping  at  the  base,  usually  marked  with 
2  pubescent  lines;  leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  slightly  petioled. 
denticulate,  smooth ;  stigma  entire  ;  capsule  mostly  pedicellate. 

Mountains.  Essex  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Big.  N. 
to  Arct.  Amer.  July.  %. — Stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  slender,  simple.  Flowers 
small,  pale  purple.  Alpine  Willow  Herb. 

2.  GAURA.   Linn.— Gaura. 

(From  the  Greek  yapos,  superb ;  on  account  of  its  showy  spikes  of  flowers.) 

Calyx  tubular,  adnate  to  the  ovary  at  base  ;  segments  4,  re- 
flexed  ;  tube  deciduous.  Petals  mostly  4-clawed,  somewhat 
unequal.  Stamens  usually  8.  Fruit  4-angled,  dry  and  inde- 
hiscent,  by  abortion  mostly  1 -celled,  1 — 4-seeded.  Seeds 
naked. 

G.  biennis  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  hairy,  mostly  purplish  ;  leaves 
alternate,  sessile,  lanceolate,  toothed ;  flowers  numerous,  sessile,  in  terminal 
spikes  ;  fruit  roundish,  slightly  4-angled,  pubescent. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  (g). — Stem  2 — 5 
feet  high.  Ftowers  dark  rose-colored,  sessile,  in  terminal  spikes. 

Biennial  Gaura. 

3.  CENOTHERA.  Linn. — Evening  Primrose. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  oivos,  wine,  and  O/jpa,  hunting;  but  the  ap- 
plication is  uncertain.) 

Calyx  with  a  long  4-sided  or  8-ribbed  deciduous  tube  ;  seg- 


ONAGRACE^E.  109 

ments  4,  reflexed.  Petals  4,  equal.  Stamens  8.  Stigma  4- 
lobed  or  capitate.  Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
naked. 

*  Capsule  elongated,  4-sided,  sessile. 

1.  (E.  biennis  Linn. :  stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  usually  hairy;  leaves 
alternate   ovate-lanceolate,  repandly  denticulate,  acute,  pubescent,  lower 
ones  on  short  petioles ;  capsule  sessile,  obtusely  4-angled,  somewhat  turgid. 
(E.  muricata  Murr.     (E.  parviflwa  Linn.     (E.  grandiflora  Ait. 

Fields.  Subarct.  Araer.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  and  Oregon.  June,  Aug.  (1) 
and  @, — Stem  2 — 5  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow,  variable  in  size,  in  a  terminal 
leafy  spike  3 — 12  inches  long.  Petals  obcordate. 

Common  Evening  Primrose. 

2.  (E.  sinuaia  Linn. :  pubescent  or  villous ;  stem  ascending  or  decum- 
bent ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  sinuate-toothed  or  pinna- 
tifid;  calyx  and  ovary  villous;  capsule  cylindric  or  somewhat  prismatic, 
elongated.     (E.  minima  Pursh. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  %.— Stem  1—6 
inches  high,  simple  or  branching  from  the  base.  Flowers  small,  axillary,  sessile, 
pale  yellow.  Petals  obcordate.  Sinuate-leaved  Evening  Primrose. 

**  Capsule  obovate-clavate,  angular,  mostly  pedicellate. 

3.  (E.  fruticosa  Linn. :  hairy  or  nearly  smooth ;  stem  erect,  simple  or 
branched ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed ;  petals 
obcordate;    capsules  oblong-clavate,  4-winged,  longer  than  the  pedicels. 
(E.  ambigua  Spreng.     (E.  hybrida  Mich.     (E.  incana  Nult. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ohio.  July.  7|..— Stem  1—3  feet 
high.  Leaves  sessile  or  slightly  petioled.  Flowers  large,  pale  yellow,  in  a  pe- 
duncled  corymb.  Varies  much  in  the  amount  of  pubescence.  Sun  Drop. 

'  4.  (E.  riparia  Nutt. :  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
attenuate  at  base  and  somewhat  petioled,  remotely  denticulate  or  entire  ;  pe- 
tals slightly  obcordate ;  capsules  subsessile,  oblong-clavate,  sometimes  shorter 
than  the  pedicels,  slightly  4-winged,  with  4  intermediate  ribs. 

Swamps  and  banks  of  streams.  Quaker  Bridge,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  June,  July. 
@. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  often  vigately  branched.  Leaves  rather  thick,  some- 
what pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  margin.  Flowers  large,  yellow,  somewhat 
produced  towards  the  summits  of  the  branches.  Swamp  Evening  Primrose. 

5.  (E.  linearis  Mich. :  stem  erect  or  decumbent  at  base,  slender  and 
often  branched ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear,  remotely  denticulate  or 
entire,  tapering  at  base ;  capsule  clavate,  turbinate  or  obovate,  mostly  pu- 
bescent or  canescent,  with  the  alternate  angles  slightly  winged  above. 

Dry  sandy  grounds.  Montauk  Point,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  (the  decumbent 
variety.  Torr.  fy  Gr.)  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  April — July.  7J..  ? — Stem  10  inches 
to  2  feet  high.  Flowers  rather  large,  yellow,  somewhat  corymbose  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  branches,  but  not  in  an  elongated  spike  like  those  of  (E.  pumila. 

Narrow-leaved  Evening  Primrose. 

G.  (E.  chrysantha  Mich. :  pubescent ;  stem  ascending ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
rather  obtuse,  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  the  radical  ones  obovate-spatulate ; 
petals  broad-obovate,  emarginate ;  capsule  clavate-oblong,  pedicelled,  the 
alternate  angles  narrowly  winged. 

Rocky  grounds.    Hudson's  Bay  to  near  Niagara  Falls.    June,  July.    ®.  ? 


110  ONAGRACE.iE. 

(Torr.  4-  Gfr.)  ^.  (Pursh.)—Stem  about  a  foot  high,  slender,  smooth  and  pur- 
plish towards  the  summit.  Flowers  small,  orange-yellow,  in  a  terminal  some- 
what crowded  spike.  Perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  next 

Orange-flowered  Evening  Primrose. 

7.  (E.  pumila  Linn. :  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  ascending ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base,  entire,  the 
radical  ones  obovate-spatulate ;  petals  obcordate;  capsule  oblong-clavate, 
nearly  sessile,  8-angled.  (E.  pusilla  Mich. 

Dry  fields.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Car.  July.  (g).  (Torr.  fy  Gr.)—Stem  6—12 
inches  high,  mostly  simple.  Flowers  small,  pale  yellow,  in  a  loose  elongated 
leafy  spike.  Low  Evening  Primrose. 

4.  ISNARDIA.  Linn.— Isnardia. 
(In  honor  of  Antotne  d'Isnard ;  a  French  botanist.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  ovate  or  subcylindric,  short,  adhering  to 
the  ovary ;  limb  4-parted,  persistent.  Petals  4,  often  minute 
or  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Style  filiform,  deciduous.  Stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  short,  4-sided,  4-valved,  many-seeded. 

*  Petals  4.     T.UDWIGIA. 

1 .  /.  alternifolia  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  branched,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  al- 
ternate, lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  margins 
and  under  side ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  large, 
ovate,  acuminate ;  capsule  obovoid-globose  4-cornered,  the  angles  winged. 
Ludwigia  alternifolia  Linn.  Torr.  fy  Gr.    L.  macrocarpa  Mich. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  1\..—Stem  2—3  feet  high,  often  purplish. 
Flowers  large,  yellow,  on  short  peduncles.  Alternate-leaved  Isnardia. 

2.  I.  uniflora. :  stem  straight,  simple ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute, 
smooth ;  flower  terminal  j  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.    Ludwigia  uni- 
flora, Raf. 

Swamps.  N.  J. — This  seems  to  be  sufficiently  distinct.  Dr.  Torrey,  how- 
ever, suggests  that  it  is  a  variety  of  the  former.  Single-flowered  Isnardia. 

3.  7.  hirtetta :   hirsute ;   stem  erect,  scarcely-angled ;   leaves  alternate, 
ovate-oblong,  sessile,  upper  ones  narrower ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  axillary ; 
capsule  villous,  globose,  4-angled,  the  angles  slight  winged.     /.  hirsuta 
Pursh.     Ludwigia  hirtetta  Raf. 

Ditches  and  pools.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  1|..— Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  axillary. 

Hairy  Isnardia. 
**  Petals  very  minute  or  none.     ISNARDIA. 

4.  /.  sphfsrocarpa  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  nearly  smooth,  much  branched ; 
leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  attenuate  at  base  ;  flowers  solitary, 
axillary,  or  clustered  towards  the  summit  of  the  branches ;  capsule  turbi- 
nate-globose,  obscurely  4-sided,  canescent.     Ludwigia  sphterocarpa  Ell. 

In  water.  Near  Peekskill,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  Q.—Stem  about  2 
feet  high,  reddish.  Flowers  in  somewhat  compound  leafy  spikes.  Petals  none. 

Round-fruited  Isnardia. 

5.  7.  palustris  Linn. :  stem  prostrate,  creeping,  glabrous ;  leaves  opposite, 


HALORAGACE^E.  Ill 

ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  petioled,  smooth ;  flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary, sessile;  capsule  subovate,  slightly  angled.  Ludwigia  nitida  Midi. 
L.  palustris  Ell. 

Stagnant  water.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June — Oct.  1\.. — Stem  succulent, 
purplish.  Flowers  very  small.  Petals  none.  Water  Purslane. 

5.  CIRC^EA.  Linn. — Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

(From  the  enchantress  Circe,  either  from  the  prettiness  of  its  flowers,  or  as 
some  say,  from  its  growing  in  damp,  shady  places,  where  plants  used  for  incan- 
tations are  found.  Hook.  Br.  Fl) 

Calyx  short ;  limb  bipartite.  Petals  2,  obcordate.  Stamens 
2,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Stigma  emarginate.  Capsule 
obovate,  hispid  with  hooked  hairs,  2-celled,  2-valved,  2-seeded. 

1 .  C.  Lutetiana,  var.  Canadensis  Linn. :  stem  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate,  slightly  cordate,  acuminate,  toothed,  opaque,  longer  than  the  petiole. 
C.  Canadensis  Muhl. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  %.. — Stem  a  foot  and 
a  half  high,  smooth,  simple.  Flowers  in  a  long  terminal  raceme,  reddish-white. 
Fruit  reflexed.  Common  Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

2.  C.  alpina  Linn. :  stem  ascending,   nearly  smooth ;  leaves  cordate, 
shining,  coarsely  toothed,  the  lower  ones  about  as  long  as  the  petiole. 

Moist  shady  places  on  mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  rl\.. — Stem  3 — 8  inches 
high,  somewhat,  diaphanous.  Leaves  very  thin  and  delicate.  Flowers  and  fruit 
as  in  the  preceding,  but  smaller.  Many  botanists  consider  the  two  as  varieties 
of  one  species.  Alpine  Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

ORDER  XLIV.     HALORAGACE^E.— HIPPURIDS. 

Calyx  with  a  minute  limb.  Petals  3  or  4,  inserted  into  the 
calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer. 
Ovary  adhering  to  the  calyx,  1  or  more  celled ;  style  none ; 
stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  mem- 
branous or  bony,  1  or  more-celled.  Seeds  solitary,  pendulous. 
— Herbaceous  plants  or  under-shrubs,  growing  in  wet  places, 
with  alternate,  opposite  or  whorled  leaves.  Flowers  sessile, 
occasionally  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

1.  PROSERPINACA.  Linn.— Mermaid  Weed. 
(From  the  Latin  proserpo,  to  creep  ;  the  stems  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  base.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  adhering  to  the  triquetrous  ovary ;  limb  3- 
parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  3,  sessile  upon  the 
top  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  bony,  3-sided,  3-celled. 

1.    P.  palustris  Linn. :    upper  leaves  linear-lanceolate,   serrate ;  lower 
ones  often  pinnatifid  or  pectinately-incised :  fruit  angular,  acute.     P.  pa- 
lustris var.  a.  Mich. 
Wet  places.    Can.  to  Flor.    July,  Aug.     7J-. — Stem  a  foot  and  a  half  long, 


112  HALORAGACE^E. 

the  lower  part  usually  submerged.    Flowers  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  2  —  4 
together,  very  small,  nearly  sessile.     Stigmas  purplish. 

Common  Mermaid  Weed. 

2.  P.  pectinacea  Lam.  :  leaves  all  pinnatifid-pectinate  ;  fruit  large,  an- 
gular, obtuse.  P.  palustris  var.  /?  Mich. 

Sandy  swamps.  Mass,  to  Flor.  Aug.  7J..  —  Distinguished  from  the  former, 
by  having  the  leaves  all  finely  pectinate  and  the  fruit  with  rather  obtuse  in- 
stead of  acute  angles.  Pectinate  Mermaid  Weed. 

2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM.  Linn.—  Water  Milfoil. 

(From  the  Greek  pvptos,  myriad,  and  <j>v\\ov,  a  leaf;  in  allusion  to  the  minute 
divisions  of  the  leaf.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  rarely  perfect.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx 
4-parted.  Petals  4,  ovate,  sometimes  inconspicuous  or 
wanting.  Stamens  4  —  8.  PERFECT  FL.  Calyx  adhering  to 
the  ovary  ;  limb  4-lobed.  Petals  none.  Nuts  4,  compressed 
or  subglobose,  1  -seeded. 

*  Flowers  octandrous. 

1.  M.  spicatum  Linn.:  leaves  verticillate,  pinnately  divided,  segments 
capillary  ;  floral   leaves   shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  lower  subserrate  and 
mostly  very  entire  ;  petals  broad-ovate  ;  carpels  smooth  and  even. 

In  water.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  1J-.  —  Stem  slender,  varying  in 
length  with  the  depth  of  the  water.  Leaves  in  whorls,  3—5,  pectinate.  Flowers 
in  a  terminal  nearly  naked  spike.  Spiked  Water  Milfoil. 

2.  M.  verticillaium  Linn.  :  leaves  verticillate,  pinnately  divided  into  ca- 
pillary or  setaceous  segments  ;  floral  leaves  pectinate-pinnatifid,  usually 
much  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  petals  oblong-obovate  ;  carpels  smooth  and 
even. 


In  water.    Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas  and  Oregon.    July—  Sept.     ^.—St 
long  and  stouter  than  in  the  preceding.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  leafy  spike, 
upper  ones  sometimes  perfect.  Whorled  Water  Milfoil. 

**  Flowers  tetrandrous. 

3.  M.  heterophyUum  Mich.  :  leaves  verticillate,  pinnately  divided  into  ca- 
pillary segments  ;  floral  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  crowded  ; 
petals  oblong  ;  carpels  minutely  roughened,  slightly  2-ridged  on  the  back. 

In  water.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  July.  1\..  —  Stem  branching,  thick. 
Flcncers  purple,  whorled  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Stamens  4.  (6,  Mi- 
chaux.)  Various-leaved  Water  Milfoil. 

4.  M.  ambiguum  NuU.  :  submersed  leaves  cut  into  capillary  segments  ; 
the  emersed  ones  pectinate  ;  floral  leaves  linear,  tapering  into  a  short  peti< 
ole,  sparingly  incised  or  toothed,  sometimes  entire  ;  flowers  mostly  perfect; 
petals  oblong;  carpels  smooth  and  even.     M.  capillaceum   Torr.  Comp. 
M.  procumbens  Dig. 

Ponds  and  ditches.  Mass,  to  Penn.  July,  Aug.  Ij..  —  Stems  2  —  6  inches 
long  and  creeping  in  the  mud.  or  when  floating  in  water,  long  and  slender. 
Leaves  variously  divided,  depending  upon  the  place  of  growth.  ^Flowers  small, 
purplish.  Polymorphous  Water  Milfoil. 


PODOSTKMACE^.  113 

5.  M.  teneUum  nig. :  stem  simple,  nearly  leafless,  erect,  somewhat  root- 
ing at  base ;  floral  leaves  minute,  entire ;  flowers  alternate  ;  petals  linear- 
oblong  ;  carpels  smooth  and  even. 

Borders  of  ponds.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  July.  7|.. — Scapes  several  from  the 
same  rhizoma,  4 — 12  inches  high,  with  numerous  small  scales.  Flowers  minute, 
purplish.  Leqflless  Water  Milfoil. 

3.  HIPPURIS.  Linn.—  Mare's-tail. 

(From  the  Greek  ifnroj,  a  horse,  and  oupa,  a  tail ;  from  a  fencied  resemblance 
of  the  plant.) 

Tube  of  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary;  limb  minute,  entire. 
Petals  none.  Stamen  1,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  the  calyx. 
Style  filiform,  received  into  a  groove  of  the  anther.  Fruit  1- 
seeded,  crowned  with  the  margined  limb  of  the  calyx. 

H.  vulgaris  Linn. :  leaves  in  whorls  of  8 — 12,  linear,  acute,  callous  at 
the  tip. 

Ponds  and  lakes.  Labrador  and  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  Aug.  Q\.. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  simple,  erect.  Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  8.  Flowers  at 
the  base  of  the  upper  whorls,  one  to  each  leaf,  sessile,  minute. 

Common  Mare's-taU. 

4. 1  CALLITRICHE.  Linn.— Water  Starwort. 

(From  the  Greek  KaAAoj,  beautiful,  and  Bpif,  hair  ;  in  allusion  to  its  long  and 
slender  stems.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect.  Bracts  2,  opposite,  petaloid. 
Calyx  (corolla  of  some)  inconspicuous.  Petals  none.  STERILE 
FL.  Stamens  1,  (rarely  2,)  with  the  filament  filiform  and  ex- 
serted ;  anthers  reniform.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovary  4-lobed.  Cap- 
sule compressed,  4-celled,  indehiscent. 

C.  vcrna  Linn. :  leaves  3-nerved ;  upper  ones  aggregated,  broader ;  fruit 
sessile,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base,  each  carpel  bluntly  keeled  on  the  back. 

var.  1.  vulgaris:  leaves  all  elongated  and  obovate. 

var.  2.  intermedia :  upper  leaves  spatulate-obovate ;  lower  ones  linear, 
C.  intermedia  Willd.  C.  heterophylla  Pursh. 

var,  3.  linearis:  leaves  all  linear,  or  the  upper  ones  linear- elliptic. 
C.  autumnalis  Mich. 

var.  4.  terrestris :  stem  procumbent,  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  Knear  or 
elliptic-oblong.  C.  terrestris  JRaf. 

Ponds  and  slow-flowing  streams,  or  in  muddy  banks.  N.  S.  Some  varieties 
throughout  the  U.  S.  May — Aug.  (I). — Stems  slender,  varying  in  length  with 
the  depth  of  the  water,  growing  in  tufts  or  patches.  Flowers  very  minute,  white. 
I  readily  adopt  the  views  of  Darlington  and  Torrey  in  regard  to  this  very 
variable  plant.  Common  Water  Starwort. 

ORDER  XLV.    PODOSTEMACE^E, — PODOSTEMADS. 

Flowers  usually  perfect,  naked,  bursting  through  an  irregu- 
larly lacerated  spathe.  Stamens  1,  2,  or  many,  often  monadel- 


L14  LYTHRACE^. 

phous.  Ovary  2 — 3-celled;  styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3,  acute  and 
sessile.  Fruit  capsular,  slightly  pedicellate.  Seeds  numerous, 
minute,  without  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate 
leaves,  which  are  usually  cut  into  capillary  segments.  Flowers 
minute. 

POL>OSTEMUM.  Mich.— Podostemum. 

(From  the  Greek  TTOVS  ro<5oj,  a  foot,  and  ST^JJLOV,  a  stamen  ;  the  stamens  being 
supported  on  a  common  footstalk.) 

Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Stamens  2,  affixed  to  a  common 
pedicel  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  recurved.  Capsule  2-celled,  2- 
valved,  many-seeded. 

P.  ceratophyllum  Mich, :  leaves  dichotomously  many-parted ;  peduncles 
solitary,  axillary. 

Rocks  in  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Ala.  July,  Aug.  (1).  ? — Stem  creeping,  1 — 4 
inches  long,  smooth,  branching.  Leaves  alternate,  crowded  above.  Flowers 
axillary,  on  short  fleshy  peduncles.  Horn-leaved  Podostemum. 

ORDER  XLVI.    CERATOPHYLLACE^.— HORNWORTS. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  inferior,  many-parted.  STERILE 
FL.  Stamens  12 — 20;  filaments  wanting;  anthers  2-celled. 
FERTILE  FL.  Ovary  1-celled ;  stigma  filiform,  oblique.  Fruit 
a  beaked  achenium.  Seed  pendulous,  without  albumen. — 
Floating  herbs,  with  dichotomous  cellular  verticillate  leaves. 
Flowers  small. 

CERATOPHYLLUM.  Linn.— Hornwort. 

(From  the  Greek  iccpa?,  a.  horn,  and  ^uAXor,  a  leaf;  the  dichotomous  leaves 
resembling  horns.) 

Character  same  as  of  the  order. 

C.  eckinatum  Gray :  achenium  elliptic,  slightly  compressed,  with  3  short 
spines ;  sides  strongly  muricated ;  margins  slightly  winged,  not  gibbous, 
armed  with  blunt  teeth  which  finally  become  weak  spines  or  horns  as  long 
as  the  lateral  spines.  ( Torr.  <$•  (?r.)  C.  demersum  (wholly  or  in  part)  of 
American  botanists. 

Ponds  and  slow-flowing  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  ^|-. — Stem 
submerged,  branching,  filiform,  jointed.  Leaves  in  numerous  whorls  of  6 — 8, 
2  or  3-chotomously  divided,  the  segments  capillary.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary, 
sessile,  very  minute.  Rough  Hornwort. 

ORDER  XLVII.    LYTHRACE^E.— LOOSESTRTFES. 

Sepals  combined  into  a  4 — 7 -toothed  calyx,  the  sinuses  some- 
times lengthened  into  other  teeth  or  processes.  Petals  inserted 
between  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens 


LYTHR.ACK/H.  115 

as  many,  or  2 — 4  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  into  the 
tube  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  superior,  1 — 6- celled ;  style  filiform; 
stigma  usually  capitate.  Capsule  membranous,  covered  by  the 
calyx,  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  without  albumen. — 
Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  seldom  alternate,  en- 
tire. Flowers  axillary,  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  AMMANNIA.  Linn.— Ammannia. 
(In  honor  of  John  Ammann,  a  Russian  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-toothed  or  lobed,  the  sinuses  expanding  into 
teeth  or  horns.  Petals  4,  or  wanting.  Stamens  as  many,  and 
sometimes  twice  as  many,  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Style 
mostly  short.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  globose  or  ovate, 
many-seeded. 

1.  A.  ramosior  Linn.:   stem  erect,  somewhat  4-sided;   leaves   linear- 
lanceolate,  dilated  at  the  base;  flowers  axillary,  sessile;  the  lower  ones 
compactly  whorled,  the  tipper  solitary ;  petals  4,  obovate-roundish  ;  sta- 
mens 4. 

Salt  meadows.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.,  Sept.  ©.—Stem  4—8 
inches  high,  sometimes  much  higher.  Flowers  purple,  minute.  There  is  still 
some  uncertainty  in  regard  to  this  plant.  Branched  Ammannia. 

2.  A.  humilis  Mich. :  stem  procumbent  at  the  base,  square,  somewhat 
branched  ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole  ; 
flowers  sessile,  solitary,  axillary ;  petals  4,  orbiculate ;  stamens  4.     A.  ra- 
mosior Walt. 

Damp  grounds.  Mass.  N.  Y.  S.  to  Geor.  Aug.  (J). — Stem  4 — S  inches  high, 
much  more  slender  than  in  the  former.  Flowers  small,  blue. 

Dwarf  Ammannia. 

2.  LYTHRUM.  Linn.— Purple  Loosestrife. 

(From  the  Greek  \vBpov,  blood;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flower  in  some 
species.) 

Calyx  cylindric,  striate,  8 — 12-toothed.  Petals  4 — 6,  inserted 
into  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  pe- 
tals, sometimes  fewer.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  capitate.  Cap- 
sule oblong,  2 -celled,  many-seeded. 

*  Stamens  mostly  equal  in  number  with  the  petals.    Flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

1.  Li.  hyssopifolia  Linn. :  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  linear  or  oblong, 
somewhat  obtuse ;  flowers  subsessile,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts 
minute  or  none ;  petals  and  stamens  5 — 6. 

Low  wet  grounds.  Mass.  Conn.  N.  Y.  July.  (J). — Stem  12 — 18  inches 
high  ;  the  branches  square,  slightly  margined.  Leaves  pale  green,  rather  acute 
at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  pale  purple.  Hyssop-leaved  Purple  Loosestrife. 


116  MELASTOMACE^E. 

2.  L.  lineare  Linn. :   leaves  linear,  opaque,  mostly  opposite ;  the  lower 
obtuse ;  the  upper  narrow,  acute ;  flowers  slightly  pedicelled ;  bracts  minute ; 
petals  and  stamens  6. 

Brackish  swamps.  N.  3.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July — Sept.  Tj.. — Stem  3 — 4 
feet  high,  slender,  virgate,  branched  at  the  summit,  4-angled.  Flowers  small, 
nearly  white.  Narrow-leaved  Purple  Loosestrife. 

**  Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the  petals.     Flowers  numerous,  somewhat 
verticittate  in  an  interrupted  virgate  spike. 

3.  L.  Salicaria  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  cordate  at  base  ;  flowers  nearly 
sessile,  in  a  long  spike ;  petals  6 — 7.     L.  Salicaria  var.  pubescens  Pursh. 
Deck  Bot.  1st.  Ed. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  Maine,  Mass.,  and  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem 
2  feet  high,  pubescent  or  smoothish.  Leaves  opposite  and  ternate,  sessile  ;  the 
upper  ones  very  small,  appearing  like  bracts.  Flowers  large,  purple.  Intro- 
duced ?  Dr.  Torrey  remarks  that  it  is  apparently  native  in  Orange  county,  N.Y. 

Spiked  Purple  Loosestrife. 

3.  DECODON.  Gmel— Swamp  Willow-herb. 

(From  the  Greek  <?«<*?,  ten,  and  oSovs,  a  tooth  ;  in  allusion  to  the  ten  teeth  of 
the  calyx.) 

Calyx  short,  broad  campanulate,  10-toothed,  5  teeth  longer 
and  spreading.  Stamens  10,  5  very  long,  the  alternate  ones 
shorter.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  small,  undivided.  Capsule  cov- 
ered with  the  calyx,  3 — 4-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  wingless. 

D.  verticillatum  EU.    Lythrum  verticillatum  Linn. 

Swamps.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.  1\.  —Stem  2—6  feet  long, 
sometimes  prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  summit,  smooth  or  pubescent.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  on  short  petioles,  opposite  and  alternate,  sometimes  verticillate. 
Flowers  axillary,  crowded  so  as  to  appear  whorled,  purplish. 

Swamp  Willow  Herb. 

4.  CUPHEA.  Jacq.— Cuphea. 

(From  the  Greek  Kv<pdg,  curved ;  in  reference  to  the  form  of  the  capsule.) 
Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  6 — 12-toothed,  unequal.     Petals 
6 — 7,  unequal.    Stamens  11 — 14,  rarely  6 — 7,  unequal.     Style 
filiform.   ,  Stigma  simple  or  subbifid.    Capsule  membranaceous, 
1 — 2-celled,  at  length  bursting  longitudinally. 

C.  viscosissima  Jacq. :  viscid-pubescent ;  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate- 
oblong,  a  little  rough ;  flowers  lateral,  solitary,  on  short  peduncles ;  calyx 
ventricose,  gibbous  at  the  base. 

Gravelly  places.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  July,  Aug.  <^).—Slem  12—18 
inches  high,  erect,  branching.  Petals  unequal,  narrowed  to  a  claw  at  the  base, 
purple.  Stamens  12.  Viscid  Cuphea. 

ORDER  XLYIII.    MELASTOMACE^E. — MELASTOMADS. 

Calyx  divided  into  4,  5,  or  6  lobes,  cohering  more  or  less 
with  the  angles  of  the  ovary.  Petals  as  many  as  the  segments 


CUCURBITACE^E.  117 

of  the  calyx,  with  a  twisted  aestivation.  Stamens  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  anthers  long.  Ovary  3 — 6 -celled ; 
style  1 ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate.  Seeds  very 
numerous,  without  albumen. — Herbs,  trees  or  shrubs,  with  op- 
posite mostly  entire  leaves.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or  cy- 
mose. 

RHEXIA.  Linn.— Rhexia. 
(A  Greek  name  said  to  have  been  originally  applied  to  a  different  plant.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ventricose-ovate  at  base,  narrowed  at  the 
apex  ;  the  limb  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  obovate.  Anthers  8,  at- 
tached to  the  filaments  behind,  naked  at  base.  Capsule  free  in 
the  calyx,  4-celled.  Seeds  cochleate. 

1.  R.  Mariana  Linn.:  very  hairy ;  leaves  linear-ohlong  or  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  sparingly  hispid  on  both  sides,  ciliate-serrulate ;  calyx 
hispid. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July,  Aug.  7J.. — Stem  I — 2  feet 
high,  slender.  Petals  obovate,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface,  purple. 

Maryland  Rhexia. 

2.  R.  ciliosa  Mich  :  stem  nearly  square,  smooth;  leaves  broad-ovate, 
subpetiolate,  serrulate,  ciliate,  3-nerved,  smooth  beneath,   slightly  hispid 
above ;  flowers  with  an  involucre ;  calyx  smooth.     R.  petiolata  Walt. 

Moist  pine  barrens.  Del.  to  Flor.  July.  T| — Stem  12—18  inches  high. 
Flowers  in  a  loose  diohotomous  panicle,  large,  purple,  with  an  involucre  of 
leaves  at  the  base  of  each.  Fringed  Rhexia. 

3.  R.    Virginica  Linn. :  stem  with  winged  angles,   somewhat  hairy, 
square ;   leaves  sessile,   ovate-lanceolate,   ciliate,   serrate,   sprinkled  with 
hairs  on  both  sides  ;  calyx  hispid. 

Wet  meadows.  Mas*,  and  N.  Y.  to  Louis,  and  Ark.  July— Sept.  fl\..— 
Stem  a  foot  high,  often  dichotomously  branched  above.  Leaves  5 — 7-nerved, 
almost  naked  beneath.  Flowers  large,  purple,  in  a  dichotomous  corymb. 

Deer  Grass. 

ORDER  XLIX.    CUCURBITACE^E.— CUCURBITS. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  5-toothed,  some- 
times obsolete.  Corolla  5 -parted,  scarcely  distinguishable  from 
the  calyx,  with  strongly  marked  reticulated  veins.  Stamens  5, 
distinct,  or  cohering  in  2  or  3  parcels ;  anthers  sinuous.  Ovary 
adherent,  1 -celled  ;  style  short ;  stigma  very  thick,  velvety  or 
fringed.  Fruit  more  or  less  succulent  (a  pepo).  Seeds  flat, 
often  arillate,  without  albumen. — Succulent  herbaceous  plants, 
climbing  by  tendrils.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  veined. 
Flowers  axillary. 


118  CUCURBITACE^E. 

1.  SICYOS.  Linn—  Single-seeded  Cucumber. 
(From  the  Greek  CIKVOS,  cucumber.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  5-toothed;  teeth 
subulate  or  minute.  Petals  5,  all  cohering  in  a  tube,  at  length 
separating  into  three  parcels.  FERTILE  FL.  Calyx  constricted 
above  the  ovary,  campanulate.  Corolla  campanulate.  Style 
rather  slender.  Stigmas  3,  thick,  obtuse,  spreading.  Fruit 
ovate,  spiny  or  hispid,  1 -seeded. 

(S1.  angulatus  Linn. :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  5-angled,  toothed,  sca- 
brous ;  lobes  acuminate ;  tendrils  umbellate ;  sterile  flowers  corymbose- 
capitate,  with  the  common  peduncle  long ;  fertile  ones  sessile  on  a  much 
shorter  peduncle. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  (J). — A  procumbent 
vine,  climbing  by  3 — 5-cleft  tendrils.  Flowers  greenish-white,  the  fertile  nol  half 
the  size  of  the  sterile  ones.  Fruit  small,  ovate,  prickly. 

Common  Single-seeded  Cucumber. 

2.  ECHINOCYSTIS.  Torr.  fy  Or.— Wild  Balsam  Apple. 

(From  the  Greek  sxtv°Si  prickly,  and  KVSTIS  a  bladder;  in  allusion  to  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  fruit.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  flattish ;  segments  6,  filiform- 
subulate.  Corolla  6 -parted,  rotate,  campanulate.  STERILE  FL. 
Calyx  slightly  contracted  above  the  ovary.  Stamens  3,  dia- 
delphous,  short.  FERTILE  FL.  Abortive  filaments  3,  very 
small,  distinct.  Style  very  short.  Stigmas  2,  broadly  ob- 
cordate.  Fruit  globose-ovoid,  bristly- echinate,  2-celled,  4- 
seeded. 

E.  lobata  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  Momordica  echinata  Muhl.  Sicyos  angulata 
Mich. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  (£).— 
Stem  smooth,  10 — 15  feet  long,  climbing.  Leaves  large,  nearly  smooth,  with  5 
deep  acuminate  sharply  denticulate  lobee.  Flowers  white  ;  the  sterile  in  long 
compound  racemes ;  the  fertile  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together.  Fruit  about  as  large 
as  a  pigeon's  egg,  covered  with  short  bristly  spines.  Wild  Balsam  Apple. 

3.  MELOTHRIA.  Linn.—  Creeping  Cucumber. 
Flowers  polygamous  or   monoecious.     STERILE   FL.     Calyx 
3 — 5-toothed.     Corolla  campanulate.     Filaments  5,  in  3  sets. 
FERTILE  FL.     Calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the   sterile.     Style  1. 
Stigmas  3,  fimbriate.     Fruit  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

M.  pendula  Linn. :  leaves  somewhat  reniform,  lobed  and  angled,  slightly 
hispid  •  fruit  oval,  smooth,  pendulous. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Ala.  and  Lotus.  June.  (J). — A  slender  vine 
running  over  small  shrubs  and  herbs.  Stem  hairy.  Leaves  on  petioles.  Ten- 


PORTULACACE^I.  1 19 

drils  5-—6  inches  long.    Flowers  axillary,  yellow,  the  sterile  in  small  racemes, 
the  fertile  solitary.  Small  Creeping  Cucumber. 

ORDER  L.  PASSIFLORACEJ3. — PASSIONWORTS. 

Sepals  5,  combined  in  a  tube  of  variable  length  which  is 
lined  by  filamentous  processes.  Petals  5,  arising  from  the 
throat  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  5,  monadel- 
phous,  rarely  indefinite.  Ovary  seated  on  a  long  stalk,  1 -celled ; 
styles  3>  clavate ;  stigma  dilated.  Fruit  with  3  polyspermous 
placentae,  sometimes  3-valved.  Seeds  with  a  brittle  sculptured 
testa ;  albumen  fleshy. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  usually 
climbing.  Leaves  alternate,  with  leafy  stipules.  Flowers  ax- 
illary or  terminal. 

PASSIFLORA.  Linn.—  Passion  Flower. 
(Altered  by  Linnaeus  from  flos  passionis,  or  passion  flower. \ 
Calyx  5 -parted,  colored,  with  the  tube  very  short.     Petals 
5,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  or  none.     Stamens  5,  monad elphous. 
Crown  of  many  filiform  rays.     Berry  often  pulpy,  rarely  sub- 
membranaceous,  pedicelled. 

1.  P.  lutea  Linn.:  leaves  cordate,  3-lobed,  obtuse,  nearly  smooth;  peti- 
oles without  glands ;  peduncles  axillary,  in  pairs ;  petals  much  longer  than 
the  calyx. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  %. — Stem  climb- 
ing, slender,  3—10  feet  long.  Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow.  Fruit  dark  pur- 
ple. Yellow  Passion  Flower. 

2.  P.  incarnata  Linn. :  leaves  smooth,  subcuneate  at  base,  5-nerved, 
deeply  3-cleft ;  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate ;  petioles  with  2 
glands;  involucre  3-leaved;    leafets  lanceolate,   glandular-serrate;  ovary 
villous. 

Banks  of  streams.  Del.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Mies.  Sept.  1|..— Stem  long,  climb- 
ing. Flowers  large,  on  long  pedicels.  Petals  oval-oblong,  white.  Crown  pur- 
ple. Fruit  oval,  pale  yellow  when  ripe,  eatable. 

Flesh-colored  Passion  Flower. 

ORDER  LI.     PORTULACACE^E.— PURSLANES. 

Sepals  3,  cohering  by  the  base.  Petals  generally  5.  Sta- 
mens inserted  irregularly  into  the  calyx  or  hypogynous,  varia- 
ble in  number.  Ovary  1 -celled  ;  style  1  or  more  ;  stigmas 
several.  Capsule  1 -celled.  Seeds  attached  to  a  central  pla- 
centa ;  albumen  mealy. — Succulent  shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves 
mostly  alternate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  usually  ephemeral. 


120  PORTUL-ACACE^S. 

1.  PORTULACA.     Linn.— Purslane. 
(Origin  uncertain.) 

Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  2-parted,  finally  separating  at 
base  and  deciduous.  Petals  4 — 6,  inserted  on  the  calyx,  equal. 
Stamens  8 — 20.  Style  3 — 6-cleft  at  the  apex,  or  parted.  Cap- 
sule subglobose,  4-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  circularly. 

jP.  oleracea  Linn. :  leaves  cuneiform,  obtuse,  fleshy,  smooth ;  axils  gen- 
iculate,  naked  ;  flowers  sessile. 

Near  gardens,  &c.  N.  S.  May — Aug.  (T). — Stem  fleshy,  spreading  on  the 
ground,  with  the  summit  a  little  assurgent.  Flowers  in  clusters,  axillary  and 
terminal,  small,  pale  yellow.  Introduced.  According  to  Mr.  Nuttall  it  is  indi- 
genous on  the  plains  of  the  Missouri.  Common  Purslane. 

2.  TALINUM.  Sims.— Talinum. 
(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  0aXXw,  to  be  green.) 

Calyx  of  2  ovate  deciduous  sepals.  Petals  5,  distinct,  or 
somewhat  connected  at  base.  Stamens  10 — 20.  Style  filiform, 
cleft  at  the  apex.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

T.  teretifolium  Pursh. :  leaves  terete,  subulate,  fleshy ;  peduncles  elon- 
gated, naked ;  cyme  terminal,  somewhat  dichotomous  and  corymbose. 

Rocks.  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  and  Texas.  June— Aug.  1\..—Root  a 
few  coarse  fibres  from  a  short,  thick  and  fleshy  rhizoma.  Stems  1 — 4  inches 
long,  often  branched.  Peduncles  3 — 8  inches  high.  Bracts  small,  scarious, 
produced  at  base.  Petals  bright  purple,  expanding  only  for  a  day.  See  a  de- 
tailed description  of  this  plant  in  Darlington's  Flora  Cestrica. 

Cylindrical-leaved  Talinum. 

3.  CLAYTONIA.  Linn.— Spring  Beauty. 
(In  honor  of  John  Clayton,  one  of  the  earlier  Virginian  botanists.) 

Calyx  of  2  ovate  or  roundish  persistent  sepals.  Petals  5, 
obcordate  or  obovate,  unguiculate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
claws  of  the  petals.  Ovary  sessile.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule 
1 -celled,  3-valved,  3 — 5 -seeded. 

1 .  C.  Virginica  Linn. :  leaves  mostly  2,  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  and 
attenuated  into  a  petiole  below ;  raceme  simple,  loose,  at  length  elongated ; 
pedicels  slender,  nodding ;  petals  usually  emarginate. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  March — -May.  7J.. — Scape  6 — 10  inches  long, 
weak,  erect  or  subprocumbent.  Flowers  about  6 — 12,  in  a  loose  simple  raceme. 
Petals  rose-red,  with  deeper  veins,  three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Narrovj-leaved  Spring  Beauty. 

2.  C.   Caroliniana  Mich. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate   or  oval,  somewhat 
spatulate,  or  abruptly  decurrent  into  a  petiole  ;  pedicels  slender,  nodding ; 
sepals  and  petals  very  obtuse.     C.  Virginica  var.  latifoUa  Torr.  Fl.     C. 
spathulcefolia  Nutt. 

Woods  and  hilly  places.    Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.    April, 


CRASSULACE^E.  121 

May.  1|-. — Stem  4 — 8  inches  high.  Cauline  leaves  sometimes  oval.  Sepals 
roundish-ovate.  Petals  pale  rose-color,  entire  or  slightly  emarginate.  Smaller 
than  the  preceding.  Broad-leaved  Spring  Beauty. 

ORDER  LII.     SCLERANTHACE^E.— KNAWELS. 

Calyx  4  or  5-toothed,  with  a  stiff  tube.  Stamens  1 — 10,  in- 
serted into  the  orifice  of  the  tube.  Ovary  simple,  superior,  1- 
seeded ;  styles  1  or  2,  emarginate  at  the  apex.  Fiuit  a  mem- 
branous utricle,  enclosed  within  the  hardened  calyx.  Seed 
pendulous  ;  albumen  mealy. — Small  diffusely  branched  plants. 
Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.  Flowers  small. 

SCLERANTHUS.  Linn.— Knawel. 

(From  the  Greek  oxATjpoj,  hard,  and  av9ost  a.  flower  ;  in  allusion  to  the  indu- 
rated nature  of  the  floral  covering.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent ;  tube  urceolate.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 10,  rarely  5  or  2.  Styles  2.  Capsule  very  smooth,  with- 
out valves,  covered  by  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx. 

S1.  annuus  Linn. :  stems  spreading,  slightly  pubescent ;  flowers  decan- 
drous; calyx  of  the  fruit  spreading,  acute. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  July.  (J). — Stems  numerous,  much  branched  in  a  di- 
chotomous  manner,  forming  tufts  3 — 6  inches  in  diameter.  Leaves  linear-sub- 
ulate, scarious  and  dilated  at  base.  Flowers  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  leafy 
clusters.  Introduced  ?  Annual  Knawel. 

ORDER  LIII.    CRASSULACEJ3.— HOUSE-LEEKS. 

Sepals  3 — 20,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base.  Petals  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  distinct  or  cohering.  Stamens  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Pistils  always  equal  in  number 
to  the  sepals,  distinct  or  partly  united.  Carpels  follicular,  usu- 
ally several-seeded. — Succulent  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  simple 
leaves  and  the  flowers  usually  in  cymes. 

1.  TILL^EA.  Ltnn.— Tillaea. 

(In  honor  of  Mich.  Aug.  Tilli  ;  an  Italian  botanist,  who  died  in  1740.) 
Sepals  3 — 4,  united  at  base.    Petals  3 — 4,  oblong,  acuminate. 
Stamens  3 — 4.     Carpels  3 — 4,  distinct,  opening  by  the  inner 
suture,  many-seeded. 

T.  simplex  Nutt. :  stem  diffusely  branching  from  the  base  and  rooting ; 
the  branches  ascending ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  connate,  rather  obtuse ; 
flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile  ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Muddy  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  Conn,  and  Penn.  July,  Aug.  (I).— Stems 
1—3  inches  loner.  Leaves  &—3  lines  long,  spreading.  Flow,™  very  minute, 
white.  Carped  8— 10-seeded.  Pigmy  Weed 

6 


122  TETRAGONIACE^:. 


2.  SEDUM.  Linn. — Stonecrop. 

(From  the  Latin  sedo,  to  sit ;  in  allusion  to  the  humble  growth  of  these  plants 
on  their  native  rocks.) 

Sepals  usually  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  ovate,  often 
turgid  and  leafy.  Petals  5,  often  spreading.  Stamens  twice 
the  number  of  the  petals.  Carpels  5,  many-seeded,  with  a 
nectariferous  scale  at  the  base  of  each. 

1.  *S.  ternatum  Mich. :  stem  creeping,  a  little  scabrous  ;  leaves  flat;  the 
lower  ones  spatulate-obovate,  ternately  verticillate  ;  the  upper  ones  lance- 
oblong,  scattered  ;  cymes  mostly  3-spiked ;  terminal  flowers  decandrous, 
the  rest  octandrous.     S.  portulacoides  Muhl. 

Rocks.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  rl\.. — Stem  4 — 6  inches  long.  Leaves  from 
half  au  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Flowers  white,  sessile. 

Purslane-leaved  Stonecrop. 

2.  S.  telcphiaidcs  Mich. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  flat,  acute  at 
each   end,   somewhat   toothed,   smooth   and   fleshy ;    corymb   fasciculate, 
many-flowered. 

Rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  1}.. — Stem  branching,  about  a  foot  high,  leafy. 
Flowers  in  crowded  compound  corymbs  with  leafy  bracts  interspersed,  pale 
purple.  American  Orpine. 

3.  S.  Telephium  Linn. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  flat,  oblong  and  oval,  atten- 
uate at  the  base,  toothed,  smooth ;  corymbs  leafy ;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
corolla. 

Rocks  and  fields.  Catskill  Mountains ;  Orville,  Onondaga  county,  N.  Y. 
Torr.  July.  1J-. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  broad.  Flowers  purple.  In- 
troduced from  Europe.  Common  Orpine.  Live-forever. 

3.  PENTHORUM.  Linn.— Penthorum. 

(From  the  Greek  Bfj/re,  /be.  and  opos,  a  border ;  in  allusion  to  the  five-beaked 
capsule.) 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base.  Petals  5,  or  none.  Stamens  10. 
Carpels  5,  united  at  the  base  into  a  5-beaked,  5-celled  capsule ; 
cells  opening  transversely  on  the  inner  side  of  the  beaks.  Seeds 
numerous,  minute. 

P.  sedoides.  Linn. :  stem  branched,  angular  above  ;  leaves  alternate,  lan- 
ceolate, subsessile,  unequally  serrate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  one-sided  spikes 
or  racemes  ;  seeds  numerous,  elliptic. 

Overflowed  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  July,  Aug.  1|-. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Flotvers  pale  greenish-yellow. 

Sedum-kaved  Penthorum. 

ORDER  LJV.    TETRAGONIACEJE.— AIZOONS. 

Calyx  3 — 5 -cleft,  free  or  partially  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  definite.  Ovary  2— 9-celled ;  styles 
as  many  a.s  the  cells,  distinct.  Fruit  either  an  indehiscent 


CACTACE^E.  123 

tough-shelled  nut,  or  a  capsule  splitting  all  round.  Seeds  with 
mealy  albumen. — Succulent  herbs  or  rarely  small  shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  axillary. 

SESUVIUM.  Linn.— Sesuvium. 
(From  <7ij«co<;,  a  bird's  nest ;  which  the  capsule  resembles  when  open.) 

Calyx  5 -parted,  persistent;  lobes  colored  within.  Stamens 
15 — 30,  inserted  at  the  top  of  the  short  calycine  tube.  Styles 
3 — 5.  Capsule  3-  rarely  4 — 5-celled,  opening  circularly,  many- 
seeded. 

S.  Portalacastruiii  Linn. :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-oblong,  flat ;  flow- 
ers pedicelled  or  subsessile. 

Sandy  beaches.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  June— Sept.  %.— Stem  succu- 
lent. Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  reddish.  "  Varies 
with  flowers  upon  long  pedicels,  S.  pedunculatum  Pers.  and  with  the  flowers 
subsessile,  S.  sessile  Pers"  D.  C.  Purslane-leaved  Sesuvium. 

ORDER  LV.     CACTACEJ5.— INDIAN  FIGS. 

Sepals  numerous,  usually  indefinite  and  confounded  with  the 
numerous  petals.  Stamens  indefinite  ;  filaments  long,  filiform. 
Ovary  fleshy,  1 -celled  ;  style  filiform ;  stigmas  numerous.  Fruit 
a  berry,  1 -celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  without  albumen. — 
Succulent  shrubs,  very  variable  in  form.  Leaves  mostly  want- 
ing ;  when  present  fleshy,  smooth,  and  entire  or  spine-like. 
Flowers  usually  showy,  sessile. 

OPUNTIA.   Tourn. — Indian  Fig. 
(A  name  given  to  this  plant  by  Theophrastus.) 

Sepals  numerous,  leafy,  adnate  to  the  ovary ;  outer  ones  flat, 
short ;  inner  ones  petal-like,  obovate,  rosaceous  ;  tube  above 
the  ovary  none.  Stamens  numerous,  shorter  than  the  petals. 
Style  cylindric,  contracted  at  base.  Stigmas  many,  erect,  thick. 
Berry  ovoid,  umbilicate  at  the  apex,  tuberculate,  often  bearing 
spines. 

O.  vulgaris  D.  C. :  stems  erect  or  procumbent,  destitute  of  proper  leaves, 
articulately  proliferous ;  joints  compressed,  ovate  ;  spines  setaceous  ;  flow- 
ers sessile  on  the  margin  of  the  joints.  Cactus Opuntia  Linn. 

Dry  rocks  and  sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  1\. — 
Flowers  large,  yellow.  Fruit  obovate,  umbilicate,  nearly  smooth,  eatable. 
Seeds  numerous,  immersed  in  the  crimson  pulp. 

Common  Indian  Fig  or  Prickly  Pear. 


124  GROSSULAR1ACE/E. 


ORDER  LYI.    GBQSSULARIACE^E. — CURRANTWORTS. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  4 — 5-parted,  sometimes  col- 
ored. Petals  4 — 5,  minute,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  4 — 5,  inserted  alternately  with  the  petals, 
very  short.  Ovary  1 -celled  ;  style  2 — 4  cleft.  Fruit  a  berry, 
crowned  with  the  withered  flower,  1 -celled.  Seeds  numerous, 
suspended  among  the  pulps  by  long  filiform  cords ;  albumen 
corneous. — Shrubs,  either  spiny  or  unarmed.  Leaves  alternate, 
lobed.  Flowers  mostly  in  racemes. 

RIBES.  Linn. — Currant  and  Gosseberry. 

(An  Arabic  name,  said  to  have  been  originally  applied  to  a  species  of  rhubarb, 
Rheum  Ribes.) 

Character  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

*  Stem  unarmed ;  flowers  in  racemes.     RIBESIA. 

1.  R.  rubrum  Linn. :  leaves  subcordate,  obtusely  3 — 5-lobed,  pubescent 
beneath  when  young,  mucronate-serrate ;  calyx  rotate,  the  segments  round- 
ish ;  petals  truncate  ;  fruit  smooth,  globose.     R.  albinervium  Mich. 

Woods  and  swamps,  (on  mountains?)  N.  Y.  ?  Ver.  W.  to  the  St.  Croix 
river.  Can.  to  the  mouth  of  Mackenzie  river.  April,  May.  ?<;. — Flowers  in 
pendulous  racemes,  small,  greenish-yellow.  Berries  red.  Red  Currant. 

2.  R.  prostratum  L'Her. :  stem  reclining  or  prostrate ;   leaves  deeply 
cordate,  smooth,  5 — 7-lobed;   the  lobes  somewhat  ovate,  acute,  coarsely 
serrate  ;  calyx  rotate,  the  segments  obovate  ;  petals  spatulate,  small ;  fruit 
glandular-hispid,  globose.    R.  glandulosum  Ait.    R.  rigens  and  R.  trifidum 
Mich,  (according  to  Torr.  <$•  C?r.) 

Rocky  places.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May, 
June.  \i. — Stems  1 — 3  feet  long,  procumbent,  with  erect  branches.  Racemes 
few-flowered,  erect,  at  length  pendulous.  Petals  purplish.  Berries  red,  rather 
large,  not  well  flavored.  The  plant  has  a  disagreeable  odor.  Fetid  Currant. 

3.  R.  floridum  L'Her, :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  punctate  on  both  sides, 
sharply  3 — 5-lobed,  subcordate ;  the  lobes  acute,  doubly  serrate ;  racemes 
pendulous!!  pubescent ;  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  calyx  tubu- 
lar-campanulate,  the  segments  oblong-spatulate ;  fruit  ovoid-globose,  smooth 
R.  recurvatum  Mich.     R.  Pennsylvanicum  Lam. 

Woods  and  hedges.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  and  Ken.  April,  May.  7J.. — 
Stem  3 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  rather  large.  Berries  black  and 
insipid.  Wild  Black  Currant. 

**  Stem  usually  armed  with  subaxillary  spines,  often  prickly.     GROSSULARIA. 

4.  R.  Cynosbati  Linn. :  stem  unarmed  or  prickly ;  subaxillary  spines 
1 — 3;  leaves  cordate,  roundish,  pubescent,  with  3—5  incisely-toothed  lobes- 
peduncles  long,  2 — 3-flowered;  tube  of  the  calyx  broad-campnnulate,  slightly 
contracted  at  the  mouth ;  fruit  prickly,  rarely  smooth. 


SAXIFRAGACE^E.  125 

Woods  and  mountains.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Penn.  W.  to  Ken.  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  May,  June.  '4- — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branching,  the  lower  part 
often  prickly.  Flowers  in  pendulous  racemes,  greenish- white.  Berries  brown- 
ish when  ripe,  usually  covered  with  strong  prickles,  but  sometimes  smooth. 

Prickly  Gooseberry. 

5.  R.  hirteUum  Mich. :  stem  prickly  or  naked ;  subaxillary  spines  mostly 
solitary  and  very  short ;  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed,  toothed,  pu- 
bescent beneath ;  peduncles  very  short,  deflexed,  1 — 2  flowered ;  calyx-tube 
campanulate,  the   segments  twice  as   long   as  the  petals;   fruit  smooth. 
R.  triflorum  Big. 

Rocky  places.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Mass.  Alleghany  Mountains.  Pursh.  W. 
to  Lake  Superior.  May,  June,  fy  -—Leaves  small.  Flowers  in  pendulous  ra- 
cemes, greenish-white.  Berries  bluish-purple.  (Torr.  fy  6fr.) 

Rough  Gooseberry. 

6.  R.  rotundifolium  Mich. :  stem  not  prickly ;  subaxillary  spines  short, 
mostly    solitary ;    leaves    roundish,   3 — 5-lobed,    incisely  toothed,    nearly 
smooth ;  peduncles  slender,  1 — 2-flowered,  smooth ;  calyx  cylindrical  and 
narrow ;  petals  broad-spatulate,  clawed  ;  fruit  small,  smooth.    R.  triflorum 
Willd.     R.  gracile  Pursh.  hot  of  Mich. 

Mountains,  woods.  Mass.  N.  Y.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May,  June. 
!TI  . — Stem  2—4  feet  high,  with  recurved  branches,  sometimes  without  spines. 
Flowers  greenish,  with  a  tinge  of  purple.  Berries  about  as  large  as  the  black 
currant,  purple  when  ripe,  finely-flavored.  Round-leaved  Gooseberry. 

7.  R.  lacustre  Pursh. :   stem  hispid-prickly ;  subaxillary  spines  weak ; 
leaves  cordate,  3 — 5-parted,  the  lobes  deeply  incised ;  racemes  5 — 9-flow- 
ered,  loose ;  calyx  rotate ;  fruit  small,  hispid.    R.  oxycanthoides  var.  lacustre 
Pers.    R.  oxycanthoides  Mich. 

Mountain  swamps.  N.  H.  Mass.  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  Oregon.  May, 
June.  \2. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow,  on  pubescent 
peduncles.  Berries  dark  purple,  unpleasant  to  the  taste.  Swamp  Gooseberry. 

ORDER  LYII.     SAXIFRAGACE^E.— SAXIFRAGES. 

Calyx  either  superior  or  inferior,  4 — 5-cleft.  Petals  5,  or 
none.  Stamens  5 — 10,  inserted  either  into  the  calyx  or  be- 
neath the  ovary.  Disk  either  hypogynous  or  perigynous. 
Ovary  1  or  2 -celled ;  styles  none ;  stigmas  sessile  on  the  tips 
of  the  lobes  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  with  nu- 
merous minute  seeds. — Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  leaves. 
Flower  stems  simple,  often  naked. 

1.  SAXIFRAGA.  Linn.— Saxifrage. 

(From  the  Latin,  saxum,  a  stone,  a.ndfrango,  to  break ;  in  allusion  to  the  roots 
penetrating  the  crevices  of  rocks  and  stones.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  entire,  with  short  claws.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Capsule  with  2-beaks,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  open- 
bag  between  the  beaks. 

1.  &.  Virginiensis  Mich. :  pubescent ;  scape  mostly  naked,  corymbose- 


126  SAXIFRAGACE.E. 

paniculate  above;  more  or  less  spatulate-obovate,  often  obtuse,  crenate- 
dentate,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  broad  petiole  ;  flowers  subsessile ; 
petals  oval,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  capsule  half  inferior.  S.  vernalis 
nix.  S.  nivalis  MuM. 

Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Oregon.  April— June.  1J-— Scape  4—12 
inches  high.  Leaves  in  a  radical  spreading  tuft.  Flowers  in  rather  dense  ter- 
minal cymose  clusters,  white,  with  a  tinge  of  purple.  Virginian  Saxifrage. 

2.  S.   Pcnnsylvaiiica  Linn. :  pubescent ;    scape  naked ;   leaves   oblan- 
ceolate  or  oval,  attenuate  into  a  long  naked  petiole,  acute,  obsoletely  den- 
ticulate ;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle  ;  flowers  pedicellate ;  petals  lance- 
linear,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  superior. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Ohio.  May,  June.  11.— Scape  1—2, 
sometimes  3 — 4,  feet  high.  Leaves  all  radical,  4 — 8  inches  long.  Flowers  small, 
greenish-yellow.  Pennsylvanian  Saxifrage. 

3.  S.    Walkana  Torr.  $•  Gr.  :  leaves  all  radical,  membranaceous,  ob- 
long, tapering  at  base  into  a  short  winged  petiole,  sinuate-toothed,  ciliate  ; 
branches  of  the  panicle  loosely  flowered,  from  the  axils  of  leaf-like  bracts ; 
sepals  nearly  distinct,  ovate,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  reflexed,  free  from  the  ovary, 
about  as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  petals. 

On  a. mountain  near  Bethlehem,  Penn.  Mr.  WoUe. — Root  fibrous.  Scape 
rather  slender.  12 — 18  inches  high.  Petals  small,  white,  with  a  yellowish  spot 
near  the  base.  Resembles  S.  Pennsylvania  in  habit,  but  differs  in  its  flowers. 

Woolle's  Saxifrage. 

4.  £.  rividaris  Linn. :  small ;  stem  weak,  ascending,  3—  5-flowered  ;  rad- 
ical leaves  somewhat  reniform,  crenately  lobed,  with  the  petioles  dilated  at 
base ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  nearly  entire  ;  petals  ovate,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  thick,  exceeding  the  calyx  and  crowned  by  the 
short  divergent  styles. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  OaJ:es.  N.  to  Labrador,  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
ff). — Stem  about  2  inches  high.  Flowers  white,  bracteate. 

L"      Alpine-brook  Saxifrage. 

f>.  SV  aizoides  Linn. :  stems  cespitose,  leafy  ;  leaves  linear,  more  or  less 
ciliate,  slightly  mucronate,  thick ;  flowers  panicled  or  sometimes  solitary ; 
sepals  ovate-oblong,  nearly  as  long  as  the  oblong  petals ;  stigma  depressed  ; 
capsule  thick,  as  long  as  the  styles. 

Wet  rocks.  Annsville,  Oneicla  co.  N.  Y. ;  the  only  locality  in  the  U.  S.  Torr. 
N.  Y.  Fl.  N.  to  J-^ibrador,  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Jun?.  9|.— Stems 
numerous,  2-^-4  inches  long,  spreading.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  scattered 
above.  Flowers  in  a  loose  panicle,  yellow.  Yellow  Mountain  Saxifrage. 

•2.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.  Linn.— Golden  Saxifrage. 

(From  the  Greek  ^pvo-of,  gold^  and  /irAqi-,  spleen  ;  in  allusion  to  the  supposed 
medicinal  virtues  of  the  genus.) 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  of  4 — 5  obtuse  lobes. 
Petal*  none.  Stamens  S — 10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-beaked, 
2 — 4-valved,  at  length  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 

C.Americanum  Schw. :  stem  decumbent,  dichotomously  branched ;  leaves 
opposite,  upper  ones  often  alternate,  roundish-ovate,  slightly  rrenate-lobed : 
flowers  diehotomal.  distant,  sessile.  C.  oppimiifolvum  Mich,  not  of  Linn. 


SAXIFRAGACE^K.  127 

Springs  and  brooks.  Can.  to  Car.  April,  May.  "L[. — Plant  succulent,  creep* 
ing,  with  small  sessile  flowers.  Calyx  usually  4- cleft.  Stamens  mostly  8.  Seeds 
hispid,  reddish-brown.  Hooker,  Darlington,  Torrey  and  Gray,  consider  our 
plant  different  from  C.  opposili folium  of  Europe. 

American  Golden  Saxifrage. 

3.  MITELLA.  Linn.— Bishop's-Cap. 

(A  diminutive  of  the  Latin  nritra.  a  mitre  or  cop ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of 
the  capsule.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  inserted  into  the  calyx, 
laciniate  or  toothed.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2,  united.  Stigmas 
scarcely  distinct.  Capsule  1 -celled,  2-yalved;  valves  equal. 
Seeds  numerous. 

1.  M.  diphylla  Linn. :  radical  leaves  cordate-lobed,  toothed  and  ciliatc; 
cauline  ones  2,  opposite,  smaller ;  flowers  in   a  terminal  raceme ;  petals 
toothed-pin natifid  ;  calyx  and  capsule  at  length  membranaceous. 

On  wet.  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Ken.  April,  May.  '2J..— 
Stem  8 — 10  inches  high.  Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles  ;  cauline  one  ssessile, 
Flowers  small,  white.  Two-leaved  Bishop' s-cap. 

2.  M.  cordifolia  Linn. :  radical  leaves  cordate,  sub-3-lobed,  doubly  cre- 
nate ;  scape  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  scaly  at  base  ;  petals  fimbriate- 
pinnatifid.     M.  nuda  Linn.   Torr.  <$•  Gr.     M.  reniformis  Lam. 

Moist  rocks.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June. 
— Scape  6 — 8  inches  high,  sometimes  prostrate  with  creeping  suckers.  Radical 
leaves  on  long  petioles ;  cauline  one  much  smaller  and  sessile.  Flowers  few, 
greenish-white,  in  a  terminal  spike.  Heart-leaved  Bishop's-cap. 

4.  TIARELLA.  Linn. — Mitrewort. 

(A  diminutive  of  the  Latin  tiara,  a  head-dress  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the 
capsule.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  with  the  lobes  obtuse.  Petals  5, 
inserted  into  the  calyx,  unguiculate,  entire.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved  ;  valves  unequal. 
Seeds  few,  near  the  base  of  the  capsule. 

T.  cordifolia  Linn. :  scape  naked ;  leaves  cordate,  acutely  lobed,  un- 
equally dentate  with  mucronate  teeth  ;  petals  with  long  claws. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  April,  May.  1\.. — Scape  8 — 10  inches  high, 
sending  out  stolons  after  flowering.  Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles.  Flowers 
white,  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme.  Heart-leaved  Mitrewort. 

5.  HEUCHERA.  Linn.— Heuchera. 
(In  honor  of  John  Henry  Heucher,  a  German  botanist.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  small,  entire.  Stamens  5,  inserted  alternately  with  the 
petals  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Styles  2.  Capsule  with 
2  beaks,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 


HYDRANGEACE^:. 

1.  H.  Americana  Linn.:  scabrous-puberulent  and  somewhat  viscid ;  scape 
mostly  naked ;  leaves  roundish-cordate,  with  short  and  rounded  dentate- 
mucronate  lobes ;   flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle ;    petals  spatulate, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  stamens  at  length  much  exserted.     H.  cortusa 
Mich.     H.  viscida  Pursk. 

Shady  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  %.— Scape  2—3 
feet  high.  Leaves  deeply  cordate.  Flowers  small,  purplish,  in  a  long  simple 
panicle.  The  root  is  astringent.  American  Heuchera.  Alum  Root. 

2.  H.  pubescens  Pursk. :    scape    naked,   pulverulent-pubescent,  nearly 
smooth  below ;  leaves    orbicular-cordate,    smoothish,  obtusely  lobed ;  the 
lobes  crenulate  with  short  slightly  mucronate  teeth ;  flowers  in  a  somewhat 
thyrsoid  panicle ;  petals  spatulate,  longer  than  the  included  stamens. 

Mountains  and  hills.  Penn.  Md.  "Virg.  Ky.  May,  June.  %. — Scape  about 
a  foot  high,  slender.  Flowers  nearly  half  an  inch  in  length. .  Calyx  segments 
greenish-white,  unequal.  Petals  violet-purple,  veiny.  Pubescent  Heuchera. 

ORDER   LVIIL— -ESCALLONIACE^E.— ESCALLONIADS. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  2 — 5-celled,  with 
a  large  polyspermous  placenta  in  the  axis ;  style  simple  ;  stigma 
2 — 5-lobed.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  surmounted  by  the 
persistent  style  and  calyx.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute  ; 
albumen  oily. — Shrubs,  with  alternate  toothed  leaves  and  con- 
spicuous flowers. 

ITEA.  Linn.—ltea. 

(From  the  Greek  treat,  n  willow ;  probably  on  account  of  the  rapidity  of  its 
growth.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed;  the  teeth  subulate.  Petals 
5,  lanceolate-linear,  1 -nerved.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the  pe- 
tals. Style  1 ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-parted 
from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

7.  Virginica  Linn. 

Borders  of 'swamps.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  May,  June,  fy . — 
Stem  4 — 8  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate,  oblong  or  oval,  acuminate,  serrulate, 
pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  white,  in  simple  terminal  racemes. 

Virginian.  Itea. 

ORDER  LIX.    HYDRANGEACE^E. — HYDRANGEADS, 

Calyx  4 — 6-toothed,  adhering  more  or  less  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  4 — 6,  inserted  on  the  calyx,  deciduous.  Stamens  8 — 12 
in  2  rows,  or  many  and  distinct.  Ovary  of  2 — 5  carpels,  ad- 
hering by  their  sides  ;  styles  as  many  as  the  carpels,  distinct, 
with  simple  reniform  stigmas.  Fruit  a  capsule  crowned  by 


UMBELLIFEKvE.  129 

the  permanent  diverging  styles.  Seeds  minute,  usually  in- 
definite ;  albumen  fleshy. — Shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  usually  in  cymes. 

HYDRANGEA.  Linn.— Hydrangea. 

(From  the  Greek  v&up  water,  and  ayysiov,  a  vase ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the 
capsule.) 

Marginal  flowers  usually  sterile.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  mem- 
branaceous,  colored,  veiny,  4— 5-parted.  Petals,  stamens,  and 
pistils  rudimentary  or  none.  FERTILE  FL.  Calyx  hemispheric, 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  ovate.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  opening  by  a  foramen  between  the 
styles.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  H.  arborescens  Linn. :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  obtuse 
or  subcordate  at  base,  toothed,    smoothish;    flowers  in  fastigiate  cymes. 
H.  vulgar  is  Mich. 

Sandy  banks.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  ^  -—Stem  4—S  feet  high. 
Leaves  large,  the  veins  pubescent  Flowers  white  or  yellowish- white,  varying 
from  all  fertile  to  all  sterile  and  radiate.  Tree  Hydrangea. 

2.  H.  radiata  Walt. :  leaves  ovate,  mostly  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
white  tomentose  beneath ;  flowers  in  fastigiate  cymes,  some  of  the  marginal 
ones  radiate  and  sterile.     H.  nivea  Mick. 

Penn.  to  Geor.  Muhl.  Tenn.  May,  June,  fy.— Stem  6— 8  feet  high.  Flowers 
large,  white,  very  ornamental.  Changes  by  cultivation.  Rayed  Hydrangea. 

ORDER  LX.    UMBELLIFER^E.— UMBELLIFERS. 

Calyx  entire  or  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  usually  inflexed  at  the 
point.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  inferior, 
2-celled  ;  styles  2,  distinct ;  stigmas  simple.  Fruit  consisting 
of  two  carpels,  which  are  attached  to  a  common  axis  by  their 
face  (the  commissure)  from  which  they  separate  when  ripe ; 
each  carpel  traversed  by  several  ribs  or  wings ;  in  the  inter- 
vening spaces  (intervals)  are  often  lodged  longitudinal  channels 
or  receptacles  (vitta),  containing  colored  oily  matter.  Seeds 
usually  adhering  to  the  carpel;  albumen  copious,  horny.— 
Herbaceous  plants  with  hollow  stems.  Leaves  mostly  com 
pound  and  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  in  umbels. 

SUBORDER  I. 

Albumen  flat  or  flattish  on  the  face. 
6* 


130  CMBELLIFERJE. 

*   Umbels  simple  or  imperfectly  compound. 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE.  Linn.    Marsh  Pennywort. 

(From  the  Greek  i:<5u>p,  water,  and  KorvAiy, a,  cup;  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the 
form  of  the  leaves  of  some  species.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  subcompressed  and  the  margin  of  the 
limb  obsolete.  Petals  ovate,  entire,  acute,  with  apex  straight. 
Fruit  laterally  compressed ;  ribs  5,  filiform,  the  middle  and 
lateral  ones  often  obsolete. — Involucre  few-leaved.  Flowers 
white. 

1.  H.  interrupts  MM,.:  stem  filiform,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints, 
smooth;  leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  doubly  crenate,  11-nerved;  flowers  5 — 8 
in  axillary  umbellate  heads.     H.  vulgaris  Mich.. 

Wet  places.  Can.  to  Geor.  Pursh.  June — Aug.  7|.. — Flowers  minute,  white, 
on  very  short  pedicels  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Interrupted  Marsh  Pennywort. 

2.  H.  umbeUata  Linn. :  stem  glabrous,  rooting  at  the  joints ;  leaves  pel- 
tate, orbicular,  doubly  crenate,  11 — 12-nerved,  emarginate  at  the  base; 
umbels  20 — 30-flowered ;  flowers  distinct,  pedicellate. 

Boggy  places.  Mass,  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  June — Aug.  Tj.. — Stem  creeping 
or  floating.  Leaves  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  minute,  in  umbels  which  are 
sometimes  proliferous.  Many-flowered  Marsh  Pennywort. 

3.  H.  Americana  Linn. :  very  smooth  and  shining ;    leaves  orbicular, 
reniform,   somewhat  lobed,   doubly  crenate,   7 — 9-nerved ;  umbels  nearly 
sessile,  3 — 5-flowered. 

Moist  places.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  7J. — Stem  filiform,  branching, 
with  long  creeping  suckers.  Floivers  greenish- white,  in  very  small  axillary 
umbels.  American  Marsh  Pennywort. 

4.  H.  ranunculoides Linn. :  smooth;  leaves  orbicular-reniform,  5-nerved, 
3 — 5-lobed ;  umbels  5 — 10-flowered ;  pedicels  very  short.    H.  cymbalarifolia 
Muhl. 

In  water.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  Ij.. — Stem  creeping  or  floating. 
Leaves  mostly  deeply  3-lobed.  Flowers  white  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  pe- 
tioles. Lobed  Marsh  Pennywort. 

2.  CRANTZIA.  Nutt.— Crantzia. 
(In  honor  of  Prof.  H.  J.  N.  Crantz,  an  Austrian  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  subglobose  ;  limb  nearly  wanting.  Pe- 
tals roundish,  entire,  obtuse.  Fruit  roundish ;  commissure  ex- 
cavated. Carpels  unequal,  with  3  marginated  dorsal  ribs,  and 
4  obtuse-angled  grooves. — Involucre  5 — 6-leaved. 

C.  lineata.  Nutt. :  leaves  cuneate-linear,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  pedun- 
cles. Hydrocotyle  lineata  Mich. 

Muddy  banks  of  streams.  Mass,  to  Flor.  July.  Qj.. — Stem  smooth,  creeping 
and  rooting.  Leaves  about  2  at  each  joint,  1 — 2  inches  long,  marked  with 
transverse  fines.  Umbels  8 — 10-flowered.  on  long  peduncles.  Flowers  pedicel- 
late, white  with  a  tinge  of  red.  Narrow-leaved  Crantzia. 


UMBELLIFERjfe.  131 


3.  ERIGENIA.  NuU.-— Erigenia. 

(Erom  the  Greek  t)piyev£ia,a.  name  of  Aurora,  the  harbinger  of  day,  or  of  the 
spring ;  on  account  of  its  being  the  first  conspicuous  flowering  plant  in  the  U. 
S.  NuU.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  5,  obovate,  entire, 
equal.  Styles  persistent,  very  long,  subulate.  Fruit  oval, 
somewhat  laterally  compressed.  Carpels  gibbously  convex, 
marked  with  3  striae. — General  involucre  none  ;  partial  one  a 
few  unequal  leafets. 

E.  bulbosa  NuU.     Sison  bulhosum  Mich.    Hydrocotyle  composita  Pursh. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Tenn.  March,  April.  TJ.. 
— Root  globose,  tuberous.  Stem  simple,  4 — 5  inches  high,  2-leaved.  Leaves 
3-parted  ;  partitions  subpinnate  ;  segments  rhomboidal,  cleft.  Umbels  terminal, 
3 — 5-flowered.  Flovjers  white.  Bulbous  Erigenia. 

4.  SANICULA.  Linn.— Sanicle. 

(From  the  Latin  sanio,  to  heal ;  on  account  of  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  echinate,  the  lobes  somewhat  leafy  and 
persistent.  Petals  erect,  connivent,  obovate,  deeply  emargi- 
nate.  Fruit  subglobose,  solid,  not  ribbed,  armed  with  hooked 
bristles. — Leafets  of  the  involucre  few,  often  divided. 

1.  (S1.  Marylandica  Linn.:  leaves  digitate ly  5— 7-parted,  the  segments 
incisely  and  mucronately  serrate ;  sterile  flowers  numerous,  distinctly  pedi- 
cellate, and  nearly  as  long  as  the  fertile  ones ;  styles  long  and  recurved. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June— Aug.  %.— Stem  about  2  feet  high, 
branching  at  the  top.  Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles.  Petals  white  or  slightly 
yellowish,  obcordate.  Long-styled  Sanicle. 

2.  S".   Canadensis  Linn. :  leaves  digitately  3 — 5-parted,   the  segments 
incisely  and  mucronately  serrate ;  sterile  flowers  few,  slightly  pedicellate, 
and  much  shorter  than  the  fertile  ones ;  styles  shorter  than  the  prickles. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June — Aug.  %. — Dr.  Torrey,  in  his  Flora 
of  New  York,  has  given  figures  of  these  two  species,  by  which  their  difference 
is  fully  shown.  The  latter  may  be  distinguished  by  its  less  divided  leaves,  its 
fewer  sterile  flowers,  and  especially  by  its  very  short  inconspicuous  styles.  Both 
epecies  are  medicinal  and  poisonous.  See  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  125. 

Canadian  Sanicle. 

5.  ERYNGIUM.  Linn.— Eryngo. 

(A  name  given  by  Dioscorides  to  this  or  some  allied  plant,  from  its  supposed 
virtue  in  cases  of  flatulence.) 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  tube  rough  with  scales.  Petals  erect,  con- 
nivent, obioug-obovate,  deeply  emarginate.  Fruit  scaly  or  tu- 
berculose. — Flowers  in  a  roundish  or  oblong  head,  blue  or 
white,  bracteate. 

1.  E.  aquaticum  Linn. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  nerved,  remotely  ciliate< 
spinose  ;  lower  subensiform ;  leafets  of  the  involucre  7—9,  mostly  entire, 
shorter  than  the  ovate-globose  pedunculate  heads,  E.  witcaifoli'ii.m  Mich, 


132 


UMBELLIFERyR. 


Wet  grounds.  N.  J. !  to  Geor.  W.  to  Texas.  Aug.  rl\..—> Stem  2—3  (some 
times  4—6)  feet  high,  smooth,  dichotomous  above.  Leaves  variable  in  breadth. 
Flowers  white  or  pale  blue.  Medicinal.  See  Ell.  Sk.  i.  343. 

Button  Snake-root. 

2.  E.  Virginianum  Lam. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  slightly 
serrate,  tapering  at  each  end  ;  flowers  in  large  terminal  umbels  or  cymes  ; 
leafets  of  the  involucre  7 — 8,  longer  than  the  heads,  3-cleft  or  dentate- 
spiny,  whitish  beneath.  E.  aquaticum  Mick. 

Marshes.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  July,  Aug.  (g). — Stem  2 — 5  feet 
high,  cymosely  branched  at  the  summit,  hollow.  Heads  numerous,  nearly  an 
inch  in  diameter,  pale  blue  or  nearly  white.  Virginian  Eryngo. 

**   Umbels  compound  or  perfect. 
6.  CICUTA.  Linn.— Cowbane. 

(A  Latin  name  applied  to  a  hollow  stem  or  internodes ;  such  as  occur  in  this 
genus.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed.  Petals  obcordate,  reflexed. 
Fruit  roundish,  didymous,  laterally  contracted.  Carpels  with 
5  equal  flattish  ribs ;  the  lateral  ones  margined. — General  in- 
volucre none  or  few-leaved ;  partial  one  many-leaved. 

1.  C.maculata  Linn.:  stem  spotted;  lower  leaves  tri-ternate  and  qui- 
nate ;  upper  bi-ternate  ;  segments  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
mucronate-serrate  ;  umbels  large,  axillary  and  terminal ;  partial  involucre 
of  5 — 6  setaceous  leaves. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  TJ.. — Stem  4 — 6 
feet  high,  terete,  smooth.  Petals  white,  obcordate.  Poisonous  and  medicinal. 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  125.  Spotted  Cowbane.  Water  Hemlock. 

2.  C.  bidbifera  Linn. :  leaves  various,  ternate  and  bi-ternate ;  leafets 
linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  toothed  ;  umbels  small,  axillary  and 
terminal ;  partial  involucre  of  3 — 5  subulate  leaves ;  axils  of  the  leaves 
bulbiferous. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Penn. ;  rare.  Aug.  Ij-. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth 
and  slender.  Umbels  small.  Flowers  white.  Bulb-bearing  Cowbane. 

7.  ZIZIA.  Koch.— Meadow  Parsnip. 
(In  honor  of  J.  B.  Zizii,  a  German  botanist.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete  or  very  short,  5-toothed. 
Petals  elliptic,  attenuated  into  a  long  inflexed  point.  Fruit 
laterally  contracted,  subdidymous,  roundish  or  oval.  Carpels 
with  5  prominent  equal  ribs  ;  the  lateral  ribs  margined. — Gen- 
eral involucre  none  ;  partial  one  few-leaved. 

1.  Z.  aurea  Koch. :  lower  leaves  bi-ternate,  upper  bi-ternatc  or  ternate; 
segments  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  incisely  serrate ;  partial  in- 
volucre 3-leaved,  unilateral.     Smyrnium  aurcum  Linn. 

Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  <7\..—Stem  about  2  feet 
high,  branching  at  the  top.  Umbel  10 — 15-rayed  ;  partial  rays  short.  Flowers 
bright  yellow.  Fruit  blackish.  Golden  Alexanders. 

2.  Z.  cordaia  Koch. :  radical  leaves  undivided,  cordate,  crenate.  on  long 


UMBELLIFEB.^.  133 

petioles ;  cauline  subsessile,  ternate ;  segments  petiolate,  ovate  or  ovate~ 
oblong,  serrate  ;  partial  involucre  1 — 2-leaved.  Smyrnium  cor  datum  Walt. 
Meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  %.— Stem  12—18  inches 
high,  smooth.  Radical  leaves  sometimes  a  little  lobed.  Umbels  on  long  naked 
peduncles.  Flowers  yellow.  Fruit  black.  Heart-leaved  Alexanders. 

3.  Z.  integerrima  D.  C. :  leaves  bi-ternate,  somewhat  glaucous ;  seg- 
ments oblong-ovate,  entire ;  partial  involucre  1-leaved,  very  short.  Smyr- 
nium integerrimum  Linn. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  %. — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high.  Um?)cl  with  elongated  filiform  rays.  Flowers  yellow.  Fruit  dark  brown. 

Entire-leaved  Zizia. 

8.  DISCOPLEURA.  D.  C.— Discopleura. 

(From  the  Greek  <Wo?,  a  disk,  and  v\svpa:  the  side;  the  two  sides  of  the  fruit 
being  marked  with  a  kind  of  disk.) 

Calyx  with  5  subulate  persistent  teeth.  Petals  ovate,  entire. 
Fruit  ovate,  subdidymous.  Carpels  with  5  ribs  ;  3  dorsal  ribs 
filiform,  exsert,  subacute ;  2  lateral  ones  with  a  thick  margin. — 
Leaves  much  divided  ;  the  segments  linear.  Partial  involucre 
a  few  linear  setaceous  leafets. 

D.  capillacea  D.  C. :  stem  erect  or  procumbent ;  umbels  3 — 12-rayed ; 
leafets  of  the  involucre  3 — 5,  mostly  3-cleft ;  fruit  ovate.  Ammi  majus 
Walt.  A.  capillaceum  Mich. 

Bogs.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July— Sept.  ([).— Stem  1—2  feet  long,  geniculate, 
smooth.  Leaves  many-parted,  with  the  segments  filiform  and  spreading.  F low- 
ers very  small,  white,  on  axillary  umbels.  Few-rayed  Discopleura. 

9.  CRYPTOT.ENIA.  Z>.  C.— Hone-wort. 

(From  the  Greek  *pv;rrdj,  hidden,  and  raivta,  inflict ;  the  narrow  vittae  being 
concealed  in  the  carpels.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  subentire, 
with  a  narrow  inflexed  point.  Fruit  laterally  contracted,  linear- 
oblong,  crowned  with  straight  styles.  Carpels  with  5  equal 
filiform  obtuse  ribs  ;  the  lateral  ones  nearly  margined. — Um- 
bels numerous,  arranged  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a  panicle. 
General  involucre  none  ;  partial  one  few-leaved. 

C.  Canadensis  D.  C. :  leaves  ternate,  smooth  ;  leafets  rhomboid-ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acute,  incisely  toothed,  acutely  serrate ;  umbels  numerous,  lower 
ones  rising  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ;  fruit  oblong,  beaked  with  the 
persistent  styles.  Sison  Canadense  Linn.  CK&rophyllum  Canadensc  Pers. 

Rockv  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June— Aug.  %.— Stem  about  2 
feet  high,  branched  above.  Leaves  sometimes  quinate  ;  the  lower  ones  on  long 
petioles.  Flowers  white.  Canadian  Hone-wort, 

10.  SIUM.  Linn. — Water  Parsnip. 

(From  the  Celtic  siw,  water  ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.; 
Calyx  with  the  margin   5-toothed,  often    obsolete.     Petals 


134  UMBELLIFER.E. 

obovate,  ernarginate,  with  an  inflexed  point.  Styles  divergent- 
reflexed,  capitulate  at  the  apex.  Fruit  compressed  or  con- 
tracted at  the  side,  subdidymous,  crowned  with  the  styles. 
Carpels  with  equal  filiform  and  somewhat  obtuse  ribs.  —  Invo- 
lucre many-leaved,  rarely  wanting. 

1.  S.  latifolium  Linn.  :  root  creeping;  stem  angular  and  sulcate  ;  leaves 
pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate-lanceolate,  unequal  at  base,  sessile,  smooth,  equally 
serrate,  sometimes  pinnatifid  ;  umbels  terminal,  large,  many-rayed  ;  invo- 
lucres many-leaved. 

Swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Perm.  W.  to  Oregon.  July.  Q.—Stem  2—4  feet 
high,  branching.  Flowers  white.  When  growing  in  water  the  lower  leaves 
are  bi-pinnatifid,  or  have  the  leafets  laciniate.  Broad-leaved  Water  Parsnip. 

2.  S.  lineare  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  smooth,  angular  and  sulcate  ;  lower 
leaves  pinnate,  upper  ones  ternate  ;    leafets   linear-lanceolate   or  linear, 
acutely  and  finely  serrate  ;    umbel  terminal,  with  short  rays  ;  involucre 
many-leaved,  linear.     S.  ienuifolium  Muhl. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Perm.  W.  to  Oregon.  July.  7}..  —  Stem.  2  —  5  feet  high, 
rather  rigid.  Leafets  very  long  and  narrow.  Flowers  white. 

Narrow-leaved  Water  Parsnip. 

11.  BUPLEURUM.  Linn.—  Hare's  Ear. 


(From  the  Greek  /?«?  ,  an  ox,  and  irfovpov,  a  rib  ;  probably  in  allusion  to  the 
ribbed  leaves  of  some  species.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  roundish,  entire,  in- 
volute. Fruit  laterally  compressed  or  subdidymous,  crowned 
with  the  depressed  style.  Carpels  with  5  winged  acute  fili- 
form or  obsolete  ribs  ;  lateral  ones  marginal.  —  Leaves  mostly 
simple.  Involucre  various. 

B.  rotundifolium  Linn.  :  stem  leaves  perfoliate,  roundish-ovate  ;  umbel 
5-rayed  ;  general  involucre  none  ;  partial  one  of  5  mucronate  leafets.  B 
perfoliatum  Lam. 

Near  cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  Penn.  toN.  Car.  June—  Aug.  (£)•—  Stem  1—  2 
feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  perforated  by  the  stem.  Flowers  greenish-yellow 

Common  Hare's  Ear.  Thorough  Wajr 

12.  ^ETHUSA.  Linn.  —Fool's  Parsley. 

(From  the  Greek  aiQw,  to  burn  ;  on  account  of  its  acrid  quality.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  emargi- 
nate,  with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  ovate-globose.  Carpels 
with  5  elevated,  thick  and  acutely  keeled  ribs  ;  the  lateral  ones 
margined  and  a  little  broader,  and  surrounded  by  a  somewhat 
winged  keel.  —  General  involucre  none  or  1  -leaved  ;  partial  one 
1  —  3  or  5  leaved. 

^E.  Cynapium  Linn.  :  leaves  bi-  and  tri-pinnate.  dark  gre^n  ;  segments 
ovate-lanceolate:  partial  involucre  of  3  Ion<x  pendant  l-avt's. 


UMBELLIFER,E.  135 

Near  cultivated  grounds.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  (J). — Stem  about  2 
feet  high,  branched,  hollow,  not  spotted.  Leaves  with  the  ultimate  divisions 
linear-lanceolate.  Umbels  on  long  peduncles,  terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves. 
It  has  a  nauseous  odor  and  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  Common  Fool's  Parsley. 

13.  CONIOSELINUM.  D.  C  —  Conioselinum. 
-    (Name  compounded  of  Conium  and  SeUnum.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obcordate  or  obo- 
vate,  with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  convex  or  compressed  on 
the  back.  Carpels  with  5  winged  ribs ;  the  lateral  ones  twice 
as  broad  as  the  others  and  marginal. — General  involucre  none, 
or  few-leaved  ;  partial  one  of  5 — 6  subulate  leaves. 

C.  Canadense  Terr.  <$•  Gr. :  fruit  oval,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
pedicels ;  dorsal  ridges  narrowly  winged.  Selinum  Canadense  Mich. 
Cnidium  Canadense  Spreng. 

Swamps.     Can.  N.  Y.  and  Ver.    July,  Aug.     7L— Stem  3—5   feet  high, 

t    •  _       -_l _ ...     •  •  *"_  T   _      _  '^1       •_/!_*.-    1   _1-  _      ^t    • „      ^'     l  n  ,1        P^ 


branching  above,  striate.  Leaves  with  inflated  sheathing  petioles,  3-parted  ;  the 
divisions  pinnately  compound ;  segments  pinnatifid,  long.  Umbels  of  10—16 
slender  rays.  Flowers  white.  Closely  resembles  C.  Fisheri. 

Canadian  Conioselinum. 

14.  THASPITJM.  A^.-Thaspium. 
(From  the  Isle  of  Thaspia  ;  a  name  unfortunately  applied.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5 -toothed.  Petals  elliptic,  attenuated 
into  a  long  inflexed  point.  Fruit  not  contracted  at  the  side, 
subelliptic.  Carpels  convex,  with  5  winged  ribs  ;  wings  sub- 
equal  ;  intervals  grooved. — General  involucre  none ;  partial 
one  about  3 -leaved. 

*   Umbels  opposite.     Flowers  dark  purple. 

1.  T.  atropurpureum   Null.:   stem  smooth,   dichotomously   branched; 
radical  leaves  subcordate,  simple,  serrate ;  cauline  ones  ternate,  serrate ; 
leafets  ovate-oblong.     Cnidium  atropurpureum  Spreng. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  June.  1\..—Stem  about  2  feet  high, 
smooth.  Flowers  dark  purple.  Fruit  small,  with  membranaceous  wings. 

Purple  Alexanders. 

**  Umbels  terminal.     Flowers  yellow. 

2.  T.  actcdfolium  Nutt.:   stem  very  tall,  smooth  and  straight;    lower 
leaves  tri-ternate ;  upper  ones  bi-ternate ;  leafets  oval,  coarsely  toothed ; 
umbels  numerous,  terminal,  somewhat  whorled;   partial   involucre  seta- 
ceous.    Ligusilcum  actesifolium,  Mich.   Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  July.  1\-. — Stem  3—5  feet 
high.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  with  the  ribs  somewhat  winged.  Tall  Thaspium. 

3.  T.  barbinode  Nutt. :  petioles  and  nodes  of  the  stem  pubescent;  lower 
leaves  tri-ternate ;  upper  ones  bi-ternate  ;  segments  cuneate-ovate,  acute, 
unequally  and  incisely  serrate,  entire  at  the  base ;  partial  involucre  3-leaved, 
setaceous.     Li^usiictrm  htrrbiiiorl;'  Mich.      Thi^'a  //••//./  n'a  Sprenff. 


136  UMBELLIFER.E. 

Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.     June.    1\..     Stem  about  2 

feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  sulcate.      Umbels  terminal  awd  dichotomal. 

Floivers  deep  yellow.  The  oily  matter  in  the  viltce  of  the  fruit  has  a  strongly 
camphorated  odor.  Hairy-jointed  Thaspium. 

4.  T.  aureum  Nutt. :  lower  and  middle  cauline  leaves  bi-ternately,  and 
the  uppermost  ternately,  divided;  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly 
wedgeform  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate ;  carpels  with  the  winged  ribs 
nearly  equal.  (  Torr.)  Smyrnium  aureum  Big. 

Wet  meadows.  Mass.  N.  Y.  Penn.  Ohio.  June.  1\..— Stem  1—3  feet  high, 
nearly  simple.  Umbels  on  long  peduncles  10 — 20-rayed,  with  very  short  invo- 
lucres. Differs  from  Zizea  aurea  in  the  fruit.  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl. 

Golden  Thaspium. 

15.  LIGUSTICUM.  Linn.— Lovage. 

(Named  from  Liguria,  where  the  old  Ligusticum  Levisticum  abounds.  Hook. 
Br.  Fl.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed  or  obsolete.  Petals  obo- 
vate,  acute,  emarginate,  inflexed ;  claw  very  short.  Fruit 
roundish  in  the  transverse  section,  or  slightly  laterally  com- 
pressed. Carpels  with  5  equal  and  somewhat  winged  ribs ; 
the  lateral  ones  margined. — Involucre  various  ;  partial  one 
many-leaved. 

L.  scoticum  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth  and  striate ;  lower  leaves  bi-ter- 
nate ;  upper  ones  ternate  and  nearly  sessile ;  leafets  broadly  ovate,  coarsely 
serrate ;  umbels  many-rayed ;  flowers  equal ;  petals  inflexed ;  involucres 
linear-lanceolate,  5 — 7-leaved. 

Borders  of  salt  marshes.  Salem,  Mass.  N.  to  Labrador.  W.  to  Oregon.  Aug. 
'4. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  flexuous.  Flowers  white.  Identical  with  the  foreign 
plant.  Sea  Lovage. 

16.  ANGELICA.  Linn.— Angelica. 
(Named  Angelic,  from  its  medicinal  and  cordial  properties.) 
Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.     Petals  lanceolate,  entire, 
acuminate,  with   a  straight  or  incurved  point.      Fruit   com- 
pressed on  the  back,  with  the  central  raphe  two-winged   on 
each  side.     Carpels  with  3  dorsal  filiform  elevated  ribs ;  the 
2  lateral  ribs  dilated  into  a  membranaceous  wing. — General  in- 
volucre none  or  few-leaved  ;  partial  one  many-leaved. 

1.  A.  triquinata  Mich.:  stem  terete,  pubescent  above;  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  ternate ;  partitions  quinate  ;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  equally  serrate, 
smooth ;  lower  ones  2-lobed  at  the  base  ;  general  involucre  none  ;  partial 
one  of  6 — 8  subulate  leaves  directed  to  one  side.  A.  hirsuta  Muhl.  Ferula 
villosa  Walt.  Archangelica  hirsuta  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Dry  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect 
and  straight,  white,  villous  below  the  umbel.  Umbels  mostly  3.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, white.  Triquinafe  Angelica 


UMBELLIFER^E.  137 

2.  A.  atropurpurea  Linn. :  stem  large,  smooth,  colored ;  leaves  ternate, 
on  large  inflated  sheathing  petioles ;  partitions  subquinate ;  leafets  large, 
oblong-ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  sublobed ;  the  three  terminal   ones  often 
united  at  base ;  general  involucre  none ;  partial   one  of  8 — 10  subulate 
leaves.     A.iriquinataBig.     A fchangelica  atropurpurea  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Penn.  June.  '2J-. — Stem  3 — 6  feet  high,  purplish. 
(Dr.  Darlington  says  it  is  sometimes  nearly  3  inches  in  diameter  at  base.)  Flow- 
ers white.  Much  larger  than  the  preceding.  Root  poisonous. 

Dark-purple  Angelica. 

3.  A.  lucida  Linn. :  stem  erect,  glabrous ;  leaves  bi-  and  tri-pinnate  ; 
leafets  equal,  ovate,  cuneate  at  base,  incisely  serrate ;  general  involucre 
about  5-leaved ;  partial  one  subulate. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Pursh.  June,  July.  %. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high. 
Flowers  white.  Root  aromatic.  This  is  perhaps  not  a  native  of  the  U.  S.  See 
Torr.  fy  Gr.  Shining  Angelica. 

17.  ARCHEMORA.  D.  C. — Archemora. 

kA  fanciful  name  given  by  De  Candolle  in  allusion  to  Archemorus,  who  is  said 
to  have  died  from  eating  parsley.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed.  Petals  obcordate,  inflexed. 
Fruit  dorsally  compressed,  flat,  oval  or  obovate.  Carpels  with 
&  subcarinate  equidistant  filiform  ribs ;  lateral  ribs  dilated  into 
a  membranaceous  margin  nearly  as  broad  as  the  seed. — Gen- 
eral involucre  none  or  few-leaved  ;  partial  one  many-leaved. 

1.  A.rigida  D.  C.:  stem  erect,  rigid,  striate;  leaves  pinnate,  smooth; 
leafets  4 — 5  pairs,  large,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  with  several  remote 
teeth ;  umbels  terminal,  on  long  peduncles ;  general  involucre  none ;  partial 
one  of  6 — 8  subulate  leaves ;  fruit  much  compressed.    A.  rigida  var.  a. 
Torr.  <$•  Gr.     Slum  ngidius  Linn.     CEnanthe  rigida  Nutt. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Sept.  %.—- Stem  2—4  feet  high.  Leaves  with  a 
white  and  sometimes  scabrous  margin.  Flowers  white.  Rigid  Archemora. 

2.  A.  ambigua  D.  C. :    stem  erect,   slightly   angular ;    leaves  pinnate, 
smooth;  leafets    narrow-linear  or  linear-lanceolate,   long,   mostly  entire, 
somewhat  glaucous  beneath  ;  umbels  terminal,  subsolitary ;  general  invo- 
lucre none  ;  partial  one  of  3 — 5  subulate  leaves.     A.  rigida,  var.  /?  Torr.  4"* 
Gr.     Slum  longifolium  Pursh.     CEnanthe  ambigua  Nutt. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  %.—Stem  3—5  feet  high. 
Flowers  white.  Both  species  are  supposed  to  be  poisonous. 

Ambiguous  Archemora. 

18.  PASTINACA.  Linn.— Parsnip. 
(From  the  Latin  paslus,food ;  in  allusion  to  the  use  made  of  the  root.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete  or  minutely  denticulate. 
Petals  roundish,  entire,  involute.  Fruit  dorsally  and  flatly 
compressed,  surrounded  by  a  dilated  margin.  Carpels  with 
very  slender  ribs ;  3  intermediate  ribs  equidistant ;  2  latera1 
ones  contiguous. — Involucres  none  or  few-leaved. 


138  UMBELLIFERJE. 

P.  saliva  Linn. :  stem  smooth,  sulc ate  ;  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  sessile, 
subpubescent  beneath,  oblong,  incised,  terminal  one  3-lobed  ;  umbels  large, 
terminal ;  fruit  oval,  much  compressed. 

Fields  and  waste  places.  N.  S.  July.  @).—Siem  2—4  feet  high.  Leaves 
somewhat  shining.  Umbels  large,  fastigiate.  Flowers  yellow.  Introduced. 

Wild  Parsnip. 

19.  HERACLEUM.  Linn.—Covr  Parsnip. 

(Named  from  Hercules,  who  is  said  to  have  brought  this  or  some  allied  plant 
into  use.) 

Calyx  5 -toothed.  Petals  obovate,  emarginate,  with  an  in- 
flexed  point ;  outer  ones  often  rayed,  bifid.  Fruit  dorsally  and 
flatly  compressed,  surrounded  by  a  membranaceous  margin. 
Carpels  with  3  equidistant  ribs  on  the  back ;  2  lateral  ribs  with 
a  dilated  margin. — General  involucre  caducous,  often  few- 
leaved  ;  partial  one  many-leaved. 

H.  lanatum.  Mich. :  stem  sulcate,  pubescent ;  leafets  ternate,  petioled, 
tomentose  beneath ;  leafets  petioled,  round-cordate,  lobed ;  partial  involucre 
5 — 6-leaved ;  fruit  orbicular. 

Meadows.  Can.  as  far  N.  as  lat.  58°.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Oregon.  June.  2J.. — 
Stem  4 — 8  feet  high.  Petioles  very  broad  and  membranous.  Flowers  white,  in 
very  large  terminal  umbels.  One  of  our  largest  umbelliferous  plants. 

American  Cow  Parsnip. 

20.  DAUCUS.  Linn.— Carrot. 
(From  Savicos,  the  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Carrot.) 
Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed.     Petals  obovate,  emargi- 
nate, with  an  inflexed  point ;  outer  ones  often  rayed  and  deeply 
bifid.     Fruit  somewhat  laterally  compressed,  ovate  or  oblong. 
Carpels  with  5  primary  filiform  ribs;   3  intermediate  dorsal 
ones ;  2  lateral,  flat,  placed  on  the  commissure ;  4  secondary 
ones  equal,  with  prominent  wings,  parted  into  a  simple  aculeate 
series. — General  involucre   with   many  pinnate   or   pinnatifid 
leaves;  p'artial  one  with  many  entire  or  trifid  leafets. 

D.  Carota  Linn :  stem  erect,  hispid  ;  leaves  tri-pinnate ;  leafets  pinnatifid ; 
segments  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  pinnatifid,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  umbel. 

Old  fields,  road  sides,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July,  Aug.  (g).— Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  branching.  Umbel  with  a  solitary  colored  abortive  flower  in  the 
centre,  when  in  seed  concave.  Wild  Carrot. 

SUBORDER   II.     CAMPYLOSPERM^E. 

Seed  with  the  margin  involute  or  deeply  furrowed  on  the 
face. 


UMBELLlFERyE.  139 


21.  CH^ROPHYLLUM.    Linn.— Wild  Chervil. 

(From  the  Greek  %aipw,  to  rejoice,  and  <t>v\\ov,  a  leaf;  on  account  of  the 
agreeable  smell  of  the  leaves.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  emarginate, 
inflexed.  Fruit  not  beaked,  laterally  contracted  or  compressed. 
Carpels  with  5  obtuse  equal  ribs ;  lateral  ribs  margined. — 
General  involucre  none  or  few-leaved  ;  partial  one  many-leaved. 

C.  procumbens  Lam  :  stem  decumbent,  somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  bi-pin- 
nate ;  leafets  pinnatifid ;  segments  lance-oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  umbels 
opposite  the  leaves,  2 — 3-rayed ;  partial  involucre  of  4 — 5-ovate  ciliate 
leaves ;  fruit  prismatic,  smooth,  crowned  with  the  persistent  styles.  Scandix 
procumbens  Linn.  Myrrhis  procumbens  and  M.  bifida  Spreng. 

hi  shady  situations.  N.  J.  to  S.  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  April,  May.  ®.—St«m 
6 — 13  inches  long,  slender,  sometimes  nearly  erect.  Umbels  terminal  and  lateral, 
few-flowered.  Flowers  small,  white.  Procumbent  Wild  Chervil. 

22.  OSMORHI2TA.  Raf.— Osmorhiza. 
(From  the  G/eek  ov^ri,  odor,  and  piga,  a  root ;  from  its  sweet  or  fragrant  root.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  ovate,  scarcely 
emarginate,  with  a  very  short  inflexed  point.  Fruit  elongated, 
attenuated  at  base,  solid,  acute-angled,  in  the  transverse  section 
roundish.  Carpels  with  hispid  angles  "and  5  acute  ribs  ;  com- 
missure sulcate. — General  involucre  2 — 3 -leaved  ;  partial  one 
often  5 -leaved. 

1.  O.  longistylis  D.  C. :   styles  filiform,   nearly  as  long  as  the  fruit, 
diverging.     Uraspermum  Claytoni  Nutt.     Scandix  dulcis  Muhl. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Oregon:  May,  June.  'ZJ-. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  purplish,  at  length  nearly  smooth,  striate.  Leaves  mostly  bi-ternate, 
the  radical  ones  on  long  petioles  ;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  incisely  serrate,  acute. 
Flowers  white,  twice  as  large  as  in  the  next  species.  The  root  has  the  flavor  of 
Aniseed.  Long-styled  Osmorhiza.  Sweet  Cicely. 

2.  O.  brevistylis  D.  C.:  styles  conical,  erect,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
fruit.     Myrrhis  Claytoni  Mich.    Uraspermum  hirsutum  Big. 

Shady  rocks.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  May,  June.  %.— Stem  about 
2  feet  high,  branching,  striate,  pale-green,  at  length  nearly  smooth.  Leaves 
bi-ternate  ;  leafets  incised,  often  pinnatifid.  The  root  has  a  sweetish  taste,  not 
so  pleasant  as  that  of  the  preceding.  Short-styled  Osmorhiza. 

23.  CONIUM.  Linn.— Poison  Hemlock. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  KWJ/OJ,  a  cone  or  top ;  in  allusion  to  the 
giddiness  produced  by  its  fruit. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obcordate,  some- 
what emarginate,  very  short  and  inflexed.  Fruit  ovate,  late- 
rally compressed.  Carpels  with  5  prominent  equal  undulate 


140  ARALIACE^E. 

ribs  ;  the  lateral  ribs  margined. — Involucres  3 — 5-leaved  ^  par* 
tial  one  dimidiate  or  unilateral. 

C.  maculatum  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched,  smooth  and  spotted ;  leaves 
large,  tri-pinnate  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  ultimate  segments  acute ; 
general  and  partial  umbels  many-rayed  ;  general  involucre  of  several  short 
lanceolate  leaves;  partial  one  few-leaved,  li near-lanceolate,  directed  to 
one  side. 

Road  sides.  Can.  and  the  U.  S.  July.  (g). — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves 
smooth  and  shining.  Flowers  white,  numerous.  Probably  introduced.  Whole 
plant,  highly  poisonous;  fetid  when  bruised.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  113. 

Poison  Hemlock. 

ORDER  LXI.    ARALIACE^E. — IVYWORTS. 

Calyx  superior,  entire  or  toothed.  Petals  definite,  5 — 10, 
valvate  in  aestivation,  occasionally  none.  Stamens  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovary  many-celled.  Fruit  suc- 
culent or  dry,  of  several-seeded  cells.  Seeds  pendulous ;  albu- 
men fleshy. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants,  with  the 
habit  of  the  Umbelliferee. 

1.  ARALIA.  Linn.— Aralia. 
(Origin  of  the  name  unknown.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  very  short,  5-toothed  or  entire.  Pe- 
tals 5,  spreading.  Stamens  5.  Styles  5,  spreading.  Berry 
5-celled. — Umbels  often  panicled. 

1.  A.  nudicavlis  Linn. :  nearly  stemless ;  leaf  mostly  solitary,  tri-quinate ; 
leafets  sessile,  oblong-oval,  acute,  serrate,  smooth ;  scape  shorter  than  the 
leaf,  3-cleft  at  the  top ;  umbels  few,  small,  on  long  peduncles,  without  in- 
volucres. 

Rocky  woods.  Labrador  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June,  July. 
1\.. — Root  thick  and  creeping,  aromatic.  Flowers  small,  3-umbelled,  greenish- 
white.  Wild  Sarsaparilla. 

2.  A.  racemosa  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  branched ;  petioles  3-parted ; 
divisions  t'ernate   and  quinate;   leafets   ovate,   often  cordate,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate,  mostly  smooth;   umbels  numerous,  compound,   in  large 
axillary  panicles ;  involucre  small,  few-leaved. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June — Aug.  Tj. — 
Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in 
panicles  4 — 8  inches  long.  The  root  is  highly  aromatic,  and  is  sometimes  used 
for  medicinal  purposes.  Spikenard. 

3.  A.  hispida  Mich. :  low,  suffruticose;  stem  and  petioles  hispid;  leaves 
doubly  pinnate ;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  sharply  serrate,  unarmed ;  umbels 
axillary  and  terminal,  on  long  peduncles. 

Rocky  woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Virg.  July.  T^ . — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  witli 
stiff  and  thick  bristles  at  the  base.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  spreading  umbels, 

Wild  Elder. 


HAMAMELIDACE^E.  141 

.  4^4.  Spinosa  Linn. :  arborescent ;  stem  egad  petioles  prickly ;  learns  doubly 
or  triply  pinnate ;  leafets  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile ;  umbels  numerous,  in 
compound  panicles  ;  involucre  small,  few-leaved. 

Fertile  woods.  Perm,  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  T?. — Stem  8—12 
'sometimes  30  or  40))  feet  high,  with  the  leaves  crowded  at  the  summit.  Flowers 
white,  in  very  large  terminal  panicles.  A  watery  infusion  of  the  bark  is  said  to 
be  both  emetic  and  cathartic.  Ell.  Sk.  i.  373.  Angelica  Tree. 

2.  PANAX.  Linn.— Ginseng. 

(From  the  Greek  nav,  all,  and  aicds,  a  cure ;  being  considered  by  the  Chinese 
as  a  remedy  for  all  diseases.) 

Calyx  with  the  margin  very  short  and  obsoletely  5-toothed. 
Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk 
and  alternating  with  the  sepals.  Styles  2 — 3,  short.  Fruit 
fleshy,  compressed,  orbiculate  or  didymous,  2 -celled ;  cells  1- 
seeded. — Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  polygamous. 

1.  P.  quinquefolium  Linn.:  root  fusiform,  sometimes  branched;   stem 
angular ;  leaves  ternate-quinate ;  leafets  on  distinct  petioles,  oval,  acumi- 
nate, serrate ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  styles  and  seeds  '2. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  7J.. — Root  3 — 6  inches  long  and  aro- 
matic. Stem  about  a  foot  high,  divided  at  the  top.  Flowers  greenish-yellow, 
8 — 16  in  an  umbel.  The  root  is  highly  esteemed  by  the  Chinese  for  its  supposed 
medicinal  properties.  Common  Ginseng. 

2.  JP.  trifolium  Linn. :   root  roundish ;  stem  simple,  smooth ;  leaves  ter- 
nate ;  leafets  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate ;  styles  often  3 ;  berry 
3-seeded. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  1J.. — Stem  4 — 6  inches  high.  Leaves  rarely 
quinate.  Flowers  white,  20 — 40  in  an  umbel.  Dwarf  Ginseng. 

ORDER  LXII.    HAMAMELIDACEJE.— WITCHHAZELS. 

Calyx  adherent,  in  4  or  5  pieces.  Petals  4  or  5,  or  none. 
Stamens  8,  4  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  4  sterile  placed  at 
the  base  of  the  petals.  Ovary  2-celled ;  styles  2.  Fruit  half 
inferior,  capsular,  usually  opening  with  two  septiferous  valves. 
Seeds  pendulous ;  albumen  horny. — Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate  deciduous  leaves.  Flowers  axillary,  often  polyga- 
mous, 

HAMAMELIS.  Linn.— Witchhazel. 
(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Calyx  4-lobed,  with  2 — 3  bracteoles  at  the  base.  Petals  4, 
long,  ligulate.  Sterile  stamens  scale-like,  and  opposite  th" 
petals.  Styles  2,  short.  Capsule  coriaceous,  2-celled,  2-valvei, 
at  the  top. 


142  CORNACE^E. 

H.  Virginica  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  toothed,  cordate,  with  the  sinus 
small,  scabrous  beneath ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

var.  parvifolia  Nutt. :  leaves  smaller  and  more  pubescent  beneath. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  Oct.,  Nov.  Tj. — Stem  6 — 12  feet  high- 
Flowers  in  threes,  polygamous,  greenish-yellow,  appearing  in  autumn  and  con' 
tinuing  during  a  great  part  of  the  winter ;  the  fruit  is  not  perfected  until  about 
September  of  the  following  year.  Var.  parviflora  is  found  on  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania.  Witchhazel. 

ORDER  LXIII.    CORNACE^E.— DOGWOODS. 

Sepals  4,  adherent.  Petals  4,  distinct.  Stamens  4,  alternate 
with  the  petals.  Ovary  2 -celled  ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  simple. 
Fruit  a  2 -celled  drupe  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx. 
Seed  solitary ;  albumen  fleshy. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite 
rarely  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  capitate,  umbellate  or  corym- 
bose. 

CORNUS.  Linn.— Dogwood. 

(From  the  Latin  cornu,  a  horn ;  in  allusion  to  the  toughness  of  the  wood.) 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  the  limb  minute,  4-toothed. 
Petals    4,   oblong,    spreading.     Stamens   4.      Stigma   obtuse. 
Drupe  with  the  cells  not  united. 

*  Flowers  capitate,  surrounded  by  a  petaloid  involucre. 

1.  C.    Canadensis  Linn. :   herbaceous ;    lower  leaves  opposite,   small ; 
upper  on  short  petioles,  verticillate,  veined ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  4,  broad- 
ovate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  numerous,  very  small,  in  a  terminal  head;  drupe 
globose. 

Damp  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  and  Labrador  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  May,  June. 
1\.. — Stem  4 — 6  inches  high,  simple,  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  opposite  leaves  and 
a  whorl  of  about  6  at  the  summit.  Involucre  greenish- white,  petaloid,  much 
longer  than  the  flowers.  Drupe  red.  Dwarf  Dogwood. 

2.  C  florida  Linn.:  arborescent;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  whitish  be- 
neath; leaves  of  the  involucre  4,  large,  obcordate,  nerved,  with  a  callous 
notch  at  the  apex  ;  flowers  in  small  terminal  heads  ;  drupe  oval. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. — A  tree  15 — 20  feet  high, 
with  grayish  bark.  Flowers  greenish-yellow.  Involucre  about  3  inches  in  di- 
ameter, white,  sometimes  tinged  with  red.  Drupe  scarlet.  Medicinal.  Big. 
Med.  Bot  ii.  73.  Flowering  Dogwood. 

**  Flowers  naked,  in  cymes. 
•f  Leaves  opposite. 

3.  C.  circinata.  VHerd. :  branches  warty ;    leaves  on  short  petioles, 
broad-oval,  acuminate,  white-downy  beneath  ;  cymes  crowded,  depressed  ; 
drupe  globose.     C.  tomentulosa  Mich. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  h.— Stem  6—8 
feet  high,  with  straight  slender  branches.  Leaves  broad,  waved  on  the  edges. 
Flowers  white.  Drupe  small,  light-blue.  Oval-leaved  Dogwood. 


LORANTHACE^E.  143 

4.  C.  sericea  JJHerit. :  branches  expanded  ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  the 
under  surface  clothed  with  a  silky  ferruginous  down;  cymes  depressed, 
woolly  ;  drupe  globose.     C.  lanuginosa  Mich.     C.  alba  Walt. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  May,  June.  ^7. — Stem  5 — 10 
feet  high,  with  purplish  bark.  Leaves  varying  in  form  and  pubescence.  Flow- 
ers  yellowish-white.  Drupe  pale-blue.  Swamp  Dogwood. 

5.  C.  stolonifera  Mich. :  stem  often  reclined  and  stoloniferous,  with  red- 
dish-purple branches ;  leaves  ovate,  somewhat  acuminate,  obtuse  at  base, 
rough  with  minute  pubescence  on  both  sides,   whitish  beneath;  cymes 
small,  flat,  rather  crowded ;  drupe  globose.     C.  alba  Wang.     C.  sanguinea 
Pursh.  ?  not  of  Linn. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  from  lat.  69°  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June,  fy . 
< — Stems  sometimes  5 — 10  feet  long,  erect,  or  prostrate  and  rooting.  Flowers 
white,  in  small  cymes.  Drupe  small,  white  or  lead-colored.  C.  sanguinea 
seems  not  to  be  a  native  of  North  America.  The  plant  described  under  that 
name  by  our  botanists,  is  thought  by  Torrey  and  Gray  to  be  this  species  ;  while 
Darlington  connects  it  with  C.  sericea.  C.  stricta  Lam.  (Beck  Bot.  1st  Ed.),  is 
said  to  be  confined  to  the  southern  states.  Stoloniferous  Dogwood. 

6.  C.  paniculata  L'Herit. :  branches  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oval,  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  rough  with  a  minute  pubescence, 
hoary  beneath ;  cymes  loose,  usually  paniculate,  smooth  ;  drupe  small,  de- 
pressed-globose.    C.  racemosa  Lam. 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  T?  .-—Stem  6—8  feet  high, 
with  a  grayish  bark.  Flowers  white,  in  very  numerous  panicled  or  thyrsoid 
cymes.  Drupe  white  or  lead-colored.  Panicled  Dogwood. 

•f-f-  Leaves  alternate. 

7.  C.  alternifolia  Linn. :  branches  alternate,  warty ;  leaves  alternate, 
broad-oval  or  ovate,  acuminate,  smooth  above,  hoary  pubescent  beneath ; 
cymes  depressed  and  spreading  ;  drupe  globose. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ken.  June.— A  small  tree  15 — 20  feet 
high,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  on  slender  petioles.  Flowers  yellowish- 
white.  Drupe  dark-blue.  Alternate-leaved  Dogwood. 

ORDER  LXIV.    LORANTHACE^E.— LORANTHS. 

Calyx,  with  3,  4  or  8  sepals  often  joined  into  a  tube,  usually 
with  2  bracts  at  base,  sometimes  none.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  opposite  to  them,  when  they 
are  present.  Ovary  1 -celled  ;  style  1  or  none  ;  stigma  simple. 
Fruit  succulent.  Seed  solitary  ;  albumen  fleshy. — Shrubs,  al- 
most parasitical.  Leaves  fleshy,  entire,  mostly  opposite,  rarely 
wanting. 

VISCUM.  Linn.— Misseltoe. 
(From  the  Latin  viscus,  glue ;  in  allusion  to  its  glutinous  fruit.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  Sepals  4, 
(rarely  3— -5,)  fleshy,  the  segments  triangular.  FERTILE  FL. 


144  CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete ;  inner  sepals  (petals)  4,  dis- 
tinct.    Stigma  obtuse,  sessile.     Berry  pulpy. 

V.  flavescens  Pursh.:  branches  terete,  opposite  and  verticillate ;  leaves 
cuneate-obovate,  3-nerved ;  spikes  axillary,  solitary,  rather  shorter  than 
the  leaves  ;  sterile  flowers  mostly  trifid.  V.  verticillatum  Nutt. 

Parasitic  on  trees.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  throughout  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 
May.  %. — Stem  9 — 18  inches  high,  yellowish -green,  smooth.  Leaves  fleshy 
or  somewhat  coriaceous.  Flowers  small,  yellowish-green,  sessile.  Berries 
pearly  white,  resembling  white  wax.  White  Misseltoe. 

ORDER  LXV.     CAPRIFOLIACE^E. — CAPRIFOILS. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  usually  with  2  or  more  bracts  at  base. 
Corolla  monopetalous  or  polypetalous,  rotate  or  tubular,  regu- 
lar or  irregular.  Stamens  epipetalous,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them.  Style  1,  or  none  j  stig- 
mas 3 — 5.  Fruit  usually  a  berry  or  drupe,  rarely  a  capsule. 
Seeds  solitary  or  numerous ;  albumen  fleshy. — Shrubs  or  her- 
baceous plants.  Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.  Inflores- 
cence various. 

1.  SAMBUCUS.  Linn.— Elder. 

(From  the  Greek  aapQvK  17,  a  musical  instrument,  in  the  construction  of  which 
this  wood  is  said  to  have  been  employed.) 

Calyx  with  the  limb  small  and  5-cleft.  Corolla  rotate  or 
urceolate,  5-lobed  ;  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  5.  Style  none. 
Stigmas  3,  sessile.  Berry  roundish,  pulpy,  1 -celled,  3 — 5- 
seeded. 

1 .  S.  Canadensis  Linn. :  stem  suffrutescent ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  in 
4  or  5  pairs,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  smooth  and  shining ;  nerves  and  peti- 
oles smooth ;  stipules  wanting ;  cyme  5-parted,  spreading. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  TZ. — Stem  5—10  feet 
high.  Leaves  sometimes  bipinnate.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  oval,  deep  purple 
or  nearly  black.  Common  Elder. 

2.  S.  pubcns  Mich. :  stem  frutescent ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  in  2  or  3 
pairs,  oval-lanceolate,  and  with  the   petioles  pubescent  beneath ;  thyrse 
ovoid  or  pyramidal,  loose.     S.  pubescens  Pers. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  \i. — Stem  6 — 8, 
sometimes  15,  feet  high.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  small,  red,  rarely  white.  Torr. 

Red-berried  Elder. 

2.  VIBURNUM.  Linn.— Viburnum. 

(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Calyx  with  the  limb  small  5-toothed  and  persistent.  Co- 
rolla rotate,  subeampanulate  or  tubular,  o-lobed.  Stamens  6, 


CAPRIPOLIACE^E.  145 

jqual.     Stigmas  3,  sessile.     Berry  ovate  or  globose,  1-seeded, 
crowned  by  the  teeth  of  the  calyx. 

*  Leaves  serrate  or  toothed. 

1.  V.  prunifolium  Linn. :  branches  spreading,  smooth  ;  leaves  obovate, 
nearly  round  and  oval,  very  smooth,  acutely  serrate ;  petioles  winged ; 
cymes  sessile,  lateral ;  fruit  oblong-ovoid. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  Tj. — Stem  8 — 15  feet  high. 
Flowers  large,  white.  Fruit  dark-blue. 

Plum-leaved  Viburnum.     Black  Haw, 

2.  V.  pyrifolium  Lam. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  acute,  subser- 
rate,  smooth ;  petioles  naked ;  cymes  large,  spreading,  on  angular  pedun- 
cles ;  fruit  ovoid.     V.  nudumtv&r.  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May,  June.  r}. — Stem  5 — 10  feet  high.  Flowers 
white,  in  large  spreading  cymes.  Fruit  red.  Pear-leaved  Viburnum. 

3.  F.  Lentago  Linn. :  smooth ;  leaves  broad-ovate  or  oval,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate ;  petioles  with  waved  margins ;  cymes  terminal,   sessile ; 
fruit  oval. 

Rocky  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Mich.  May.  r^. — Stem 
15 — 20  feet  high.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  spreading  cymes.  Fruit  bluish- 
black.  Sweet  Viburnum. 

4.  F.  nudum  Linn. :    leaves  oval-oblong,  slightly  acuminate,   smooth 
above,  veins  and  margins  pubescent  beneath,  obsoletely  crenulate ;  petioles 
naked  ;  cymes  peduncled  ;  fruit  ovoid.     F.  squamatum  R.  <$•  S. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  June.  17. — Stem  8 — 12  feet  high.  Flowers  small, 
crowded,  white.  Fruit  dark- blue,  nearly  black.  Swamp  Viburnum. 

5.  F.   lantanaides  Mich. :  branches  flexuous   and  often  procumbent ; 
leaves  orbicular-cordate,   abruptly  acuminate,   unequally  serrate ;  nerves 
and  petioles  puverulent-tomentose ;  cymes  closely  sessile  ;  fruit  ovoid.      F. 
Lantana,\ar.  grandiflorum  Ait. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  toVirg.  May,  June.  Tj- — Stem  4 — 8  feet  high.  Flow- 
ers white,  in  flat,  loose  cymes,  the  sterile  ones  very  large.  Fruit  red.  black 
when  ripe.  Large-flowered  Viburnum.  , 

6.  F.  dentalum  Linn. :  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  orbicu- 
lar-ovate, with  coarse  serratures,  plaited ;  axils  of  the  veins  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  cymes  terminal,  pedunculate  ;  fruit  nearly  globose.     F.  dentatum, 
var.  glabellum  Mich. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  fj. — SiemG — 8  feet  high.  Leaves  some- 
times roundish-cordate  or  ovate,  and  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  white,  in 
large  expanding  cymes.  Fruit  dark-blue,  small. 

Toothed  Viburnum.     Arrow- wood. 

7.  F.  pubescent  Pursh. :  pubescent ;  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  ovate 
or  ovate-oblong,  subcordate.  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  villous  beneath; 
cymes  pedunculate  ;  fruit  oblong.     F.  dentatum,var.  semitomentosum  Mich. 

High  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  \i.—Stem  2—3  feet  high,  with  strag- 
gling branches.  Leaves  smoother  when  old.  Cymes  smaller  than  in  the  prece- 
ding. Fruit  small,  reddish.  Pubescent  Viburnum. 

**  Leaves  lobed  or  incised. 

8.  F.  acerifolium  Linn. :  leaves  roundish  or  broad-ovate,  subcordate, 
coarsely  and  acutely  serrate,  velvety  pubescent  beneath,  3-lobed ;  lobes 


146  CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

divergent ;  petioles  hairy,  with  two  setaceous  appendages ;  cymes  on  long 
peduncles  ;  fruit  oval,  compressed. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon.  ?  May,  June.  Ir^.—Stem  4—6 
feet  high,  with  slender  branches.  Flowers  white,  slightly  tinged  with  red. 
Fruit  nearly  black.  Maple-leaved  Arruw-wood. 

0.  V.  paucifiorum  Pylaie :  branches  and  petioles  smoothish ;  leaves 
roundish,  rarely  subcordate,  slightly  3-lobed  or  incised  at  the  summit, 
mostly  5-nerved  from  the  base,  unequally  serrate,  smoothish  ;  petioles  with- 
out stipuliform  appendages ;  cymes  pedunculate.  (  Torr.  <f-  Or.) 

Mountains.  N.  H.  Ver.  and  N.  Y.  Newfoundland.  June.  T^  .—Stem  2—3 
feet  high.  Leaves  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath.  Cymes  seldom  an 
inch  in  diameter.  Fruit  red.  Still  a  doubtful  species. 

Mountain  Bush  Cranberry. 

10.  V.  Oxycoccus  Pursh.:  leaves  3-lobed,  acute  at  the  base,  3-nerved ; 
lobes  divaricate,  acuminate,  remotely  and  obtusely  toothed ;  petioles  glan- 
dular ;  cymes  radiate ;  flowers  of  the  ray  large  and  abortive.     V.  Opulus, 
var.  Americanum  Ait.   Torr.  tf*  Gr.     V.  opuloides  Muhl. 

Woods.  A  ret.  Amer.  to  N.  J.  May,  June. — A  small  shrub  wTith  spreading 
branches.  Fruit  large,  subglobose,  red,  intensely  acid  and  slightly  bitter  ;  some- 
limes  used  as  a  substitute  for  cranberries.  Cranberry-like  Viburnum. 

11 .  V.  eduU  Pursh. :  leaves  3-lobed,  rather  obtuse  at  the  base,  3-nerved ; 
lobes  very  short,  with  acuminate-dentate  serratures;  petioles  glandular; 
cymes  radiate.     V.  Opulus,\a.r.  Americanum  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Banks  of  rivers.  Arct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  July. — A  smaller  and  more  upright 
shrub  than  the  preceding;  berries  of  the  same  color  and  size,  but  when  com- 
pletely ripe  more  agreeable  to  eat.  Pursh.  Eatable  Viburnum 

3.  TRIOSTEUM.  Linn.— Feverwort. 

(From  the  Greek  TJSEIJ,  three,  and  ojreoy,  a  bone ;  in  allusion  to  its  three  bony 
seeds.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovoid  and  the  limb  5 -parted  ;  lobes  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  subequally  5-lobed, 
gibbous  at  base.  Stamens  5,  included.  Stigma  capitate. 
Berry  rather  dry,  crowned  by  the  calyx,  with  3 — 5  bony 
nucules. 

1.  T.  perfoliatum  Linn.:   stem  glandular-hairy;    leaves  lance-oval  or 
spatulate-ovate,  acuminate,  entire,   abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  connate, 
velvety  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  1 — 3  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sessile. 
T.  majus  Mich. 

Rocky  woods.  Mass,  to  Car.  W  to  Miss.  June.  %.— Stem  2 — 4  feet  high. 
Flowers  purple.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  90.  Perfoliate  Fevencort. 

2.  T.  an  gust  (folium  Linn. :  stem  hispid ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong, 
acuminate,  tapering  to  the  base,  pubescent  or  almost  glabrous  beneath,  hir- 
sute above ;  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  sessile  or  pedunculate.    T. 
minus  Mich. 

Shady  places.  Del.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  and  Miss.  May,  June.  Tj..— Smaller 
than  the  preceding.  Flowers  yellowish.  Narrovi-havcd- Fevfr wort. 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E.  147 

4.  DIERVILLA.   Tourn.— Bush  Honeysuckle. 
(In  honor  of  M.  Dierville,  a  French  surgeon,  who  introduced  it  into  Europe.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  oblong,  bibracteate  at  base  ;  the  limb 
5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-cleft,  spreading,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  somewhat  exserted.  Stigma  cap- 
itate. Capsule  oblong,  acute,  not  crowned,  1 -celled,  many- 
seeded. 

D.  Tournefortii  Mich. :  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  dichotomous, 
2 — 3-flowered ;  leaves  opposite,  oblong-ovate,  on  short  petioles,  serrate, 
acuminate,  smooth.  D.  Canadensis  Willd.  D.  trifida  Masnck. 

Rocky  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May,  June.  Tj. — Stem  2 — 4  feet 
high,  branched.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  nearly  an  inch  long. 

Common  Bush  Honeysuckle. 

5.  LONICERA.  D.  C—  Honeysuckle. 
(In  honor  of  Adam  Lonicer,  a  German  botanist  of  the  sixteenth  century  ) 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  campanulate  or  funnel- 
form,  5-cleft,  often  irregularly.  Stamens  5.  Style  filiform. 
Stigma  capitate.  Berry  2 — 3 -celled,  few-seeded. 

*  Ffawers  capitate-verticillate.      Berry  solitary,  3-cetted,  crowned  by  the 
calyx.     LONICERA. 

1.  L.  flava  Sims. :  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous ;  leaves  ovate,  obo- 
vate  or  oval,  with  a  narrow  cartilaginous  margin  ;  upper  ones  connate- 
perfoliate;  spikes  verticillate,  terminal;    tube  not  gibbous.     Caprifolium 
flavum  Ell.     C.  Fraseri  Pursh. 

Catskill  Mountains,  N.  Y.  S.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Wisconsin.  June,  July.  T? .  - 
Stem  twining,  very  smooth.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  in  length 

Yellow  Honeysuckle. 

2.  L.  hirsuta  Eat. :    leaves  broad-ovate   and   obovate,   pubescent   and 
ciliate,  glaucous  beneath ;  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate,  nearly  smooth ; 
spikes  verticillate,  terminal,  subcapitate,  glandular-pubescent ;  tube  slightly 
gibbous  at  base.     Caprifolium  pubescens  Goldie. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Mich.  June,  July.  17. — Stem  15 — 30 
feet  long,  twining.  Flowers  yellow,  pubescent.  Berries  orange. 

Hairy  Honeysuckle. 

3.  L.  parviflora  Lam. :  smooth ;  leaves  elliptic  or  oblong,  smooth,  very 
glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  pair  connate-perfoliate,  the  rest  mostly  sub- 
connate  ;  flowers  in  verticillate  pedunculate  heads  ;  corolla  short,  gibbous 
at  base  ;  filaments  bearded.     Caprifolium  parvijlorum  Pursh.     C.  bracte*- 
sum  Mich. 

Rocky  woods.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  June,  July.  h-~  Stem  6— 10  feet 
long,  twining  or  trailing,  branched.  Flowers  yellow,  smaller  than  in  either  of 
the  preceding.  Small-flowered  Honeysuckle. 

4.  L.  grata  Ait. :  leaves  obovate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  the  tipper 
pairs  connate  subperfoliate ;  flowers  verticillate  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 


148  CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

leaves ;  tube  of  the  corolla  long  and  slender,  not  gibbous.     Caprifolium 
gratum  Pursh. 

Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  Louis.  May — Aug.  T?- — Stem  10 — 20 
feet  long,  twining  or  trailing.  Flowers  about  6  in  each  whorl,  fragrant,  red  or 
purplish.  Berries  orange-red.  Wild  Honeysuckle. 

5.  L.  sempervirens  Ait. :  leaves  oblong,  glaucous  beneath,  shining  above, 
the  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate ;  spikes   verticillate,   somewhat  naked, 
terminal ;  corolla  nearly  equal,  with  the  tube  ventricose  above.     Caprifo- 
lium semperrirens  Mich, 

Borders  of  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  May,  June.  T^. — Stem  6 — 15  feet  long, 
twining.  Leaves  evergreen.  Flowers  scarlet  and  yellowish.  Berries  scarlet. 

Scarlet  Honeysuckle. 

**  Pedicels  axillary,  in  pairs.     Berries  in  pairs,  distinct  or  more  or  less 
connate,  "2-celled,  many-seeded.     XYLOSTEUM. 

6.  L.  ciliata  MuJd. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate  and  subcordate, 
ciliate  on  the  margin,  younger  ones  villous  beneath ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
calcarate  at  base,  ventricose  above  ;  segments  short,  acute  ;  style  exserted ; 
berries  distinct.     Xylostcum  ciliatum  Pursh. 

Hills  and  rocks.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May,  June. 
F^ . — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  with  straggling  branches.  Corolla  pale  greenish-yel- 
low, long,  somewhat  funnel-form.  Berries  ovoid,  red.  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

7.  L.  ccerulca  Linn. :  stem  erect,  leaves  oval,  entire,  pubescent ;  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  flowers ;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries  ;  corolla  gib- 
bous at  base  ;  berries  formed  by  the  union  of  two  ovaries.     L.  vittosa  D.  C. 
Xylosteum  villosum  Dig.    X.  Solonis  Eat. 

Woods  and  sides  of  mountains.  Labrador  and  Arct.  Amer.  to  Mass,  and  N.  Y. 
May.  17 . — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  with  the  younger  branches  villous.  Flowers 
yellow.  Berries  closely  united  at  the  summit,  deep-blue  and  glaucous. 

Hairy  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

8.  L.  oblongifolia  Hook :  stem  erect ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  nearly  smooth 
when  old;  peduncles  filiform,  erect,  much  longer  than  the  flowers;  bracts 
minute ;  corolla  gibbous  at  the  base,  deeply  2-lipped ;  berries  formed  by  the 
union  of  2  ovaries.    Xylosteum  oblongifolium  Goldic.  ^ 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  and  Western  N.  Y. ;  rare.  May,  June.  Tj  --~Stem 
3—4  feet  high,  much  branched.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  tinged  with  purple. 
Berries  small,  slightly  separate  at  the  summit,  purple. 

Long-stalked  Honeysuckle. 

6.  SYMPHORICARPUS.  DHL— Snowberry. 

(From  the  Greek  <n>/*$>vco,  to  grow  together,  and  KapTros,  fruit ;  the  berries  form- 
ing clusters.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  globose  ;  the  limb  small,  4 — 5-toothed. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  subequally  4— 5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  scarcely 
exserted.  Stigma  subglobose.  Berry  crowned  by  the  calyx, 
4-celled,  4-seeded  ;  2  of  the  cells  sometimes  abortive. 

1.  &  vulgaris  Mich. :  racemes  axillary,  almost  sessile,  in  little  glomerate 
heads ;  corolla  with  the  lobes  smoothish  inside ;  stamens  and  bearded 
style  included.  Symphoria  glomerata  Pursh. 


RUBIACK^.  149 

Banks  of  streams.  Yates  county,  N.  Y.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  \i . — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  numerous  purplish  branches.  Flowers 
greenish-red.  Berries  dark  red,  globose.  Indian  Currant. 

2.  S.  racemosus  Mich. :  spikes  terminal,  loose,  interrupted,  often  somewhat 
leafy ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels  ;  corolla  campanulate,  densely  bearded  in- 
side ;  style  and  stamens  included.  Symphoria  racemosa  Pursh. 

Rocky  banks  of  streams.  Can.  Western  N.  Y.  W.  to  Oregon  and  California. 
June,  July.  ?2 . — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Flowers  pale  red.  Berries  globose,  large, 
very  white  and  opaque.  Common  Snowberry. 

7.  LINN.EA.  Gron. — Linnsea. 
(In  honor  of  the  illustrious  Swede.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate ;  limb  5-parted ;  segments  lan- 
ceolate-subulate. Corolla  turbinate,  subcampanulate,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  subdidynamous,  included.  Stigma  globose.  Berry 
dry,  small,  ovate-globose,  3-celled,  (one  cell  only  bearing  a  per- 
fect seed.) 

L.  borealis  Gron. 

Moist  woods.  Arct.  Arner.  to  N.  J.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  1{ — Ever- 
green, creeping.  Leaves  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  round-ovate,  crenate, 
slightly  hairy.  Peduncles  erect,  long.  Flowers  2,  drooping,  pedicelled,  white  or 
pale  red.  Twin  Flower. 

ORDER  LXVI.     RUBIACE^E. — MADDERWORTS. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  mostly  adhering  to  the  ovary ;  the  limb 
usually  4 — 5-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  with  as  many  petals  as 
there  are  divisions  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  alternate  with  them.  Ovary  2 -celled  ;  style  mostly 
single ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  various.  Albumen  copious,  horny 
or  fleshy. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  op- 
posite or  in  whorls. 

1.  HEDYOTIS.  Linn.— Hedyotis. 

(From  the  Greek  v&iis,  sweet,  and  o9s,  wroj,  an  ear;  on  account  of  its  supposed 
virtue  in  curing  deafness.  Darlington.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate,  the  limb  4 -toothed  ;  teeth  erect, 
persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form,  salver-form  or  rotate,  4-parted. 
Stamens  4,  somewhat  exserted.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose, 
2-celled,  opening  transversely  at  the  top,  many-seeded. 

1.  If.  ccerulea  Hook. :  stem  erect  or  spreading,  dichotomous ;  radical 
leaves  spatulate-oval ;  cauline  oblanceolate ;  peduncles  filiform,  elongated, 
1-flowered.  Houstonia  ccerulea  Linn. 

Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  April— Sept.  (T)  or  (&.— Stems 
numerous,  3—6  inches  high.  Flowers  blue,  sometimes  nearly  white.  The 
western  specimens  not  unfrequently  have  the  peduncles  many-flowered. 

Blue  Hedyotis.     Common.  Bluets.     Duxirf  Pink. 

7 


150  RUBIACE^E. 

2.  H.c'diolata  Ton.:  smooth,  somewhat  branched  above  ;  radical  leaves 
oval  or  oblong-spatulate,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  the  margin  ciliate ;  cau- 
line  oblanceolate ;  flowers  in  corymbose  clusters ;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
short.     Houstonia  ciliolata  Torr.  FL. 

Wet  banks.  Western  and  Northern  N,  Y.  Can.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  Aug. 
1j_. — Stems  usually  numerous,  4 — 6  inches  high,  at  length  spreading.  Flowers 
numerous,  terminal,  pale  purple.  Fringed-leaved  Hedyotis. 

3.  H.  longifolia  Hook:  smooth;  stem  erect;  leaves  linear  and  oblong- 
linear,  tapering  at  base,  rough  on  the  margin,  but  not  ciliate ;  radical  ones 
narrow-oval  or  oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  mostly  in  threes, 
terminal,  nearly  sessile.    Houstonia  longifolia  Willd. 

Dry  hills  and  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  7|_. — Stems 
5 — 8  inches  high,  slender,  branched  at  the  top,  4-sided.  Flowers  usually  in 
threes,  pale  purple.  Corolla  about  thrice  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

Long-leaved  Hedyotis. 

4.  H.  glomerata  Ell. :  stem  erect  or  somewhat  diffuse,  branching,  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base  or  slightly  petioled,  nearly 
smooth;    flowers  in  clusters,  sessile,  axillary  and  terminal;  tube   of  the 
calyx  hairy,  shorter  than  the  lobes.      H.  auriculata  Walt.     Oldenlandia 
glomerata  Mich. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug.  (1).  ? — Whole  plant  dull  green. 
Stem  2 — 4  inches  high,  first  simple,  then  branching  and  assurgent.  Flowers 
usually  clustered,  small,  white.  Cluster-flowered  Hedyotis. 

5.  H.  purpurea  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  stem  erect  or  ascending,  4-sided,  pubescent ; 
leaves  ovate   or   ovate-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,   3 — 5-nerved,  smoothish 
above,  lower  surface  and  margins  pubescent ;  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs ; 
lobes  of  the  calyx  subulate-linear.     Houstonia  purpurea  Linn. 

Woods.  Penn.  and  Virg.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Tenn.  May — July.  Q\. — Stems 
usually  several  from  the  same  root,  about  a  foot  high,  branching.  Flowers  pur- 
pie.  Purple  Hedyotis. 

2.  MITCHELLA.  Linn.— Partridge  Berry. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  John  Mitcliell,  a  botanist  of  Virginia.) 

Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed. 
Corolla  funnel-form ;  tube  cylindric  ;  limb  4-parted,  spreading, 
villous  on  the  inner  side.  Stamens  4,  adnate  to  the  tube, 
scarcely  exserted.  Stigma  4-cleft.  Berry  didymous,  4-seeded. 

M.  rcpens  Linn.:  stem  branched,  smooth,  creeping;  leaves  opposite,  pe- 
tioled, roundish-ovate,  often  slightly  cordate,  smooth,  very  entire ;  flowers 
terminal,  in  pairs. 

Woods,  among  dried  leaves.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  June,  July.  1\.. — 
A  small  evergreen,  creeping  plant.  Flowers  white,  hairy  within,  fragrant. 
Berries  red.  Partridge  Berry. 

3.  CEPHALANTHUS.  Linn.— Button  Bush. 

(From  the  Greek  /cf<£aX»?,  a  head,  and  avQos,  a  flower.) 

Calyx  small,  angular,  inversely  pyramidal,  4-cleft.  Corolla 
tubular,  slender,  4-cleft.  Style  much  exserted.  Stigma  glo- 


RUBIACEjE.  151 

bose.      Capsule  2-celled,   2-seeded,  mostly  2-parted.     Recep- 
tacle globose,  hairy. — Flowers  in  a  globose  head. 

C.  occidentalis  Linn. :  leaves  petiolate,  opposite  or  ternate,  ovate  or  oval, 
acuminate,  smoothish ;  peduncles  long,  often  ternate  at  the  extremity  of  the 
branches. 

Borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  T?. — 
Stem  4 — 8  feet  liigh,  branched.  Heads  of  flowers  about  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Corolla  white,  somewhat  funnel-form.  Button  Bush.  Pond  Dogwood. 

4.  DIODIA.  Linn.—  Diodia. 

(.Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  SioSus,  a  road  or  way ;  in  allusion  to  its 
growing  by  way-sides.  Eat.  Man.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate  or  abovate,  often  8-nerved,  2 — 4- 
toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4,  exserted 
or  included.  Style  bifid  or  undivided.  Fruit  crowned  with  the 
calyx,  2-celled,  bipartite;  carpel  1-seeded. 

D.  iercs  Walt.:  stem  procumbent,  diffuse,  terete,  hairy;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  nearly  smooth,  margin  and  keel  serrulate ;  stipules  with  nume- 
rous long  bristles;    flowers   axillary,  solitary,  alternate;  corolla  bearded 
within ;  fruit  ovate,  pubescent,  crowned  by  the  4-lobed  calyx.     Spermacoce 
diodina  Mich. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.  (1).— Stem  4—16 
inches  high,  much  branched.  Flowers  opposite,  often  clustered,  white  or  pale 
purple.  Terete  Diodia. 

5.  GALIUM.  Linn.— Bedstraw. 

(From  the  Greek  yaAci,  milk ;  one  of  the  species  having  been  formerly  used  to 
curdle  milk.) 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate-globose  or  oblong ;  limb  nearly 
wanting.  Corolla  4-parted,  rotate,  (very  rarely  3-parted.)  Sta- 
mens short.  Styles  2,  short.  Fruit  didymous,  roundish,  rarely 
oblong. 

*  Fruit  smooth.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.  G.  verum  Linn. :  leaves  about  8  in  a  whorl,  narrow-linear,  grooved, 
scabrous,  with  somewhat  revolute  margins  ;  flowers  in  dense  panicles. 

Pastures.  Mass.  June,  July.  It- — Stem  erect,  9 — 18  inches  high,  slender, 
branched.  Flowers  yellow.  Employed  by  the  Highlanders  as  a  rennet  to  cur- 
dle milk.  Hook.Br.Fl. 

**  Fruit  smooth.     Flowers  while. 

2.  G.  trifidum  Linn. :  stem  decumbent  or  ascending,  scabrous  downward ; 
leaves  4 — 6  in  a  whorl,  linear,  obtuse,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  midrib ; 
peduncles  smooth,  spreading,  1— 3-flowered;  corolla  3 — 4-cleft.    G.  Claytoni 
Mich.     G.  obtusum  His;. 

Swamps  and  wet.  fields.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July. 
7J-. — Stem  5  inches  to  1  or  2  feet  long,  much  branched.  7>crtvw  varying  froin 


152  RUBIACELE. 

linear  to  oblong,  elliptic  and  oblanceolate.      Flowers  in  threes,  white,  very 
minute.     Dr.  Hooker  thinks  the  American,  distinct  from  the  European,  plant. 

Small  Bedstraw. 

3.  G.  tinctorium  Linn. :  stem  diffuse,  smoothish ;  leaves  linear,  some- 
what acute ;  those  of  the  stem  in  sixes ;  of  the  branches  in  fours  ;  pedun- 
cles terminal,  elongated,  mostly  3-flowered ;  corolla  4-parted.     G.  trifidum 
var.  tinctoriu/m  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  1\.. — Stem  weak,  branching.  Leaves 
very  narrow.  Corotta  white,  mostly  4-cleft.  Used  as  a  red  dye. 

^  Dyer's  Bedstraw. 

4.  G.   asprellum  Mich. :  stem  diffuse,   very  branching,  the   angles  re- 
trosely  aculeate ;  leaves  in  sixes,  fives  and  fours,  elliptical  or  lanceolate,  the 
midrib  and  margins  aculeate-hispid ;  branches  2 — 3-forked ;  pedicels  filiform, 
divaricate,  short.    G.  micranthum  Pursh. 

Moist  places.  Can.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  1].. — Stem  weak,  2 — 4  feet  long, 
often  supported  on  other  plants  by  its  hooked  prickles.  Flowers  numerous, 
minute,  white.  Rough  Bedstraw. 

***  Fruit  hispid. 

5.  G.  Aparlne  Linn. :  stem  weak,  branching,  retrosely  aculeate ;  leaves 
6 — 8  in  a  whorl,  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  with  the  midrib  and  margin 
rough  with  reflexed  prickles  ;  fruit  large. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Del.  W.  to  Oregon.  June.  0. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  long. 
Flowers  white,  numerous,  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles.  Perhaps  intro- 
duced. Common  Cleavers.  Goose  Grass. 

6.  G.  triflorum  Mich. :  stem  procumbent,  smoothish,  the  angles  aculeate 
or  hispid ;  leaves  5  or  6  in  a  whorl,  narrow-elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  mucronate,  slightly  hispid  or  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  mid- 
rib ;  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  mostly  3-flowered  at  the  extremity. 
G.  cuspidatum  Muhl.  Ell.     G.  brachiatum  Pursh. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Oregon  and  California.  July,  Aug. 
1J-. — Stem  1 — 4  feet  long,  with  short  branches.  Flowers  rather  few,  greenish- 
white,  small.  A  variable  species.  Dr.  Torrey  states  that  it  gives  out  a  vanilla- 
like  odor  in  drying.  Sweet-scented  Bedstraw. 

7.  G.  pitesum  Ait. :  stem  ascending,  hispid,  hairy  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves 
4  in  a  whorl,  oval  or  ovate,  mucronate,  ciliate  and  mostly  hairy ;  peduncles 
elongated,  dichotomous,  often  3-flowered  at  the  extremity.     G.  puncticulo- 
sum  Mick.    •G.  JSermudianum  Pursh. 

Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  J^ouis.  W.  to  Texas.  June,  July.  Q.—Stem  1—2  feet 
high,  mostly  simple,  more  or  less  pubescent..  Flowers  brownish  purple. 

Hairy  Bedstraw. 

8.  G.  cirzcezans  Mich. :  stem  erect  or  ascending,  nearly  smooth  or  hairy ; 
leaves  4  in  a  whorl,  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  3-nerved,  some- 
what pubescent,  ciliate  on  the  margin  and  nerves ;  peduncles  lateral  and 
terminal,  divaricate,  few-flowered.     G.  brachiatum  Muhl.     G.  boi'eale  Walt. 

var.  1.  lanceolatum  Torr.  N.Y.  Fl. :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, rather  acute  G.  lanceolatum  Torr.  FL 

var.  2.  montanum  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  dwarf;  leaves  obovate,  nearly  smooth. 

Rocky  woods  and  mountains.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  ty. — 
Stems  usually  several  from  one  root,  10 — 18  inches  high.  Flowers  purple. 
Fruit  clothed  with  dense  white  bristles.  Wild  Liquorice. 


VALERIAN  ACE.*].  153 

9.  G.  boreale  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched  above,  smoothish ;  leaves  in 
fours,  linear-acute  or  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  smooth,  margin  involute 
and  scabrous  ;  flowers  in  a  divaricate  terminal  panicle.  C.  septentrionale 
R.  <f-  S. 

Dry  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  Tj.. — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  a  crowded  terminal  panicle.  The  whole 
plant  is  somewhat  glaucous.  Northern  Bedstraw. 

ORDER  LXVII.    VALERIANACE^E.— VALERIANWORTS. 

Calyx  with  a  limb  of  various  kinds  either  membranous  or 
resembling  pappus.  Corolla  tubular,  regular  or  irregular, 
sometimes  calcarate  at  the  base.  Stamens  1 — 5,  Ovary  in- 
ferior, 1 — 3 -celled ;  style  filiform  ;  stigmas  1 — 3.  Fruit  dry, 
indehiscent,  with  1  fertile  cell  and  2  empty  ones.  Seed  desti- 
tute of  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants.  Leaves  opposite,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles. 

1.  FEDIA.  Manch. — Corn-Salad. 

(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Calyx  with  the  limb  toothed  and  persistent  or  obsolete. 
Corolla  not  spurred ;  the  limb  5-lobed,  regular  or  slightly  ir- 
regular. Stamens  2  or  3.  Stigmas  entire,  2  or  3-lobed. 
Fruit  3 -celled  ;  2  cells  empty  (sometimes  confluent  into  one) 
the  other  1 -seeded. 

F.  Fagopyrum  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  fruit  triangular,  with  an  ovate  outline, 
nearly  smooth  when  mature,  obsoletely  2 — ;3-toothed  at  the  apex  ;  lateral 
angles  acute,  the  anterior  somewhat  obtuse ;  upper  leaves  mostly  entire 
and  rather  acute.  F.  radiata  Torr,  Fl.  Valerianella  radiata  Deck  Hot. 
1st  Ed. 

Swampy  grounds.  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  Ken.  May.  (J).  ? — Stem 
6 — 18  inches  high,  dichotomous  above.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous ;  the  lower- 
most spatulate,  the  uppermost  lanceolate-oblong.  Flowers  white.  Corolla  and 
fruit  larger  than  in  F.  radiata.  Perhaps  introduced.  Buckwheat  Corn-salad. 

2.  VALERIANA.   Tourn.— Valerian. 
(From  the  Latin  valeo,  to  be  powerful ;  on  account  of  its  medicinal  effects.) 

Calyx  with  the  limb  involute  and  at  length  evolved  in  a 
deciduous  plumous  pappus.  Corolla  with  the  tube  obconic  or 
cylindric,  equal  or  gibbous  at  base,  the  limb  obtusely  5 -cleft. 
Stamens  3.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded. 

V.  sylvatica  Richardson :  smooth ;  stem  slightly  striate,  simple ;  radical 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong-spatulate,  entire  or  slightly  lobed  at  base,  on  slender 
petioles ;  cauline  pinnate ;  leafets  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or 
obscurely  serrate ;  flowers  all  perfect  and  similar,  in  a  cyme  which  is  at 

7* 


154  COMPOSITE. 

first  compact,  but  at  length  open  corymbose;  fruit  ovoid,  compressed, 
smooth.  (Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.)  V.  dioica  Pursh.  V.  sylvatica  Beck  Bot. 
1st  Ed. 

Swamps.  Fairhaven,  Ver.  Dr.  Robbing.  Savannah,  Wayne  county,  N.  Y. 
Dr.  Sartwell.  Subarct.  Amer.  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June,  July.  '2L — 
Root  consisting  of  numerous  fibres,  with  the  odor  of  V.  officinalis.  Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  simple,  erect,  smooth,  (slightly  pubescent  when  young.)  Radical 
leaves  on  Ion*  petioles,  mostly-simple,  but  sometimes  lobed  or  auricled  at  base, 
sometimes  a  little  cordate  ;  cauline  pinnate  ;  leafets  3 — 6  pairs  with  a  larger  odd 
one,  ovate  oval  or  somewhat  rhomboid,  all  sometimes  entire  or  with  a  few 
coarse  teeth.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  pedunculate  2 — 3-forked  corymb.  Co- 
rolla reddish- white,  gibbous  at  base  ;  the  limb  5-cleft.  Stamens  much  exserted. 
Style  very  long  and  filiform.  Capsule  2-ribbed.  According  to  Torrey  and  Gray, 
the  Vermont  and  New  York  plant  is  a  distinct  variety,  (uliginosa.)  but  their  de- 
scription does  not  include  all  the  forms  which  I  have  observed  in  the  Fairhaven 
specimens.  *  Tall  Swamp  Valerian. 

ORDER  LXVIII.     DIPSACACEJE. — TEAZELWORTS. 

Calyx  adhering,  membranous,  surrounded  by  a  scarious  in- 
volucel.  Corolla  tubular ;  limb  oblique,  4 — 5-lobed.  Stamens 
4  ;  anthers  distinct.  Ovary  1 -celled ;  style  1  ;  stigma  simple. 
Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  1 -celled,  crowned  by  the  pappus-like 
calyx.  Albumen  fleshy. — Herbs  or  under  shrubs,  with  oppo- 
site or  whorled  leaves.  Flowers  collected  upon  a  common  re- 
ceptacle and  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucre. 

DIPSACUS.  Linn. — Teazel. 

(From  the  Greek  (Jur<//aw,  to  be  thirsty ;  the  upper  connate  leaves  containing 
water  in  their  hollows.) 

Flowers  collected  in  an  ovate  or  roundish  head.  Common 
calyx  (involucre)  foliaceous,  many -leaved ;  proper  superior,  of 
one  leaf.  Corolla  tubular,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  longi- 
tudinal. Fruit  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the  calyx. 

D.  sylvestris  Linn. :  leaves  opposite,  rarely  connate ;  the  many-leaved 
involucre  turned  upwards ;  scales  of  the  receptacle  straight. 

Fields  and  waste  places.  N.  S.  July.  (§).— Stem  3—5  feet  high,  strong, 
angular,  prickly.  Flowers  blue,  in  dense  oval  heads,  shorter  than  the  scales  of 
the  receptacle.  Introduced.  Wild  Teazel. 

ORDER  LXIX.  COMPOSITE. — COMPOSITES. 
Calyx  closely  adhering  to  the  ovary,  and  undistinguishable 
from  it ;  its  limb  either  wanting  or  membranous,  divided  into 
bristles,  paleae,  hairs  or  feathers,  called  pappus.  Corolla  mono- 
petalous,  either  ligulate  or  tubular ;  in  the  latter  case  4  or  5 
toothed.  Stamens  5,  rarely  fewer,  the  anthers  cohering  into  a 
tube.  Ovary  1 -celled  ;  style  simple;  stigmas  3,  either  distinct 
or  united.  Fruit  an  achenium,  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the 


COMPOSITE.  155 

calyx  or  pappus.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen. — Herbs,  rarely 
shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
collected  in  dense  heads  upon  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded 
by  an  involucre. 

SUBORDER  I.     TUBULIFLOR^. 

Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers  tubular,  with  5,  rarely  4,  equal 
teeth. 

I.  VERNONIACE.E.  Style  of  ihe  perfect  flowers  cylindrical ;  its 
branches  long  and  subulate,  occasionally  slwrt  and  blunt,  always 
covered  over  wiih  bristles. 

1.  VERNONIA.  SfcArc*.— Iron  Weed. 
(Tn  honor  of  Mr.  WiHiam  Vernon,  an  English  botanist,) 

Heads  several  or  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  equal. 
Involucre  imbricate.  Receptacle  mostly  naked.  Corolla  regu- 
lar, 5 -cleft.  Filaments  smooth.  Achenia  with  a  cartilaginous 
callus  at  the  base.  Pappus  often  double ;  the  inner  row  of 
numerous  bristles ;  the  outer  one  much  shorter  and  often  chaffy. 

V.  Noveboracensis  Wittd. :  stem  erect,  smoothish ;  leaves  on  short  petioles, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  heads  numerous,  20 — 30-flowered  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  appressed  at  base,  the  apex  produced  into  a 
spreading  filiform  seta :  achenia  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pappus. 

var.  prfEalla  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  scales  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acuminate, 
unarmed  or  only  a  part  of  them  filiform  at  the  top.  V.  prcealta  Willd. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  1}.. — Stem  stout, 
3 — 6  feet  high,  striate,  often  purple,  branching  at  the  top.  Flowers  in  a  large 
terminal  corymb,  purple.  In  some  places  it  is  an  obnoxious  weed. 

Common  Iron-weed. 

2.  ELEPHANTOPUS.  Cass.— Elephant' s-Foot. 

(From  the  Greek  sXe^aj,  an  elephant,  and  TTOVJ,  afoot ;  in  allusion  to  the  form 
and  position  of  the  leaves  in  one  species.) 

Heads  3 — 5 -flowered,  densely  crowded  into  clusters.  Invo- 
lucre compressed,  in  two  rows;  the  leafets  dry,  oblong,  the 
inner  ones  often  3 -nerved.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  pal- 
mate ;  segments  acuminate,  one  sinus  deeper  than  the  rest. 
Achenia  somewhat  compressed,  many-ribbed,  oblong,  pilose. 
Pappus  in  one  or  two  rows  of  several  chaffy  bristles,  dilated  at 
the  base. 

E.  Cardinianm  Wittd. :  stem  branched,  hairy ;  leaves  scabrous ;  radical 
ovate,  or  obovate-oblong,  crenate-serrate,  attenuate  at  the  base ;  cauline  ob- 
long, narrow  at  base ;  floral  ovate-oblong. 


156  COMPOSITE. 

Dry  soils.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss,  ifeept.  ^.—Stem  2  feet  high,  hairy; 
especially  near  the  base,  branching  towards  the  summit.  Heads  composed  of 
four  clusters,  each  4-flowered,  with  the  involucre  9  —  10-leayed.  Corolla  purple. 

Carolinian  ElepJiant's-foot. 

II.  EupATORiACE^E.  Style  of  the  perfect  flowers  cylindrical  ;  its 
branches  long  and  clavate,  with  a  papillose  surface  on  the  outsid?. 
near  the  end. 

3.  SCLEROLEPIS.  Cass.—  Sclerolepis. 


(.From  the  Greek  cxA^poj,  hard,  and  \cms  ,  a  scale  ;  in  allusion  to  the  scales  ot 
the  pappus.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  with  the  scales  in  two 
series,  linear  and  equal.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  tubular, 
smooth,  5  -toothed,  the  throat  scarcely  distinct  from  the  tube. 
Style  branching,  exsert,  cylindric-clavate.  Achenia  5  -angled. 
Pappus  of  5  somewhat  corneous  short  oval  and  obtuse  scales 
in  one  row. 

S.  verticillata  Cass.  D.C.     Sparganophorus  verticillatus  Mkh. 

In  shallow  water.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\..—  Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
simple,  a  little  pubescent  at  the  top.  Leaves  linear,  an  inch  long,  6  —  8  in  a 
whorl.  Heads  few,  terminal,  purple.  Whorled  Sclerolepis. 

4.  KUHNIA.  Linn.—  Kuhnia. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn,  of  Penn.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in 
two  or  three  series.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  with  the  limb 
not  distinct  from  the  tube.  Achenia  elongated,  sessile  or  stiped. 
Pappus  in  a  single  series,  plumose. 

1.  K.  eupatoriaides  Linn.:  stem  herbaceous;  leaves  broad-lanceolate, 
serrate  ;  corymbs  paniculate,  terminal,  few-flowered. 

Shady  woods-  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  fy.—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  slender,  somewhat  branched.  Flowers  whitish.  Resembles  an  Eupatorium. 

Hempweed-like  Kuhnia. 

Q.K.panicidata  Cass.:  stem  herbaceous  ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  younger  ones  with  the  margin  revolute  ;  panicle  corymbose,  spread- 
ing, many-flowered.  (Z>.  C.)  K.  Critonia  Willd.  K.  eupatorimdes  var.  gra- 
r.ilis  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Mountains.  Penn.  to  Ala.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\.  —  Stem  2  —  3  feet  high,  slender, 
often  dark  purple.  Heads  in  a  large  panicle,  consisting  of  many  corymbose 
Clusters.  Flowers  pale  yellow.  Panicled  Kuhnia. 


5.  LIATRIS.    Schreb.— Liatris. 
(Origin  of  the  name  unknown.) 

Heads  few,  many-flowered.  Involucre  with  few  or  numerous 
imbricate  scales.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  tubular,  5-lobed ; 
the  lobes  elongated.  Style  with  the  branches  much  exserted. 


COMPOSITE.  157 

Achenia  about  10-ribbed,   somewhat  cylindric.     Pappus    of 
numerous  plumose  or  barbulate  bristles. 

1.  L.  spicata  Willd.:  stem  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  smooth, 
ciliate  at  base,  nerved  and  punctate ;  upper  very  short,  often  subulate ; 
heads  9 — 13-flowered,  in  a  dense  elongated  spike ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  appressed,  obtuse.     L.  macrostachya  Mich.   Pursk. 

Meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  1|.. — Stem  3 — 6  feet  high.  Spike 
terminal,  6 — 18  inches  long.  Flowers  bright  purple. 

Long-spiked  Liatris.     Blue  Blazing  Star. 

2.  L.  pilosa  Willd. :  stem  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  linear,  hairy,  ciliate ; 
heads  10 — 14-flowered,  on  long  pedicels,  forming  a  loose  raceme ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  villous. 

Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Sept.— Nov.  1}-.—  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  a 
little  hairy.  Leaves  long  and  linear.  Raceme  long,  leafy.  Flowers  small, 
bright  purple.  Hairy  Liatris. 

3.  L.  scariosa  Willd. :,  stem  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pubes- 
cent, scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  lower  oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  heads 
15 — 40-flowered,  in  a  spike  or  raceme ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obovate, 
obtuse,  scarious  on  the  margin,  the  lower  a  little  spreading  or  squarrose. 
L.  hetcrophylla  Nutt. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  Texas.  Aug.— Oct.  ^.—Stem  3—5  feet 
high,  stout,  striate.  Lower  leaves  very  long.  Flowers  numerous,  bright  purple. 
A  very  variable  species.  Ragged-cupped  Liatris. 

4.  L.  squarrosa  Willd. :  stem  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  very  long,  linear, 
nerved,  with  the  margins  somewhat  scabrous ;  heads  few,  about  20-flow- 
ered,  on  leafy  pedicels,  racemose ;  upper  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
rigid  and  spreading ;  segments  of  the  flowers  linear,  villous  internally. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Sept.,  Oct.  1\..—, Stem  2— 3  feet 
high.  Heads  generally  4 — 5,  bright  purple.  Rough-headed  Liatris. 

5.  L.  cylindrar.ea  Mich. :  stem  leafy,  slightly  hairy ;  leaves  linear  and 
lance-linear,  rigid,  mostly  1-nerved ;  heads  few,  (1 — 7,  rarely  more,)  turbi- 
nate-cylindric,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  16 — 20-flowered ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre numerous,  with  rounded  abruptly  mucronate  tips.     (Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.) 
L.  flexuosa  Thomas,  in  Sill.  Journ.  xxxvii.  328. 

Near  Niagara  Falls.  Thomas.  S.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  rl\..— Stem 
6 — 18  inches  high,  often  somewhat  flexuous.  Leaves  6—10  inches  long.  Flow- 
ers bright  purple.  Cylindrical-fieaded  Lialris. 

6.  CONOCLINIUM.  D.  C.— Conoclidium. 

(From  the  Greek  nwog,  a  cone,  and  *Au'>7,  a  bed  ;  in  allusion  to  its  conic  re- 
ceptacle.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulate ;  the  scales 
in  2 — 3  series,  lyaear,  acute,  subequal.  Receptacle  naked, 
conic.  Achenia  angled.  Pappus  of  one  series,  pilose,  rough. 

C.  ccdestinum  D.  C. :  herbaceous  ;  stem  terete,  pubescent ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, petioled,  ovate,  truncate  at  base  or  subcordate,  somewhat  acute,  ob- 


158  COMPOSITE. 

tusely  dentate,  3-nerved,  somewhat  scabrous ;  flowers  in  crowded  corymbs. 
Cttleslvna  c&rulea  Spreng.     Eupatorium  ccdestinum  Linn. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct.  1|..— Stem  2—3  feet  high. 
Leaves  on  petioles,  opposite,  sometimes  deltoid.  Flowers  in  close  fastigiate  co- 
rymbs, fragrant,  light-blue.  Involucre  about  30-leaved,  40 — 60-flowered. 

Blue  Conoclidium. 

7.  EUPATORIUM.  Linn.— Hempweed. 

(Named  after  Eupator,  king  of  Pontus.) 

Heads  3-  many-flowered.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Involu- 
cre cylindric  or  campanulate ;  the  scales  in  1,  2  or  many 
series.  Corolla  tubular,  funnel-form,  often  dilated  at  base. 
Anthers  included.  Achenia  angled.  Pappus  in  a  single  series, 
pilose,  rough. 

*  Heads,  5 — 15-flowered.     Scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  imbricate.     Leaves 
opposite,  closely  sessile  or  connate. 

1 .  E.  sessilifolium  Linn. :  stem  somewhat  terete,  smoothish  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  rounded  at  base, 
acuminate,  serrate,  smooth ;  corymb  compound ;  heads  5-flowered ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  10,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  imbricate. 

Rocky  hills.  Mass,  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.—> Stem  2—4  feet  high,  much 
branched  above.  Leaves  opposite  but  not  connate,  minutely  dotted  beneath. 
Flowers  in  a  widely  spreading  terminal  corymb,  white. 

Sessile-leaved  Hempweed* 

2.  E.  truncatum  Muhl. :  stem  terete,  striate,  villous-hispid ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, clasping,  obtuse  at  base,  acuminate,  rugose,  dentate-serrate,  villous- 
pubescent  beneath;  corymb  compound,  crowded;   heads  5 — 10-flowered; 
scales  of  the  involucre  12 — 15,  imbricate,  linear,  obtuse. 

Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  7j_. — Very  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  has  the  stem  pubescent,  the  leaves  truncate  at  base,  with  the  serra- 
tures  larger  and  more  obtuse,  and  the  involucre  more  pubescent.  Willd. 

Truncate-leaved  Hempweed. 

3.  E.  perfoliatum  Linn. :  stem  villous-hirsute  ;  leaves  connate-perfoliate, 
lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  rugose,  tomentose  beneath ; 
corymb  compound ;  heads  8 — 10-flowered.     E.  connatum  Mich. 

Swampy  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  1|~ — Stem  2 — 4 
feet  high,  hairy  or  woolly,  branched  at  the  top.  Leaves  large,  sometimes  only 
slightly  connate.  Flowers  in  large  fastigiate  corymbs,  white.  The  whole  plant 
is  bitter  and  is  used  as  a  tonic.  Big.  med.  Bot.  i.  33. 

Bonesfi.     Thoroughivort. 

4.  E.  resinosum  Torr. ;  stem  erect,  velvety  pubescent ;  leaves  opposite, 
closely  sessile  or  partly  clasping  at  base,  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  nearly  smooth  above,  velvety  canescent  beneath ;  corymb 
fastigiate,  compound;  heads  glomerate,  10 — 15-flowered;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre oval,  obtuse,  imbricate,  white-tomentose  and  glandular. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Penn.  ?  Aug.,  Sept.  %.. — Stems  growing  in 
tufts,  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  membranaceous,  viscid  with  resinous  globules. 
Heads  rather  small,  very  numerous.  Resinous  Hempweed. 


COMPOSITE.      '  159 

**  Heads  5 — IQ-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  imbricate.  Leaves 
mostly  ver titillate. 

5.  E.  purpurcumLinn. :  stem  simple,  hollow,  or  nearly  solid;  leaves  3 — 6 
in  a  whorl,  or  rarely  opposite,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
petioled,  acuminate,  veiny,  rough  or  smooth  above,  somewhat  pubescent  be- 
neath, serrate;  heads  in  a  large  corymb,  5 — 9-flowered.  E.  maculatum 
Linn.  E.  verticillatum  Willd.  E.  trifoliatum  Linn.  E.  punctatum  Wtild. 
E.  amanum  Punk. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug. — Oct.  Tj.. — Stem  3 — 8 
feet  high.  Leaves  2 — S  inches  long.  Flowers  in  a  large  terminal  corymb,  pur- 
ple. A  very  variable  plant.  The  stem  is  sometimes  solid  and  purplish,  and  the 
leaves  three  or  four  in  a  whorl,  (E.  verticillatum.)  In  other  specimens  the  stem 
is  solid  and  marked  with  purple  spots,  the  leaves  broader,  more  rugose  and 
scabrous,  (E  maculatum.)  Purple  Hempweed.  Joe  Pye's  Weed. 

***  Heads  S — W-flowered.    Leaves  petioled,  opposite. 

C.  E.  aromaticum  Linn. :  stem  terete,  pubescent ;  leaves  opposite,  pe- 
tioled, ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate,  somewhat 
scabrous ;  corymb  somewhat  panicled ;  heads  about  20-flowered  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  10 — 12,  linear-acute,  equal.  E.  mdissoides  Wittd.  E.  cean- 
otMfolium  Mukl. 

Low  woods.  Mass,  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  Tj.. — Stem  2  feet  high,  pubescent. 
Flowers  in  small  corymbs,  large,  white,  and  aromatic.  Distinguished  from  the 
next  by  its  pubescent  stem,  smaller  leaves  and  short  petioles. 

Aromatic  Hempweed. 

7.  E.  ageratoides  Linn. :  stem  smooth,  branching  at  the  top ;  leaves  op- 
posite, on  long  petioles,  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  unequally  and 
coarsely  serrate,  thin  and  smoothish ;  heads  12 — 20-flowered  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  narrow-lanceolate.     E.  urtica folium  Mich. 

Woods  and  thickets.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— -Oct.  1\..— Stem  2—3 
feet  high,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  on  petioles  1 — 2  inches  long,  sometimes 
slightly  cordate.  Heads  in  a  compound  corymb,  more  numerous  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding, mostly  12 — 15-flowered.  Flowers  pure  white,  somewhat  fragrant. 

Nettle-leaved  Hempweed. 

****  Heads  5-flowered.    Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  rarely  wkorled. 

8.  E.  hyssopifolium  Linn.:   stem   pubescent;   leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
3-nerved,  pubescent  and  punctate ;  lower  opposite  and  dentate  ;  upper  en- 
tire, and  sometimes  alternate;  heads  5-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  10, 
imbricate, pubescent  and  glandular  on  the  back.     E.  linearifolium  Walt. 

Sterile  soil.  Mass,  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  1J-. — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  Leaves 
small,  punctate.  FUnoers  in  a  terminal  corymb,  white.  Style  exserted. 

Hyssop-leaved  Hempweed. 

9.  E.   aUissimum  Linn. :    stem  pubescent ;  leaves  opposite,  subsessile, 
lanceolate,  3-nerved,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  pubescent ;  lower  serrate  in 
the  middle,  upper  entire ;  heads  in  a  terminal  corymb,  5-flowered ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  10,  oblong-linear,  imbricate,  somewhat  obtuse,  pubescent. 

Sandy  woods.  Penn.  and  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct.  ^.— Stem  3—7 
feet  high.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  corymb,  white.  Tall  Hempweed. 

10.  E.  leucolepis  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  stem  puberulent ;  leaves  opposite,  divari- 
cate, lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse,  closely  sessile,  serrate,  very  rough  on  both 
sides,  punctate,  strongly  1-nerved;  corymb  fastigiate,  caneaeent;  scales  of 


160  COMPOSITE. 

the  involucre  8 — 10,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  very  pubescent  and 
glandular  on  the  back,  white  and  scarious  at  the  summit.  E.  glaucescens 
/?  leucolepis  D.  C.  E.  linearifolium  Mich,  (in  part.) 

Sandy  swamps.  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  to  Flor.  Aug. — Oct.  1j~ — <SVem  2  feet 
high,  mostly  simple,  slender.  Leaves  2  inches  long  and  4 — 5  lines  wide,  spread- 
ing and  sometimes  recurved.  Flowers  white.  Style  much  exserted. 

While-scaled  Hempweed. 

11.  E.  pubescens  MM. :  stem  pubescent ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate, 
acuminate,  sparingly  pubescent  and   glandular-punctate   on  both   sides; 
lower  doubly  serrate,  upper  slightly  serrate ;  corymb  compound,  fastigiate ; 
heads  5-flowered;    scales   of  the  involucre   10,   linear-lanceolate,   acute. 
E.  ovaturn  Big. 

Sandy  woods.  Mass.,  N.  J,,  and  Penn.  Aug.— Oct.  %.— Stem  2  feet  high, 
the  lower  branches  opposite.  Leaves  thin  and  slightly  scabrous.  Flowers  white. 

Pubescent  Hempweed. 

12.  E.  album  Linn :  stem  pubescent  at  the  top ;  leaves  opposite,  subses- 
sile,  broad-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  with  a  few  coarse  teeth  at  the 
apex,  somewhat  scabrous,  punctate  beneath ;  heads  5-flowered,  in  a  ter- 
minal corymb ;    scales  of  the  involucre  10,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
almost  exceeding  the  corolla,  glandular  on  the  back.     E.  glandidosum 
Mich. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.— Oct.  l\..—Stem  erect,  about  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  fastigiate  corymb,  white.  Scales  white  at  the  tips. 

White-headed  Hempweed. 

13.  E.  verben&folium  Mich. :  stem  roughish-pubescent ;  leaves  opposite, 
(the  upper  often  alternate,)  sessile,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  scab- 
rous,  coarsely  serrate-toothed;    corymb  compound,   somewhat  panicled; 
heads  5 — 6-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  10,  oblong-lanceolate,  rather 
acute,  hispid-pubescent.     E.  teucrifolium  and  lanceolatum  Wittd. 

Low  woods.  Mass,  to  Car.  Aug. — Nov.  1\.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect, 
rather  slender.  Leaves  sometimes  almost  incised ;  the  lower  broad  at  base  and 
closely  sessile.  Heads  somewhat  clustered,  corymbose.  Flowers  white.  Scales 
scarious  on  the  margin,  white  at  the  tips.  Michaux's  name  for  this  species  has 
the  claim  of  priority,  and,  as  Mr.  Elliott  remarks,  is  equally,  perhaps  more,  ap- 
propriate. Vervain-leaved  Hempweed. 

14.  E.  rotundifolium  Linn. :  stem  densely  pubescent ;  leaves  opposite, 
sessile,  roundish-ovate  or  ovate-cordate,  obtuse,  toothed,  veined,  pubescent, 
glandular-punctate  beneath ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  heads  5-flowered ;  "scales 
of  the  involucre  10,  acuminate.     E.  Marriibium  Walt. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.. — Stem  2  feet  high,  slender, 
roughish-pubescent.  Leaves  sometimes  almost  orbicular,  sprinkled  with  resinous 
dots.  Flowers  in  a  flat-topped  corymb,  white.  Round-leaved  Hempweed. 

8.  MIKANIA.   WlLld.— Climbing  Hempweed. 
(In  honor  of  Prof.  Mikan,  of  Prague,  a  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

Heads  mostly  4-flo\vered.  Receptacle  naked,  narrow.  In- 
volucre 4-leaved.  Corolla  with  the  tube  short,  dilated  or  sub- 
campanulate  at  the  summit,  5-toothed.  Anthers  somewhat  ex- 
serted.  Achenia  angled.  Pappus  in  a  single  series,  rough. 


COMPOSITE.  161 

M.  scandens  Willd. :  stem  climbing,  smooth ;  leaves  petioled,  hastate- 
cordate,  acuminate,  repand-toothed ;  corymbs  panicled,  clustered.  Eupa- 
torium  scandens  Linn. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  July — Sept.  1\.. — Stem  3 — 6  feet  long,  branch- 
ing, striate.  Leaves  with  a  somewhat  triangular  outline.  Flowers  in  numerous 
compound  cymose  panicles,  purplish- white.  M.  pubescens  Muhl,  which  is  prob- 
ably only  a  variety  of  this  species,  is  confined  to  the  Southern  States. 

Common  Climbing  Hempweed. 

9.  NARDOSMIA.  D.  C.— Sweet  Colt's-foot. 
(From  the  Greek  vapSos,  spikenard,  and  00-^*7,  odor.') 

Heads  many-flowered,  somewhat  dioecious.  STERILE  FL. 
Flowers  of  the  'ray  in  a  single  series,  pistillate,  ligulate';  of  the 
disk  numerous,  perfect  but  infertile,  with  the  corolla  tubular  and 
5-toothed.  FERTILE  FL.  Flowers  of  the  ray  in  several  series, 
pistillate,  mostly  ligulate ;  those  of  the  disk  few.  Involucre  in 
a  single  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia  smooth. 

1.  N.  frigida  Hook. :  leaves  cordate,  unequally  coarsely  and  obtusely 
toothed,   somewhat  lobed,  smooth  above,  white-tomentose   beneath;   the 
lobes  divergent  at  base.     Tussilago  frigida  Pursh. 

Mountain  woods.  N.  H.  Ver.  and  Mass.  Aret.  Amer.  from  lat.  66°.  May. 
7J.. — Scape  5 — 10  inches  high.  Heads  in  a  fastigiate  thyrse  ;  rays  white  ;  disk 
purple.  Northern  Sweet  Colt's-foot. 

2.  N.  palmata  Hook. :   leaves  reniform  or  roundish-cordate,  palmately 
5 — 7-lobed,  tomentose  beneath ;  segments  coarsely  toothed,  often  incised  or 
somewhat  lobed.     Tussilago  palmata  Ait. 

Swamps.  Ver.  to  Penn.  N.  to  Labrador.  W.  to  Oregon.  April,  May.  %.-— 
Scape  6—20  inches  high,  stout,  clothed  with  numerous  sheathing  scales.  Leaves 
often  resembling  those  of  Podophyttum  peltatum.  Heads  in  a  corymbose  thyrse. 

Palmated  Sweet  Colt's-foot. 

10.  TUSSILAGO.  Town.— Colt's-foot. 
(From  the  Latin  tussis,  a  cough ;  for  the  cure  of  which  the  plant  is  esteemed.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  heterogamous.  Flowers  of  the  ray  in 
several  series,  pistillate ;  those  of  the  disk  few,  staminate,  tu- 
bular, 5-toothed.  Receptacle  naked.  Involucre  of  one  series, 
the  scales  oblong-obtuse.  Achenia  of  the  ray  oblong-cylindric, 
smooth  ;  of  the  disk  abortive.  Pappus  of  the  ray  in  many 
series  ;  of  the  disk  in  a  single  series,  capillary. 

T.  Farfara  Linn. 

Wet  places  and  low  meadows.  N.  S.  March,  April.  fl\..— Scape  4—10 
inches  high,  clothed  with  oblong  brownish  scales.  Leaves  cordate,  angular, 
toothed,  smoothish  above,  the  lower  surface  and  the  long  petiole  white-tomen- 
tose. Terminal  head  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Introduced 
and  naturalized  in  several  parts  of  the  Northern  States.  Common  CoU's-foot. 


162  COMPOSITE. 

III.  ASTEROIDEJE.  Style  of  the  perfect  flowers  cylindrical ;  its 
branches  linear,  Jlattish  on  the  outside,  minutely  and  equally  pubescent 
above. 

11.  ASTER.  Linn.— Aster. 
(From  the  Greek  a<mjp,  a  star ;  which  the  flowers  resemble.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  ligu- 
late,  pistillate  ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Receptacle 
flat,  alveolate,  or  rarely  naked.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  many 
series,  more  or  less  imbricated,  with  the  tips  sometimes  foli- 
aceous.,  Achenia  usually  compressed.  Pappus  simple,  of  nu- 
merous rough  bristles. 

*  Scales  appressed,  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips.  Bristles  of  the 
pappus  unequal.  Achenia  slender,  scarcely  compressed.  Leaves  large, 
coarsely  serrate,  radical  ones  cordate.  BIOTIA  D.  C. 

1.  A  macrophyllus  Linn. :  stem  more  or  less  hirsute  above;  leaves  rough, 
serrate,  acuminate ;  lower  and  radical  on  long  petioles,  cordate  ;  upper  on 
winged  petioles  or  sessile,  ovate ;  heads  in  large  corymbs ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse.     JDiotia  macrophyU-a  D.  C. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  %..— Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Heads  in  a 
spreading  terminal  corymb ;  rays  white  or  pale-blue.  Large-leaved  Aster. 

2.  A.  corymbosus  Ait. :  stem  smooth,  dichotomously  corymbose   at  the 
summit ;  leaves  ovate,  mostly  cordate,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  petiolate ; 
heads  loosely  corymbose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  disk ;  outer  ones  ovate.     Biotia  corymbosa  D.  C. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  about  2  feet  high,  some- 
times purple,  branched  at  the  summit.  Heads  middle-sized,  few,  in  a  fastigiate 
corymb ;  rays  white,  narrow.  Corymbed  Aster. 

**  Scales  of  the  involucre  ciliate,  squarrose ;  outer  ones  herbaceous.  Re- 
ceptacle alveolate.  Bristles  of  the  pappus  rigid,  unequal.  Achenia  hirsute, 
rarely  smooth.  Leaves  scabrous,  mostly  entire.  Heads  large  and  showy. 
AMELLI  Nees^. 

3.  A.  bifyorus  Mich. :  leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous; 
stem  one  or  few-flowered  above ;    scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  ap- 
pressed, oblong,  acute,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  disk.     A.  strictus  Pursh. 

High  mountains.  Penn.  Pursh.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  Labrador.  Sept., 
Oct.  7|.. — Stem  4 — 6  inches  high.  Heads  middle-sized  ;  rays  pale  violet ;  disk 
brownish-yellow.  Few-flowered  Aster. 

4.  A.  surculosus  Mich. :  stem  simple,  low  and  slender,  minutely  pubes- 
cent ;  lower  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  subserrate,  scabrous  above ; 
upper  linear,  clasping ;  corymb  3 — 5-flowered,  somewhat  naked  ;  involucre 
imbricate,  subsquarrose ;  scales  ciliate,  linear-oblong,  inner  ones  obtuse. 

Woods.  N.  S.  ?  S.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  7J..— Stems  several  from  the  same 
surculose  caudex,  6 — 18  inches  high,  somewhat  angled.  Heads  rather  large ; 
rays  long,  linear,  violet.  Perhaps  not  a  native  of  the  Northern  States. 

Manif-ftemnwd  Aster. 


COMPOSITOR.  163 

5.  A.  speclabilis  Ait. :  stem  scabrous,  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  very  rough ;  upper  sessile  and  entire ;  lower  serrate  and 
petioled  ;  involucre  hemispheric  ;  scales  numerous,  obtuse,  squarrose,  glan- 
dular-pubescent.    A.  grandiflorus  Walt.     A.  elegans  WiUd. 

Sandy  soil.  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ken.  Aug.— Nov.  '^.—Slem  2  feet  high  ; 
branches  2  or  3-flowered,  somewhat  hairy.  Heads  10 — 15  in  a  corymb,  large 
and  blue.  Showy  Aster. 

6.  A.  gracilis  Nutt. :  stem  slightly  pubescent,  corymbose  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  roughish,  obscurely  crenulate-serrate ;  radical  oblong  or  spatulate, 
or  naked  petioles  ;  cauline  oblanceolate  or  narrow  oblong,  slightly  clasping ; 
heads  in  a  spreading  corymb ;  involucre  obconic,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  scales 
whitish  and  coriaceous,  with  spreading  tips. 

Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  W.  to  Tenn.  Sept.  Q.— Stems  several,  often  from  the 
same  surculose  caudex,  about  a  foot  high,  simple  or  with  corymbose  flowering 
branches.  Heads  about  30-flowered  ;  rays  violet.  Resembles  the  preceding. 

Slender  Aster. 

7.  A.  Radula  Ait. :  stem  smoothish,  angular,  corymbose  ;  branches  few 
and  nearly  naked  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  rugose,  very 
rough,  coarsely  serrate  in  the  middle;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  ob- 
long, somewhat  acute,  spreading  at  the  tips.     A.  nudiflorus  Nutt. 

Low  grounds.  Nova  Scotia  and  Maine  to  Penn. ;  rare.  Aug.,  Sept.  'Zj-. — 
Stein  1 — 3  feet  high,  with  a  few  spreading  branches  at  the  summit,  purplish. 
Leaves  numerous,  about  3  inches  long.  Heads  few,  large,  on  peduncles  2  or  3 
inches  long  ;  rays  numerous,  pale  purple  ;  disk  yellow.  Rasp-leaved  Aster. 

8.  A.  NovcE-Anglia  Linn. :  stem  stout,  hairy,  corymbose  at  the  summit ; 
leaves   narrow-lanceolate,   hairy,   clasping,   auriculate,   crowded    on    the 
branchlets ;  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate-linear,  viscid,  as  long  as  the 
disk. 

Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  Sept. — Nov.  1|.. — Stem  3 — 6  feet  high,  almost 
hispid,  with  spreading  branches.  Heads  large,  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle  ;  rays 
purple  ;  disk  yellow.  A  very  ornamental  species.  New  England  Aster. 

9.  A.  patens  Ait. :  stem  hairy,  paniculate  at  the  summit ;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  cordate,  clasping,    rough,  entire ;    those  of  the  divaricate  slender 
branches  very  small ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  linear-lanceolate, 
somewhat  rough,  spreading.     A.  ampkxicaulis  Mich. 

Moist  grounds.  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  Aug.— Nov.  7[.— Stem  1—3 
feet  high,  slender,  rough,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  of  the  branches 
small  and  bract-like.  Heads  middle-sized,  subsolitary  on  the  slender  branches  ; 
rays  purplish-blue.  Spreading  Aster. 

10.  A.  phlogifolius  Muhl. :  stem  very  simple,  pubescent,  paniculate  above ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  narrower  below  the  middle,  auriculate  and 
clasping  at  base,  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  pubescent  beneath ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  loose,  imbricate,  lanceolate.     A.  patens,\a.r.  phlogifolius  Nees. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug — Oct.  fl\-. — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves 
larger  than  in  the  preceding,  auriculate-cordate  and  a  little  dilated  at  base. 
Heads  few  ;  rays  purplish.  Phlox-leaved  Aster. 

***  Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  membranaceous  on  the  margin. 
Bristles  of  the  pappus  soft,  capillary,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle  alveolate- 
toothed.  Achenia.  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent.  GENUINI  Nees. 


164  COMPOSITE. 

f  Leaves  of  different  forms. 

11.  A.  cordifolius  Linn.:  stem  often  flexuous,  hairy,  racemose,  panicu- 
late at  the  summit ;  lower  leaves  petiolate,  cordate,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, hairy  beneath ;  upper  becoming  gradually  smaller ;  heads  in  divari- 
cate panicles;  scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbricate.     A.  paniculate 
Ait.     A.  heterophyllus  WiUd. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug.— Oct.  %..— Stem.  2 — 4  feet  high,  often  hairy 
or  roughish  above.  Leaves  varying  from  broad-  to  narrow-ovate,  the  upper 
small.  Heads  small,  crowded  on  the  spreading  branches ;  rays  pale  purple  or 
whitish ;  disk  yellowish,  changing  to  purple.  Heart-leaved  Aster. 

12.  A.  sagittifolius    Willd. :   stem  smooth,  racemose-compound  above ; 
leaves    ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  ciliate;  lower  cordate-sagit- 
tate, on  slender  narrowly  winged  petioles,  serrate ;  upper  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  each  end,  sessile  and  usually  entire ;  heads  in  dense  com- 
pound racemes,  on  short  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbri- 
cate, linear-subulate.     A.  paniculatus  MuJd.  not  of  Ait. 

Dry  woods.  Yates  county,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwell.  S.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss. 
Aug. — Oct.  QJ-. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  with  numerous  erect  and  rigid  branches 
above.  Heads  small,  in  crowded  racemes  ;  rays  pale  purple  ;  disk  yellow. 

Arrow-leaved  Aster. 

13.  A.  undulatus  Linn. :  stem  grayish-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rough  above,  somewhat  woolly -pubescent  beneath,  acute,  the 
margins  undulate  or  crenate- serrate ;  lower  cordate  and  on  slightly  mar- 
gined and  often  dilated  petioles ;  uppermost  smaller,  cordate,  clasping ;  scales 
closely  imbricate.     A.  diversifolius  Mich. 

Dry  woods.  Nearly  throughout  the  U.  S.  Torr.  $  Gr.  Sept.,  Oct.  rl\..— 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  pyramidally  branched  at  the  summit.  Heads  middle  sized, 
the  branches  and  pedicels  pubescent ;  rays  violet-blue ;  disk  yellow,  at  length 
purple.  Wave-leaved  Aster. 

j-f  Leaves  all  nearly  of  a  similar  form. 

14.  A.  prenanthoides  Muhl. :  stem  and  branches  hairy  in  lines,  corym- 
bose-paniculate at  the  summit ;  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  or  oval-lanceo- 
late, incisely  serrate  in  the  middle,  acuminate,  cordate  or  auriculate-clasp- 
ing   at  base,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
squarrose-spreading  at  the  apex. 

Moist  woods.  Western  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Ken.  Sept.,  Oct.  7|_. — Stem 
1 — 4  feet  high,  sparingly  branched.  Heads  above  middle  size,  rather  few.  clus- 
tered towards  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  rays  violet  or  lilac,  sometimes  nearly 
white.  Prenanthes-like  Aster. 

15.  A.  puniccus  Linn.  :  stem  hispid,  paniculate  above ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  clasping-auriculate  at  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate  in  the 
middle,  scabrous  above,  smoothish  beneath  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loosely 
imbricate,  linear-subulate,  nearly  equal. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Sept.— Nov.  %..—Stem  3—6  feet  high,  hispid 
with  strong  prickly  hairs,  mostly  purple.  Leaves  often  rough  on  both  sides  and 
sparingly  serrate.  Heads  above  the  middle  size,  on  nearly  naked  pedicels  ;  rays 
violet  purple,  sometimes  pale.  Red-stalked  Aster. 

16.  A.  astivus  Ait. :  stem  branching  from  near  the  base,  erect,  hispid ; 
branches  lax,  hairy,  with  a  head  at  the  extremity  of  each  :  leaves  lanceo- 


COMPOSITE.  165 

late,  ciliate,  subclasping;  radical,  appressed-serrate  ;  cauline  entire  ;  involu- 
cre narrow,  obconic ;  inner  scales  subulate. 

Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Pursh.  July— Sept.  7J..—  Stem  2  feet  higlu 
Heads  middle-sized ;  rays  blue.  A  doubtful  species.  Summer  Aster. 

17.  A.  Novi-Bdgii  Linn. :  stem  terete,  smooth;  often  somewhat  glau- 
cous ;  branches   rigid,   racemose   or  corymbose ;    leaves   lanceolate,   sub- 
clasping,   acute,   scabrous  on  the  margin ;  lower  serrate  in  the  middle ; 
involucre  loosely  imbricate ;  scales  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate.     A.  Novi- 
Belgii  and  floribundus  Willd. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  S.  ?  S.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct.  7J_.— Stem  1—4 
feet  high.  Flowers  middle-sized ;  rays  pale  purple.  "  Glaucous  Aster. 

18.  A.  simplex   Willd. :  stem  smooth,  racemose-decompound ;  branches 
subcorymbose  at  the  summit ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  very  smooth, 
scabrous  on  the  margin;  the  lower  serrate;  involucre  loosely  imbricate, 
the  scales  linear-subulate. 

Margins  of  swamps.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug. — Oct.  1\.. — Stem 
from  2- — 6  feet  high,  pubescent  in  lines.  Leaves  sessile  or  a  little  clasping. 
Heads  middle-sized,  loosely  racemose  or  a  little  crowded  on  the  short  branch- 
lets  ;  rays  pale  purple ;  disk  yellowish,  at  length  purple-brown.  A  very  varia- 
ble species.  Simple  Aster. 

19.  A.  laxiis  Willd. :  stem  smooth,  racemose-compound  or  decompound, 
the  branches  loose  and  subcorymbose  at  the  top,  the  branchlets  elongated  ; 
leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough  on  the  margin ;  the  lower  ser- 
rate ;  those  of  the  branches  linear,  obliquely  spreading  ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre loose,  linear,  reflexed  at  the  tips. 

Sandy  soils.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  Sept.,  Oct.  Ij..— Stem  about  3 — 4  feet  high, 
with  numerous  rigid  branches,  purplish.  Heads  loosely  corymbose ;  rays  very 
numerous,  purplish-blue.  .  Loose  Aster. 

20.  A.  prfsaltus  Pair :  stem  somewhat  hairy,  racemose-paniculate  or  co- 
rymbose at  the  summit ;  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping,  acute,  nearly 
entire,  rough  on  the  margin,  smooth  and  somewhat  shining  above  ;  lower 
narrowed  at  base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loosely  imbricate,  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  often  with  spreading  tips.     A.  salicifolius  Pursh.  ? 

Moist  woods.  N.  H.  to  Penn.  Aug.— Oct.  f2\..— Stem  1—5  or  6  feet  high, 
branched  near  the  summit.  Heads  large  and  showy ;  rays  reddish-blue  ;  disk 
changing  to  purple.  Tall  Aster. 

21.  A.  Tradescanti  Linn. :  stem  smoothish,  racemose-compound ;  branches 
virgate,  the  branchlets  often  unilateral ;  leaves  sessile,  smooth,  with  rough 
margins ;  cauline  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  remotely  and  coarsely  ser- 
rate ;  those  of  the  branches  becoming  smaller,  entire,  spreading  and  mucro- 
nate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  3 — 4  series,  narrow-linear,  acute. 

var.  fragilis  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  cauline  leaves,  except  the  lowermost,  mi- 
nutely appressed,  serrulate  or  entire,  usually  shorter  ;  heads  more  scattered 
on  the  branchlets.  A.  fragilis  Willd.  A.  tenuifolius  Ell.  not  of  Linn. 

Fields  and  dry  swamps.  Mass,  to  Ala.  and  Louis.  Aug. — Oct.  9J-. — Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high,  bushy,  with  numerous  branches,  at  length  widely  spreading. 
Heads  small,  numerous,  on  branchlets  disposed  in  a  racemose  manner;  rays 
pale  purple,  almost  white ;  disk  becoming  purplish.  Tradescant's  Aster.' 

22.  A.  dumosus  Linn. :   stem  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,   racemosely 


166  COMPOSITE. 

compound  or  decompound  ;  the  branches  corymbose  at  their  summits ; 
leaves  linear,  entire,  or  remotely  serrate,  rough  on  the  margin,  sessile  ; 
those  of  the  branches  smaller  and  acute  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate, 
linear-obtuse.  A.  sparsiflorus  Willd.  A.  foliolosus  Ait.  ? 

Moist  soils.  Ver.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  W.  to  Mich.  Aug. — Oct.  rlj-. — Stem 
1 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  decreasing  in  size  to  the  branchlets.  Heads  scattered  ; 
rays  pale  purple  or  nearly  white.  A  very  variable  species.  Bushy  Aster. 

23.  A.  ericoides  Linn. :  stem  smoothish,  racemose-compound ;  branches 
virgate,  branchlets  unilateral ;  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-spatu- 
late,  tapering  into  a  short  margined  petiole,  often  serrate ;  upper  linear- 
lanceolate  and  linear-subulate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  short,   imbricate, 
subulate-spreading,  the  lower  cuspidate.     A.  sparsiflorus  Mich. 

Old  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct.  1\-.— Stem  1—3  feet  high, 
often  so,  much  branched  as  to  resemble  a  small  bush.  Leaves  very  numerous, 
and  somewhat  rigid.  Heads  arranged  unilaterally;  rays  white  or  pale  purple; 
disk  at  length  purplish.  Heath-like  Aster. 

24.  A.  miser  Linn. :  stem  mostly  pubescent  or  hairy,  racemosely  branched 
or  compound;  branches  erect  or  spreading;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  acuminate  or  attenuate  at  each  end,  serrate  in  the  middle ; 
radical  spatulate-lanceolate  or  oval ;  upper  becoming   smaller  and   often 
entire ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear ;  rays  short. 

var.  1.  miserrimus  Torr.fy  Gr.:  leaves  elliptic-  or  cuneiform-lanceolate, 
more  or  less  rough ;  flowering  branches  short. 

var.  2.  glomerdlus  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  mostly  cinerous-pubescent  or  rough ; 
heads  glomerate-spicate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  or  on  diverging  branches. 
A.  diffusus  Muhl. 

var.  3.  diffusus  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  branches  diffuse,  mostly  elongated,  diver- 
gent recurved-spreading  or  divaricate.  A.  diffusus,  divergens,  pendulu* 
and  parriflorus  Nees. 

var.  4.  hirsuticaulis  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  elongated, 
more  or  less  hairy ;  heads  racemose  or  spicate,  on  short  diverging  branchlets. 
A.  hirsuticaulis  Linn. 

Old  fields.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug. — Nov.  %-. — A  very  varia- 
ble species,  the  exact  limits  of  which  are  not  yet  perhaps  accurately  fixed.  I  fol- 
low Torrey  and  Gray,  although  it  will  probably  be  found  that  the  characters 
which  they  have  given  to  their  several  varieties  are  not  in  all  cases  constant. 
The  heads  are  usually  numerous,  but  quite  small,  with  the  rays  often  inconspicu- 
ous white  or  Very  pale  purple  ;  disk  purplish.  Pappus  dirty  white.  It  usually 
has  the  appearance  of  a  stunted  plant ;  varies  in  height  from  8  or  10  inches  to 
3  or  4  feet,  erect  or  diffuse,  at  first  nearly  simple,  but  at  length  much  branched. 

Starved  Aster. 

25.  A.  concolor  Linn. :  stem  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  virgate ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  entire,  minutely  silky  on  both  sides  ;  heads 
in  a  simple  or  compound  virgate  raceme ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate, 
lanceolate,  acute. 

Dry  sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.— Nov.  1\..— Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
sparingly  branched.  Leaves  at  length  nearly  smooth.  Heads  on  short  bracteate 
peduncles,  middle-sized ;  rays  bluish-violet.  It  has  somewhat  the  habit  of  a 
Liatris,  and  is  one  of  our  most  showy  species.  Racemed  Violet  Aster. 

26.  A.  muUiJloris  Ait. :  stein  grayish-pubescent,  diffusely  racemose-com- 
pound ;  leaves  crowded,  linear,  entire,  serrulate-scabrous  on  the  margin, 


COMPOSITE.  167 

somewhat  3-nerved  ;  those  of  the  branchlets  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  loosely  imbricate,  subspatulate,  ciliate,  with  the  mucronate 
tips  spreading  or  recurved.  A.  multiflorus  and  ciliatus  Willd. 

Dry  fields.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Sept.,  Oct.  [2|—  Stem 
about  2  feet  high,  much  branched,  usually  covered  with  a  dense  white  pubes- 
cence. Heads  'small,  in  crowded  terminal  racemes,  on  horizontal  branches ; 
rays  white  or  slightly  purplish  ;  disk  purplish  when  old. 

Many-lowered  Aster. 

27.  A.  lenuifolius  Linn. :  stem  smooth,  racemose-decompound ;  branches 
virgate ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  mostly  elongated,  attenuate-acuminate, 
rough  on  the  margin ;  lower  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  those  of  the  branches 
smaller,  entire,  spreading;  involucre  ovate-hemispheric;  scales  imbricate, 
linear-oblong,  acute,  spreading    at  the  tips.     A.  polyphyllus  and  bellidi- 
Jlarus  Willd. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Nov.  1|~ — Stem  2 — 5  feet  high,  mostly 
stout.  Leaves  variable.  Heads  middle-sized;  rays  numerous,  pale  purple  or 
while ;  disk  sometimes  becoming  purplish.  Slender-leaved  Aster. 

28.  A.  carneus  Nces. :  smooth  or  with  the  branches  somewhat  pubescent 
in  lines ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  mucronate-acuminate,  roughish  above, 
with  serrulate-scabrous  margins;  lower  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base; 
upper  subclasping ;  heads  racemose  ;  scales  of  the  obovate  involucre  closely 
imbricate,  unequal,  acute. 

Moist  soils.  Mass,  to  Louis.  W.  to  Miss.  Sept.,  Oct.  ^.—Resembles  the 
preceding  in  its  foliage,  but  has  the  heads  usually  larger,  the  rays  longer,  broader 
and  more  showy,  flesh-colored  or  nearly  white.  A  variable  species. 

Flesh-colored  Aster. 

29.  A.  cocciiius  Willd.:  stem  smooth,  loosely  subcorymbose ;  branches 
virgate,  dichotomously  paniculate ;  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping ; 
lower  remotely  serrate  ;  those  of  the  branchlets  oblong,  entire  ;  scales  of  the. 
closely  imbricate  involucre  with  a  white  margin. 

Fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Pursh.  S.  to  Flor.  Sept.— Nov.  '2|.— 
Stem  2  feet  high.  Heads  middle-sized  ;  rays  bluish-purple.  The  leaves  are  saic 
by  Pursh  to  resemble  those  of  Phlox  maculata.  It  may  belong  to  the  next. 

Neat  Aster. 

30.  A.  lavis  Willd. :  smooth   and  more  or  less  glaucous ;  stem  loosely 
paniculate  or  somewhat  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  leaves  lanceolate,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  coriaceous,  very  smooth,  with  rough  or  sparingly  ser- 
rate margins ;  lower  narrowed  towards  the  base  or  tapering  into  a  mar- 
gined petiole  ;   upper  clasping  and  usually  auriculate  or  cordate  at  base ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbricate,  rigid,  lanceolate  or  broad-linear, 
with  acute  or  acuminate  tips.     A.  lavis,  l&vigatus  and  mutabilis   D.  C. 
A.  amplezicautis  Willd.     A.  rubicaulis  Lam.  (according  to  Torr.  fy  Gr.~) 

var.  cyaneus  Torr.  cf-  Gr. :  more  glaucous ;  upper  leaves  cordate-clasp- 
ing, oblong-lanceolate  ;  scales  more  numerous.  A.  cyaneus  Ho/.  Pursh. 

Woods  and  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug.— Oct.  QL— Stem  2—4 
feet  high,  more  or  less  branched  at  the  summit,  often  dark  purple.  Heads  mid- 
dle-sized ;  rays  bright  violet-blue  ;  disk  yellow.  A  handsome  species,  but  very 
variable.  It  may  be  recognized  by  its  very  smooth  stem  and  shining  leaves. 

Smooth  Blue  Aster. 

31.  A.  versicol&r  Willd. :  stem  smooth,  paniculate-compound ;  branches 
densely  corymbose ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  very  smooth,  of 


168  COMPOSITE. 

the  same  color  on  both  sides;  lower  serrate  in  the  middle;  upper  clasping, 
entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  lanceolate. 

Fields  and  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  '7J..— Stem,  2  feet  high.  Heads 
large  and  very  numerous,  clustered  towards  the  summits  of  the  branches ;  rays 
white,  changing  to  a  deep  violet ;  disk  yellow.  Pursh.  A  doubtful  species. 

Various-colored  Aster. 

32.  A.  Greenii  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  stem  very  smooth,  racemosely  branched  or 
compound  ;  leaves  nearly  all  remotely  appressed-serrulate,  smooth,  acute  or 
acuminate,  rough  above ;  cauline  narrowly  lanceolate,  elongated,  slightly 
clasping  (not  dilated)  at  the  base,  spreading ;  heads  simply  racemose  on  the 
leafy  branches,  on  short  bracteate  peduncles ;  scales  of  the  campanulate 
involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rather  closely  imbricate. 

Fields.  Boston,  Mass.  Dr.  Greene.  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  Tuckerman. — 
Heads  racemose  or  crowded  on  the  slender  branches ;  rays  rather  short,  pur- 
plish ;  disk  turning  to  reddish-purple.  Greene's  Aster. 

33.  A.  elodes   Torr.  fy   Gr. :  very  smooth ;    stem  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  slender ;  leaves  varying  from  lanceolate  to  linear,  somewhat  co- 
riaceous, narrowed  at  each  end,  nearly  entire  or  serrulate,  shining ;  upper 
somewhat  clasping  by  a  narrow  base  ;  scales  of  the  hemispheric  involucre 
spatulate-linear,  acute,  mucronulate,  with  recurved-spreading  herbacepus 
tips.     A.  paludosus  Nutt. 

Swamps  in  pines.  Mass,  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  %.. — Stem  1 — 2$  feet  high, 
flexuous,  simple,  with  a  few  flowers  in  a  paniculate  raceme  at  the  summit,  or 
somewhat  oompoundly  branched  above  with  the  flowers  more  numerous. 
Heads  large,  seldom  numerous,  solitary  on  the  shortish  branchlets  ;  rays  large, 
deep  blue  or  violet ;  disk  yellow,  sometimes  turning  purplish.  (Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.) 

Blue  Smooth  Marsh  Aster. 

****  Scales  of  the  regularly  imbricate  involucre  with  membranaceous  m 
scari&us  margins,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate,  Jlat. 
Bristles  of  the  pappus  capillary,  mostly  unequal.  ORTHOMERIS  Torr.  $*  Gr. 

34.  A.  acuminatus  Mich. :  stem  simple,  flexuous,  pubescent,  or  hairy, 
loosely  and  paniculately  corymbose   at  the  summit;    peduncles  slender, 
naked  ;  leaves  broad  cuneiform-lanceolate,  membranaceous,  conspicuously 
acuminate,  unequally  serrate  above,  tapering  and  entire  towards  the  base, 
smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loosely  imbri- 
cate, linear,  acuminate. 

In  woods,  and  on  mountains.  Can.  to  Virg.  Aug. — Oct.  1\.. — Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  stout.  Heads  usually  few,  middle-sized ;  rays  white,  sometimes 
tinged  with  purple.  Acuminate-leaved  Aster. 

35.  A.  ptarmicoides   Torr.  <$•   Gr. :  stem  simple,   rough   above ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  acute,  somewhat  shining,  very  rough  on  the  mar- 
gin;  cauline  entire;  lower  elongated,  often  slightly  and  remotely  toothed, 
tapering  at  base  or  somewhat  petioled ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  scales  of  the 
hemispheric  involucre  closely  imbricate,   rather  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
disk.     Chrysopsis  alba  Nutt,     Diplopappus  albus  Hook.     Hekastrum  album 
D.  C. 

Rocky  banks.  Can.  Ver.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  Fort  Mandan.  July— Serit.  Tj,— 
Stems  6 — 18  inches  high,  slender,  usually  several  from  one  root.  Heads  rather 
small,  in  a  fastigiate  corymb;  rays  white.  From  Dr.  Torrey's  figure  in  his 


COMPOSITE.  169 

New  York  Flora,  this  plant  appears  to  be  a  true  Aster.     It  has  been  referred  to 
several  different  genera.  Ptarmicoid  Aster. 

*****  Scales  of  the  involucre  membranaeeous  or  with  membranaceous  mar- 
gins, destitute  of  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  somewhat  alveolate.  Bristles 
of  the  pappus  capillary,  nearly  equal.  Leaves  thickish  or  succulent.  Ox- 
VTRJ  FOLIUM  D.  C. 

36.  A.flexuosus  Nutt. :  stem  very  smooth,  flexuous,  sparingly  branched  ; 
branches  mostly  terminated  by  large  solitary  heads  ;  cauline  leaves  linear ; 
lower  lanceolate-linear,  fleshy,  acute,  tapering  to  the  base ;  those  of  the 
branchlets  subulate ;  scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  lanceolate-acu- 
minate.    A.  sparsijlorus  Pursh.     Tripolium  flexv,osum  D.  C. 

Salt  marshes.  Mass,  to  Flor.-  Sept.— Nov.  %.— Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
usually  with  a  few  spreading  branches  at  the  summit.  Heads  1 — 2  on  the 
branchlets,  large  ;  rays  pale  purple  ;  disk  yellow. 

Perennial  Salt-marsh  Aster. 

37.  A,  linifolius  Linn. :  very  smooth ;  stem  erect,  racemosely  branched 
from  the  base  ;  branches  erect,  spreading  ;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acumi- 
nate, narrowed  at  base ;  scales  of  the  cylindric  involucre  linear-subulate; 
rays  scarcely  longer  than  the  pappus.     A.  subulatus  Mich.     Tripolium 
sub'ulatum  D.  C. 

Salt  marshes.  Mass,  to  Car.  Sept. — Nov.  (J). — Stem  about  2  feet  high, 
slriate- angular,  with  numerous  spreading  branches.  Heads  very  small,  in  a 
loose  terminal  panicle ;  rays  short,  pale  purple  or  nearly  white. 

Annual  Salt-marsh  Aster. 

12.  GALATELLA.  Cass.— Galatella. 

(Origin  unknown.) 

Heads  radiate;  rays  in  one  series,  neutral  or  bearing  an 
abortive  style;  disk-florets  tubular,  fertile.  Involucre  with 
the  imbricate  scales  shorter  than  the  disk ;  outer  scales  often 
3 -nerved.  Receptacle  alveolate  ;  the  alveolar  margins  toothed. 
Achdiia  densely  hirsute  or  silky -villous.  Pappus  consisting  of 
numerous  scabrous  filiform  bristles. 

1.  G.  linifolia  Nees. :  stem  erect,  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  leaves  linear, 
entire,  punctate,  roughish,  1-nerved ;  branchlets  with  a  single  head,  and 
having  the  leaves  linear-subulate  and  becoming  smaller ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre lanceolate,  acute,  the  margins  somewhat  membranaceous;  rays  not 
exceeding  the  disk.     Chrysopsis  linifolia  Nutt. 

Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Sept.,  Oct.  n4—  Stem  12—18  inches  high, 
terete.  Heads  rather  large ;  rays  few,  white  or  pale  purple.  Perhaps  not  dis- 
tinct from  the  next.  Flax-leaved  Galatella. 

2.  G.  hyssopifolia  Nees.:  stem  erect,   corymbose   at  the  summit;   the 
branches  spreading ;  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acute,  entire,  rough,  3-nerved, 
punctate ;  those  of  the  branchlets  linear-subulate ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
acutish ;  rays  elongated.     Aster  hyssopifolius  Linn. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  ^.—Stem  1—2  feet  high,  smooth. 
Heads  in  small  terminal  fastieiate  corymbs  :  rays  5—10,  white  or  pale  purple. 

Hyssop-leaved  GalateOa. 

8         ' 


170  COMPOSITE. 

3.  G.  nemoralis  Nees. :  stem  pubescent,  rough,  corymbose  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  lanceolate-linear,  entire,  without  nerves  or  punctures,  scabrous  and 
somewhat  revolute  on  the  margin ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  in 
tew  series,  much  shorter  than  the  disk  ;  rays  elongated.  A.  nemoralis  Ait. 
A.  kilifolius  Pursh. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  Mass,  and  N.  J.  Sept.,  Oct.  ^. — Stem  simple, 
12 — 18  inches  high,  fragile  and  thickly  set  with  leaves  which  are  sometimes 
minutely  bidentate.  Heads  large ;  rays  pale  violet.  The  stem  is  sometimes 
simple  and  1-flowered.  (G.  nemoralis,  /?.  monocephalus  D.  C.  Aster  uniftorus 
Mich.)  Wood  GalateUa. 

13.  SERICOCARPUS.  Nees.— Sericocarpus. 

(From  the  Greek  <njf»«o; ,  silky,  and  /capu-oj,  fruit ;  the  achenia  being  very  silky.) 
Heads  12 — 15-flowered  ;  the  ray  flowers  about  5  ;  those  of 
the  disk  tubular,  fertile.  Involucre  imbricate,  ovate  or  oblong ; 
the  scales  in  several  series,  broad  at  the  base,  cartilaginous, 
nerveless,  the  upper  part  herbaceous  and  often  spreading.  Re- 
ceptacle small,  alveolate ;  the  alveoli  toothed  or  lacerate-ciliate. 
Achenia  obpyramidal,  short,  densely  strigose-silky.  Pappus 
of  simple,  rigid,  rough  bristles. 

1.  S.  solidagineus  Nees.:  smooth;  stem  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  an- 
gled with  elevated  lines ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  attenuate  at  the 
base,  obtuse,  the  margin  scabrous,  obscurely  3-nerved ;  corymb  fastigiate  ; 
scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  squarrose  at  the  tips ;  rays  elongated. 
Conyza  linifolia  Linn.  Aster  solidaginoides  Willd. 


Heads  few,  somewhat  clustered  in  a  fastigiate  corymb ;  rays  3 — 8,  white,  longer 
than  the  disk.    Pappus  white.  Narrow-leaved  Sericocarpus. 

2.  S.  conyzoides  Nees :  stem  slightly  pubescent,  a  little  angular ;  leaves 
elliptic,  or  oval-lanceolate,  obscurely  3-nerved,  smooth  beneath,  acute  at 
each  end,  ciliate ;  lower  serrate  towards  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  petiole  at 
base ;  involucre  oblong-turbinate,  the  scales  squarrose  at  the  tips ;  rays 
short.  Conyza  asteroides  Linn.  Aster  conyzoides  Willd. 

Woods  and  copses.  Mass,  to  Flor.  July — Sept.  1J.. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
rigid,  but  rather  slender,  Heads  few,  in  small  clusters.  Scales  whitish  at  base, 
green  at  the  tip.  Var.  plantaginifolius  Nees.  (Aster  conyzoides  0  plantaginifolius 
Nutt.),  has  the  radical  leaves  spatulate,  the  heads  somewhat  pedicelled,and  the 
rays  about  as  long  as  the  involucre.  Broad-leaved  Sericocarpus. 

14.  DIPLOPAPPUS.  Cass.— Diplopappus. 
(From  the  Greek  <5t?rAoo? ,  double,  and  natt-tos,  pappus.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray  flowers  in  a  single  series,  pistil- 
late ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Receptacle  flat,  some- 
what alveolate.  Involucre  imbricate.  Achenia  oblong,  com- 


COMPOSITE.  17) 

pressed.     Pappus  double ;  inner  of  long  rough  capillary  bris- 
tles ;  outer  very  short,  subulate. 

1.  D.  linariifolius  Hook.:  stem  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent;  leaves 
linear,  rigid,  spreading  or  recurved,  rough  on  the  margin ;  scales  of  the 
turbinate  involucre  rigid,  1-nerved ;  the  outer  short  and  acute,  inner  usually 
obtuse.    D.  linariifolius  and  rigidus  Lind.  in  D.  C.    Chrysopsis  linariifolia 
Nutt.     Aster  linariifolius  and  rigidus  Linn. 

Hills  and  rocky  places.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  1J-. — Stems  9 — 18  inches 
high,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  or  branched  from  near  the  base.  Leaves 
about  an  inch  long  and  one  or  two  lines  wide.  Heads  middle-sized,  solitary  and 
terminal  on  the  branches,  forming  an  umbellate  corymb ;  rays  pale  violet ;  disk 
yellow.  Narrow-leaved  Diplopappus. 

2.  D.  umbellatus  Torr.  <$•  G?: :  stem  striate,  fastigiate-corymbose  at  the 
summit;   leaves   elongated,   lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate,   tapering   at 
base  usually  into  a  short  petiole,  a  little  rough  on  the  margin ;  scales  of  the 
short  involucre  obtusish,  rather  closely  imbricate.     D.  amygdalinus  and 
umbellatus  Hook.     Diplostephium  umbellatum   D.  C.     Aster  amygdalinus 
Mich.     A.  umbellatus  Ait. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  1|_. — Stem  2 — 5  feet  high,  branched 
at  the  summit.  Leaves  somewhat  rough  above,  smooth  beneath.  Heads  nume- 
rous, in  a  level-topped  corymb  ;  rays  about  12,  white  or  yellowish-white  ;  disk 
yellowish.  Umbetted  Diplopappus. 

3.  D.  cornifolius  Darlingt. :  stem  slender,  somewhat  pubescent,  sparingly 
and  dichotomously  corymbose-paniculate   at  the  summit ;   leaves  elliptic, 
acuminate,  subcuneate  at  base,  subsessile,  entire,  ciliate-hirsute  on  the 
margin,  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-lan- 
ceolate,  rather  obtuse,   ciliate.      Diplostephium  cornifolium  D.  C.    Aster 
humilis  Pursh.     A.  cornifolius  WiUd.    A.  infirmus  Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  1}.. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  often  flexuous, 
smooth  or  sparingly  pubescent.  Heads  usually  few,  on  rather  rigid  peduncles; 
rays  white  or  yellowish ;  disk  yellowish.  Cornus-leaved  Diplopappus. 

4.  D.  paludosus  Lind. :  .stem  slightly  pubescent,  somewhat  corymbose  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  linear,  sessile  or  clasping,  somewhat  concave,  subulate, 
smooth,  rough  on  the  margin ;  scales  of  the  involucre  somewhat  squarrose. 
Heleastrum  paludosum  D.  C.     Aster  palludosus  Ait. 

Borders  of  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Null.  Aug.— Nov.  %..— Stem  1—2  feet 
high,  smooth  nearly  to  the  top.  Heads  3 — 5,  large  and  beautiful ;  rays  nume- 
rous, bright  blue.  Torrey  and  Gray  suggest  that  Aster  paludosus  of  Nuttall  is 
a  form  of  their  A.  elodes ;  if  so,  this  is  probably  not  a  northern  species. 

Marsh  Diplopappus. 
15.  ERIGERON.  Linn.— Fleabane. 

(From  the  Greek  ept,  early,  and  yepor,  an  old  man;  in  allusion  to  the  bald 
heads  of  the  receptacles  after  the  flowers  and  fruit  have  fallen.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  numerous,  very  nar- 
row, usually  in  more  than  one  series,  pistillate;  those  of  the 
disk  tubular,  perfect.  Receptacle  naked,  flat,  punctate  or  scro- 
biculate.  Involucre  imbricate,  with  numerous  linear  scales. 
Pappus  mostly  simple. 


172  COMPOSITE. 

*  Rays  not  exceeding  the  disk. 

1.  E.  Canadense  Linn. :  stem  erect,  hirsute,  profusely  and  paniculately 
branched ;  leaves  lance-linear,  mostly  entire,  ciliate,  lower  sometimes  ser- 
rate ;  heads  small,  very  numerous ;  rays  crowded,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
cylindric  involucre. 

Fields  and  waste  places.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon  and  Texas.  July — Oct. 
(X). — Stem  6  inches  to  nearly  6  feet  high,  depending  upon  the  soil,  mostly  very 
hairy.  Heads  loosely  racemose  on  the  branches,  forming  an  oblong  panicle ;  rays 
white,  narrow,  scarcely  longer  than  the  pappus.  When  small  it  constitutes 
E.  pusUlum  of  Nuttall.  Horse-weed. 

**  Rays  longer  than  tlie  disk. 

2.  E.  bellidifolium  Muhl. :  hairy  and  canescent;  radical  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate,  slightly  serrate  or  entire;  cauline  sessile,  scattered,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate ;  heads  few,  large,  corymbose  ;  rays  very  numerous,  linear,  twice  as 
long  as  the  involucre.     E.  pulchelhim  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  1\.. — Stem  12 — 18 
inches  high.  Heads  large,  2 — 5  ;  the  lower  peduncles  elongated,  rather  slender ; 
rays  about  50,  bluish-purple,  sometimes  nearly  white.  Robert's  Plaintain. 

3.  E.  Philadelphicum  Linn. :  stem  pubescent,  weak,  corymbose  at  the 
summit ;  lower  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  sometimes  obtusely  serrate,  or  in- 
cisely  toothed ;  upper  clasping,  usually  entire ;  heads  few,  on  elongated 
pedicels ;  rays  very  numerous,  capillary,  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre. 
E.  purpureum  Ait. 

Woods  and  fields.     Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon  and  California. 


Aug.,  Sept.  2J..  —  Stem  1  —  3  feet  high,  hairy  or  villous  at  base.  Heads  few, 
middle-sized,  in  a  loose  corymb  ;  rays  100  or  more,  very  narrow,  pale  purple  or 
flesh-color.  Philadelphia  Fleabane. 


4.  E.  annuum  Pen.  :  sparsely  hairy  ;  stem  corymbosely  branched  above  ; 
lower  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  toothed,  tapering  into  a  margined  peti- 
ole ;    upper  cauline  lanceolate-acute,  serrate  in  the  middle  ;    uppermost 
usually  entire  ;  rays  very  narrow,  scarcely  twice  the  length  of  the  some- 
what hispid  involucre.     E.  heterophyllum   WiLld.      Slenactis  annua  and 
strigosa  D.  C. 

Fields  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Ken.  June  —  Aug.  (I).  ?  —  Stem 
stout,  2  —  3  feet  high,  angular,  more  or  less  hirsute.  Heads  rather  small  ;  rays 
white  or  tinged  with  purple,  narrow.  A  popular  medicine. 

Annual  Fleabane.     Daisy. 

5.  E.  strigosum  Muhl.  :  stem  slender,  hairy,  corymbose-paniculate  at  the 
summit;  leaves  toothed  or   entire;  lower  spatulate-lanceolate,   3-nerved, 
tapering  to  a  long  narrow  petiole  ;  upper  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  ;  rays 
narrow-linear,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  hispid  involucre.     E.  integrifo- 
lium  Big.     E.  ambiguum  Nutt.     Stenactis  ambigua  D.  C. 

Fields  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  (J)  or  ©.  — 
Stem  1  —  3  feet  high,  angular.  Heads  rather  small,  in  terminal  corymbs  at  the- 
summit  of  the  branches  ;  rays  usually  white,  narrow,  sublinear,  the  tube  hairy. 

Strigose  Fleabane. 

16.  BOLTONIA.  UHerit.—  Boltonia. 
(In  honor  of  James  Bolton,  a  British  naturalist  and  artist.) 

Heads  many  -flowered  ;  ray  flowers  in  one  series,  linear,  pis- 
tillate; those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.     Receptacle  hemi- 


COMPOSITE.  173 

spheric,  alveolate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  as  long  as  the  disk, 
in  two  series,  appressed,  the  margins  membranaceous.  Ache- 
nia  flat-compressed,  smoothish  or  slightly  hispid.  Pappus  con- 
sisting of  many  minute  setose  bristles ;  in  the  disk  florets  2 — 4 
of  them  elongated,  subulate  and  thicker. 

1 .  B.  glastifolia  L'Herit. :  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  glaucous,   the 
lower  serrate ;  heads  on  short  pedicels ;  achenia  ohovate,  broadly  winged ; 
awns  of  the  disk  pappus  many,  unequal,  two  opposite  ones  thick,  elongated 
and  somewhat  rigid. 

Banks  of  streams.     Can.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.    July,  Aug.    %.. Stem  3 7 

feet  high.    Heads  in  a  loose  corymb  ;  rays  purplish  ;  disk  yellow. 

Glaucous  Boltonia. 

2.  D.  asteroides  L'Herit. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely 
serrate ;  heads  on  long  pedicels,  loosely  corymbose  ;  achenia  oval,  smooth ; 
pappus  very  short,  similar  in  the  disk  and  ray,  deciduous.     Chrysanthemum 
Carolinianum  Walt. 

Swamps.  Penn.  to  Flor. ;  rare.  Aug.  1\_.—Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Rays 
pale  purple.  Aster-like  Boltonia. 

17-  CHRYSOPSIS.  Nutt.— Chrysopsis. 

(From  the  Greek  xPvcro*>  gold,  and  oi//<f,  appearance;  in  allusion  to  the  yel- 
low color  of  the  flowers.) 

Heads  many-flowered;  ray  flowers  in  one  series,  ligulate, 
pistillate  ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Receptacle  flat, 
subalveolate.  Involucre  imbricate;  the  scales  linear,  acumi- 
nate. Achenia  obovate,  compressed.  Pappus  double;  the 
outer  short  and  chaffy ;  the  inner  elongated,  hairy  and  sca- 
brous. 

1.  C.  graminifolia  Nutt. :  silky ;  stem  leafy  towards  the  summit;  leaves 
grass-like,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acuminate,  erect,  acute,  entire,  nerved ;  co- 
rymb compound ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear  and  lanceolate-subulate, 
subpubescent  and  glandular  on  the  back.     Inula  graminifolia,  Mich. 

Sandy  woods.  Del.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  Aug. — Oct.  rH. — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high,  and  with  the  leaves  covered  with  a  silky  pubescence.  Leaves  long,  linear 
or  lanceolate-linear.  Heads  numerous,  corymbed  ;  rays  yellow.  Closely  allied 
to  C.  argent ea  Ell,,  but  the  leaves  are  conspicuously  nerved,  the  corymbs  gene- 
rally more  compact  and  the  heads  more  numerous.  Grass-leaved  Chrysopsis 

2.  C.  Mariana  Nutt. :  villous  with  long  and  somewhat  deciduous  hairs ; 
leaves  sessile,  elliptic-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  remotely  denticulate;  lower 
spatulate-lanceolate,  attenuated  to  a  petiole  at  base ;  corymb  mostly  sim- 
ple ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  and  with  the  peduncles  glandular- 
viscid.     Inula  Mariana  Linn. 

Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  ^.—Stem  1—3  feet  high,  mostly 
simple,  leafy,  sparingly  clothed  with  long  hairs.  Heads  rather  large,  few,  in  a 
terminal  somewhat  umbellate  corymb  ;  rays  14 — 18,  spatulate-linear,  yellow ; 
disk  yellow.  Maryland  Chrysopsis. 

3.  C.falcata  EU. :  woolly  and  villous;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  very  acute, 


174  COMPOSITE. 

3-nerved,  subfalcate  and  spreading,  hairy  beneath  ;  peduncles  few,  in  ax- 
illary corymbs  and  with  the  involucre  villous.  C.  Mariana,  var.  Nutt. 
Inula  falcata  Pursh. 

Sandy  fields.  Mass.  Conn.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Sept.,  Oct.  %.—Stem  6—12 
inches  high,  leafy.  Heads  in  a  simple  or  compound  corymb,  small,  bright  yel- 
low ;  rays  about  12,  oblong.  Falcate  Chrvsopsis. 

18.  BIGELOWIA.  D.  C.— Bigelowia. 

(In  honor  of  Dr.  J.  Bigelow,  of  Boston,  author  of  the  Flor.  Bostoniensis.) 

Heads  3 — 5 -flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect. 
Receptacle  narrow,  pointed  by  a  hyaline  or  scale-like  cusp  as 
long  as  the  achenia.  Involucre  clavate-cylindric,  imbricate; 
the  scales  linear,  appressed  and  somewhat  glutinous.  Achenia 
somewhat  obconic,  hairy.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  rough 
capillary  bristles. 

B.  virgata  D.  C.:  herbaceous,  smooth ;  stem  virgately  branched ; 
branches  corymbiferous,  fastigiate ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  nerveless ;  heads 
oblong,  3 — 4-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  glutinous  and  appressed. 
13.  nudata,va.r.  virgata  Torr.  <$•  Gr.  Chrijsocoma  virgata  Nutt. 

Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug. — Oct.  1\.. — Stem  about  18  inches  high  and 
branched  nearly  from  the  base.  Leaves  short  and  narrow,  scattered,  smooth 
and  thickish  ;  the  radical  ones  broader  and  longer.  Florets  bright  yellow.  Re- 
sembles Solidago  lenuifolia  Pursh.  Virgate  Bigeknuia. 

19.  SOLIDAGO.  Linn.— Golden-Rod. 

(From  the  Latin  solidari,  to  unite;  on  account  of  its  reputed  healing  qualities.) 
Heads  usually  small,  few-  or  many-flowered ;  ray  flowers  few, 
or  sometimes  wanting ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Re- 
ceptacle narrow,  naked  or  alveolate.  Involucre  oblong;  the 
scales  imbricate,  appressed.  Achenia  many-ribbed,  somewhat 
terete.  Pappus  in  a  single  series,  pilose,  scabrous. — Flowers 
yellow  (except  in  S.  bicolor.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  free.  Rays  ligulate,  fewer  than  the 
disk  flowers.  Receptacle  naked  or  alveolate,  not  Jimbrillate.  Racemes  pan- 
iculate or  simple,  not  corymbose.  VIRGAUREA  Tourn. 

f  Racemes  secund,  someiuhat  recurved. 
1.  Leaves  3-nerved. 

1.  S.  CanadensisLinn..  stem  villous;  leaves  lanceolate-serrate,  3-nerved, 
scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund,  recurved ; 
heads  small ;  rays  short. 

Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  W.  to  Oregon.  Aug., 
Sept.  %. — Stem  2 — 5  feet  high,  very  villous.  Leaves  large,  always  scabrous  on 
the  upper  side.  Heads  very  small ;  rays  7 — 8.  Of  this  very  variable  species, 
<S.  procera  Ait.  S.  scabra  Willd.,  are  probably  nothing  more  than  varieties. 
<S.  reflexa  Ait.  and  S.  laterijlora  Linn.,  are  also  allied  to  it;  but  according  to 


COMPOSITE.  175 

Torrey  and  Gray,  they  are  only  known  as  cultivated  plants  and  their  characters 
are  very  obscure.  Canadian  Golden-rod. 

2.  £  serotina  Ait. :  stem  very  smooth  and  often  glaucous ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  3-nerved,  very  smooth  except  the  veins 
beneath,  margin  and  upper  surface  rough ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund ; 
peduncles  slender,  pubescent ;  rays  numerous,  short. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  Nearly  throughout  the  U.  S.  W.  to  Oregon.  Sept.,  Oct. 
1\- — Stem  4 — 3  feet  high,  terete,  sometimes  purplish.  Heads  middle-sized ; 
rays  9 — 12.  Distinguished  from  <S.  Canadensis  by  its  smooth  stem,  and  from 
•S".  irigantea  by  its  rough  leaves.  Late-flowering  Golden-rod. 

3.  (S1.  arguta  Ait :  smooth  ;  stem  strict ;  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves 
large,  elliptic-  or  lanceolate-oval,  obscurely  3-nerved,  sharply  serrate,  acu- 
minate, tapering  into  winged  and  somewhat  ciliate  petioles ;   the  others 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  sessile,  sparingly  serrate  or  entire;  racemes 
dense,  at  length  elongated  and  recurved,  forming  a  corymbose  panicle ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  rather  obtuse,  much  appressed.     S.  dliaris 

Wiild.    S.  juncea  Ait. 

Woods  and  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  W.  to  Miss. 
Aug.,  Sept.  1\. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  terete,  sometimes  purple.  Heads  small, 
very  numerous,  arranged  in  a  long  racemose  corymbose  panicle  which  is  at 
length  spreading.  According  to  Torrey  and  Gray,  S.  juncea  Ait.  is  a  variety 
with  narrower  leaves.  Sharp-toothed  Golden-rod. 

4.  S.  gigantea  Ait. :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  lan- 
ceolate, attenuate  at  both  ends,  serrate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  3-nerved ; 
racemes  paniculate,  secund,  spreading ;  peduncles  hirsute ;   rays  a  little 
longer  than  the  disk. 

Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Ala.  W.  to  Oregon.  Aug.,  Sept.  QJ. — Stem  4 — 1 
feet  high,  purplish,  and  with  the  leaves  quite  smooth.  Heads  rather  large. 

Tall  Smooth  Golden-rod. 

2.  Leaves  veined. 

5.  S.  I'nwidcs  Soland:  smooth;    stem  simple;  leaves  lanceolate,  finely 
appressed-serrate,  with  scabrous  margins ;  radical  and  lower  cauline  acute 
or  acuminate  at  both  ends  on  slender  ciliate  petioles  ;  upper  oblong,  some- 
times entire  ;  panicle  small,  turned  to  one  side ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ob- 
long-linear, obtuse  (  Torr  <f-  Gr.} 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Mass,  and  N.  J.  Sept.,  Oct.  %.. — Stem  12 — 20  inches 
high,  slender.  Heads  small ;  rays  1 — 3,  short ;  the  disk  flowers  4—5. 

Flax-like  Golden-rod. 

6.  S.  altissima  Linn. :  stem  erect,  hispid  with  rough  hair ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  very 
scabrous,  rugose- veined ;  racemes  paniculate,  spreading  or  recurved;  rays 
7 — 10.      S.  aUissima,   aspera,  riigosa  and  vittosa  Pursh.   (according  to 
Torr.  fy  Gr.~) 

Fields  and  woods.     Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.     Aug.,  Sept.    1\..— Stem 

3 7  ieet,  high,  robust  and  hairy,  often  purplish.     Leaves  sometimes  thin  and 

nearly  smooth  above,  softly  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  (S.  villosa  ;)  or  reticu- 
lated and  very  rugose,  (S.  rugosa.)    Heads  rather  small. 

Tall  Rough  Golden-rod. 

7.  S.  Muhknbergii    Torr.  <f-  Gr. :  stem  smooth,  angled ;   leaves  large 
and  thin,  very  smooth  on  both  sides,  sharply  serrate ;  radical  on  winged 


176  COMPOSITE. 

••    ft      • 

petioles ;  cauline  elliptic-lanceolate,  strongly  acuminate,  tapering  at  base ; 
uppermost  somewhat  entire ;  racemes  pubescent,  disposed  in  an  elongated 
open  panicle.  S.  arguta  Muhl.  not  of  Ait. 

Low  grounds.  Mass,  to  Penn.  Aug.,  Sept.  1]-.— Stem  2—3  feet  high,  simple 
or  virgately  branched.  Heads  rather  large,  on  short  racemes,  forming  a  some- 
what slender  panicle ;  rays  5 — 7,  spatulate-oblong,  large. 

Muhleriberg's  Golden-rod. 

8.  S.  nemoralis  Ait :  stem  tomentose,  simple  or  branched  above ;  radical 
leaves  somewhat  cuneate,  crenate-serrate,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole ; 
cauline  oblanceolate,  nearly  entire,  roughish-pubescent;  racemes  secund  > 
paniculate.    >S".  hispida  Muhl. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U,  S.  Aug.— Oct.  %.— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  often  much  branched  at  the  summit.  Heads  middle-sized,  in  a  small 
and  somewhat  corymbose  panicle;  rays  spatulate-oblong,  rather  short.  The 
whole  plant  has  a  grayish  or  pulverulent  appearance. 

Woolly-stalked  Golden-rod. 

9.  S.  puberula  Nutt. :  minutely  puberulent ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire,  attenuated  at  each  end ;  radical  subserrate ;  racemes  spiked, 
axillary,  erect,  spreading,  forming  an  elongated  panicle ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre  linear,  subulate,  appressed;  rays  about  10,  elongated. 

Sandy  woods.  Maine  to  Geor.  VJ.. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  often  purplish. 
Racemes  shorter  than  the  lower  leaves,  collected  into  a  leafy  spike  :  rays  bright 
yellow.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  differs  in  its  leaves  and  flowers. 

Puberuknt  Golden-rod. 

10.  S.  patida  Muhl. :  stem  erect,  striate,  smooth ;  leaves  elliptic,  serrate, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above ;  the  radical  oblong-spatulate ;  racemes  secund, 
paniculate,  spreading ;  peduncles  pubescent. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  7J..— , Stem  2—4  feet 
high,  somewhat  angular,  often  purple,  branched  at  the  top.  Leaves  large. 
Heads  rather  large.  Panicle  sometimes  contracted.  Rays  6 — 7,  oblong. 

Spreading  Golden-rod. 

11.  S1.  neglccta  Torr.  cf-  Gr. :  stem  smooth,  striate;  leaves  mostly  thick- 
ish,  smooth  ;  lower  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,   mostly  acute   at 
each  end,  finely  serrate,  upper  entire  ;  racemes  short,  dense,  secund,  some- 
what spreading,  forming  an  elongated  leafy  panicle ;  peduncles  smoothish. 

Swamps.  Mass.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ind.  Aug.,  Sept.  Ij..— Stem  3—6  feet 
high,  stout.  Heads  middle-sized,  in  racemes  which  are  at  length  spreading ; 
rays  4 — 5,  rather  large.  Neglected  Golden-rod. 

12.  S.  ulmifolia  W'dld. :  stem  erect,  smooth,  striate ;  leaves  elliptic-lan- 
ceolate, deeply  serrate,  acuminate,  tapering  at  base,  villous  beneath ;  radi- 
cal obovate ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund  ;  peduncles  villous ;  rays  short. 

Shady  woods.  N.  S.  Aug. — Oct.  %.. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  often  with  long 
slender  branches  at  the  summit.  Heads  in  racemes  which  are  often  slender  and 
usually  recurved ;  rays  about  4,  small.  The  name  is  inappropriate. 

Elm-leaved  Golden-rod. 

13.  >S".  ettiplica  Ait. :  stem  erect,  glabrous ;  leaves  elliptic,  smooth,  serrate ; 
racemes  paniculate,  secund ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  minutely  pubescent ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  narrow,  acute  ;  achenia  strigose-pubescent.     (Torr 


COMPOSITE.  177 

Shady  woods.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  ? — Stem  about  7  feet  high.  Leaves  large. 
Rays  middle-sized.  An  obscure  species.  Elliptic-leaved  Golden-rod. 

14.  S.  recurvala  Willd. :  stem  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  nerves 
beneath ;  racemes  elongated,  secund,  panicled. 

Shady  woods.  Perm,  and  Virg.  Sept.— Nov.  %  —Pursh.  Still  doubtful 
as  a  native  species.  Recurved  Golden-rod. 

15.  S.  sempervirens  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
fleshy,  smooth,  very  entire,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  the  radical  oval,  ta- 
pering into  a  long  petiole  ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund ;  peduncles  pubes- 
cent.    (S.  IfEvigata  and  viminea  Ait.     S.  limonifolia  Torr.  Comp. 

Salt  marshes.  Can.  to  Car.  Sept.— Nov.  1J..— Stem  3—6  feet  high,  smooth 
and  striate.  Petioles  6 — 12  inches  long.  Heads  rather  large ;  rays  8 — 10,  linear- 
oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  disk.  Sou-marsh  Golden-rod. 

16.  S.  odora  Ait. :  stem  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
smooth,  pellucid-punctate,  scabrous  on  the  margin;  racemes  paniculate, 
secund. 

Fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug. — Oct.  Tj.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  with 
lines  of  pubescence  from  the  base  of  the  leaves.  Heads  middle-sized,  in  secund 
racemes,  forming  a  terminal  pyramidal  panicle  ;  rays  3 — 4,  oblong,  large.  The 
flowers  when  dried,  form  an  excellent  substitute  for  tea,  and  have  been  ex- 
ported to  China.  Pursh.  The  leaves  yield  by  di&tillalion,  a  fragrant  volatile 
oil.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  187.  Sweet-scented  Golden-rod. 

17.  5".  pilosa  Walt. :  stem  hirsute,  strict,  very  leafy ;  leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, serrulate,  slightly  scabrous,  often  pubescent  beneath  ;  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  closely  sessile,  mostly  entire ;  racemes  recurved, secund, 
in  a  dense  pyramidal  panicle.     &  pyramidata  Pursh. 

Damp  soils.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  Sept.,  Oct.  fl|~— Stem  3 — 7  feet  high, 
stout.  Heads  very  numerous,  about  as  large  as  in  S.  odora ;  rays  7 — 10 ;  disk 
flowers  about  5,  nearly  as  long  as  the  rays.  Pilose  Golden-rod. 

•f-f  Racemes  erect,  not  secund. 

18.  S.  OMoensis  Riddell :  stem  very  smooth,  erect,  fastigiate-corymbose 
at  the  summit ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  remotely  serrate  near  the  apex,  tapering  into  slender  petioles  ; 
upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  nearly  entire  ;  heads  numerous,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels.    (Torr.  $•  Gr.} 

Moist  meadows.  Western  N.  Y.  to  Ohio.  Sept.,  Oct.  %..— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  terete,  simple  and  virgate.  Heads  oblong,  erect,  in  a  compound  raceme ; 
rays  6 — 7,  small.  Ohio  Golden-rod. 

19.  S.  speciosa  Nult. :  stem  smooth,  simple  or  virgately  branched ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat  fleshy,  scabrous  on  the,  margin ;  lower  oval 
or  ovate,  subserrate,  petioled ;  upper  lanceolate,  entire ;  racemes  terminal, 
erect  and  compound,  pubescent ;  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  invo- 
lucre.    S.  sempervirens  Mich,  not  of  Linn. 

Shady  woods.  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  Sept.,  Oct.  %.— Stem  often  5 
feet  high,  smooth  and  sulcate.  Leaves  large.  Heads  forming  numerous  termi- 
nal and  erect  racemes ;  rays  very  broad,  deep  yellow. 

Handsome  Golden-rod. 

20.  S.  bicolor  Linn. :  stem  and  leaves  hairy ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate 

8* 


178  COMPOSITE;. 

acute,  white-pubescent ;  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole,  serrate ;  branches 
leafy ;  racemes  erect ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse.  Aster  bicolor  Nees. 
Spreng. 

Dry  Hills.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug.— Oct.  l\..—Stem  1—2  feet  high,  erect,  very 
pubescent.  Heads  numerous,  rather  large,  in  short  clusters,  forming  a  long 
dense  leafy  raceme  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem ;  rays  7 — 9,  nearly  white. 

Two-colored  Golden-rod. 

21.  S.  stricta  Ait. :  stem  'erect,  smooth ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  very 
entire,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  radical  tapering  into  winged  peti- 
oles, minutely  serrate  ;  racemes  paniculate,  very  erect ;  peduncles  smooth. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  %. — 
Stem  2—4  feet  high,  virgate,  purplish.  Heads  forming  a  dense  stiffly  erect  pan- 
icle which  is  leafy  at  base  ;  rays  5 — 6,  rather  small.  Upright  Golden-rod. 

22.  S.virgata  Mich. :  stem  smooth  and  simple,  summit  racemose  ;  leaves 
smooth,  lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  obtuse,  appressed  to  the  stem,  diapha- 
nously  punctate ;  upper  smaller  and  entire ;  branches  of  the  panicle  elon- 
gate, racemed  at  the  summit ;  peduncles  erect,  smooth,  filiform  and  squar- 
rose. 

Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Sept.,  Oct. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  much  attenu- 
ted.  Leaves  gradually  diminishing  upwards ;  lower  ones  very  large,  serrulate. 
Heads  small.  Long-branched  Golden-rod. 

23.  S,  latifolia  Linn. :  stem  angled,  mostly  flexuous,   smooth ;  leaves 
broad-ovate  or  oval,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  very  acuminate  at  both  ends 
or  abruptly  attenuate  into  a  short  petiole,  mostly  hairy  on  the  veins  be- 
neath ;  heads  in  short  axillary  racemes  or  clusters,  racemose  or  paniculate 
at  the  summit  of  the  stem.     &  Jlexicaulis  Ait.     S.  macrophylla  Big. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  Aug.— Oct.  i^.—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  usually  simple.  Heads  middle-sized,  in  clusters  or  racemes;  rays  3 — 4; 
disk  flowers  6 — 7.  Broad-leaved  Golden-rod. 

24.  *S.  cczsia  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth,  glaucous,  simple  or  branched; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth ;  heads  in 
short  axillary  clusters  or  racemes ;  peduncles  pubescent;  involucres  smooth. 
,$.  Jlexicaulis  Linn.     S.  axillaris  Pursh.     S.  livida  Wittd. 

Woods  and  thickets.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug.— Oct  %.— Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
slender,  usually  dark  purple  and  glaucous.  Heads  middle-sized ;  rays  3—4, 
Allied  to  <S.  latifolia,  but  probably  distinct.  Purple-stalked  Golden-rod. 

25.  S.  rigida  Linn. :  stem  erect,  roughly  pubescent,  paniculate  at  the 
summit ;   leaves  rigid,  scabrous,   slightly  clasping ;    lower  oval,   petioled, 
crenate-dentate ;  upper  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  entire ;  heads  very  large,  in 
compact  erect  racemes ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 

Rocky  hills.  Conn.»and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Texas.  Aug.— Oct.  l\.—Stem 
3 — 4  feet  high,  rigid,  very  pubescent  when  young.  Heads  very  large,  many- 
flowered,  clustered  near  the  summits  of  the  branches ;  rays  7 — 10,  elongated. 

Rigid-leaved  Golden-rod. 

26.  S.  Virgo- Aurea  Linn. :  stem  erect,  terete,  pubescent  and  branching 
at  the  top ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  attenuate  at  each  end ;  lower 
ones  elliptic,  petioled;  racemes  erect,  simple  or  compound;  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-acute. 


COMPOSITE.  179 

var.  alpina  Dig, :  a  few  inches  in  height,  with  obovate  or  lanceolate, 
mostly  entire,  leaves. 

Woods  on  the  sides  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Big.  Summit  of  Mount 
Marcy,  Essex  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  N.  to  Labrador.  Aug. — Oct.  7J.. — Stem 
flexuous,  1 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  often  with  a  long  narrow 
base,  serrate ;  the  upper  nearly  entire.  Heads  few  and  large ;  rays  about  8, 
elongated.  Common  to  Europe,  Asia  and  America.  A  variable  species. 

Common  Golden-rod. 

27.  S.  humilis  Pursh :  glabrous ;  stem  simple,  erect ;  radical  leaves  ob- 
lanceolate  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate  at  the  apex,  tapering  into  a 
petiole ;  cauline  lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base ;  uppermost  linear 
and  entire ;  raceme  simple  or  compound  and  paniculate,  elongated,  strict ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  mostly  obtuse.  (  Torr.  fy  Gr.) 

Banks  of  Onion  river,  Ver.  Robbins.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Aug.,  Sept.  1J-.— 
Stem  6 — 15  inches  high,  smooth,  but  more  or  less  glutinous.  Heads  middle- 
sized,  rather  crowded ;  rays  6 — 8,  short.  Dwarf  Golden-rod. 

28.  S.  thyrsoides  Meyer :  stem  erect,  or  somewhat  flexuous,  simple,  smoothj 
the  summit  and  peduncles  villous-pubescent ;  leaves  smooth,  ovate,  irregu- 
larly and  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  into  very  long  pe- 
tioles ;    uppermost  oblong-lanceolate,  subsessile,  often  pubescent  beneath ; 
heads  large,  in  an  oblong  simple  raceme ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  membranaceous.     (Torr.  fy  Gr.} 

Wooded  sides  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Bootl.  Killington  Peak,  Ver. 
Robbins.  N.  to  Labrador.  Aug.,  Sept  $fci — Allied  to  S.  Virga-Aurea,  but  has 
the  leaves,  except  the  uppermost,  on.  long  petioles,  and  the  heads  larger. 

Thyrse-like  Golden-rod. 

29.  S.  squarrosa  Muhl. :    stem  thick,   very  pubescent  above ;    leaves 
smooth ;  lower  very  broad,  spatulate-6val,  serrate,  acute,  scabrous  on  the 
margin ;  upper  sessile,  lanceolate-elliptic,  entire ;  racemes  axillary,  glome- 
rate ;  involucre  squarrose,  many-flowered.     S1.  macrophytta  Pursh. 

Rocky  banks.  Can.  to  Penn.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\.. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  stout, 
simple.  Heads  in  dense  axillary  clusters,  forming  a  long  leafy  compound  spike ; 
rays  10 — 12,  bright  yellow,  elongated.  Well  distinguished  by  its  squarrose  invo- 
lucre. Squarrose  Golden-rod. 

**  Scales  of  the  involucre  much  appressed,  somewhat  glutinous.  Ray- 
jlowers  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  disk,  very  small,  yellow.  Receptacle 
fimbrillate.  Heads  in  corymbose  clusters,  mostly  fascicled.  Leaves  linear, 
quite  entire,  sessile.  EUTHAMIA  Nutt. 

30.  S.  lanceolata  Linn. :  stem  much  branched,  fastigiate ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late-linear, very  entire,  3 — 5-nerved,  minutely  scabrous-pubescent ;  heads 
ovoid-cylindric,  in  dense  corymbose  clusters,  sessile.     S.  gramimfolia  Ell. 
Euthamia  graminifolia  Nutt. 

\jn\\  grounds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  Aug.,  Sept. 
1|_. — Stem  2—4  feet  high,  roughish-pubescent,  angular- striate.  Heads  rather 
large,  in  clusters  at  the  summit  of  the  corymbose  branches ;  rays  15 — 20,  small ; 
diskjlowers  8—12.  Bushy  Golden-rod. 

31.  S.  tenuifolia  Pursh. :  stem  angled,  scabrous,  with  fastigiate  branches ; 
leaves  very  narrow-linear,  spreading,  1-  or  rarely  3-nerved,  covered  with 
glandular  dots,  scabrous  on  the  margin;  heads  obovoid  or  turbinate,  in 


180  COMPOSITE. 

loose  corymbose  clusters.     S.  lanceolata,  0.  minor  Mich.    Euthamia  tenui- 
folia  Nutt. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  Aug.— Oct.  1\.—Slem 
slender,  12 — 18  inches  high.  Heads  smaller  and  less  crowded  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding ;  rays  about  10 ;  disk  flowers  5 — 6.  Slender-leaved  Golden-rod. 

20.  BACCHARIS.  Linn.— Baccharis. 

'From  Bacchus,  to  whom  the  original  plant  was  dedicated  by  the  Greeks.) 
Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious ;  the  flowers  all  similar  and 
tubular.  Receptacle  naked  or  somewhat  chaffy.  Involucre 
somewhat  hemispheric  or  oblong,  imbricate,  in  several  series. 
STERILE  FL.  Corolla  dilated,  5-cleft.  Anthers  exserted,  un- 
awned  at  base ;  style  more  or  less  abortive.  Pappus  in  a  single 
series,  about  as  long  as  the  involucre.  FERTILE  FL.  Corolla 
filiform  and  somewhat  truncate.  Anthers  none.  Style  bifid, 
exserted.  Pappus  in  one  or  several  series,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  involucre. 

J3.  halimifolia  Linn. :  leaves  obovate,  incisely-toothed  above,  cuneate  at 
base  and  attenuated  into  a  short  petiole;  upper  lanceolate  and  nearly 
entire ;  heads  of  the  sterile  plant  subglobose,  solitary  or  aggregated  ;  of  the 
fertile  ovoid-oblong,  loosely  panicled. 

Sandy  beaches.  N.  Y.  Conn,  and  N.J.  S.  to  Flor.  Sept.,  Oct.— A  shrub 
6 — 12  feet  high,  covered  with  a  whitish  resinous  powder  or  dust.  Heads  in  the 
sterile  plant  mostly  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  leafy  branches ;  in  the  fer- 
tile, arranged  in  a  large  loose  terminal  panicle.  Flowers  white. 

Groundsel  Tree. 

21.  PLUCHEA.  Cass.— Marsh  Fleabane. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Noel  Pluche,  author  of  "  Spectacle  de  la  Nature,"  &c.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  outer  flowers  in  many  series,  pis- 
tillate, truncate  or  2 — 3 -toothed ;  the  central  ones  perfect  or 
sterile,  5-toothed.  Receptacle  flat,  naked  or  hirsute-fimbrillate. 
Involucre  in  many  series,  imbricate.  Anthers  bicaudate.  Ache- 
nia  cylindric,  sulcate-angular.  Pappus  in  one  series,  filiform, 
roughish. 

1.  P.  camphor ata   D.C.:   minutely  viscid-pubescent;    leaves   ovate   or 
ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  and  slightly  petioled,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots, 
repantly-toothed ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  viscid-pubes- 
cent. (  Torr.  &  Gr.)    P.  camphorata  and  P.  Marylandica  D.  C.     Conyza 
camphorata  Big.     Erigeron  camphoratum  Linn. 

Salt  marshes.  Mass,  to  Flor.  Aug. — Oct.  0. — Steml — 2  feet  high,  branched 
at  the  summit.  Leaves  somewhat  succulent.  Heads  in  numerous  crowded 
corymbs,  purple.  When  bruised  this  plant  gives  out  a  strong  spicy,  but  some- 
what disagreeable  odor.  Big.  Seaside  Marsh  Fleabane. 

2.  P.  fastida  D.  C. :  smoothish  or  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  oval-Ian- 


COMPOSITE.  181 

ceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  distinctly  petioled,  membranaceous,  coarsely 
serrate  ;  corymb  fastigiate,  somewhat  paniculate ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
smoothish,  dotted  with  minute  glands.  Conyza  camphwata  Pursh.  Dae- 
charis  fcetida  Linn. 

Wet  banks.  Penn.  ?  to  Ala.  and  Ken.  Aug.— Oct.  fl\..— Stem  2—4  feet 
high,  grooved  or  angled.  The  leaves  are  much  larger,  the  heads  more  numerous, 
and  the  odor  is  more  powerful,than  in  the  preceding.  Fetid  Marsh  Fteabane. 

22.  INULA.  Linn. — Elecampane. 

(Origin  doubtful.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  flowers  in  a  single  series,  pistillate, 
sometimes  infertile,  ligulate,  rarely  tubular ;  those  of  the  disk 
tubular,  perfect.  Involucre  imbricate,  in  many  series.  Recep- 
tacle flat  or  somewhat  convex,  naked.  Anthers  with  2  bristles 
at  base.  Pappus  capillary,  roughish. 

/.  Helenium  Linn. :  leaves  toothed,  acute,  velvety  tomentose  beneath ;  the 
radical  ones  ovate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  j  the  cauline  somewhat  clasping ; 
heads  few,  pedunculate,  corymbose. 

Road  sides.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  3 — i  feet  high,  branching  at  the 
top.  Leaves  very  large.  Heads  large,  solitary,  on  long  terminal  thick  pedun 
cles,  yellow ;  rays  numerous,  linear,  3-toothed.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Elecampane. 

23.  ECLIPTA.  Linn.— Eclipta. 

(From  the  Greek  cvAeiTru,  to  be  deficient ;  in  allusion  to  its  wingless  achenia, 
by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  Verbesina.  Eat.  Man.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray  flowers  in  one  series,  pistillate, 
ligulate,  very  narrow  and  short ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular  and 
perfect.  Receptacle  flattish,  furnished  with  linear  filiform  chaff, 
as  long  as  the  achenia.  Involucre  in  two  series;  the  scales 
10 — 12,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Achenia  of  the  ray 
3 -sided;  of  the  disk  compressed  at  the  sides,  muricate-tuber- 
cular,  somewhat  hairy  at  the  summit.  Pappus  none,  or  of 
1 — 3  minute  teeth. 

E.  erccta  Linn.:  stem  erect  or  ascending,  appressed-strigose ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  slightly  serrate  ;  pedicels  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  several  times  as  long  as  the  head.  E.  procumbens  Mich.  Ver- 
besina  alba  Linn. 

Damp  sandy  soil.  Md.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ken.  and  Louis.  June — Oct.  (1). — 
Stem  1 — 3  feet  long,  often  rooting  at  base.  Heads  small.  E.  brachypoda  Mich. 
is  a  variety  with  the  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  heads.  A  very  widely  dif- 
fused species.  Upright  Eclipta. 


182  COMPOSITE. 

IV.  SENECIONIDE.E.  Style  of  the  perfect  flowers  cylindrical ;  its 
branches  linear,  fringed  at  the  point,  generally  truncate,  but  sometimes 
extended  beyond  the  fringe  into  a  short  cone  or  appendage. 

24.  SILPHIUM.  Linn.— Silphium. 

(From  Silpki,  the  name  of  a  medicinal  plant  of  Africa,  transferred  to  this  genus 
by  Linnaeus.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray  flowers  numerous,  ligulate,  pis- 
tillate ;  the  ligules  in  one  series,  elongated,  the  fruit  in  several 
series ;  those  of  the  disk  with  a  very  short  tube,  hairy  above, 
sterile.  Receptacle  somewhat  convex,  chaffy.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate,  imbricate ;  the  scales  loose  and  leafy  at  the  summit. 
Achenia  of  the  ray  obcompressed,  surrounded  with  a  wing 
which  is  notched  or  toothed  at  the  top ;  those  of  the  disk  abor- 
tive, with  an  obsolete  crown-like  pappus. 

1.  <S.  trifoliatumLinn.:  stem  terete,  slightly  angled,  smooth;  leaves  3 — 4 
in  a  whorl,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  toothed  and  serrate,  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface ;  lower  petioled,  upper  nearly  sessile  and  sometimes  oppo- 
site ;  heads  loose,  corymbose  or  paniculate.     &  trifoliatum  and  S.  terna- 
tum  Pursh. 

Dry  woods.  Near  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  Dr.  Eddy.  Md.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio. 
Aug. — Oct.  1].. — Stem  4— 6  feet  high,  slightly  angled,  purplish.  Heads  rather 
f-mall,  in  a  loose  terminal  corymb ;  rays  15 — 18,  bright  yellow,  long. 

Three-leaved  Sylphium. 

2.  S.  perfoliatum  Linn. :  stem  square,  smooth,  the  branches  sometimes 
terete ;  leaves  opposite ;  lower  deltoid-ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  on  winged 
petioles  5   upper   connate-perfoliate,   nearly  entire ;    heads   trichotomously 
corymbose,  the  central  one  on  a  long  peduncle.    /S.  connatum  Mich. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  ?  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  1|~ — Stem  5 — 6  feet 
high.  Leaves  very  large,  the  lower  somewhat  cordate.  Heads  large;  rays 
15—30,  yellow.  Perfoliate  Silphium. 

25.  POLYMNIA.  Linn.— Polymnia. 
(Said  to  be  named  after  TloXu/jj/ta,  one  of  the  Muses.) 
Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  pistillate,  ligulate,  in 
one  series ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  sterile.     Receptacle  flat, 
chaffy.     Involucre   double ;  the  outer  scales  4 — 5,  large  and 
leafy  ;  the  inner  ones  numerous,  shorter,  surrounding  the  smooth 
achenia.     Pappus  none. 

*  Rays  shorter  than  the  involucre. 

1.  P.  Canadensis  Linn.:  viscid-pubescent;  leaves  angulate  and  hastate- 
lobed,  denticulate,  acuminate,  the  lower  deeply  pinnatifid  or  lyrate  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  ovate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  the  outer  ones  a  little  larger. 


COMPOSITE.  183 

Shady  hills  and  in  ravines.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  %.— Stem 
2 — 5  feet  high,  roughly  pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid,  branching.  Leaves  op- 
posite or  alternate,  very  thin,  mostly  3 — 5-lobed  at  the  apex.  Heads  small, 
loosely  paniculate  ;  rays  white,  or  very  pale  yellow,  small,  obtusely  3-lobed  at 
the  apex  ;  disk  yellow.  Small-flowered  Polymnia. 

**  Rays  longer  than  the  involucre. 

2.  P.  U'vedalia  Linn. :  stem  sulcate,  somewhat  pubescent  above ;  leaves 
sinuate-lobed,  broad-ovate  or  deltoid,  roughish ;  lower  subpalmate,  decur- 
rent  into  a  winged  petiole  ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  ob- 
tuse, much  larger  than  the  inner. 

Dry  rich  grounds.  Western  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  QJ-. — Stem  3 — 8  feet  high,  terete.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  the  lower 
very  large.  Heads  few,  large,  arranged  in  loose  panicles;  rays  about  10,  3- 
toothed  at  the  apex,  bright  yellow ;  disk  dull  yellow. 

Large-flowered  Polymnia. 

26.  PARTHENIUM.  Linn.— Parthenium. 

(From  the  Greek  napQevos ;  on  account  of  its  supposed  efficacy  in  certain 
diseases.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  flowers  5,  pistillate,  ligulate,  fer- 
tile ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  abortive.  Receptacle  conic  or 
cylindric,  covered  with  membranaceous  chaff.  Involucre  hemi- 
spheric, in  2  series ;  outer  scales  ovate,  inner  nearly  orbicular. 
Achenia  obcompressed,  smooth.  Pappus  of  2  aristate  or 
nearly  orbicular  scale-like  processes. 

P.  integrifolium  Linn. :  stem  hirsute-pubescent ;  leaves  oval,  rough, 
unequally  crenate-toothed,  or  sometimes  incised;  lower  decurvent  into  a 
petiole,  upper  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre 
somewhat  acute. 

Dry  soil.  Md.  to  Geor.  and  Ala.  W.  to  Texas.  July — Sept.  1\.. — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Heads  numerous,  corymbed ;  rays  small,  whitish. 

Simple-leaved  Partlienium. 

27.  XANTHIUM.   Tmirn.— Clot-weed. 

(From  the  Greek  t<tvBos,  yellow ;  a  color  said  to  be  produced  by  this  plant.) 

Heads  in  glomerate  spikes,  sterile  at  the  summit,  pistillate 
below.  STERILE  FL.  Involucre  subglobose,  many-flowered, 
with  the  scales  in  one  series.  Receptacle  cylindric,  chaffy. 
Corolla  short,  5-lobed,  somewhat  hairy.  FERTILE  FL.  Involucre 
with  hooked  prickles,  surmounted  by  1 — 2  beaks.  Corolla 
filiform.  Stamens  none.  Achenia  compressed,  one  in  each 
cell  of  the  involucre. 

1.  X.  strumarium  Linn.:  fruit-bearing  involucre  oval,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent ;  beaks  straight ;  leaves  cordate  at  base,  3— 5-lobed,  coarsely  toothed. 

Road  sides  and  waste  places.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Aug.,  Sept.  (I)- — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  angular,  scabrous-pubescent.  Leaves' 


184  COMPOSITE. 

3 — 6  inches  long,  and  nearly  of  the  same  width.  Heads  in  short  axillary 
racemose  clusters.  Var.  Canadense  Torr.  4-  Gr.  has  the  stem  spotted  and  the 
fruit-bearing  involucre  scabrous  pubescent.  X.  strumarium  Mich.  Introduced  1 

Common  Clot-weed.     Small  Burdock. 

2.  X.  echinatum  Murr. :  fruit-bearing  involucre  oval,  very  densely  clothed 
with  rigid  slender  prickles  and  with  the  incurved  beaks  strongly  hispid ; 
leaves  rough,  broad-cordate,   irregularly  sinuate-toothed,  obscurely  lobed. 
( Torr.  fy.  Gr.)    X.  macrocarpon  Beck  Hot.  1st.  Ed.     X.  orientate  Muhl. 
X.  maculalum  Raf. 

Near  salt  water.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug. — Oct.  ®. — 
Stem  marked  with  purple  spots  and  stripes,  roughly  pubescent.  Leaves  very 
rough.  Fruit  very  large,  woolly.  Sea  Clot-weed. 

3.  X.  spinosum  Linn. :  spines  3-parted,  slender ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  somewhat  3-lobed,  acuminate,  minutely-pubescent 
above,  the  under  surface  and  the  veins  of  the  upper  canescent. 

Waste  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Sept.,  Oct.  (T).—Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
pubescent,  branched.  Leaves  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  at  length  often 
3-lobed.  Heads  few,  axillary,  solitary.  A  troublesome  weed.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Spiny  Clot-weed. 

28.  AMBROSIA.   Linn.— Rag-weed. 

(Ambrosia  was  the  food  of  the  Gods ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  determine  the  appli- 
cation to  the  plants  of  this  genus.) 

Heads  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  at  the  base  and  the  sterile  at 
the  top  of  the  spike.  STERILE  FL.  Involucre  hemispheric  or 
turbinate ;  scales  few.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  tubular, 
short.  FERTILE  FL.  Involucre  1 -flowered,  incurved  and  often 
armed  with  several  tubercles  or  horns.  Corolla  none.  Achenia 
ovoid  or  obovoid. 

*   Upper  leaves  undivided. 

1.  A.  inlegrifolia  Muhl. :  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  sessile,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, hispid  on  both  sides,  ciliate  at  base ;  racemes  terminal  and  mostly  ter- 
nate.     A.  trifida,\ax.  Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Near  ponds  and  ditches.  Penn.  and  Virg.  (I).  Pursh.  It  is  said  to  have  the 
lower  leaves  sometimes  3-lobed.  Probably  a  variety  of  the  next,  as  suggested  by 
Torrey  and  Gray.  Simple-leaved  Rag-weed. 

**  Leaves  all  3 — 5-lobed. 

2.  A.  trijida  Linn. :  hirsute,  rough ;  leaves  3 — 5-lobed,  serrate ;  the  lobes 
oval-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  fruit  6-spined  below  the  summit. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept.  ®.— Stem  4—8 
or  10  feet  high,  angular,  branched  above.  Leaves  very  large  and  rough.  Heads 
small ;  the  sterile  ones  in  long  paniculate  racemes ;  the  fertile  in  small  clusters 
at  the  base  of  the  racemes.  Three-lobed  Raff  weed. 

***  Leaves  singly  or  doubly  pinnatifid. 

3.  A.   artemisiaifolia  Linn. :   stem    pubescent,    often  much  branched ; 
leaves  bi-pinnatifid,  rough,  hoary  beneath,  the  petioles  ciliate  with  long 
hairs;   racemes   paniculate,  terminal.     A.  elatior  Linn.    A. 

Mich. 


COMPOSITE.  185 

Old  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  (T).~Stem  1—4  feet  high,  usually 
rough.  Heads  small ;  the  sterile  ones  in  long  slender  paniculate  racemes.  Fruit 
solitary  or  in  small  clusters  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  racemes,  armed  with  about 
6  short  acute  teeth.  A  troublesome  weed.  Hog-weed. 

4.  A.  paniculata  Mich. :  stem  branching,  paniculate  at  the  summit,  and 
with  the  petioles  villous ;  leaves  green  on  both  sides,  bi-pinnatifid,  the  seg- 
ments lanceolate ;  fruit  somewhat  clustered,  small,  obovate,  slightly  awned. 
Iva  monophylla  Walt. 

Old  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  July— Sept.  (T).  Pursh.—Stem  2—4  feet  high. 
Heads  in  simple  terminal  and  axillary  racemes.  Paniculate  Rag-weed. 

5.  A.  heterophylla  Muhl. :  stem  pubescent  or  villous,  paniculate ;  cauline 
leaves  pinnatifid,  subdentate,  petiolate ;  those  of  the  branches  lanceolate, 
sessile;  petioles  with  long  cUiae ;  racemes  terminal,  solitary.    A.  Peruviana 

wnu. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  July — Sept  ®.  Muhl — Fruit  with  5 — 6  acute 
teeth  below  the  summit.  Perhaps  this  and  the  preceding  are  only  varieties  of 
A.  artimisi&folia.  Various-leaved  Rag-weed. 

29.  IVA.   Linn.— Marsh  Elder. 

(Origin  of  the  name  doubtful.) 

Heads  monoecious,  not  radiate.  Fertile  flowers  1 — 5,  mar- 
ginal, with  a  small  tubular  corolla.  Sterile  flowers  numerous, 
with  a  tubular -campanulate  corolla.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
3 — 5  in  a  single  series,  or  6 — 9  and  imbricated.  Receptacle 
small,  chaffy.  Achenia  obovoid,  somewhat  compressed.  Pap- 
pus none. 

/.  frutescens  Linn. :  shrubby,  smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  oval  or  oval-lan- 
ceolate, somewhat  petioled,  deeply-serrate,  slightly  scabrous ;  uppermost 
linear-lanceolate,  entire ;  heads  axillary,  depressed-globose,  pedicellate  j 
scales  of  the  involucre  5,  orbicular. 

Sea  coast.  Mass,  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  T^. — Stem  3 — 8  feet  high,  much 
branched.  Leaves  thick  and  somewhat  fleshy.  Heads  numerous,  small,  green- 
ish, in  axillary  leafy  racemes,  forming  a  large  terminal  panicle. 

Marsh  Elder.    Highwater  Shrub. 

30.  HELIOPSIS.  Pers.— Ox-eye. 

(From  the  Greek  /A«>J,  the  sun,  and  oi^is,  appearance;  in  allusion  to  the  form 
of  the  heads  of  flowers. ) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray  flowers  in  one  series,  ligulate, 
fertile  ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Involucre  in  2 — 3 
series  ;  the  outer  scales  leafy,  the  rest  imbricate.  Receptacle 
conic.  Achenia  angular,  partly  surrounded  by  the  chaff. 

H.  IfBvis  Pers. :  stem  smooth ;  leaves  smoothish,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole,  serrate,  3- nerved.  Helianthus 
Icevis  Linn. 

Banks  of  streams     Throughout  the  IT.  S.    Aug.,  Sept.    1\..—  Stem  2—4  feet 


166  COMPOSITE. 

high,  dichotomously  branched  above.  Heads  middle-sized,  on  long  peduncles, 
solitary,  or  in  a  loose  fastigiate  corymb ;  rays  10 — 15,  2— -3-toothed,  yellow ; 
disk  dark  purple,  conic.  Common  Ox-eye 

31.  RUDBECKIA.  Linn.— Rudbeckia. 

(In  honor  of  Olaus  Rudbeck,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Upsal,  in  Sweden,  who 
died  in  17C2.) 

Heads  many-flowered;  ray-flowers  neutral,  in  a  single  se- 
ries, ligulate  ;  those  of  ihe  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  two  series,  leafy,  spreading.  Receptacle  conic  or 
elongated ;  the  chaff  acute,  concave  or  boat-form.  Achenia 
quadrangular.  Paprus  none  or  minute  and  coroniform. 

1.  R.  fulgida  Ait.:  stem  hispid,  the  branches  long  and  virgate;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  denticulate,  hispid,  narrowed  and  slightly  cordate  at  base, 
acuminate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  as  long  as  the  rays ;  chaff  lanceolate. 
R.  chrysomela  Mich. 

Fields  and  mountain  woods.  Penn.  to  Flor.  July — Oct.  1\.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high,  branched.  Heads  small,  solitary  and  terminal ;  rays  orange-yellow,  2-cleft 
at  the  summit ;  disk  purple,  nearly  hemispheric.  Small-flowered  Rudbeckia. 

2.  R.  hirta  Linn. :  very  hirsute ;  stem  virgate,  sparingly  branched ;  lower 
leaves  spatulate-oval,  3-nerved,  denticulate,  petioled ;  upper  ovate-lanceo- 
late, sessile ;  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equalling  the  rays ;  chaff  of  the 
receptacle  linear. 

Meadows.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  July— Sept.  ^.—Slem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  scabrous  and  hairy.  Heads  middle-sized,  solitary,  terminal; 
rays  14.  bifid,  hairy,  pale  yellow ;  disk  dark-purple,  conic.  Hairy  Rudbeckia. 

3.  7?.  irilvba  Linn. :  hairy-hispid;  stem  paniculate ;    leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  each  end,  serrate  ;  the  lower  3-lobed ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear,  shorter  than  the  rays. 

Dry  soils.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept.  n\.—Slem  4—5  feet  high. 
Heads  numerous,  on  the  summits  of  the  branches ;  rays  about  8,  yellow ;  disk 
dark  purple.  Three-lobed  Rudbeckia. 

4.  R.  specwsa  Wender. :  stem  hirsute  or  hispid,  with  elongated  naked 
branches ;  leaves  roughish-hirsute  or  pubescent,  coarsely  toothed  or  incised ; 
upper  lanceolate,  sessile ;  lower  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  petioled ;  scales  of  the  involucre  about  half  as  long  as 

ae  rays  ;  pappus  coroniform.    (  Torr.  d>  0?r.) 

Mountains.  Penn.  to  Ohio.  Aug. — Oct.  1\-. — Larger  than  R.  fulgida. 
Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles,  5-nerved.  Heads  large  and  showy ;  rays  nume- 
rous, oblong-linear,  elongated,  bright  yellow ;  disk  conoid-globose,  black-purple. 

Showy  Rudbeckia. 

5.  R.  laciniaia  Linn.  :  stem  tall,  smooth,  branching ;  leaves  somewhat 
hairy  and  scabrous;  lower  pinnate,  the  segments  3 — 5-lobed  or  incised, 
sometimes  laciniate ;  uppermost  lanceolate   or  ovate,   incisely  toothed  or 
entire  ;  pappus  toothed.     R.  Icevigata  and  R.  digitata  Pursh. 


Borders  of  swamps.  Can.  to  Ala.  W.  to  near  the  Rocky  Mountains.  July — 
>pt. — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  gradually  less  and  less  divided  from  the 
dical  to  the  uppermost  ones.  Heads  rather  large,  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle ; 
ys  bright  yellow,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre,  oblanceolate,  drooping ; 
sk  greenish-yellow,  conic.  Tall  Rudbeckia.  Cone  Flower. 


COMPOSITE.  187 

32.  LEPACHYS.  Raff.— Lepachys. 

(From  the  Greek  Xsn-t? ,  a  scale,  and  TTU^VS,  iJiick ;  in  reference  to  the  chaff  of 
the  receptacle.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  few,  in  a  single  series, 
neutral ;  those  of  the  disk  small,  tubular,  perfect.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  few,  linear  or  subulate,  spreading,  sometimes  with 
an  inner  series  of  small  obtuse  scales.  Receptacle  elongated, 
spiciform ;  chaff  truncate  or  obtuse,  thickened  and  hairy  at  the 
summit.  Achenia  of  the  ray  3 -angled,  hairy ;  of  the  disk, 
compressed,  smooth  or  ciliate. 

L.  pinnata  Torr.  <$•  Gr. :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  3 — 7,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  each  end,  sparingly  serrate,  the  uppermost  undivided ; 
rays  much  longer  than  the  disk.  Rudbeckia  pinnata  Mich,  and  R.  digitata 
WiUd.  Obeliscaria  pinnata  D,  C, 

Shores  of  Lake  Erie,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwett.  Penn.  S.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July 
— Sept.  1|.. — Stem  3—4  feet  high,  rough  and  pubescent,  sulcate.  Heads  ter- 
minating the  branches ;  rays  slightly  toothed  at  the  apex,  bright  yellow  ;  disk 
flovxrs  with  short  recurved  teeth.  Tall  Lepachys. 

33.  COREOPSIS.  Linn. — Coreopsis. 

(From  the  Greek  topis,  a  bug,  and  ot^jf,  resemblance;  in  allusion  to  the  form 
ol  the  achenia.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray  flowers  about  8,  neutral ;  those 
of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Involucre  double,  each  of  about 
8  scales ;  the  outer  narrow,  leafy,  spreading ;  the  inner  broader 
and  somewhat  membranaceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  chaffy.  Achenia  obcompressed,  often  2 -toothed  or 
2-awned  at  the  summit ;  the  awns  smooth  or  hispid  upwards. 
*  Leaves  alternate. 

1.  C.  gladiata  Walt. :  stem  smooth,  terete,  dichotomous  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  alternate,  somewhat  fleshy,  entire  or  slightly  lobed ;  lower  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  somewhat  clasping  petiole  ;  scales  of 
the  outer  involucre  ovate-lanceolate ;  achenia  obovate-oblong,  surrounded 
by  a  pectinate  wing.     C.  dichotoma  Mich. 

Swamps.  N.  J.  ?  N.  Car.  to  Flor.  July— Sept.  ®.—Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
slender.  Lower  leaves  large.  Heads  on  the  dichotomous  branches;  rays  3- 
lobed,  yellow  ;  disk  dark  purple.  Forked  Coreopsis. 

**  Leaves  opposite,  undivided. 

2.  C.  rosea  Null. :  stem  smooth,  leafy ;  leaves  opposite,  narrow-linear, 
entire  ;  heads  few,  peduncled  ;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  much  shorter 
than  the  inner ;  rays  unequally  3-toothed  ;  achenia  nearly  naked.     Cal- 
liopsis  rosea  Spreng. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Geor.  Aug.  1\..—Stem  about  a  foot  high, 
sparingly  branched.  Heads  few;  rays  about  8,  rose-color ;  disk  yellowish. 

Rose-colored  Coreopsis. 


188  COMPOSITE. 

***  Leaves  opposite,  divided. 

3.  C.  trichosperma  Mich. :  smooth ;  stem  obtusely  4-angled ;  leaves  op- 
posite, on  short  petioles,  pinnate  ;  leafets  5 — 7,  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  or 
incised  ;  uppermost  3 — 5-cleft,  nearly  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre 
subspatulate,  ciliate-serrate ;  achenia  cuneiform,  with  2-hispid  teeth. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  ®.—Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
much  branched.  Heads  in  paniculate  corymbs,  on  long  slender  peduncles; 
rays  about  8,  yellow,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire.  Tick-seed  Sunflower. 

4.  C.  tripteris  Linn. :  smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  petiolate ;  radical  5-pin- 
nate ;  cauline  ternate ;  leafets  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  scabrous  on  the 
margins ;  achenia  obovate,  naked  at  the  summit.     Chrysostemma  tripteris 
Less.  D.  C. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct.  l\..—Stem  4—6 
feet  high.  Heads  rather  small,  in  a  loose  terminal  corymb,  on  short  peduncles ; 
rays  about  8,  yellowish.  Three-leaved  Coreopsis. 

5.  C.  verticillata  Linn. :  smooth ;  leaves  closely  sessile,  ternate ;  leafets 
pinnate  or  bi-pinnate ;  segments  narrow-linear,  obtuse ;  achenia  obovate- 
wedgeform,  slightly  winged,  with  2  minute  teeth.     C.  tenuifolia  Pursh. 

Wet  grounds.  Md.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Ark.  July — Sept.  7J. — Stem 
1 — 3  feet  high,  slender,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  appearing  as  if  whorled. 
Heads  yellow  ;  rays  long  and  narrow,  rarely  obtuse  and  2 — 3-toothed. 

Whorl-leaved  Coreopsis. 

34.  ACTINOMERIS.  Nutt.— Actinomeris. 

(From  the  Greek  CLKTIV,  a  ray,  and  pepis,  a. part;  the  flower  being  imperfectly 
radiate.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  flowers  neutral,  few,  elongated  or 
sometimes  wanting ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Invo- 
lucre of  1 — 3  series  ;  the  scales  leafy,  acuminate.  Receptacle 
convex,  chaffy,  the  chaff  embracing  the  margin  of  the  achenia. 
Achenia  compressed,  obovate,  winged,  with  2  smoothish  per- 
sistent awns  at  the  summit. 

A.  sq^larrosa  NuU. :  stem  erect,  pubescent  and  winged  towards  the  sum- 
mit ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  lower  often  opposite,  upper  alternate ;  involucre  in  2  series ;  the 
outer  reflexe'd,  spreading.  Coreopsis  aUernifolia  Linn.  Verbesina  Coreop- 
sis Mich. 

Moist  grounds.  Yates  county,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\.. — 
Stem  3—6  feet  high,  slender,  smooth  below.  Heads  small,  in  a  terminal  leafy 
corymbose  panicle ;  rays  few,  oblanceolate,  yellow  ;  disk  greenish-yellow. 

Squarrose  Actinotnen&. 

35.  HELIANTHUS.  Linn.— Sunflower. 
(From  the  Greek  ^Xb? ,  the  sun,  and  avQos,  a,  flower.) 

Heads  many -flowered ;  ray  flowers  in  one  series,  ligulate, 
neutral ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Involucre  imbri- 
cate in  several  series ;  the  scales  usually  with  foliaceous  tips. 
Receptacle  flat  or  convex  ;  the  chaff  embracing  the  compressed 


COMPOSITE.  189 

or  somewhat  quadrangular  achenia.  Pappus  mostly  of  2  un- 
equal chaffy  scales  or  awns,  (sometimes  additional  smaller  ones,) 
deciduous. 

*  Disk  flowers  dark  purple. 

1.  H.  atrorubens  Linn.:  stem  erect,  branched  above,  hispid  with  long 
scattered  hairs ;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  oblong-spatulate  or  ovate,  some- 
what serrate,  3-nerved,  scabrous ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, smooth,  as  long  as  the  disk. 

Gravelly  soils.  Perm,  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  ^.—Stem  3—4  feet 
high,  somewhat  branched.  Lower  leaves  very  large  and  often  slightly  cordate. 
Heads  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle  ;  rays  about  16,  yellow  ;  disk  dark  purple. 

Dark-red  Sunflower. 

2.  H.  angustifolius  Linn. :  stem  scabrous  or  hairy  ;  leaves  narrow-lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  entire,   1-nerved,  rough  above,  pale  beneath,  the  margins 
revolute ;  lower  opposite,  upper  alternate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear- 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  chaff  3-toothed.    Rudbeckia  angustifolia 
Linn. 

Swamps  in  pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  Aug.— Oct.  Tj..— 
Stem  2 — -6  feet  high,  slender,  sparingly  branched.  Heads  small,  somewhat  co- 
rymbose, on  slender  peduncles  ;  rays  12 — 20,  yellow  ;  disk  dark  purple. 

Narrow-leaved  Sunflower. 

**  Disk  flowers  yellow. 
•\  Leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  sometimes  alternate. 

3.  H.  mollis  Lam. :  stem  villous ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
somewhat  clasping  at  base,  entire  or  serrulate,  scabrous  above,  tomentose 
canescent  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  villous -canescent. 
//.  canescens  Mick. 

Low  grounds.  Penn.  ?  and  Ohio  to  Geor.  W.  to  Texas.  July — Sept.  Tj.. — 
Stem  2—4  feet  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.  Heads  few,  rather  large ; 
rays  15 — 25,  about  an  inch  long.  Woolly  Sunflower. 

4.  H.  strumosus  Linn. :  stem  rough  above,  smooth  below ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  with  a  long  tapering  point,  serrate,  3-nerved,  rough   above, 
whitish  and  pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  tapering  into  a  short  winged  pe- 
tiole ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  equalling  the  disk. 
H.  macrophyttus  Willd. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.,  Sept.  ^.—Steni  2 — 4  feet 
high,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.  Heads  few,  on  roughly  pubescent 
peduncles ;  rays  about  10,  bright  yellow.  Sharp-leaved  Sunflower. 

5.  H.  divaricatus  Linn. :  stem  smooth,  simple  or  dichotomously  branched 
above;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  tapering  to  the 
point,  serrate,  3-nerved,  scabrous  above,  rough-pubescent  beneath  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  spreading. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug. — Oct.  'Zj.. — Stem  I — 5  feet  high,  sometimes 
purple  and  glaucous.  Heads  small,  few,  in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  rays  8 — 12,  bright 
yellow ;  disk  yellow.  Rough-leaved  Sunflower. 

6.  H.  decapetalus  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth  below,  rough  above ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  on  short  winged  petioles,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate, 
3-nerved,  thin  and  slightly  scabrous ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceo- 


190  COMPOSITE. 

late,  squarrose,  hispidly  ciliate.      H.  frondosm  Hook.     H.  strumosus  and 
tenuifolius  Ell. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug. — Oct.  fZ}_. — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  slender, 
somewhat  branching  at  the  summit.  Heads  in  a  fastigiate  corymb ;  rays  8 — 10 ; 
narrow,  pale-yellow.  Thin-leaved  Sunflower. 

7.  H.  trackelifolius  Willd. :  stem  rough,  branched  above ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  serrate,  3-nerved,  very  scabrous  on  both  sides,  con- 
tracted into  a  short  petiole,  the  upper  alternate;  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear-lanceolate,  ciliate,  outer  ones  large  and  squarrose. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  QJ..— Stem  3—4  feet  high.  Heads  in  a 
loype  terminal  panicle  ;  rays  10.  Wild  Sunfloiver. 

8.  H.  gig  anteus  Linn. :  stem  tall,  scabrous;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
somewhat  serrate,  obscurely  3-nerved,  very  rough,  attenuate  and  ciliate  at 
base,  the  upper  alternate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, ciliate.     H.  altissimus  Willd. 

Dry  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  'Zj.. — Stem  5 — 8  feet  high,  panicu- 
lately  branched  at  the  summit,  sometimes  smoothish  below.  Heads  in  a  loose 
terminal  panicle ;  rays  12 — 20,  sulphur  yellow  ;  disk  greenish  yellow. 

Tail  Sunflower. 

9.  H.   microcephalus  Torr.   <$•  Gr.  :   stem    smooth,    2 — 3-chotomously 
branched;  leaver  mostly  opposite,  membranaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, somewhat  serrate,  petioled,  3-nerved,  scabrous  above,  tomentose- 
pubescent  beneath  ;    scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  the 
outer  with  squarrose  tips.     H.  divaricatus  Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  July— Sept.  7J. — Stems  usually 
in  tufts,  3 — 6  feet  high.  Heads  small,  oblong  ;  rays  5 — 6,  about  an  inch  long. 

Small-headed  Sunflower. 

ff  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  opposite  below. 

10.  H.  multiflorus  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branching,  scabrous  ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled,  toothed,  3-nerved,  scabrous,  serrate ;  lower  cordate,  upper  ovate ; 
outer  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate,  inner  lanceolate. 

Mountain  woods.  Arct.  Amer  to  Can.  Penn.  to  Car.  Hook.  $  Pursh.  July — 
Sept.  1|-. — Stem  and  peduncles  scabrous.  Leaves  sometimes  opposite.  Involucre 
with  4Q — 50  scales,  imbricate,  not  squarrose.  Heads  erect ;  rays  numerous, 
oblong.  Perhaps  not  a  native.  Many-rayed  Sunflower. 

11.  H.  tuberosus  Linn. :  root  creeping,  bearing  an  oblong  tubercle ;  stem 
erect,  branching,  rough ;    leaves  alternate,  petiolate      3-nerved,  scabrous, 
serrate;  lower  cordate-ovate,  upper  ovate-acuminate;   petioles    ciliate  at 
base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate. 

Fields  and  cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  7]..— Stem  4—8  feet  high. 
Leaves  large,  cuneate  at  base;  the  lower  ones  opposite,  rarely  ternate.  Heads 
rather  large,  terminal,  on  angular  pubescent  peduncles;  rays  numerous,  yellow. 
Naturalized  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S.  Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

36.  BIDENS.  Linn.— Bur-Marigold. 

(From  the  Latin  bidens,  having  two  teeth  ;  in  allusion  to  the  awns  of  the 
achenia.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  neutral,  often  want- 
ing ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Involucre  double,  un- 


COMPOSITE.  191 

equal ;  the  outer  series  often  large  and  leafy.  Receptacle  flat- 
tish,  chaffy.  Achenia  obcompressed,  not  winged,  crowned  with 
2 — 5  retrorsely  pilose  rigid  awns. 

1.  B.  cernua  Linn. :  smooth;  leaves  undivided,  lanceolate,  toothed,  the 
upper  somewhat  connate ;  heads  discoid  or  radiate,  on  slender  peduncles, 
usually  nodding  ;  outer  involucre  longer  than  the  head ;  achenia  4-awned. 
retrorsely  ciliate  on  the  margin. 

Near  ponds  and  ditches.  Can.  to  Perm.  W.  to  Oregon.  Aug.,  Sept.  (J). — 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Heads  usually  discoid,  but  sometimes  more  or  less  radiate  ; 
rays,  when  present,  yellow.  This  plant  is  sometimes  not  more  than  6  or  8  inches 
high,  with  very  small  erect  flowers,  when  it  constitutes  the  variety  minima. 

Swamp  Beggar-ticks. 

2.  H.  chrysanthemoides  Mich. :  stem  smooth ;  leaves  undivided,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  connate  at  base,  dentate-serrate ;  heads 
radiate,  somewhat  nodding  ;  rays  elliptic,  longer  than  the  involucre ;  ache- 
nia with  2 — 4  retrorsely  scabrous  awns. 

Wet  places.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  ©.—Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  erect  or  declined  at  base,  branching.  Heads  rather  large,  solitary  at 
the  end  of  the  branches,  erect  or  somewhat  nodding ;  rays  8 — 10,  bright  yellow. 

Large-flowered  Bur-marigold. 

3.  B .  frondosa  Linn. :  stem  smoother  a  little  hairy;  lower  leaves  quinate- 
pinnate,  upper  3-parted ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  serrate ;  heads  discoid,  pedicel- 
late, erect ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  much  longer  than  the  head,  ciliate 
at  the  base ;  achenia  2-awned,  somewhat  ciliate  on  the  margin. 

Woods  and  fields.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  July — Sept.  (p. — Stem 
2 — 5  feet  high,  stria te, often  purple,  branched.  Heads  rather  email,  on  long  axil- 
lary branches  or  peduncles ;  rays  none ;  disk  flowers  yellowish. 

Leafy  Bur-marigold. 

4.  B.  connata  Muhl. :  smooth ;   lower  leaves  often  ternate,  with  the 
lateral  lobes  decurrent  into  a  petiole  and  slightly  connate ;  upper  undivided, 
oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  attenuate  at  each  end ;  heads  discoid,  on  short 
peduncles ;  scales  of  the  outer  involucre  longer  than  the  disk  ;  achenia  2 — 3- 
awned.     B.  tripartita  Big. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept.  (£).— Stem  1—3  feet 
high,  branched,  often  purple.  Leaves  sometimes  all  undivided.  Heads  middle- 
sized,  rather  erect ;  rays  none  ;  disk  greenish-yellow.  Connate  Bur-marigold. 

5.  B.  bipinnata  Linn. :  smooth ;  stem  erect,  4-angled ;  leaves  petioled, 
bi-pinnate,  the  segments  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate :  heads  on  slender  pe- 
duncles, with  2 — 4  small  rays;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  speading.  about 
as  long  as  the  disk ;  achenia  linear,  3 — 4-awned. 

Near  cultivated  grounds.  Conn,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  July — Sept.  CD — Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high,  branched.  Heads  small,  oblong,  on  long  terminal  and  axillary 
peduncles ;  rays  3 — 4,  small,  yellow,  obovate ;  disk  yellow.  A  troublesome 
weed,  probably  introduced  from  the  South.  Spanish  Needles. 

0.  B.  Beckii  Torr.  :  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  -mostly 
submerged,  divided  into  numerous  capillary  segments ;  the  emersed  ones 
few,  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate  or  pinnatifidly  laciniate;  heads  solitary, 
erect,  radiate,  terminal ;  rays  longer  than  the  involucre ;  achenia  narrow- 
oblong,  4 — 6-awned. 


192  COMPOSITE. 

In  water.  Can.  Ver.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 
July,  Aug.  rl\.. — Stem  2 — 6  feet  long,  simple,  or  with  very  small  and  slender 
branches  arising  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Lower  leaves  very  multifid, 
capillary,  as  in  Ranunculus  aquatilis,  but  opposite  or  almost  verticillate ;  upper 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  broad-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  extremity, 
deeply  serrate  or  incised.  Flower  solitary,  at  the  extremity  of  the  stem,  rather 
large,  yellow ;  rays  much  longer  than  the  involucre.  Water  Marigold. 

37.  VERBESINA.  Z,i7W.— Verbesina. 

(Said  to  be  altered  from  Verbena,  on  account  of  the  resemblance  of  one  of  the 
species.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  mostly  radiate.  Involucre  in  two  or 
more  series ;  the  scales  nearly  equal  or  imbricated.  Receptacle 
flat  or  somewhat  convex;  the  chaff  concave  and  embracing  the 
flowers.  Achenia  flat-compressed,  usually  winged  at  the  an- 
gles, crowned  with  2  rigid  awns. 

1.  V.  Siegesbeckia,  Mich. :  stem  smooth,  4- winged ;  leaves  opposite,  decur- 
rent,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  smoothish,  coarsely  serrate ; 
panicle  trichotomous,  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  scales  of  the  involucre  few, 
obtuse.     V.  occidentals  Walt.    Siegesbeckia  occidentals  Linn. 

Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  •  July— Sept.  %.—Root  creeping. 
Stem  erect,  4 — 6  feet  high,  with  4  leafy  wings.  Heads  in  corymbs,  yellow  ;  rays 
1 — 5,  lanceolate,  3- toothed.  Crown  Beard. 

2.  V.  Virginica  Linn. :  stem  narrowly  winged,  tomentose-pubescent  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  veined, 
scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  the 
lower  decurrent ;  heads  in  cymose  corymbs,  crowded. 

Dry  woods.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.,  Sept.  7|..— Stem  3—6  feet 
high.  Heads  in  crowded  corymbs ;  rays  very  short,  the  tube  and  involucre  pu- 
bescent. Virginian  Verbesina. 

38.  HELENIUM.  Linn.— -False  Sunflower. 
(Named,  it  is  said,  after  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  ray  flowers  in  a  single 
series,  pistillate,  ligulate,  or  rarely  tubular,  3 — 5 -cleft ;  those 
of  the  disk  perfect,  tubular,  very  short,  4 — 5 -toothed.  Involu- 
cre in  2  series ;  the  outer  scales  numerous,  leafy,  long-linear, 
reflexed  or  spreading.  Receptacle  convex,  globose  or  oblong, 
naked.  Achenia  turbinate-obovate.  Pappus  chaffy ;  chaff  5 — 6- 
awned. 

H.  aulumnale  Linn. :  smooth ;  stem  erect,  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
serrate,  acute,  decurrent;  disk  globose;  rays  3 — 5-cleft,  spreading  or 
reflexed. 

Low  grounds.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon.  Aug. — Oct.  1[. — 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves.  Leaves  narrowed  at 
base,  the  upper  nearly  entire.  Heads  middle-sized,  numerous,  in  a  terminal 
corymb ;  rays  yellow,  cuneate,  mostly  drooping ;  disk  greenish-yellow.  Whole 
plant  intensely  bitter.  Sneeze-weed. 


COMPOSITE  193 

39.  ANTHEMIS.  Linn.— Chamomile. 

(From  the  Greek  ai>Qcjnuv,  a  flowery  on  account  of  the  profusion  of  its  blos- 
soms.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  ray  flowers  in  one  series,  ligulate, 
pistillate  ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre imbricate,  in  a  few  series.  Receptacle  convex,  oblong 
or  conic,  with  membraceous  chaff  among  the  flowers.  Achenia 
terete  or  obtusely  4-angled,  striate  or  smooth.  Pappus  none 
or  a  membranous  margin. 

A.  arvensis  Linn. :  diffuse,  pubescent ;  leaves  pinnately  parted ;  the  lobes 
linear-lanceolate,  with  very  acute  teeth ;  heads  solitary  at  the  summits  of 
the  leafless  branches ;  receptacle  conic ;  the  chaff  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

Fields  and  cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June — Aug.  (J). — Stem 
9 — 15  inches  high,  branched.  Leaves  grayish-pubescent.  Heads  large;  rays 
broad,  white,  spreading ;  disk  yellow,  convex.  Introduced  from  Europe.  A. 
nobilis  Linn.,  the  common  chamamile,  is  said  by  Nuttall  to  be  naturalized  near 
Lewistown,  Del.  Wild  or  Corn  Chamomile. 

40.  MARUTA.  Cass.— May  Weed. 
(Origin  not  known.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  ligulate,  neutral ; 
those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Involucre  hemispheric,  in  a  few 
series,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conic  or  convex, 
chaffy  throughout  or  only  at  the  top.  Achenia  ribbed,  smooth. 
Pappus  none. 

M.  Cotula  D.  C. :  smoothish ;  leaves  bi-pinnatifid,  the  segments  subulate- 
linear;  receptacle  conic,  with  narrow  acuminate  chaff  at  the  summit. 
Anthemis  Cotula  Linn. 

Road  sides,  &c.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  June — Oct.  ®. — Stem 
a  foot  high,  erect,  branched.  Leaves  pale  green,  more  or  less  pilose  ;  the  seg- 
ments very  narrow.  Heads  on  elongated  slender  peduncles ;  rays  about  12, 
white;  disk  convex,  yellow.  Whole  plant  strongly  fetid.  An  exotic,  now  al- 
most everywhere  naturalized.  Common  May-weed. 

41.  PTARMICA.   Tourn. — Sneezewort. 

(From  the  Greek  rrrappos,  in  allusion  to  its  effect  upon  the  nostrils.) 
Involucre  campanulate ;  the  scales  scarious'  on  the  margin. 
Receptacle  flat  or  scarcely  convex,  broad,  chaffy.  Rays  5 — 20, 
flat,  spreading  much  longer  than  the  involucre.  Achenia  ob- 
compressed,  the  outer  ones  often  somewhat  winged  on  the 
margin. 

P.  vulgaris  D.C.:  stem  erect,  branching  above;  leaves  smooth,  sessile, 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  and  equally  serrate  ;  chaff  of  the  re- 
ceptacle oblong,  pubescent.     Achillea  Ptarmica  Linn. 
Dry  swamps.    Can.  to  N.  Y.  Pufsh.    Danvers,  Mass.  Oakes.    Aug.,  Sept 

9 


194  COMPOSITJE. 

%. — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  branched  ;  heads  in  a  rather  large  terminal 
corymb  ;  rays  8 — 12,  white,  roundish,  3-toothed  ;  disk  white.  When  dried  and 
pulverized  the  plant  has  been  employed  to  excite  sneezing,  whence  its  common 
name.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Sneezewort. 

42.  ACHILLEA.  Linn.— Yarrow. 

(So  named  because  its  healing  virtues  were  said  to  have  been  first  discovered 
by  Achilles.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  flowers  4 — 6  pistillate,  ligu- 
late,  short,  or  none ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect,  tubular,  5- 
toothed.  Involucre  ovate-oblong,  the  scales  imbricate.  Re- 
ceptacle small,  usually  flat,  chaffy.  Achenia  oblong,  smooth, 
somewhat  compressed,  margined.  Pappus  none. 

A.  Millefolium  Linn. :  stem  erect,  somewhat  hairy,  sulcate :  leaves  bi- 
pinnate,  slightly  hairy  ;  the  lobes  linear,  toothed,  mucronate. 

Fields  and  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon  and  Mexico.  June — 
Aug.  %.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branched  at  the  top.  Leaves  2 — 6  inches  long, 
cut  into  very  numerous  narrow  segments.  Heads  numerous,  in  a  dense  terminal 
fastigiate  corymb ;  rays  about  5,  white  or  rose-colored.  It  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed as  a  tonic  and  astringent.  Introduced  and  extensively  naturalized. 

Common  Yarrow  or  Milfoil. 

43.  LEUCANTHEMUM.   Twrn.— Ox-eye  Daisy. 

(From  the  Greek  ACVKOJ,  white,  and  avQt^ov,  a  flower.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray-flowers  numerous,  pistillate,  or 
rarely  neutral ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect,  with  a  fleshy  somewhat 
two-winged  tube.  Involucre  broad,  imbricate  ;  the  scales  with 
a  somewhat  scarious  margin.  Receptacle  naked,  flat,  or  con- 
vex. Achenia  of  the  ray  always  without  pappus ;  of  the  disk 
sometimes  with  a  short  pappus. 

L.  vulgare  Lam. :  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched ;  lower  leaves  petiolate, 
obovate,  toothed;  cauline  somewhat  clasping,  serrate,  incisely  serrate  at 
base ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  a  narrow  brownish  margin.  Chrysanthe- 
mum Leucanthemum  Linn. 

Fields  arfd  road  sides.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  June — Aug.  1\.. — 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect  or  subdecumbent  at  base,  smoothish.  Leaves  often 
pinnatifid-toothed  near  the  base.  Heads  large,  solitary  on  the  branches ;  rays 
20 — 30,  white;  disk' flowers  numerous,  yellow.  Introduced,  and  everywhere, 
naturalized .  A  very  troublesome  weed.  Large  Ox-eye  Daisy, 

44.  ARTEMISIA.  Linn.— Wormwood. 
Named  from  Artem's,  the  Diana  of  the  Greeks.) 

Heads  discoid,  few-  or  many -flowered  ;  the  outer  flowers  in 
one  series,  often  pistillate,  3-toothed,  with  a  long  exsert  bifid 
style ;  those  of  the  disk  5-toothed,  perfect,  sterile  or  staminate 
by  abortion  of  the  ovary.  Involucre  imbricate ;  the  scales  dry 


COMPOSITE.  195 

and  scarious  on  the  margin.  Receptacle  flattish  or  convex, 
naked  or  villous.  Achenia  obovate,  with  a  minute  epigynous 
disk.  Pappus  none. 

*  Receptacle  naked. 

1.  A.  vulgaris  Linn. :    herbaceous,   erect ;  leaves  white-tomentose  be- 
neath ;  cauline  pinnatifid ;  segments  laciniate,  incised,  coarsely  serrate  and 
entire ;  uppermost  nearly  linear,  entire ;  heads  ovoid,  at  length  erect  5  outer 
scales  of  the  involucre  white-tomentose. 

Banks  of  streams.  Arct.  Amer.  Ver.  and  N.  Y.  S.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  %.—. 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  suflruticose,  much  branched.  Leaves  variable.  Heads  few, 
sessile.  Introduced  ?  Mugwort. 

2.  A.  Canadensis  Mich. :  smooth  or  canescent ;  lower  leaves  pinnate, 
petioled ;  upper  subpinnate,  sessile ;  segments  linear  or  linear-lanceolate ; 
heads  hemispheric,  in  paniculate  racemes ;  scales  of  the  involucre  roundish 
or  ovate,  scarious  on  the  margin. 

Sandy  shores.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  N.  to  the  Arctic  Circle.  W.  to  Oregon.  July, 
Aug.  fl\ — Stem  mostly  erect,  but  sometimes  decumbent  at  base,  2 — 4  feet  high. 
Radical  leaves  clustered,  silky  beneath.  Heads  rather  large,  very  numerous,  in 
terminal  paniculate  racemes.  A  variable  species.  Wild  Wormwood. 

3.  A.  cor  data  Mich.:   stem  erect,  smooth;  radical  and  lower  cauline 
leaves  sub-bipinnate,  upper  sub-pinnate  ;  segments  subsetaceous,  alternate, 
somewhat  divaricate ;  racemes  elongated,  erect,  paniculate ;   heads  sub- 
globose.     A.  Canadensis  Big. 

Sandy  woods  and  shores.  N.  H.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  (g). — 
Stem  2-—6  feet  high,  rather  slender.  Leaves  slightly  pubescent  beneath,  petioled 
or  sessile.  Heads  erect,  very  numerous,  in  racemes  which  form  a  dense  pyram- 
idal panicle.  Nearly  allied  to  the  preceding.  Tall  Wormwood. 

**  Receptacle  vittov,s. 

4.  A.  Absinthium  Linn.:  suffYuticose,  erect,  silky-canescent ;  leaves  bi- 
pinnatifid ;  the  segments  lanceolate,  often  incised,  obtuse ;  heads  hemi- 
spheric, in  leafy  paniculate  racemes,  nodding. 

Road  sides.  N.  S.  Aug.  'ZJ-. — StemsZ — 4  feet  high,  several  from  one  root. 
Heads  numerous.  Flowers  yellowish.  Introduced  and  naturalized  in  a  few 
places.  Uncommonly  bitter,  and  valuable  for  its  medicinal  properties. 

Common  Wormwood. 

45.  TANACETUM.  Linn.— Tansy. 

(The  name  altered  from  Athanasia ;  a,  not,  and  6avaros,  death ;  because  its 
flowers  do  not  quickly  fade.) 

Heads  homogamous  or  heterogamous,  with  pistillate  flowers 
in  a  single  series  in  the  circumference,  often  3 — 4 -toothed. 
Disk-flowers  4 — 5 -toothed.  Receptacle  naked,  convex.  Invo- 
lucre campanulate,  imbricate.  Achenia  sessile,  angular,  smooth, 
with  a  large  epigynous  disk.  Pappus  none  or  minute,  membra- 
naceous  and  crown-form,  entire  or  toothed. 

T.  vulgare  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  smoothish,  bi- 


196  COMPOSITE. 

pinnate ;  rachis  and  lobes  incisely  serrate ;  heads  numerous,  corymbose ; 
pappus  short,  equal,  5-toothed. 

Road  sides,  near  fences,  &c.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July,  Oct.  %.— Stem  2—4 
feet  high,  ribbed,  somewhat  branched  above.  Leaves  '2 — 6  inches  long,  dotted. 
Heads  in  dense  terminal  corymbs,  deep  yellow.  The  whole  plant  is  bitter  and 
aromatic,  and  much  used  as  a  popular  medicine.  Introduced  and  in  many 
places  completely  naturalized.  Common  Tansy. 

46.  GNAPHALIUM.  Linn.— Cud  Weed. 

(From  the  Greek  yvu<}> a\ov,  soft  down  or  wool,  with  which  the  leaves  of  many 
species  are  clothed.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  flowers  all  tubular ; 
outer  ones  in  many  series,  pistillate,  very  slender ;  those  of  the 
disk  perfect.  Involucre  ovate,  with  the  scales  imbricate,  ap- 
pressed  and  somewhat  hyaline.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Ache- 
nia  somewhat  terete,  or  more  or  less  obcompressed.  Pappus 
in  a  single  series,  of  filiform  roughish  bristles. 

*  Pistillate  flowers  in  several  series.     Achenia  somewhat  terete. 
•\  Leaves  decurrent. 

1.  G.  decurrens  Ives. :  stem  erect,  simple,  viscid-pubescent,  branched  at 
the  summit;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  very  acute,  decurrent? 
roughish  and  green  above,  white  and  woolly  beneath  ;  heads  nearly  sessile, 
in  dense  roundish  clusters  at  the  summits  of  the  branches. 

Fields  and  hills.     Can.  N.  Y.  Mass,  and  N.  J.    Aug.,  Sept.    % Stem  about 

2  feet  high.     Heads  subsessile,  in  large  roundish  clusters.     Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre yellowish-white.  Decurrent  Cud-weed. 

•j-f    Leaves  not  decurrent. 

2.  G.  polycephalum  Mich. :  stem  erect,   paniculate   above,  tomentose ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  acute,  smoothish  above,  white- 
tomentose  beneath ;  heads  obovate,  crowded  in  a  corymb  at  the  summits  of 
the  branches. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Texas.  July— Sept.  (£).—Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
often  much  branched  at  the  summit.  Heads  at  length  obovate.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  yellowish- white.  The  whole  plant  has  a  balsamic  odor. 

Fragrant  Life-everlasting. 

3.  G.  uliginosum  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  diffusely  branched,  woolly ; 
leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  tomentose  on  both  sides ;  heads  in  dense 
subglobose  terminal  clusters,  leafy  at  the  base. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Newfoundland.  W.  to  Oregon  and  Califor- 
nia. July — Sept.  (T). — Stem  4 — 6  inches  high,  very  much  branched.  Heads 
small.  Scales  of  the  involucre  yellowish-brown,  shining.  Marsh  Cud-weed. 

4.  G.  purpureum  Linn. :  stem  erect  or  ascending,  woolly ;  leaves  oblong- 
spatulate,  mostly  obtuse,   mucronate,  tomentose  beneath;  heads  sessile, 
clustered,  axillary  and  terminal.     G.  Americanum  Willd. 

Barren  soils.  N.  H.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Texas.  July— Oct.  ^.—Stem  8—12 
inches  high,  slender.  Heads  somewhat  spiked  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  purplish. 

Purple  Cud-weed. 


COMPOSITE.  197 

**  Pistillate  flowers  in  one  series.     Achenia  obcompressed,  obovoid. 

5.  G.  supinum  Vill. :  cespitose ;  flowering  stems  simple,  slender,  woolly 
above  ;  leaves  linear,  woolly ;  heads  oblong,  solitary,  terminal,  or  few  and 
spicate-racemose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  acuminate,  brown ;  ache- 
nia  puberulent.  Omalotheca  supina  D.  C. 

White  mountains,  N.  H.  Nult.  N.  to  Labrador.  l^—.Stem  2—4  inches 
high.  Low  Alpine  Cud-voeed. 

47.  FILAGO.  Tourn.— Cotton  Rose. 

(From  the  Latin jHum,  a  thread;  in  allusion  to  the  cobweb-like  threads  which 
cover  the  plant.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  the  terminal  or  central 
flowers  numerous,  pistillate,  perfect  or  infertile,  tubular,  4 — 5- 
toothed ;  the  others  filiform,  pistillate,  scarcely-toothed.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  few,  the  outer  ones  woolly.  Receptacle  elon- 
gated, filiform,  chaffy.  Pappus  of  the  central  flowers  filiform  ; 
of  the  outer  none  or  dissimilar. 

F.  Germanica  Linn. :  stem  dichotomous  or  proliferously  branched  at  the 
summit ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  tomentose  ;  heads  few-flowered,  in 
subglobose  clusters,  terminal  and  dichotomal ;  scales  of  the  involucre  awned. 
Gnaphalium  Germanicum  Willd. 

Fields  and  pastures.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  ®. — Stem  4 — 8  inches 
high,  more  or  less  branched,  woolly-tomentose.  Heads  small,  in  roundish  capi- 
tate clusters.  Scales  of  the  involucre  yellowish,  very  acute.  Introduced.  ? 

Herba  Impia. 

48.  ANTENNARIA.  Gart.— Antennaria. 

(Named  in  allusion  to  the  bristles  of  the  pappus,  which  resemble  the  antennas 
of  some  insects.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious  ;  the  corolla  tubular  ;  in  the 
pistillate  flowers  filiform,  5-toothed.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricate,  colored,  scarious.  Receptacle  convex,  alveolate. 
Achenia  nearly  terete.  Pappus  in  a  single  series  ;  in  the  pis- 
tillate flowers  filiform ;  in  the  staminate  clavate. 

1.  A.  plantaginea  R.  Brown:   stem  simple,  with  procumbent  shoots; 
leaves  silky-villous  when  young,  but  when  old  smoothish  above  and  ca- 
nescent  beneath  ;  radical  oval,  petiolate,  3-nerved  ;  cauline  linear ;  heads  in 
a  small  crowded  corymb.     Gnaphalium  plantagineum  Linn.     G.  dioicum 
var.  plantaginifolium  Mich. 

Woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  April— June. 
1\.. — Stem  3—8  inches  high,  downy.  Radical  leaves  often  large  and  broad. 
Heads  few,  (sometimes  a  single  large  one,)  oblong,  pedicellate,  with  a  white" 
involucre.  Plantain-leaved  Cud-weed. 

2.  A.  margaritacea  R.  Drown :   stem  erect,  tomentose ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-nerved,  green  and  lanuginous  above,  tomentose 
beneath ;  heads  in  a  terminal  corymb.     Gnaphalium  margaritaceum  Linn. 

Woods  and  fields.     Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.     Aug.,  Sept,     *2L— • Stem 


198  COMPOSITE. 

1 — 2  feet  high,  clothed  with  a  thick  wool.    Heads  numerous,  rather  large,  pedi- 
cellate, in  a  spreading  corymb.     Involucre  pearly  white.    Flowers  yellowish. 

Pearly  Everlasting. 

49.  ERECHTITES.  Raf.—  Fire  Weed. 

(An  ancient  name  of  a  species  of  Senecio,  from  which  this  genus  was  sep- 
arated.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  heterogamous ;  marginal  flowers  pis- 
tillate, somewhat  3 — 5-toothed  ;  the  central  ones  perfect,  4 — 5- 
toothed.  Involucre  cylindric,  in  one  series ;  the  scales  linear, 
acute.  Receptacle  naked,  somewhat  papillose.  Achenia  ob- 
long, striate.  Pappus  in  many  series,  of  very  fine  somewhat 
roughish  hairs. 

E.  hieradfolia  Raf. :  stem  striate,  simple  or  paniculate  above ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  attenuate  at  base,  coarsely  and  unequally  ser- 
rate; upper  auriculate  at  base  and  partly  clasping;  involucre  cylindric, 
with  linear-subulate  bracteoles  at  the  base.  Senecio  hieracifoliiis  Linn. 

Road  sides  and  burnt  grounds.  Can.  and  throughout  the  II.  S.  July,  Aug. 
(I). — Stem  2 — 5  feet  high,  stout,  succulent,  more  or  less  hairy.  Heads  numerous, 
middle-sized,  in  a  compound  terminal  panicle ;  rays  none ;  disk  flowers  numer- 
ous, white  or  yellowish.  Common  Fire-weed. 

50.  ARNICA.  Linn.— Arnica. 
(Said  to  be  a  corruption  of  Ptarmica.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  ray  flowers  pistillate  ;  those 
of  the  disk  tubular,  perfect.  Involucre  campanulate ;  the  scales 
in  two  series,  linear-lanceolate,  equal.  Receptacle  flat,  some- 
what hairy.  Achenia  tapering  at  each  end,  somewhat  hairy. 
Pappus  in  one  series  of  rough  rigid  bristles. 

1.  A.  nudicaulis  Nutl.:  hirsute;  leaves   sessile;    the  radical  clustered, 
elliptic-ovate,  nerved,  entire  or  slightly  toothed ;  cauline  1 — 2  pairs,  lance- 
ovate  ;  heads  terminal,  on  loosely  corymbose  peduncles.  A.  Claytoni  Pursh. 
Doronicum  nudicaule  Mich. 

Meadows.  Chester  county,  Perm.  Darlington ;  rare.  S.  to  Flor.  July, 
Aug.  1|-. — "Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  with  a  few  peduncle-like  branches  at  the  sum- 
mit, somewhat  viscid.  Heads  large ;  rays  numerous,  deep  yellow,  2 — 3-toothed 
at  the  apex ;  disk  greenish-yellow.  Naked-stemmed  Arnica.  Leopard 's-bane. 

2.  A.  mollis  Hook. :  villous-pubescent ;  stem  leafy,  bearing  1 — 5  heads  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  smoothish  when  old,  repand-denticulate ;  upper 
ones  closely  sessile  ;  the  lower  narrowed  at  base  or  tapering  into  a  petiole  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  acuminate,  hairy. 

Borders  of  rivulets,  in  the  mountains  of  Essex  county,  N.  Y.  Aug.  Ton- 
White  Mountains,  N.  H.  1\..— Root  creeping.  Stem  12—20  inches  high,  simple 
more  or  less  pubescent.  Heads  about  3,  large ;  rays  2 — 3-toothed  at  the  summit 
pale  yellow.  Pappus  nearly  plumose.  Ptibescent  Arnica. 


COMPOSITE.  199 

51.  CACALIA.  Linn. — Indian  Plantain. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  the  etymology  of  which  is  obscure.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect. 
Involucre  in  one  series,  5 — 30-leaved.  Receptacle  flat,  not 
chaffy.  Achenia  oblong,  smooth,  not  beaked.  Pappus  in  one 
series  of  minute  capillary  bristles. 

1.  C.  suaveolens  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth,  striate  and  angled;  leaves 
petiolate,  hastate-sagittate,  serrate,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides ;  heads 
many-flowered;  scales  of  the  involucre  about  13.  Senecio  suaveolens  ELL 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  and  HI.  Sept.  1}.. — Stem  3—4 
feet,  high,  smooth.  Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles.  Heads  25 — 30-flowered,  in 
:i.  compound  corymb,  yellowish-white.  Sweet-scented  Indian  Plantain. 

•2.  C.  atriplicifolia  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  petioled,  smooth, 
glaucous  beneath ;  lower  deltoid-cordate,  sinuate-angled  and  toothed ;  upper 
rhomboidal,  acute,  wedgeform  at  base,  coarsely  toothed ;  involucre  oblong, 
iVleaved,  5-flowered.  Senecio  atriplicifolius  Hook. 

Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  7J-. — Stem  erect, 
3 — 6  feel  high.  Lower  leaves  4 — 6  inches  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  on  long  pe- 
tioles. Heads  numerous,  in  a  terminal  corymb,  greenish- white. 

Common  Indian  Plantain. 

3.  C.  reniformis  Mukl. :  stem  sulcate-angled ;  leaves  petioled,  smooth, 
hairy  on  the  veins  beneath ;  radical  broad-cordate,  reniform,  repand-toothed ; 
cauline  oblong,  toothed,  wedgeibrm  and  very  entire  at  base ;  corymb  fas- 
tigiate ;  involucre  5-leaved. 

Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.  Aug.,  Sept.  %. — Stem  4 — 3  feet 
high.  Radical  leaves  often  2  feet  wide.  (Torr.  $  6?r.)  Heads  5-flowered, 
white.  Kidney-leaved  Indian  Plantain. 

52.  SENECIO.  Linn. — Groundsei. 
(From  the  Latin  senex,  an  old  man ;  the  pappus  resembling  a  white  beard.; 

Heads   many-flowered,  radiate   or   discoid;    rays  pistillate. 
Involucre  in  one  series  or  calyculate,  with  smaller  accessory 
scales  at  base.     Receptacle  naked  or  alveolate.     Achenia  not 
beaked.     Pappus  of  numerous  slender  nearly  equal  bristles. 
*  Rays  none. 

1.  S.  vulgaris  Linn. :  stem  erect,  often  branching;  leaves  deeply  pinna- 
tifid,  clasping,  toothed;  the  lower  tapering  into  petioles ;  heads  in  a  corymb, 
nodding ;  rays  none ;  pappus  equalling  the  corolla. 

Waste  places.  N.  S.  May — Oct.  C\).—Stem  about  a  foot  high.  Heads  yel- 
low. Calyctdaie  scales  shorter  than  the  involucre.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Groundsel. 

**  Heads  radiate. 

2.  S.  aureus  Linn. :  smooth  or  somewhat  lanuginous ;    radical  leaves 
cordate-ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  on  long  petioles ;  cauline  pinnatifid,  toothed, 
sessile,  the  terminal  segments  lanceolate ;  heads  few,  in  a  somewhat  um- 
belled  corymb. 


200  COMPOSITE. 

Wet  shady  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  *4.— - 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branched  above,  often  woolly.  Heads  middle  sized,  nume- 
rous, on  long  slender  peduncles  which  are  thickened  near  the  involucre  ;  rays 
8—12,  and  with  the  disk  yellow.  Golden  Groundsel.  Squaw-weed. 

3.  S.  Balsamitce  Muhl. :  stem  erect,  villous  at  base ;  radical  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, dentate-serrate,  on  long  petioles ;  cauline  lyrate-pinnatifid, 
sessile,  the  segments  toothed  ;  heads  in  a  compound  umbellate  corymb. 

Moist  grounds.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  1\.. — 
Stem  1 — V  feet  high,  densely  woolly  at  the  base.  Heads  rather  small,  yellow ; 
rays  8 — 12,  narrow  ;  disk  flowers  about  20.  Balsamita-like  Groundsel. 

4.  S.  obovatus  Muhl. :  stem  erect,  smoothish  ;  radical  leaves  varying  from 
roundish-obovate  to  oblong-spatulate,   crenate-serrate,   petiolate ;   cauline 
pinnatifid,  toothed,  sessile ;  heads  in  a  nearly  simple  somewhat  umbelled 
corymb,  on  long  peduncles  which  are  scarcely  thickened  at  the  summit. 

Rocky  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July.  Ij.. — Stem 
a  foot  high,  branched  at  the  summit.  Heads  rather  small,  yellow  ;  rays  about 
10.  Torrey  &  Gray  consider  this  and  the  preceding  species,  as  mere  varieties 
of  S.  aureus ;  to  which  also  they  refer  -S'.  lanceolatus  Oakes  and  S.  gracilis 
Pursh.  Obovate- leaved  Groundsel. 

5.  S.  tomentosus  Mich.:   white -tomentose   and  woolly;  radical  leaves 
oval-oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  serrulate-crenate,  toothed  at  base,  on  long 
petioles ;  cauline  oblong,  somewhat  divided  ;  corymb  small,  somewhat  um- 
belled.     (S.  integrifolius  Nutt.      Cineraria  integrifolia  and  heterophylla 
Pursh. 

Dry  rocks  on  the  Blue  Mountains,  Penn.  Pursh.  S.  to  Flor.  May,  June. 
%. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Heads  yellow,  larger  than  in  S.  aureus  ;  rays  12 — 15, 
elongated.  Downy  Groundsel. 

6.  S.  elongatus  Pursh. :  smooth ;  radical  leaves  spatulate,  serrate,  atten- 
uated into  a  petiole ;  cauline  pinnatifid,  toothed,  very  remote ;  heads  on 
elongated  peduncles,  arranged  in  a  somewhat  umbelled  corymb. 

Rocks  on  banks  of  streams  near  Easton.  Penn.  July,  Aug.  01. — Resembles 
S.  BalsamitcE,  but  is  destitute  of  ray  flowers.  Pursh.  Elongated  Groundsel. 

V.  CYNARE.E.  Style  in  the  perfect  flowers  thickened  near  the  sum- 
mit, and  often  fringed  at  the  tumor ;  its  branches  distinct  or  united, 
pubescent  externally. 

53;  CENTAUREA.  Linn. — Knap  Weed.     Blue  Bottle. 

(From  the  Centaur  Chiron,  who  is  said  by  this  plant  to  have  cured  himself  of 
a  wound  received  from  Hercules.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  flowers  mostly  large  and  sterile, 
funnel-form,  sometimes  wanting.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbri- 
cate, various.  Receptacle  bristly-paleaceous.  Achenia  com- 
pressed. Pappus  mostly  in  many  series,  pilose,  sometimes 
wanting. 

1 .  C.  Jacea  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate ; 
lower  broader  and  toothed,  petioled  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  scarious  and 
torn,  the  outer  pinnatifid ;  heads  radiate  ;  pappus  very  short  or  r;  -»rie. 


COMPOSITE.  201 

Waste  places.  Penn.  Muhl.  July,  Aug.  1|-. — Heads  with  numerous  purple 
flowers.  Involucre  pale-brown,  shining.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Brown  Knap-weed. 

2.  C.  nigra  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  scabrous ;  lower  an- 
gular-lyrate,  petioled ;    upper  lanceolate ;  scales  of  the   involucre  ovate, 
fringed  with  capillary  teeth  ;  rays  none  ;  pappus  very  short,  tufted. 

Fields.  Mass,  and  Penn.  July,  Aug.  l\..—Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Heads 
terminal,  solitary.  Flowers  purple.  Scales  of  the  involucre  almost  black,  the 
teeth  brown.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  becoming  in  some  places  a  trouble- 
some weed.  Black  Knap-weed. 

3.  C.  Cyaniis  Linn. :  cottony-tomentose ;  stem  erect,  branched ;  upper 
leaves  linear,  entire ;  lowermost  toothed  or  pinnatifid  at  base ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  serrate  ;  pappus  short. 

Cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  (p. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Heads 
in  terminal  peduncles  ;  rays  few,  spreading,  bright  blue ;  disk  flowers  smaller, 
purple.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  naturalized  in  a  few  places. 

Corn  Blue-bottle. 

54.  CNICUS.   Vaitt.— Blessed  Thistle. 
(From  the  Greek    xvt^w,  to  prick  or  wound.) 

Heads  many-floAvered ;  the  rays  sterile,  slender,  nearly  equal 
to  the  disk.  Involucre  ovoid ;  scales  coriaceous,  produced  into 
a  long  hard  pinnated  spinose  appendage.  Receptacle  bristly. 
Achenia  smooth,  striate.  Pappus  triple  ;  outer  series  very  short ; 
intermediate  of  10  long  rigid  bristles  ;  inner  of  10  short  bristles. 

C.  benedictus  Linn.  D.  C.     Centaurea  benedicta.  Linn.  Ed.  %. 


Road  sides  ;  rare.  N.  Y.  June.  Torr.  (J). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branching. 
Leaves  clasping,  somewhat  decurrent  and  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  spiny.  Heads 
large.  Introduced.  Common  Blessed  Thistle. 


55.  ONOPORDON.  Linn.— Cotton  Thistle. 

(From  two  Greek  words  expressive  of  the  effect,  ascribed  by  Pliny,  to  the  ass 
who  eats  the  plant.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 

Heads  homogamous,  many-  and  equal-flowered.  Involucre 
ovate-globose ;  scales  imbricate,  coriaceous,  terminating  in  a 
lanceolate  appendage  bearing  a  spine  at  the  summit.  Recepta- 
cle honey-combed.  Achenia  four-cornered,  transversely  ru- 
gose. Pappus  in  several  series,  rough,  deciduous. 

O.  Acanthium  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sinuate  and  spinous,  decur- 
rent, woolly  on  both  sides  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  the 
outer  spreading  and  woolly  at  the  base. 

Waste  grounds.  Mass.  July.  (§). — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high,  branched  and 
winged  at  the  summit ;  wings  very  spinous.  Heads  large,  solitary.  Flowers 
purple.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Cultivated  in  Scotland  as  the  Scotch  Thistle. 

Common  Cotton  Thistle. 
9* 


202  COMPOSITE. 


56.  CIRSIUM.  Tourn.— Thistle. 

(.From  the  Greek  xtpnos,  a  swelled  vein ;  on  account  of  its  being  supposed  to 
heal  that  disease.) 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  flowers  perfect  or  dioecious. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  spinous  at  the  summit. 
Receptacle  bristly.  Corolla  with  the  tube  short  and  the  border 
5-cleft.  Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  smooth,  not  ribbed.  Pap- 
pus of  numerous  plumose  bristles,  deciduous. 

*  Leaves  dccurrent. 

1.  C.  lanceolatum  Scop. :  stem  branched,  hairy ;  leaves  decurrent  pinna- 
tifid,  hispid  above,  woolly  beneath ;  segments  divaricate  and  spinous  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  spinous,  outer  ones  spreading.     Cactus 
lanceolatus  Linn.     Cnicus  lanceolatus  Willd. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  July— Oct.  ^.— Stem  2— 4  feet  high,  winged 
by  the  decurrent  leaves.  Heads  terminal,  ovoid,  middle-sized.  Flowers  purple. 

Common  Thistle. 

**  Leaves  sessile. 

2.  C.  aUissimum  Spreng. :  stem  tall,  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  ciliate- 
spinous,  scabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath ;  radical  petioled,  pinnatifid ; 
cauline  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
ovate-lanceolale,  spinous,  appressed.     Carduus  altissimus  Linn.     Cnicus 
altusimus  Willd. 

Old  fields.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\..— Stem  3—8  feet 
high,  and  on  the  Missouri,  according  to  Mr.  Nuttall,  12 — 18  feet.  Leaves  varia- 
ble. Heads  large,  terminal.  Flowers  purple.  Tall  Thistle. 

3.  C.  discolor  Spreng. :  stem  hairy,  divaricately  branched ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, sessile  or  clasping,  more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid,  smoothish  above, 
tomentose  beneath ;  segments  2-lobed,  ciliate  and  spinous ;  involucre  sub- 
globose  ;  the  scales  ovate,  spinous.    Carduiis  discolor  Nutt.    Cnicus  discolor 
MuJd. 

Old  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  ®.—Stem  3—6  feel  high,  sparsely 
hairy.  Heads  large,  terminal.  Flowers  purple.  Two-colored  Thistle. 

4.  C.  arvense  Scop. :  stem  paniculate ;  the  branches  somewhat  woolly , 
leaves    oblong-lanceolate,    sessile,    sinuate-pinnatifid,    spinous,    undulate, 
smoothish ;  involucre  ovoid ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  the  outer  armed  with 
a  short  spine.     Carduus  arvensis  Smith.     Cnicus  arveusis  Willd. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  %. — Root  creeping.  Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  very  thorny.  Heads  numerous,  terminal,  small.  Flowers 
purple,  rarely  whitish.  A  very  troublesome  weed.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Canada  Thistle.     Cursed  Thistle 

5.  C.  muticum  Mich. :  stem  smoothish,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  ses- 
sile, deeply  pinnatifid,  woolly  beneath ;  segments  lanceolate,  acute,  spinu- 
lose ;  involucre  subglobose;  scales  viscid,  woolly,  unarmed,  or  the  outer 
ones  with  a  very  short  spine.    C.  Bigelowii  D.  C.    Carduus  muticus  Nutt. 
C.  glutinosus  Deck  Bot.  1st.  Ed. 


COMPOSITE.  203 


Low  grounds.    Can.  to  Louis.   W.  to  Texas.    Aug.,  Sept.     Q 
3  —  5  feet  high,  striate  and  angular.    Heads  middle-sized,  terminal.  •  Flowers 
purple.  Awnkss  Thistle. 

6.  C.  puwilum  Spreng.  :  stem  low,  hairy,  1  —  3-flowered  ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  pinnatifid,  somewhat  clasping,  green  on  both  sides  ;  segments  irreg- 
ularly lobed,  ciliate  and  spinous  ;  involucre  sub-  globose  ;  scales  appressed. 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  spinous.    Carduus  pumilus  NuU. 

Dry  fields.  N.  Y.  Mass,  and  Penn.  July,  Aug.  ®.-—Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
(sometimes  much  taller,)  erect  or  subdecumbent.  Heads  very  large.  Flowers 
pale  purple.  Pappus  more  than  an  inch  long.  Var.  Hyslrix  of  Nuttall,  has  the 
stem  simple,  1-flowered,  and  the  leaves  densely  margined  with  spines.  It  occurs 
on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  near  the  city  of  New  York.  Low  Thistle. 

7.  C.  Nuttallii  D.  C.  :  stem  much  branched  ;  leaves  sessile,  smooth  or 
smoothish  on  both  sides,  pinnatifid  ;  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  with 
the  teeth  spinous;  involucre  ovoid;    scales  lanceolate,  appressed,  with  a 
short  somewhat  reflexed  spine  at  the  apex,  somewhat  pubescent  and  viscid 
upon  the  back.    Carduus  glaber  NuU.    Cnicus  glaber  ELI. 

Low  grounds.  N.  J.  Nutt.  S.  to  Geor.  %.  —  Stem  4  —  5  feet  high,  slenderly 
branched.  Heads  somewhat  paniculate.  Flowers  pale  purple.  Allied  to 
C.  muticum,  and  perhaps  only  a  variety.  Nuttall's  Thistle. 

8.  C.  horridulum  Mich.  :  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  arachnoid 
when  young;  leaves  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  pinnatifid,  acutely  divided, 
very  spinous,  woolly  beneath  ;  heads  with  a  whorl  of  spinous  bracts  at 
base  ;  involucre  subglobose  ;  scales  linear,  acute,  scarcely  spinous.     Car- 
duus  spinosissimus  Walt.    Cnicus  horridulus  Pursh. 

Sandy  fields.  IN.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July—  Sept.  *2L—  Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  stout,  hollow,  lanuginous.  Heads  large,  axillary  and  terminal,  with  20  —  30 
bracts  at  base,  the  outer  of  which  have  spines  somewhat  in  pairs.  Flowers  dull 
yellow,  rarely  pale  purple.  Yellow  Thistle. 

9.  C.  Virginianum  Mick.  :  stem  slender,  mostly  simple,  arachnoid  ;  leaves 
sessile,  lance-linear,  revolute  on  the  margin,  distantly  and  spinosely  serrate, 
smooth  above,  white-tomentose  beneath  ;  involucre  ovate  ;  scales  appressed, 
shortly  mucronate,  glutinous.    Carduus  Virginianus  Willd.    Cnicus  Virgin- 
ianus Pursh. 

Woods.  Penn.  ?  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  July—  Sept.  Q.—St  em  2^4  feet  high, 
covered  with  a  white  down,  especially  towards  the  summit.  Head's  small, 
mostly  solitary.  Flowers  purple.  Virginian  Thistle. 

57.  LAPPA.  Taurn.  —  Burdock. 

(Said  to  l>e  derived  from  the  Celtic  llap,  &hand;  because  it  lays  hold  of  every- 
thing near  it.  Tom) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  similar  and  perfect. 
Corolla  5-cleft;  tube  10-nerved.  Involucre  globose;  scales 
imbricate,  coriaceous,  with  a  long  subulate  inflexed  point.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  covered  with  bristly  chaff.  Achenia  oblong,  com- 
pressed, smooth,  transversely  rugose.  Pappus  of  numerous 
short  distinct  filiform  rough  bristles,  caducous. 


204  COMPOSITE. 

L.  major  Gccrt.  :  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate,  smooth  or  with  a  cob- 
web-like down  ;  lower  leaves  cordate,  petiolate;  cauline  ovate.  Arctium 
Lappa  Linn. 

Waste  grounds,  road  sides,  &c.  N.  S.  July—  Oct.  1|.,—  Stem  stout,  3—4  feet 
high.  Radical  leaves  very  large,  (often  1  —  2  feet  long  and  a  foot  wide,)  wavy  on 
the  margin.  Heads  globose,  numerous,  often  clustered.  Flowers  purple.  Invo 
lucres  with  hooked  scales,  by  which  they  are  fastened  to  clothes  and  the  coats 
of  animals.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Burdock. 

SUBORDER  II.    LIGULIFLOR^E. 

Flowers  all  ligulate  and  perfect. 

VI.  CICHORACEJE.  Style  cylindrical  above;  its  branches  rather  long 
and  obtuse,  equally  pubescent. 

58.  CICHORIUM.  Tourn.—  Succory. 
(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Arabic  ChikouryeTi.') 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  of  about 
6  short  scales  ;  inner  long,  8  —  10-leaved.  Receptacle  flattish, 
naked  or  slightly  hairy.  Achenia  somewhat  compressed,  smooth, 
striate.  Pappus  of  numerous  very  short  and  somewhat  obtuse 
scales,  in  one  or  two  series. 

C.  Intybus  Linn.  :  lower  leaves  runcinate,  scarious-hispid  on  the  mid- 
rib ;  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire  ;  heads  axillary,  sessile,  mostly  2  —  3 
together. 

Old  fields  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  July—  Sept.—  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  with 
numerous  rough  branches.  Heads  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs,  sessile.  Flowers 
brisrht  blue  or  purplish.  The  roots  are  largely  used  for  the  purpose  of  adulterating 
coffee.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Succory  or  Chicory. 

59.  KRIGIA.  Schrcb.~Dvra.Tf  Dandelion. 
(In  honor  of  David  Kreig,  a  German  botanist.) 

Heads  jnany-flowered,  (15  —  30).  Involucre  in  a  single 
series,  with  8  —  12  scales.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  turbi- 
nate,  somewhat  pentagonal,  not  beaked.  Pappus  in  a  double 
series  ;  the  outer  of  5  broad,  short,  chaffy  scales  ;  inner  of  5 
long  scabrous  bristles,  alternating  with  the  scales. 

K.  Virginica  Willd.  :  somewhat  glaucous  ;  primary  leaves  roundish, 
entire  ;  the  succeeding  ones  lyrate,  nearly  smooth  ;  heads  solitary,  on  scapes 
which  are  finally  longer  than  the  leaves.  Cynthia  Virginica  Beck  Bot. 
1st  Ed.  Hyoseris  Virginica  Linn. 

Fields  and  dry  soils.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  May  —  Aug.  (J).  —  Scapes 
2  —  10  inches  high,  often  several  from  one  root.  Head  solitary,  terminal,  small. 
Flowers  deep  yellow.  This  plant  continues  in  flower  for  some  time  ;  during 
which  it  varies  greatly  in  the  length  of  the  scape.  K.  dichotoma  of  Nuttall,  al- 
though marked  as  distinct  by  De  Candolle,  can  be  nothing  more  than  a  v 
riety  of  this  species.  Dwarf  Dandelion  . 


va- 


COMPOSITE. 205 

60.  CYNTHIA.  Don.  —Cynthia. 

(Supposed  to  be  named  from  Mount  Cynthus ;  which  was  sacred  to  Apollo 
and  Diana.  Darlingt.  Fl.  Ces.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  in 
one  or  two  series.  Receptacle  naked,  dotted.  Achenia  quad- 
rangular, smoothish,  not  beaked.  Pappus  double;  the  outer 
of  numerous  very  short  chaffy  scales ;  inner  hair-like,  deciduous. 

1 .  C.  Virginica  Don. :  smooth  and  glaucous ;  stem  scape-like,  often  bifid 
or  trifid,  few-leaved  ;  radical  leaves  petioled,  lyrate,  sinuate-dentate  or  pin- 
natifid ;  cauline  lanceolate,  clasping,  nearly  entire,  smooth.    C.  amplexicaule 
Beck  Dot.  1st  Ed.     Krigia  amplexicaulis  Nutt. 

Wet  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  1}-.— Stems  a  foot  or 
more  high,  often  2  or  3  from  one  root,  divided  into  long  slender  branches,  with  a 
clasping  leaf  at  the  forks.  Heads  solitary,  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches, 
large,  orange-yellow.  Virginian  Cynthia. 

2.  C.  Dandelion  Linn. :  scapes  usually  several  from  the  same  root ;  pri- 
mary   leaves  spatulate-oblong ;    the   others    linear-lanceolate,   elongated, 
mostly  acute,  either  entire,  repand-denticulate,  remotely  sinuate-toothed  or 
laciniate-subpinnatifid ;  the  triangular-lanceolate  divaricate  lobes  2 — 3  on 
each  side  ( Torr.  fy  Orr.)     C.  Dandelion  and  Boscii  D.  C.    Krigia  Dan- 
delion Nutt.  Gen. 

Low  grounds.  Md.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Texas.  March — May.  TJ.. — Roots  tube- 
riferous.  Scapes  or  stems  6 — 15  inches  high,  sometimes  decumbent.  Flowers 
yellow.  Dandelion-like  Cynthia. 

61.  OPORINIA.  Dan.— Hawkbit. 

(From  the  Greek  oirwptvds,  autumnal;  in  allusion  to  the  time  of  flowering.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  obconic,  in  one  series; 
scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  numerous  accessory  ones  at 
the  base.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong,  somewhat  te- 
rete, attenuated  at  both  ends,  transversely  rugulose.  Pappus 
in  one  series,  persistent,  plumose,  scarious  and  dilated  at  base. 

O.  autumnale  Don. :  scape  branched,  scaly  upwards  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  smoothish  ;  peduncles  swollen  beneath  the  somewhat 
downy  involucre.  Apargia  autumnalis  Willd. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  July — Sept.  1J-. — Scape  spreading,  branched 
into  a  few  peduncles  which  are  furnished  with  remote  scales.  Heads  middle- 
sized,  bright  yellow,  resembling  the  Dandelion.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Autumnal  Hawkbit 

62.  LACTUCA.  Tourn. — Lettuce. 

(From  the  Latin  lac,  milk;  the  plant  giving  out  a  milky  juice.) 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindric ;  scales 
calyculate-imbricate,  in  2 — 4  series  ;  the  outer  short.  Recep- 
tacle naked.  Achenia  flat,  obcompressed,  wingless,  abruptly 


206  COMPOSITE. 

produced  into  a  filiform  beak.  Pappus  of  copious  soft  and 
white  capillary  bristles. 

L.  elongata  Mukl. :  stem  erect,  smoothish,  paniculate  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  subclasping,  pale  beneath ;  the  lower  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  upper 
mostly  lanceolate  and  entire,  sometimes  elongated ;  heads  in  an  elongated 
leafless  panicle.  G.  longifolia  Mich. 

var.  integrifolia  Torr.  $•  Gr. :  leaves  nearly  all  undivided,  lanceolate. 
L.  integrifolia  Big. 

var.  sanguined  Torr.  fy  Gr. :  leaves  nearly  all  runcinate ;  flowers  pur- 
plish or  red.  L.  sanguined  Big.  and  L.  kirsuta  Nutt. 

Woods  and  road  sides ;  often  growing  up  from  ground  newly  burnt  over. 
Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July — Sept.  (g). — Stem  2—8  feet  high ;  in  var.  san~ 
guinea  smaller.  Heads  rather  smaller  than  in  garden  lettuce.  Flowers  yellow, 
purple  or  red.  I  follow  Torrey  and  Gray  in  uniting  with  this  species  the  three 
which  have  heretofore  been  described  as  distinct.  Wild  Lettuce.  Fire-weed. 

63.  TARAXACUM.  Holler.— Dandelion. 
(From  the  Greek  rapao-o-w ;  on  account  of  its  medicinal  qualities.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double ;  the  outer  scales 
small,  spreading  or  reflexed ;  the  inner  in  a  single  series,  erect. 
Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong,  striate,  muricate  on  the 
ribs,  produced  into  a  long  beak.  Pappus  in  many  series,  white, 
pilose. 

T.  Dens-leonis  Desf. :  smooth ;  leaves  equally  and  acutely  runcinate,  the 
segments  toothed  ;  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed  ;  achenia  muricate 
at  the  apex.  Leontodon  Taraxacum  Linn. 

Pastures,  &c.  Throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S.  April — Nov.  %. — Root 
thick.  Scapes  often  several  from  the  root,  each  with  one  large  terminal  head. 
Flowers  yellow.  In  its  young  state  it  is  used  as  a  potherb.  Introduced,  but  al- 
most everywhere  naturalized.  Common  Dandelion. 

64.  SONCHUS.  Linn.— Sow  Thistle. 
vAn  ancient  Greek  name,  the  meaning  of  which  is  obscure.) 
Heads  many-flowered,  dilated  at  base.    Involucre  imbricate. 
Receptacle  naked.     Achenia  compressed,  not  winged  or  beaked, 
longitudinally  ribbed,  transversely  rugose.     Pappus  of  nume- 
rous soft  and  very  white  hairs. 

1.  S.  oleraceus  Linn.:  smooth  or  with  the  branches  glandular-pilose; 
cauline  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid  or  the  upper  undivided,  clasping,  slightly 
spinulose-toothed ;  the  auricles  acute  ;  peduncles  somewhat  tomentose  when 
young.     S.  ciliatus  Lam. 

Waste  grounds.  Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.  July — Sept.  (£). — Stem 
2—4  feet  high,  hollow  and  succulent.  Leaves  2 — 6  inches  long,  variously  di- 
vided. Heads  in  a  somewhat  umbelled  corymb.  Flotcers  pale  yellow.  Pappus 
very  white  and  silky.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Sow-thistle. 

2.  (S.  asper  Vill. :  smooth  or  somewhat  glandular  hairy  at  the  summit ; 
lower  leaves  spatulate  or  oval ;  cauline  undivided,  undulate  or  slightly 


COMPOSITE.  207 

nncinate,  spinulose-toothed,  cordate-clasping ;  heads  umbellate-corymbose. 
S.  spinulosus,\a.T.  osper  Linn.     S.  spinulosus  Dig. 

Fields  and  waste  places.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  (J). — Stem 
about  2  feet  high,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy.  Heads  small,  somewhat  umbelled. 
Flowers  yellow.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Spiny-leaved  Sow-thistle. 

3.  <S".  arvensis  Linn. :  root  creeping ;  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  runci- 
nate-pinnatifid,  spinulose-toothed,  cordate-clasping;  the  auricles  obtuse; 
panicle  umbellate-corymbose ;  pedicels  and  involucres  glandular-hispid. 

Near  cultivated  grounds.  Ver.  to  Penn.  Newfoundland  Hook.  Aug.,  Sept. 
1J-. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Heads  as  large  as  in  the  Dandelion.  Flowers  yellow. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Large  Sow-thistle. 

65.   HIERACIUM.  Linn.— Hawk  Weed. 

(From  the  Greek  iepa£,  a  hawk  ;  because  birds  of  prey  were  supposed  to  em 
ploy  this  plant  to  strengthen  their  powers  of  vision.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  ovate  or  cylindric ;  scales 
linear-obtuse,  imbricate,  rarely  only  in  two  series.  Receptacle 
alveolate  or  pitted  and  fimbrillate.  Achenia  5 -sided,  somewhat 
striate,  mostly  clavate,  not  beaked.  Pappus  in  a  single  series 
of  very  dense  dull-white  rigid  scabrous  hairs. 

*  Stem  leafy. 

1.  H.  Canadense  Mich. :  stem  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above ; 
leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,   smooth  or  somewhat  pubescent, 
acutely  and  divaricately  toothed  ;  heads  corymbose ;  involucre  smoothish ; 
outer  scales  mostly  spreading  in  fruit.     H.  virgatum,  fasciculatum  and  ma- 
crophyllum  Pursh.     H.  Kalmii  Spreng.  not  of  Linn,  (according  to  Torr. 
*&) 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  N.  to  lat.  66°.  W.  to  Oregon.  July, 
Aug.  \. — Stem  stout,  smooth,  pubescent  or  hairy.  Heads  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, on  downy  or  hispid  peduncles.  Flowers  pale-yellow. 

Canadian  Hawk-weed. 

2.  H.  scabrum  Mich. :  stem  erect,   stout,   hispid  below,  rough  above ; 
leaves  obovate  or  oval,  entire  or  somewhat  denticulate,  hairy,  the  lower 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper  closely  sessile ;  peduncles  and  involucre 
hispid  and  downy.     H.  marianum  Willd.     H.  Gronovii,0.Hook. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  IJ-.—  Stem  about  2  feet 
high,  often  very  rough  below.  Heads  numerous,  in  a  fastigiate  corymb.  Flow- 
ers yellow.  Rough  Hawk-weed. 

3.  H.  Gronovii  Linn. :  stem  erect,  leafless  and  paniculate  above  ;  leaves 
entire  or  denticulate,  pale,  sparingly  villous-hirsute  ;  the  lower  oblong-obo- 
vate  or  spatulate  ;  upper  oval  or  oblong,  sessile  or  clasping  ;  peduncles  and 
involucre  glandular-hispid. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  July,  Aug.  1L— Stem  about  2 
feet  high,  nearly  naked.  Heads  in  a  long  naked  panicle.  Flowers  yellow. 
Diners  from  the  preceding  in  its  more  slender,  nearly  naked  stem  and  much 
longer  peduncles.  Gronovius's  Hawk-weed. 

4.  H.  paniculatum  Willd. :  stem  erect,  loosely  paniculate,  smooth  above, 


208  COMPOSITE. 

whitish  tomentose  below ;  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  few-toothed,  sessile, 
membranaceous,  smooth ;  peduncles  slender,  divaricate ;  bracts  setaceous. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July — Sept.  7J.. — Stem  slender,  1 — 3 
feet  high.  Heads  small,  on  long  slender  peduncles,  forming  a  large  panicle. 
Flowers  yellow.  Panicled  Hawk-weed. 

5.  H.   Scoukri  Hook. :  clothed  with  long  brownish  rigid  and  spreading 
hairs ;  stem  paniculate,  branched ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  somewhat  co- 
riaceous, rigid,  acute,  slightly  toothed  ;  radical  attenuated  into  a  short  peti- 
ole ;  cauline  vety  remote,   sessile ;  involucre    rusty-pubescent,  with  long 
scattered  hairs. 

On  the  Columbia  river  ;  and  also  gathered  in  Penn.  by  Schweinitz.  Hooker. 
Stem  a  foot  high.  Heads  small.  Flowers  yellow.  Scouler's  Hawk-weed. 

**  Stem  naked  or  nearly  so. 

6.  H.  venosum  Linn. :  stem  scape-like,  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  smooth 
and  branching  above  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong  and  lanceolate,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely denticulate,  hairy  on  the  margin  and  midrib  beneath ;  veins  pur- 
ple ;  involucre  mostly  smooth. 

Dry  and  sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  June — Aug.  7J.. — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  naked  or  with  1 — 2  leaves,  branched  at  the  summit.  Radical 
leaves  spreading  on  the  ground,  colored  with  dark  veins.  Heads  small,  on  slen- 
der peduncles,  forming  a  loose  panicle.  Flowers  yellow.  This  is  one  of  the 
plants  in  common  repute  as  an  antidote  or  remedy  for  the  poison  of  the  rattle- 
snake ;  but  we  are  still  in  want  of  proof  in  regard  to  its  medicinal  power. 

Veiny  Hawk-weed. 

66.  NABALUS.  Cass.— Nabalus. 

(Origin  unknown.) 

Heads  5 — 30-flowered.  Involucre  cylindric,  of  10 — 14  lin- 
ear scales,  ealyculate  at  base.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  ob- 
long, subcylindraceous,  sulcate,  smooth,  truncate  at  the  apex. 
Pappus  in  many  series  of  yellow  or  brownish  rough  rigid  hairs. 

1.  N.  SerpentariusHook.:  leaves  toothed,  rough ;  radical  palmate  ;  cau- 
line on  long  petioles,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  somewhat  3-lobed,  the  middle  seg- 
ment 3-parted ;  upper  leaves   lanceolate ;   racemes  terminal,   paniculate, 
short,  nodding ;  involucre  8-leaved,  12-flowered.     N.  albus,vax.  Serpentaria 
Torr.  fy  Gr.    Harpalyce  Serpentaria  Don.   Prenanttes  Serpentaria  Pursh. 

Woods  on  hill  sides.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  71. — Stem  2 — 5 
feet  high,  simple  or  much  branched.  Heads  in  loose  terminal  panicles.  Invo- 
lucre purplish.  Flowers  white  or  yellowish.  A  very  variable  species,  which 
may  perhaps  be  more  properly  united  with  the  next,  as  has  been  done  by  Torrey 
and  Gray,  and  Dr.  Darlington.  It  has  gained  some  notoriety  as  a  cure  for  the 
bite  of  the  rattlesnake,  but  I  apprehend  that  the  statements  on  this  point  are  en- 
titled to  very  little  credence.  Rattlesnake  Root.  Lion's  Foot. 

2.  N.  atlnts  Hook. :  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous ;  stem  paniculate  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  angular-hastate,  irregularly  toothed,  sinuate-incised  or 
pinnately  3 — 5-parted ;  the  lower  petioled,  upper  sessile ;  racemes  short, 
paniculate;  involucre  about  8-leaved,  8 — 10-flowered.    Harpalyce  alba  Don. 
Prenanthes  alba  Linn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  7|_. — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.  Heads  numerous, 
in  a  loose  panicle  which  is  composed  of  small  terminal  clusters.  Flowers  white. 
Achenia  yellow.  Pappus  deep  cinnamon-color.  Wlrite  Lettuce. 


COMPOSITOR.  209 

3.  N.  altissimus  Hook. :  stem  erect,   smooth,  branched ;    leaves   all  pe- 
tioled,  undivided,  or  the  lower  3 — 5-cleft  or  parted ;  the  lobes  or  leaves  acu- 
minate, repandly  toothed  or  denticulate  ;  heads  in  small  axillary  or  terminal 
clusters ;  involucre  5-leaved,  5 — 6-flowered.     N.  cordatus  and  A7,  deltoideus 
D.  C.     Harpalyce  altissima  and  cardata  Don.     Prenanthes  altissima  and 
cor  data  Pursh. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  Aug.,  Sept.  '4— Stem  4  or  5  feet  high, 
slender.  Leaves  sometimes  cordate,  deltoid  or  triangular-hastate.  Heads  nod- 
ding, in  racemes  arranged  in  a  large  leafy  panicle.  Flowers  yellowish- white. 
Pappus  dirty  white.  Tall  Nabalus. 

4.  N.  virgatus  D.C.:  smooth;  stem  simple;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate; 
the   lower   sinuate   or  dentate,   upper  entire ;   racemes  simple,  terminal ; 
heads  nodding,  8 — 10-flowered;   involucre  smooth,  8-leaved.     Harpalyce 
nrgata  Don.    Prenanthes  virgata  Mich. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\..— Stem  2—5  feet  high.  Heads 
in  a  long  terminal  virgate  raceme.  Flowers  pale  purple.  Virgate  Nabalus. 

5.  N.  Fraseri  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  slightly  pubescent,  branched ;  leaves 
mostly  deltoid,  3 — 7-lobed,  contracted  into  winged  or  margined  petioles; 
upper  nearly  sessile  and  undivided ;  involucre  smoothish,  of  about  8  scales, 
8 — 12-flowered.  N.  Fraseri,  trilobaius,  inlegrifolius  and  Serpentarius,@.D.C. 
Prenanthes  rubicunda  Pursh,  (according  to  Torr.  <f*  C?r.) 

Dry  sterile  and  sandy  soils.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.— Oct.  QJ..— Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  very  variable.  Involucre  often  purplish,  usually  quite 
smooth.  Flowers  cream-color,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  purple.  Pappus  straw 
color.  Very  near  N.  albus,  and  some  of  its  forms  can  only  be  distinguished  from 
that  species  by  its  light-colored  pappus.  Fraser's  Nabalus. 

6.  N.  nanus  D.  C. :  smooth ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles, 
varying  from  undivided  and  angular  or  toothed  to  hastately  or  palmately 
3-lobed  or  parted  ;  heads  clustered,  forming  a  racemose  panicle ;  involucre 
10 — 15-flowered ;  inner  scales  about  8  ;  the  calyculate  scales  very  short,  tri- 
angular-ovate. (Twr.  ($•  Gr.}    Harpalyce  alba,\a.r.  nana  Beck  Sot.  1st  Ed. 
Prenanthes  alba}va.r.  nana  Big. 

White.  Mountains,  N.  H.  Big.  Summit  of  Mount  Marcy,  Essex  county,  N.  Y. 
Torr.  Aug.  1\. — Stem  5 — 12  inches  high,  smooth.  Heads  nodding.  Flmoers 
whitish.  Pappus  straw-color.  Dwarf  Nabalus. 

7.  N.  Boottii  D.  C. :  stem  simple,  pubescent  at  the  summit ;  leaves  pe- 
tioled,  smooth  ;  lower  subcordate  or  hastate-cordate,  obtuse;  the  middle  cor- 
date-lanceolate ;  upper  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  entire ;  heads  in  n 
nearly  simple  raceme ;  involucre  10 — 18-flowered  ;  the  inner  scales  10 — 15, 
obtuse ;  the  calyculate  scales  linear,  lax,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
proper  involucre.  (Torr.  ty  Gr.}    Prenanthes  «Zfoz,var.  nana  Big.  (inpart) 

White  Mountains.  N.  H.  Boott.  Summit  of  Whiteface  Mountain,  Essex 
county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  Aug.,  Sept.  %. — Stem  5 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  variable. 
Heads  slightly  nodding.  Flowers  whitish,  odorous.  Pappus  straw-color.  Dis- 
tinguished from  the  preceding  by  the  narrow  loose  and  elongated  calyculata 
scales  of  the  involucre.  Torr.  Bootl's  Nabalus. 


210  CAMPANULACE^. 

67.  MULGEDIUM.  Cass.— Mulgedium. 

(From  the  Latin  mulgco,  to  milk ;  on  account  of  its  yielding  a  white  juice 
when  cut.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  calyculate-imbricate,  the 
outer  scales  much  shorter  than  the  inner.  Receptacle  naked, 
honey-combed.  Achenia  smooth,  compressed,  attenuated  into 
a  beak  at  the  summit,  appearing  as  if  a  part  of  the  achenium, 
and  expanded  into  a  short  thick  cup -form  disk.  Pappus  in  one 
or  a  few  series  of  stiff  rough  white  or  tawny  hairs. 

1.  M.  macrophyllum  D.  C.:   stem  stiffly  erect,   hispid   at  the  summit; 
leaves  broad-lyrate,  cordate  at  base,  hairy  beneath ;  terminal  lobe  large, 
cordate ;    petioles  winged ;    heads  in   a  loose  hispid  panicle ;    involucre 
slightly  hispid.  Sonchus  macrophyllus  Willd.  Agathyrsus  macrophyllus  Don.  ? 

Wet  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  ?  Aug.,  Sept.  %. — Roof  tuberous.  Stem  4 — 7 
feet  high.  Heads  about  as  large  as  those  or  dchorium  Intybus.  Flowers  blue. 
A  doubtful  species.  Large-leaved  Mulgedium. 

2.  M.  Fl.orida.nuin,  D.  C. :  smooth ;  stem  erect,  purplish  or   somewhat 
glaucous,  paniculate  above;  cauline  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  petioled; 
the  lobes  few,  sinuate-toothed ;  uppermost  triangular,  acute ;  heads  in  a 
loose  erect  panicle.    Sonchus  FLoridanus  Linn.     Agathyrsus  Florid-anus 
Don. 

Woods  and  road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  ©.— Stem  3—6  feet  high, 
often  purplish.  Heads  rather  small,  in  an  oblong  terminal  panicle.  Flowers  blue, 
Pappus  dirty  white.  Pursh  states  that  this  plant  is  used  as  a  cure  for  the  bite 
of  the  rattlesnake  in  the  same  manner  as  Nabalus  Serpentarius,  and  is  known 
by  the  name  of  Gall  of  tfie  Earth. 

3.  M.  acuminatum  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  smooth,  simple ;   cauline  leaves 
ovate,  acute,  sparingly  toothed,  attenuated  into  a  winged  petiole,  slightly 
hairy  on  the  midrib  and  veins  beneath ;  radical  sometimes  slightly  runcinate ; 
heads  in  a  thyrse-like  panicle ;  peduncles  somewhat  scaly.   Sonchus  ocumi- 
natus  Willd.     Lactuca  villosa  Jacq. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  Aug.,  Sept.  ®.—Stem  3—6  feet 
high,  paniculate  above.  Heads  small,  not  numerous,  in  a  widely  spreading  ter- 
minal panicle  ;  the  peduncles  with  a  few  ovate  ciliate  scales.  Flowers  blue. 

Sharp-leaved  Mulgedium. 

4.  M.  leucophaum  D.  C. :  stem  very  leafy,  smoothish,  paniculate  at  the 
summit ;  leaves  somewhat  runcinate-pinnatifid,  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat 
haiiy  beneath ;    heads  in   a  large   compound  panicle ;    peduncles   scaly. 
Sonchus  leucophacus  Willd.    Agathyrsus  leucophteus  Don. 

Waste  grounds  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  July — Sept. 
(§). — Stem  3 — 10  feet  high,  (Torr.)  smooth,  or  slightly  hairy.  Lower  leaves  very 
large.  Heads  numerous,  small,  in  an  elongated  panicle.  Flowers  bluish-white. 

Tall  Mulgedium. 

ORDER  LXX.  CAMPANULACE^E.— BELLWORTS. 

Calyx  usually  5-lobed,  (3 — 8,)  persistent.  Corolla  usually 
5-lobed,  (3 — 8,)  withering,  valvate.  Stamens  alternate  with  the 


CAMPANULACEjE.  211 

lobes  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  distinct.  Style  covered  with  col- 
lecting hairs.  Capsule  2 — 3,  several-celled,  opening  by  apertures 
or  valves.  Seeds  numerous  ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albu- 
men.— Herbaceous  plants,  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, without  stipules.  Flowers  usually  showy. 

1.  CAMPANULA.  Linn.— Bell  Flower. 

(From  the  Latin  campanula,  a  little  bell ;  in  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  flower.) 
Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-eleft,  usually  campanu- 
late.  Stamens  5,  free.  Filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at 
base.  Stigmas  3  or  5,  filiform.  Capsule  3 — 5 -celled,  opening 
by  3 — 5  lateral  valves. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia  Linn. :  radical  leaves  petioled,  reniform-cordate,  cre- 
nate  or  cut ;  cauline  linear,  entire ;  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about 
one-third  as  long  as  the  campanulate  corolla. 

Rocky  banks.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June, 
July.  ~4. — Stems  8 — 12  inches  high,  erect  or  assurgent,  sometimes  branched 
from  the  base,  or  several  from  one  root.  Radical  leaves  cordate,  (withering  early.) 
Flowers  few,  large,  blue,  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle  or  raceme. 

Flax  Bell-flower.     Harebett. 

2.  C.  Americana  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  much  acuminate,  unci- 
nately-serrate ;  lowest  often  somewhat  cordate,  contracted  into  a  petiole  at 
base ;   flowers  in  a  terminal-leafy  spike ;   segments  of  the   calyx  linear- 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  rotate  corolla.    C.  acuminata  Mich. 

Moi?t  shady  places.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Mich.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  simple  or  slightly  branched.  Flowers  numerous,  blue,  sessile, 
2 — 3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  American  Bell-flower. 

3.  C.  aparinaides  Pursh. :  stem  slender,  much  branched,  acutely-angled  ; 
angles  with  the  margin  and  nerves  of  the  leaves  aculeate  backwards ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  somewhat  crenate-serrate,  smooth  above ;  pedicels 
slender,  flexuous ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular,  one-third  as  long  as  the 
campanulate  corolla.     C.  erinoides  MuJil. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  June,  July,  (p? — Stem  about  a 
foot  high,  weak.  Flowers  very  small,  white,  nodding.  Prickly  Bell-flower 

2.  SPECULARIA.  D.  C—  Specularia. 

(From  the  ancient  name  of  one  of  the  species,  Speculum  Veneris.) 

Calyx  5-lobed,  by  abortion  3 — 4-lobed ;  the  tube  elongated, 
prismatic  or  obconic.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  free. 
Filaments  membranaceous,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers. 
Stigmas  3.  Capsule  elongated,  prismatic,  3-celled,  opening 
laterally  by  3  valves  near  the  summit. 

£  perfoliata  D.C. :  stem  simple,  angular;  angles  hispid  ;  leaves  roundish- 


212  LOBELIACE^E. 

cordate,  crenate-dentate,  clasping ;  flowers  solitary  or  glomerate  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.    Campanula  perfoliata  Linn.     C.  amplexicaulis  Mich. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May — July.  (I). — Stem  9 — 18  inches  high, 
(sometimes  2 — 3  feet,)  mostly  simple.  Leaves  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  and  sometimes  broader  than  long,  closely  embracing  the  stem,  but  never 
perfbliate.  Flowers  small,  purple,  sessile,  1 — 4  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf. 

Clasping  Bell-flower. 

ORDER  LXXI.    LOBELIACE^E.— LOBELIADS. 

Calyx  5-lobed  or  entire.  Corolla  irregular,  5-lobed  or  5-cleft. 
Stamens  5  ;  anthers  cohering.  Stigma  fringed.  Fruit  capsular, 
1  or  more  celled,  many-seeded,  dehiscing  at  the  apex ;  embryo 
in  the  axis  of  the  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  often 
with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
axillary  or  terminal. 

LOBELIA.  Linn.— Lobelia. 
(In  honor  of  Matthias  de  Label;  a  Flemish  botanist.1) 
Calyx  5-lobed.     Corolla  irregular,  cleft  on  the  upper  side, 
2-lipped  ;  lower  lip  3-cleft.     The  two  lower  anthers,  rarely  all, 
bearded  at  the  summit.     Capsule  inferior  or  semisuperior,  2  or 
3-celled,  opening  at  the  summit. 

1.  L.   Dortmanna  Linn.:  stem  erect,   simple,   nearly  naked;   radical 
leaves  in  a  cluster,  terete,  fleshy,  2-celled ;  cauline  few  and  minute  ;  flow- 
ers few,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  remote,  pedicellate,  nodding. 

Ponds  and  swamps.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Geor.  July — Sept.  1J-. — Stem  scape- 
like,  9 — 18  inches  high.  Radical  leaves  growing  in  a  single  tuft,  consisting  of 
two  empty  uni'ed  tubes,  obtuse,  spreading  and  recurved.  Flowers  3 — 4,  very 
remote,  pale-blue.  Water  Gladiole. 

2.  L.  paludosa  Nutt. :  stem  erect,  angular,  smooth,  nearly  simple  and 
naked ;  leaves  smooth,  flat,  fleshy,  remotely  crenulate ;  radical  crowded, 
linear-oblong,   obtuse ;  cauline  remote,   erect,   linear ;    flowers   few,  in   a 
spiked  raceme,  remote ;  corolla  six  times  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
with  the  lower  lip  hairy. 

Sphagnou's  swamps.  Del.  to  Geor.  rl\~ — Stems  or  scapes  several  from  the 
same  root,  2  feet  in  length,  fistulous,  sometimes  a  little  branched.  Radicalleaves 
in  a  large,  cluster,  4 — 12  inches  long.  Flowers  small,  pale-blue,  subtended  by 
minute  bracts  often  nearly  2  inches  apart.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  prob- 
ably distinct.  Marsh  Lobelia. 

3.  L.  Kalmii  Linn. :  smooth ;  stem  mostly  branched  ;  leaves  remotely 
toothed  ;  radical  oblong-spatulate ;  cauline  linear  ;  racemes  terminal,  loose, 
few-flowered,  leafy ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  fruit,  with  2  minute  bracteoles 
near  the  flower. 

Wet  places.  Can.  to  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  ®. — Stem  8 — 18  inches  high,  slen- 
der, erect  or  assurgent.  Flmvers  blue,  on  slender  pedicels  which  are  from  6 — 12 
lines  long.  Kalm's  Lobelia. 

4.  L.  NiMallii  R.  <$•  S. :  stem  erect,  minutely  scabrous,  simple  or  with 


ERICACEAE.  213 

filiform  branches ;  leaves  remotely  denticulate ;  radical  oblong-spatulate ; 
cauline  oblong-linear ;  racemes  virgate ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flower, 
with  minute  bracteoles  near  the  base  ;  capsule  obtuse  below.  L.  graciLis 
Nutt.  L.  Kalmii,\sir.  Bart.  EU. 

Sandy  swamps  and  near  salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  (§). — 
Stem.  1 — 2  feet  high,  filiform,  erect  or  flexuous.  Flowers  in  a  slender  raceme, 
pale-blue,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding;  the  bracteoles  near  the  base  of  the 
pedicels  and  often  colored.  Nuttall's  Lobelia. 

5.  L.  spicata  Lam. :  stem  erect,  simple,pubescent ;  leaves  pubescent,  ob- 
tuse, nearly  entire;  radical  spatulate;  cauline   oblong;    raceme  virgate, 
naked  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.     L.  Claytoniana  Mich.     L.  pallida,  Muhl. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Lake  Winnipeg.  July,  Aug.  %.— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  generally  simple.  Flowers  pale-blue,  as  large  as  those  of  L.  Kalmii, 
from  6 — 30  in  a  spike-like  raceme.  Spiked  Lobelia. 

6.  L.  puberula,  Mich. :  pubescent ;  stem  erect,   simple ;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  repand-serrulate ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  a  1-sided  spike  ; 
calyx  hirsute  at  base,  the  lanceolate  ciliate  segments  as  long  as  the  tube  of 
the  corolla. 

Moist  low  grounds.  Penn,  to  Geor.  Sept.  Tj..— Stem  2  feet  high.  Lower 
leaves  obovate  ;  upper  lanceolate.  Flowers  rather  large,  in  a  secund  spike  or 
raceme,  nearly  sessile,  bright  blue.  Allied  to  the  next,  but  smaller  in  all  its 
parts.  Pubescent  Lobelia. 

7.  L.  syphilitica  Linn. :  stem  erect,  somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  closely  ses- 
sile, ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  with  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface  ;  raceme  leafy,  with  the  flowers  on  short  pedicels ;  calyx  hispidly- 
ciliate,  with  the  auricles  reflexed  and  2-cleft. 

Bogs  and  low  wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  Tj.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high,  simple,  hairy  on  the  margin.  Flowers  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  long  leafy 
raceme,  large,  blue.  Tliis  plant  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  medicinal. 

Blue  Cardinal  Flower. 

8.  L.  inflata  Linn. :  stem  erect,  hairy,  branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  crenate-dentate,  hairy ;  racemes  leafy,  somewhat  paniculate ; 
capsule  ovoid,  inflated. 

Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept.  ®.—Stem  12—18 
inches  high.  Flowers  numerous,  small,  pale-blue,  in  leafy  spikes  or  racemes. 
Plant  acrid  and  powerfully  medicinal.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  177. 

Indian  Tobacco. 

9.  L.  cardinalis  Linn. :  stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  unequally  dentate-serrate,  minutely  pubes- 
cent ;  raceme  somewhat  secund  and  leafy  below ;  stamens  longer  than  the 
corolla. 

Low  wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  July,  Aug.  7J.. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high.  Flowers  very  large,  bright  scarlet,  in  a  terminal  raceme  which  is 
from  8—10  inches  long.  One  of  the  most  splendid  plants  in  the  Northern 
States.  Cardinal  Flower. 

ORDER   LXXIL— ERICACEJE.— HEATHWORTS. 

Calyx  4  or  5-cleft,  nearly  equal,  persistent.  Corolla  4  or  5- 
cleft,  regular  or  irregular.  Stamens  definite,  equal  in  number 


214  ERICACEAE. 

to  the  segments  of  the  corolla,  or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  many- 
celled  ;  style  1.  Fruit  capsular,  baccate  or  drupaceous.  Seeds 
indefinite,  minute ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. — 
Shrubs  or  under  shrubs.  Leaves  evergreen,  rigid,  without 
stipules. 

1.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.  Adans.— Bear  Grape. 

(From  the  Greek  apKros,  a  bear,  and  jrapAj?,  a  grape.) 

Calyx  5- parted,  persistent.  Corolla  ovate-urceolate ;  the  ori- 
fice 5 -toothed,  re  volute.  Stamens  10,  included.  Anthers  com- 
pressed, with  two  pores  at  the  summit,  laterally  2-awned,  the 
awns  reflexed.  Berry  drupaceous,  globose,  mostly  5-celled; 
cells  1 -seeded. 

1.  A.  Uva-ursi  Spreng.:  procumbent,  smooth;  leaves  petioled,  cuneate- 
obovate,  very  entire,  coriaceous,  shining ;  flowers  in  small  terminal  racemes; 
fruit  smooth.     Arbutus  Uva-ursi  Linn. 

On  mountains  and  in  sandy  soils.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Rocky 
Mountains.  April,  May.  r^. — A  trailing  evergreen.  Stems  numerous  and 
s-preading.  Leaves  thick  and  rigid,  less  than  an  inch  long.  Flowers  drooping, 
pale-Ted.  Berry  small,  red.  The  leaves  are  astringent  and  medicinal.  See 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  66.  Bear  Berry. 

2.  A.  alpina  Spreng.:  procumbent;  leaves  membranaceous,  deciduous, 
obovate,  acute,  serrate,  ciliate  when  young ;  bracteoles  broad-ovate,  ciliate, 
about  as  long  as  the  pedicels. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H. ;  rare.  Gray  fy  Tuckermann.  May.  ?  h--— Stem 
trailing.  Leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  becoming  red  in  the  autumn. 
Flowers  white  or  very  pale  rose-color.  Berry  black.  Alpine  Arbutus. 

2.  GAULTHERIA.  Linn.— Partridge  Berry. 

(In  honor  of  M.  Gautier,  a  French  physician  of  Quebec.  The  original  name 
of  Kalm,  seems  to  have  been  Gautiera.) 

Calyx  5-lobed,  bi-bracteate  at  base.  Corolla  ovate,  the  ori- 
fice 5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  with  the  filaments  hirsute.  An- 
thers two-horned  at  the  summit.  Capsule  5-celled,  invested  by 
the  calyx  'which  becomes  a  berry . 

G.  procumbent  Linn. :  stem  procumbent,  with  the  branches  erect ; 
leaves  obovate,  wedgeform  at  the  base,  ciliate-denticulate ;  flowers  few, 
subterininal,  nodding. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Ohio.  May — July.  T^. — Stem  creeping ; 
branches  ascending,  4 — 6  inches  high.  Leaves  evergreen  and  sliining.  Flowers 
axillary,  white.  Fruit  having  the  appearance  of  a  bright  scarlet  berry. 

Partridge  Berry.     Spicy  Wintergreen. 

3.  OXYDENDRUM.  D.  C.— Sorrel  Tree. 

(From  the  Greek  o£vj,  an  acid,  and  SsvSpov,  a  tree ;  on  account  of  the  sour  taste 
cf  its  leaves.) 

Calyx   5-parted,    the   lobes   acuminate.     Corolla  ovate,    5 


ERICACEA:.  215 

toothed.  Stamens  10.  Filaments  hairy.  Anthers  erect,  ob- 
long, not  awned.  Style  pentagonal.  Capsule  pyramidal,  pen- 
tagonal, 5-celled,  5-valved,  the  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle. 

0.  arboreum  D.C.:  smooth;  branches  terete;  leaves  petioled,  oblong, 
acuminate,  serrate ;  panicles  terminal,  many-spiked  ;  corolla  ovate,  pubes- 
cent on  the  outside.     Andromeda  arborea  Linn. 

Mountain  valleys.  Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Flor.  June,  July. — A  beautiful 
tree  40 — 50  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  having  an 
acid  taste.  Flowers  white,  in  large  terminal  panicles  consisting  of  numerous 
secund  racemes  or  spikes.  Sorrel  Tree. 

4.  ANDROMEDA.  Linn.— Andromeda. 

(Thus  named  in  allusion  to  the  fabled  exposure  of  Andromeda;  from  the  place 
of  growth  of  some  species.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  acute.  Corolla  ovate,  globose 
or  somewhat  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Stamens  10.  Capsule  5- 
celled,  5-valved. 

*  Leaves  evergreen. 

1.  A.  Aypnoides  Linn.:  leaves  imbricate,  subulate,  smooth;  pedicels  ter- 
minal,  1-flowered ;  corolla  nodding,  globose-campanulate,  deeply  3-cleft. 
Cassiope  hypnoides  D.  C. 

White  Hills,  N.  H.  N.  W.  Coast.  June.  \i.—Stem  creeping ;  flowering 
branches  erect.  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  red.  It  resembles  a  moss. 

Moss  Andromeda. 

2.  A.  poli/folia  Linn. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  revolute  on  the  margin, 
whitish-glaucous  beneath ;  flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Labrador  to  Penn.  June.  fy — Stem  12 — 18  inches 
high.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  coriaceous,  varying  from  linear  to  oblong. 
Flowers  white,  tinged  with  red.  Wild  Rosemary. 

3.  A.  calyculata  Linn. :   leaves  elliptic-oblong,   rather  obtuse,  subrevo- 
lute,  ferruginous  beneath;  racemes  terminal,  leafy ;  corolla  ovate-oblong, 
with  the  orifice  contracted ;  calyx  bi  bracteate.     Cassandra  calyculata  Don. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  ^7. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high. 
Leaves  coriaceous,  covered  with  white  dots  above,  pale  beneath.  Flowers 
white,  solitary,  on  short  securid  pedicels.  Box-leaved  Andromeda. 

**  Leaves  deciduous. 

4.  A.  Mariana  Linn. :  leaves  oval,   somewhat  acute,   entire,  smooth 
above,  pale  and  somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  subcoriaceous ;  flowering 
branches  nearly  naked;  pedicels  fasciculate;  calyx  leafy;  corolla  ovoid- 
cylindric ;  filaments  hairy.     Leucothoe  Mariana  D.  C. 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  T?.— Stem  2— 3  feet  high.  Leaves 
on  short  petioles.  Flowers  white  and  pale-red,  large,  arranged  in  short  sesdie 
fasciculate  racemes.  Supposed  to  be  poisonous  to  lambs.  Kill-lamb. 

5.  A.  racemosa  Mich. :  leaves  oblong,  serrulate,  membranaceous,  smooth 
above,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  terminal,  secund,  simple  or 
branched;  corolla  oblong-cylindric,  contracted  at  the  mouth;  anthers  4- 
awned  at  the  summit.     A.  paniculata  Walt.     Zenobia  racemosa  D.  C. 


216  EKICACE/E. 

Swamps  and  wet  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  17.—- Stem  4 — 6  feet 
high,  irregularly  branched.  Leaves  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  white,  in  ra- 
cemes which  are  3  or  4  inches  long.  Racemed  Andromeda. 

6.  A.  ligustrina  Muhl. :  pubescent ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
minutely  serrulate ;  flower-bearing  branches  terminal,  paniculate,  naked ; 
corolla  nearly  globose,  pubescent ;  anthers  unawned.  A.  paniculate:  Pursfi. 
Vaccinium  ligustrinum  Linn.  Lyonia  paniculata  Nutt. 

Swamps,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  T? . — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high,  much 
branched.  Flowers  in  compound  nearly  naked  and  erect  panicles.  Corolla 
small,  white,  pubescent.  Pnvet  Andromeda. 

5.  CLETHRA.  Linn. — Sweet  Pepper  Bush. 
Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.     Corolla  5-parted,  almost  5-pe- 
talled;  the  petals  ovate-oblong.    Stamens  10.    Filaments  subu- 
late.    Style  straight.     Capsule  3 -celled,  3-valved,  enclosed  by 
the  calyx. 

C.  alnifolia  Linn. :  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  acute,  serrate,  smooth,  green 
on  both  sides ;  racemes  spiked,  simple,  bracteate,  hoary  tomentose. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ohio.  July,  Aug.  \i.—Stem  4—6  feet 
high.  Leaves  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  white,  in  long 
terminal  racemes  or  spikes,  with  downy  pedicels. 

Common  Sweet  Pepper-buslu 

6.  MENZIESIA.  Smith. — Menziesia. 

(Named  in  honor  of  Archibald  Menzies,  a  botanist  and  physician  who  accom- 
panied Vancouver  hi  his  voyage  around  the  world.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  4-cleft  or  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular  or 
globose  ;  limb  very  short,  4-toothed,  revolute.  Stamens  8,  in- 
cluded. Filaments  subulate,  smooth.  Stigma  obtuse.  Cap- 
sule 4 -celled,  4-valved. 

M.  globularis  Salisb. :  branches  and  pedicels  somewhat  hairy ;  leaves 
oval-lanceolate,  ciliate,  pubescent  except  on  the  nerves  beneath,  with  a 
sharp  glandular  point ;  calyx  4-cleft ;  corolla  globose.  M.  Smithii  Mich. 

Mountains.  Penn.  lo  Car.  June.  \i- — Stem  4  feet  high.  Leaves  very  hairy 
when  young.  Flowers  yellowish-brown.  Globose  Menziesia. 

7.  PHYLLODOCE.  Salisb.— American  Heath. 

(From  the  Greek  (pv\\ov}  a  leaf,  and  (Wcw,  to  see ;  in  allusion  to  its  peltate 
stigma  ?) 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  often  acuminate.  Corolla  ovate, 
the  orifice  contracted,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  included.  Fil- 
aments smooth,  slender.  Anthers  awnless.  Stigma  peltate. 
Capsule  5 -celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

P.  taxifolia  Salisb. :  stem  branched ;  leaves  linear,  toothed ;  peduncles 
terminal,  1-flowered,  glandular-ptlose ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acu- 


ERICACEAE.  217 

aainate  ;  anthers  smooth,  one-third  the  length  of  the  filaments.    Andromeda, 
easrulea  Linn.    Menziesia  ccerulea  Swartz. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  N.  W.  Coast  and  Labrador.  July. — An  evergreen 
shrub,  resembling  a  heath  in  its  foliage  and  flowers.  Leaves  one-third  of  an  inch 
long.  Flowers  large,  purple,  on  long  red  peduncles.  American  Heath. 

8.  KALMIA.  Linn. — American  Laurel. 

(In  honor  of  Peter  Kalm,  a  Swedish  botanist,  who  travelled  in  this  country 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form;  border  on  the  under 
side  producing  10  cornute  protuberances  and  as  many  cavities 
in  which  the  anthers  are  concealed.  Stamens  10.  Capsule 
globose,  5 -celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  K.  glauca  Ait.:  branches  ancipital;  leaves  opposite,  subsessile,  ob- 
long, smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  corymbs  terminal, 
bracteate ;  peduncles  and  calyx  very  smooth. 

var.  rosmarinifolia,  Pursh. :  leaves  linear,  conspicuously  revolute,  nearly 
green  beneath. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Lake  Superior.  June, 
July.  YI  . — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  with  opposite  lanceolate  leaves.  Flowers 
pale  rose-color,  in  terminal  corymbs  or  umbels.  Var.  rosmarinifolia  is  found  in  a 
swamp  two  miles  east  of  Albany,  N.  Y.  Glaucous  Kalmia.  Swamp  Laurel. 

2.  K.  angustifolia  Linn. :  branches  terete ;  leaves  scattered  or  ternate, 
petiolate,  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  smooth,  sometimes  slightly  ferruginous  be- 
neath ;  corymbs  lateral ;  peduncles  and  calyx  glandular-pubescent. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  June,  July.  \i-Stem  12—18 
inches  high.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers 
small,  deep  rose-color,  in  lateral  corymbs,  forming  a  kind  of  whorl  around  the 
stem.  Sheep  Laurel. 

3.  K.  lalifoha  Linn. :  branches  terete  ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  scattered 
and  ternate,   oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  geeen  on  both  sides ; 
corymbs  terminal,  viscidly  pubescent. 

Hills  and  mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  June,  July,  Tj. — Stem 
4 — 10  feet  high,  with  irregular  branches.  Leaves  "2 — 3  inches  long,  thick  and 
coriaceous.  Flowers  rose-color,  arranged  in  terminal  spreading  corymbs.  Me 
dicinal.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  133.  Mountain  Laurel.  Calico  Bush. 

9.  EPIGJEA.  Linn. — Ground  Laurel. 

(From  the  Greek  em,  upon,  and  yn,  the  earth ;  in  allusion  to  its  prostrate  habit.) 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  colored,  with  3  bracts  at  the  base. 
Corolla  salver-form  ;  the  border  5-parted,  spreading.  Stamens 
10.  Capsule  subglobose,  depressed,  5-celled,  surrounded  by 
the  persistent  calyx. 

E.  repens  Linn. :  stem  decumbent,  creeping ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  pe- 
tioled,  very  entire  ;  corolla  hairy  inside. 

Side  hills,  roots  of  trees,  &c.  Can.  to  Del.  April.  \i- — A  email  trailing  and 
creeping  evergreen.  Stem  and  loaves  hirsute  with  coarse  hair>  Ko^srs  white 

10 


218  ERICACEAE. 

tinged  with  red,  very  fragrant.  Tt  it  is  said,  but  perhaps  incorrectly,  to  be  inju- 
rious to  cattle,  when  eaten  by  them.  It  is  sold  by  the  Shakers  under  the  name 
of  Gravel  Plant.  Ground  Laurel.  Trailing  Arbutus. 

10.  RHODORA.    Linn.— Rhodora. 
(From  the  Greek  p?<W,  a  rose.) 

Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  adnate  to  the  calyx, 
ringent,  the  upper  lip  2 — 3-parted,  the  lower  one  2-lobed. 
Stamens  10,  declined.  Filaments  unequal.  Capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved,  opening  at  the  top. 

JR.Canadensis  Linn.    Rhododendron  Rhodora  Don.  Torr. 

Mountain  bogs.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  T^ . — Stem  2  feet  high,  with  smooth 
erect  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  oval,  very  entire,  nearly  smooth  above, 
pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  purple,  in  terminal  clusters  or  umbels, 
appearing  before  the  leaves.  Rhodora.  False  Honeysuckle. 

11.  RHODODENDRON.  Linn.— Rose-bay. 

(From  the  Greek  ?-)<W,  n.  rose,  and  SsvSpov,  a  tree  ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of 
the  flowers.) 

Calyx   5-parted.      Corolla   somewhat    funnel-form,    5-cleft. 
Stamens   5 — 10,   decimate.     Anthers   opening   by  2  terminal 
pores.     Capsule    mostly  5-celled,  5-valved. 
*  Stamens  5—10. 

1.  JR.  Lappo-nicum  Wahl. :  procumbent  and  divaricately  branched  ;  leaves 
elliptic,  obtuse,  rigid,  covered  with  minute  scales  on  both  sides ;  flowers  few, 
terminal,  umbellate ;  corolla  campanulate.  Azalea  Lapponica  Linn. 

Highest  summits  of  Mounts  Marcy  and  Mclntyre,  N.  Y.  Torr.  White  Moun- 
tains, N.  H.  Arct.  Amer.  and  the  "Rocky  Mountains.  July.  Tj . — Stem  with 
numerous  straggling  branches,  a  few  inches  high.  Leaves  5 — 7  lines  long,  ever- 
green. Flowers  deep  purple,  in  terminal  clusters  or  umbels. 

Low  Alpine  Rose-bay. 

'2.  JR.  maximum  Linn. :  arborescent ;  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  evergreen, 
acuminate,  thick,  smooth,  paler  beneath;  corymbs  somewhat  racemose; 
segments  of  the  calyx  ovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  corolla  campanulate. 

Swamps  and  bogs.  Mass,  to  Car.  June,  July.  T? . — Stem  10 — 15  feet  high. 
Leaves  lar*ge,  coriaceous.  Flowers  rose-color,  in  a  large  compact  cone-like  ra- 
ceme, covered  when  young  with  large  acuminate  ferruginous  bracts.  Several 
varieties  occur  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med.  Hot.  iii.  101. 

American  Rose-bay. 
**  Stamens  5.  * 

3.  JR.  nudiflorum  Torr. :  oblong,  acute,  ciliate,  pubescent  above  and  on  the 
veins  and  midrib  beneath ;  flowers  in  rather  naked  corymbs,  slightly  viscid ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  a  little  longer  than  the  lohes;  stamens  exserted.  Azalea 
nudiflora  Linn.  A  peridymenoides  Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  3Iay.  fy. — Stem  2 — 6  feet  high,  much 
branched  above.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Flowers  red- 
dish, in  terminal  clusters,  appearing  a  little  before  the  leaves.  Of  this  species 
there  are  a  number  of  varieties.  Among  others  mentioned  by  Pursh.  is  one 
wliich  has  from  10—20  stamens.  Upright  Wild  Honeysuckle.  Pinxter  Blow. 


ERICACEAE.  219 

4.  R.  viscosum  Torr. :  branchlets  hispid ;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute, 
smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  the  midrib  bristly  ; 
flowers  glutinous,  hairy,  appearing  with  the  leaves  ;  tube  as  long  again  as 
the  segments ;  stamens  scarcely  longer  than  the  corolla.     Azalea  -viscosa 
Linn,  and  A.  glauca  Pursh. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  }^ . — Stem  6 — 8  feet  high,  much  branched. 
Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  sometimes  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  white,  in  ter- 
minal clusters,  sweet  scented.  Corolla  viscid  and  pubescent. 

White  Wild  Honeysuckle. 

5.  R.  calendiduceum  Torr. :  branchlets  somewhat  villous ;  leaves  oblong, 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  at  length  hirsute ;  flowers  large,  in  rather  naked 
corymbs,  not  viscid  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  oblong ;  tube  of  the  corolla  hairy, 
shorter  than  the  segments.     Azalea  calendulacea  Mich.     A.  nudiflora  var. 
coccinea  Ait. 

Penn.  to  Car.  May.  On  Clear  Creek,  Ohio,  Dr.  J.  M.  Bigelow.  \i  .—Stem 
2 — 6  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow  or  flame-color.  One  of  the  handsomest  shrubs 
in  the  U.  S.  Yelloiv-flowered  Rose-bay. 

6.  R.  arborescens   Torr. :  branchlets  smooth ;  leaves  obovate,  somewhat 
obtuse,  smooth  on  both  sides,  glaucous  beneath,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  midrib 
almost  smooth ;  flowers  in  leafy  corymbs,  not  viscid ;  tube  longer  than  the 
segments;  calyx  leafy,  with  the   segments  oblong,  acute;  filaments  ex- 
serted.     Azalea  arborescens  Pursh. 

Blue  Mountains,  Penn.  May— July.  fj.  Pursh.—Stem  10—20  feet  higtx. 
Flowers  large,  reddish ;  scales  of  the  flower-buds  large,  yellowish-brown,  sur- 
rounded with  a  fringed  white  border.  Pursh.  Arborescent  Azalea. 

7.  R.  nitidum  Torr. :  branches  somewhat  smooth ;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
submucronate,  coriaceous,  smooth  on  both  sides,  shining   above;  midrib 
bristly  beneath,  margin  revolute-ciliate ;  flowers  viscid,  in  leafy  corymbs ; 
tube  a  little  longer  than  the  segments ;  calyx  very  short.     Azalea  mtida 
Pursh. 

Mountain  swamp*.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  T^  • — Leaves  dark  green  and 
shining,  smaller  than  in  any  other  species.  Flowers  white,  with  a  reddish  tinge. 
Pursh.  Shining  Rhododendron. 

8.  R.  hispid-urn  Torr. :  branches  straight,  very  hispid ;  leaves  long-lan- 
ceolate, hispid  above,  smooth  beneath,  glaucous  on  both  sides,  ciliate  on 
the  margin,  the  midrib  bristly ;  flowers  very  viscid,  appearing  with  the 
leaves  ;  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  segments ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  oblong, 
rounded  ;  filaments  exserted.     Azalea  hispida  Pursh. 

Margins  of  lakes,  on  high  mountains.  N.  Y.  arid  Penn.  Pursh.  July,  Aug. 
•p^. — Stem  10 — 15  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  with  a  red  border.  Stamens  often 
10.  This  shrub  is  said  by  Pursh  to  have  a  bluish  appearance,  by  which  it  may 
be  distinguished  from  all  others  at  a  great  distance  ;  but  Dr.  Torrey  thinks  it  is 
scarcely  distinct  from  R.  viscosum.  Hispid  Rhododendron. 

13.  AZALEA.  Linn. — Azalea. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  aga\e.os,  dry,  from  its  habitat.) 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  short,  campanulate,  5-cleft.     Sta- 
mens 5,  equal,  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  anthers  opening  longi- 


220  VACC I N I A C K  -fc. 

tudinally.      Style   straight,   included.      Capsule    5-celledr  5- 
valved,  opening  at  the  top. 

A.  procumbens  Linn. :  stem  procumbent,  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  op- 
posite, elliptic,  smooth,  revolute  on  the  margin  ;  stamens  included.  Loisi- 
Uuria  procumbcns  JR.  fy  S.  D.  C. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  July.  T^. — Stem  3 — 6  inches 
long,  branched,  leafy  above.  Leaves  evergreen,  thick,  obtuse,  small.  Flowers 
small,  reddish-white,  in  terminal  clusters.  Trailing  Azalea. 

13.'  LEDUM.  Linn.— Labrador  Tea. 
(From  the  Greek  \riSov,  a  shrub ;  which  this  resembles.) 

Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Corolla  5-petalled,  spreading. 
Stamens  5 — 10,  exserted.  Anthers  opening  by  two  terminal 
pores.  Capsule  subovate,  5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the 
base,  pedicellate.  Seeds  numerous,  linear,  with  a  membrana- 
ceous  wing  at  each  extremity. 

1.  L.  latifolium  Ait. :  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  revolute  on  the  margin,  fer- 
ruginous tomentose  beneath ;  stamens  5,  as  long  as  the  corolla.     L.  palus- 
tre  var.  Latifolium  Mich.  Torr. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  June. — An  evergreen  shrub 
about  2  feet  high  and  with  the  stem  irregularly  branched  ;  the  branches  woolly. 
Leaves  alternate,  broad-oblong,  obtuse.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs,  white. 

Broad-leaved  Labrador  Tea. 

2.  L.  palustre  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  revolute  on  the  margin,  ferruginous 
tomentose  beneath ;  stamens  10,  longer  than  the  corolla. 

Swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  June. — A  shrub  smaller  than  the  last  and 
with  narrower  leaves.  I  have  found  both  species  in  a  sphagnous  swamp  near 
Fairhaven,  Vt.  They  have  both  been  used  as  substitutes  for  tea,  but  the  latter 
is  said  to  be  preferable  for  this  purpose.  Narrow-leaved  Labrador  Tea. 

14.  LEIOPHYLLUM.  Pm.— Sleek  Leaf. 

(From  the  Greek  Aao?,  smooth,  and  <J>v\\ov,  a  leaf;  in  allusion  to  its  foliage.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  5-petalled.  Sta- 
mens 10,  longer  than  the  corolla.  Anthers  lateral,  opening  on 
the  insi.de  longitudinally.  Capsule  globose,  3-celled,  3-valved, 
opening  at  the  top.  Seeds  many,  ovate. 

L.  buxifolium  Ell. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  nearly  sessile, 
alternate ;  capsule  smooth.  Ledum  buxifolium  Ait.  Ammyrsine  buxifolium 
Pursh. 

Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  high  mountains,  S.  Car.  May,  June. — A  small  ever- 
green shrub  6—18  inches  high,  branching,  smooth.  Leaves  small,  entire,  smooth, 
coriaceous,  with  the  margin  revolute.  Flowers  numerous,  white,  in  small  ter- 
minal corymbs.  Sleek  Leaf.  Sand  Myrtle. 

ORDER  LXXIII.    VACCLNIACE^E.— CRANBERRIES. 
Calyx  entire,  or  4 — 6-lobed.     Corolla  with  as  many  lobes  as 
the  calyx.     Stamens  distinct,  double  the  number  of  the  lobes 


VACCINIACE.E.  221 

of  the  corolla.  Ovary  inferior,  4 — 5-celled ;  style  and  stigma 
simple.  Berry  crowned  with  the  persistent  limb  of  the  calyx, 
succulent,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  the  leaves  often  evergreen. 

1.  VACCINIUM.— Z/ww. Whortleberry. 

(Etymology  unknown. ) 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4 — 5 -toothed.  Corolla  urceo- 
late,  cylindric,  campanulate  or  somewhat  rotate,  4 — 5-cleft. 
Stamens  8 — 10,  inserted  on  the  ovary.  Berry  globose,  4 — 10- 
celled,  many-  (or  by  abortion  few-)  seeded. 

*  Leaves  deciduous. 
•f  Corolla  campanulate. 

1.  F.  stamineum  Linn. :  much  branched,  the  younger  branches  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  very  entire,  glaucous  beneath ;  pedicels 
solitary,  axillary,  filiform,  nodding ;  corolla  campanulate,  spreading ;  an- 
thers exserted,  with  two  awns  on  the  back.     F.  album  Pursh. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  fy.—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  diffusely  branched.  Flowers  white,  on  the  lateral  branches  of  the  stem 
which  appear  like  leafy  racemes.  Berry  large,  pale  green  or  purplish,  scarcely 
eatable.  Deerberry. 

2.  V.  dumosum  Curt, :  minutely  pubescent ;  younger  branches,  leaves 
and  racemes  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  mucro- 
nate,  entire,  green  on  both  sides ;  racemes  with  large  foliaceous  bracts ; 
pedicels  short,  axillary,  subsolitary;  corolla  campanulate.     F.  hirtellum 
Ait.     Gaylussacia  hirtella  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Wet  sandy  soils.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  June.  T?- — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Flow- 
ers large,  white,  nodding,  in  leafy  racemes.  Berry  large,  globose,  black  and 
shining,  tasteless.  Low  Swamp  Whortleberry. 

3.  V.  frondosum  Linn. :  smooth ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,   obtuse,   very 
entire,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  glaucous  beneath;  racemes  lateral, 
loose,  bracteate ;  pedicels  filiform,  bracteolate  in  the  middle ;  corolla  glo- 
bose-campanulate.     V.  glaucum  Mich.     Gaylussacia  frondosa  Torr.  tf*  Gr. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  ?j. — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  with  slender 
branches.  Racemes  lateral,  few-flowered.  Flowers  small,  white.  Berry  large, 
bluish,  sweet  and  well  flavored.  Whortleberry.  Blue-tangle. 

ff  Corolla  urceolate,  ovoid,  oblong  <rr  cylindric. 
a.  Flowers  racemose  or  fasciculate. 

4.  F.  resinosum  Ait. :  younger  branches  pubescent ;  leaves  petiolate,  ob- 
long-oval, mostly  obtuse,  very  entire,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots  beneath  ; 
racemes  lateral,  secund,  bracteate  ;  corolla  ovoid-conic,  pentagonal,  at  first 
contracted  at  the  mouth,  at  length  open.     Gaylussacia  resinosa  Torr.  fy  Gr. 

Woods  and  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  May,  June.  ^.—Stem  2 — 4 
feet  high.  Flowers  reddish-green,  in  short  lateral  racemes  or  fascicles.  Berry 
globose,  black,  slightly  acid,  but  agreeable.  Black  Whortleberry. 


222  VACCINIACE^. 

5.  V.  vaccittans  Kalm :  branches  angular,  smooth ;  leaves  oval,  elliptic  or 
obovate,  serrulate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  mucronu- 
late ;  racemes  very  short,  clustered  ;   corolla  campanulate-cylindric.  (  Torr. 
N.  Y.  Fl.) 

Woods  and  thickets.  N.  Y.  Torr.  May.  \i.—Stem  1—2  feet  high,  much 
branched.  Leaves  an  inch  or  more  long,  deciduous.  Flowers  greenish-white 
tinged  with  red,  on  short  pedicels.  Berry  dark-blue,  glaucous,  very  sweet.  It 
has  probably  been  confounded  with  V.  Pennsylvanicum. 

Sugar  Whortleberry. 

6.  V.  Pennsylvanicum  Lam. :  branches  angular,  (green ;)  leaves  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  mucronate,  serrulate,   smooth  and 
shining  on  both  surfaces ;  fascicles  of  flowers  subterminal ;  corolla  ovoid. 
V.  mrgatum  Ait.     V.  tcnellum  Pursh. 

Dry  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  \2 . — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  much 
branched.  Flowers  pale  red,  6—8  in  a  fascicle.  Berry  large,  bluish-black, 
somewhat  glaucous,  sweet.  Low  Blue  Whortleberry. 

7.  V.  corymbosum  Linn. :  flower-bearing  branches  almost  leafless ;  leaves 
oblong-oval,  rather  acute  at  each  end,  nearly  entire,  the  young  ones  pu- 
bescent ;    racemes   short,   sessile,   bracteate ;    corolla  cylindric-ovoid.      V. 
amcenum  Pursh.     V.  disomorphum  Mich. 

Swamps  and  wet  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  June.  Tj. — Stem  4 — 8  feet  high, 
with  a  few  straggling  branches.  Flowers  purplish- white,  in  racemes  which  are 
crowded  near  the  summit  of  the  naked  branches.  Berry  large,  purplish-black 
subacid.  High  Swamp  Whortleberry. 

8.  V.  Canadense  Kalm  :   flower-bearing  branches  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  very  entire,  acute,  and  with  the  branches  covered  with  a  white 
pubescence;  flowers  in  crowded  racemes ;  corolla ovoid-campanulate.  (Torr. 
N.Y.  Ft.}     V.  disomorphum  Big.  not  of  Mich. 

Swamps.  Can.  and  Western  N.Y.  May,  June.  17. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
with  numerous  warty  branches.  Leaves  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Ra- 
cemes numerous,  few-flowered.  Corolla  reddish-white.  Berry  bluish-black, 
sweet.  Resembles  the  preceding,  for  which  it  has  probably  been  mistaken. 

Black  Bilberry. 

9.  V.  te'iidlum  Ait. :  leaves  oblong-elliptic,  subcuneiform,  serrulate,  nearly 
smooth ;  racemes  bracteate,  sessile,  few-flowered. 

Boston,  Mass.  Big.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  Muhl.  April,  May. — A  low  shrub 
growing  in  patches.  Flowers  in  short  crowded  clusters,  reddish- white.  •  Berry 
large,  blue,  agreeable.  Dwarf  Whortleberry. 

10.  V.  ligustrinum  Mick. :  branches  angular  and  erect ;  leaves  subses- 
sile,  erect,  lanceolate,  mucronate,  serrulate ;  fascicles  gemmaceous,  sessile ; 
flowers  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  oblong-ovoid. 

Dry  woods.  Penn.  and  Virg.  May,  June. — A  small  shrub  with  straight 
and  slender  branches.  Flowers  purplish-red.  Berry  black.  It  is  said  to  vary 
very  much  in  the  shape  and  size  of  its  leaves.  Privet-like  Whortleberry. 

b.  Flowers  solitary  and  axillary. 

11.  V.  uliginosum  Linn. :  procumbent;  branches  rigid;  leaves  obovate. 
very  obtuse,  entire,  smooth  above,  veined  and  glaucous  beneath ;  flowers 
subsolitary,  octanclrous;  corolla  short,  urceolate,  4 — 5-cleft;  anthers  awned 
on  the  back.     V.  uliginosum  var.  alpinum  Big. 

White  Hills,  N.  H.  Essex  county,  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  July. — A  pro- 
cumbent shrub  with  numerous  erect  brandies  fi — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  about 


VACCINJACE^.  223 

half  an  inch  long.     Flowers  single  or  in  pairs,  nearly  sessile.     Berry  oblong, 
deep  blue,  crowned  with  the  style.  Alpine  Marsh  Whortleberry. 

**  Leaves  evergreen. 

12."  V.  Vifis  Idcea  Linn. :  stem  creeping;  branches  erect;  leaves  obovate, 
evergreen,  dotted  beneath,  subentire  and  revolute  at  the  margin  ;  flowers  in 
terminal  drooping  racemes  ;  corolla  cylindric-campanulate. 

Woods  and  mountains.  Mass.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  May.  June. — A  low  shrub 
with  a  creeping  stem  and  angular  branches  Leaves  small,  coriaceous.  Flowers 
few,  in  a  raceme,  pale  red.  Corolla  mostly  4-cleft,  with  4  stamens.  Berry  red, 
acid.  Also  a  native  of  Europe.  Red  Whortleberry.  Cov&e'rry. 

2.  OXYCOCCUS.  Pcrs.— Cranberry. 
(From  the  Greek  o|oj,  acid,  and  KOKKUS,  a  berry.) 

Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  with  the  limb  4-cleft.  Corolla 
4-parted,  with  the  segments  somewhat  linear  and  revolute. 
Stamens  8.  Filaments  connivent.  Anthers  tubular,  2 -parted. 
Berry  4-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  O.  macrocarpus  Pursk :  stem  creeping,  with  the  branches  ascending ; 
leaves  oblong,  nearly  flat,  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath;  pedicels  elongated, 
1-flowered.     Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Del.  June.  17. — Stein  creeping,  and  throwing 
up  short  erect  branches.  Leaves  about  half  an  inch  long,  obscurely  serrulate. 
Flowers  white  or  pale  red,  on  slender  axillary  pedicels.  Berry  large,  bright  scar- 
let, agreeably  acid.  Common  Cranberry. 

2.  O.  palustris  Pcrs. :  stem  filiform,  creeping ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  en- 
tire, with  revolute  margins;  pedicels  elongated,  terminal,  1-flowered;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  oval.    O.  vulgaris  Pursh.   Vaccinium  Oxycoccus  Linn. 

Alpine  bogs.  Can.  to  N.  Y.  June.  17. — A  small  evergreen  creeping  plant. 
Leaves  3 — 4  lines  long,  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  red.  Berry  bright  purple, 
globose,  very  acid,  smaller  than  the  preceding.  Small  Cranberry. 

3.    PHALEROCARPUS.    G.  Don.—SnowToeny. 
(From  the  Greek  <pn\ript<;,  white,  and  xap/ro?,  fruit.) 

Calyx  bi-bracteate,  adhering  to  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-parted, 
thin  and  membranaceous.  Corolla  short-campanulate,  4-cleft. 
Stamens  8.  Filaments  short  and  dilated.  Anthers  awnless. 
Berry  globose-ovoid,  white,  crowned  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx, 
4-celled  ;  the  cells  many-seeded. 

P.  serpyllifolia  G.  Don  :  stem  filiform,  creeping,  hispid ;  leaves  roundish- 
ovate,  acute,  with  slightly  revolute  margins,  smooth  above,  pnler  and  some- 
what hispid  beneath ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  subsessile.  GauUheria 
serpillifolia  Pursh.  Vaccinium  titspididitm  Linn.  CAiogenes  hispid  ul  a 
Torr.  <$•  Gr. 

Alpine  swamps.  Mass.  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  May,  June.  17. — Stem  creeping, 
much  branched.  Leaves  evergreen,  small.  Flowers  solitary',  on  recurved 
pedicels.  Corolla  and  brrrif  white;  the  Ui'tt'o-'  the  !a't«.-,r  resembling  that  ol' 
GaitLlheria  rrocwmbenf.  (  r<j  pini!  Snoivberry. 


224  PYROLACE,*:. 


ORDER  LXXIV.    PYROLACE^E.— WINTERGREENS. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  deciduous,  4 — 5-parted. 
Stamens  twice  as  numerous  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla ;  an- 
thers 2-celled,  opening  by  pores.  Ovary  superior,  4 — 5-celJed ; 
style  1  ;  stigma  indusiate.  Fruit  capsular,  4 — 5-celled.  Seeds 
many,  minute,  winged. — Herbaceous  plants,  rarely  under  shrubs, 
with  simple  leaves. 

1.  PYROLA.  Linn. — Wintergreen. 

(A  diminutive  of  the  Latin  pyrus,  a  pear ;  from  the  resemblance  of  its  leaves.; 
Calyx  minute,  5-cleft  or  5-parted.     Petals  5.     Stamens  10, 
slightly  united  at  base.     Anthers  opening  by  2  pores  at  base. 
Stigma  5-lobed.     Capsule  5-celled. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes.     Sutures  of  the  capsules  woolly. 
f  Stamens  ascending.     Style  declined.     Stigma  annulate. 

1.  P.  rotundifolia  Linn. :  leaves  roundish,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate, 
coriaceous  and  shining,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  dilated  petiole  j  scape  many- 
flowered,  bracteate ;  calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  ovate-lanceolate ;  stigma 
obtusely  5-toothed. 

var.  asarifolia  Hook.:  leaves  larger,  reniform-roundish.  P.  asarifolia 
Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  July.  ^.—Leaves  all  radical,  1$— 2 
inches  in  diameter,  on  petioles  as  long  or  longer.  Scape  8 — 12  inches  high. 
Flowers  nodding,  white,  fragrant,  8 — 20  in  a  raceme.  The  largest  of  the  species. 

Round-leaved  Wintergreen. 

2.  P.  chloranlha  Swart  z :  leaves  orbicular,  retuse,  obsoletely  crenulate, 
half  as  long  as  the  narrow  petiole ;    scape   nearly  naked ;  raceme   few- 
flowered  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  very  short,  obtuse ;  stigma  with  the  disk 
5-lobed. 

Woods.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  June.  11. — Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  varying 
from  orbicular  to  broad-obovate.  Scape  6 — 8  inches  high.  Flowers  5 — 8  in  a 
raceme,  greenish- white,  odorous.  Greenish-flowered  Wintergreen. 

3.  P.  elliptica  Nutt. :    leaves  elliptic-ovate,   membranaceous,  serrulate, 
longer  than  the  dilated  petiole ;  scape  naked  or  with  a  single  subulate  bract ; 
calyx  5-cleft,  very  short,  the  segments  ovate ;  stigma  clavate,  5-lobed. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  July.  1\-. — Leaves  all  radical,  membranaceous, 
finely  serrate,  with  an  attenuated  "base,  much  longer  than  the  petiole.  Scape 
6 — 10  inches  high,  about  5-angled.  Flowers  8 — 12  in  a  raceme,  greenish-white, 
fragrant.  Distinguished  from  P.  rotundifolia,  by  its  longer,  thin  and  dull  leaves, 
and  shorter  calyx.  Thin  Leaf. 

4.  P.  uliginosa  To-rr.  <f*  Gr. :  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  obscurely  crenate- 
denticulate,  coriaceous,  longer  than  the  petiole ;  scape  bracteate ;   raceme 
many-flowered ;  calyx  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  petals ;  the  segments  broad- 
ovate,  acute :  stigma  with  5  small  erect  teeth. 


PYROLACI3.E.  225 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.  June.  %. — Leaves  li— 2  inches 
in  diameter,  abruptly  decurrent  on  the  petiole.  Scape  6 — 12  inches  high,  with 
2—4  bracts.  Flowers  dull  purple,  7—12  in  a  raceme.  Intermediate  between 
P.  rotundifolia  and  P.  chiorantha :  differing  from  the  former  in  its  smaller,  less 
coriaceous  and  nearly  dull  leaves,  smaller  purplish- flowers  and  much  shorter 
calyx;  from  the  latter  in  its  larger  leaves,  bracteate  scape  and  acuminate  calyx- 
segments,  as  well  as  in  the  color  of  the  flowers.  (Torrey.)  I  have  met  with  the 
same  plant  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany,  but  supposed  it  to  be  a  variety  of  P.  rotun~ 
difolia.  It  may  still  prove  to  be  not  distinct.  Swamp  Wintergreen* 

"ff  Stamens  erect.     Style  straight.     Sligma  not  annulate. 

5.  P.  minor  Linn. :  leaves  roundish  or  oval,  coriaceous,  repandly  crenate, 
longer  than  the  somewhat  dilated  petiole ;  raceme  spiked ;  bracts  as  long  as 
or  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  very  short ;  style  included ; 
stigma  5-lobed. 

Western  N.  Y.  Pursh.  Perm.  Muld.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  June.  7}.. — Leaves 
on  short  petioles,  mucronate  at  the  apex.  Scape  angular.  Flowers  in  crowded 
or  lax  racemes.  Corolla  globose,  white,  or  very  pale  rose-color.  It  is  still 
doubtful  whether  this  plant  is  a  native  of  the  northern  states.  P.  minor  of 
Pursh  and  Muhlenberg,  may  be  our  P.  ddoraniha  ;  from  which,  however,  the 
true  Linnaean  plant  is  quite  distinct.  Small  Wintergreen. 

6.  P,  secunda  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  serrate,  longer 
than  the  narrow  petiole ;  raceme  many-flowered,  secund ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  rounded  ;  petals  oblong  ;  style  exserted ;  stigma  depressed,  5-lobed. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  toVirg.  July.  r2|.. — Stems  decumbent,  2 — 3  inches  long. 
Leaves  about  an  inch  long.  Peduncle  scape-like,  3—6  inches  high.  Flowers 
greenish-white,  in  a  one-sided  raceme  which  is  1—2  inches  long. 

One-sided  Wintergreen. 

**  Flowers  solitary,  in  corymbs  or  umbels.      Sutures  of  the  capsules  not 

woolly. 

7.  P.  uniflora  Linn. :  leaves  orbicular,  serrate ;  scape  1-flowered ;  style 
straight ;  stigma  5-rayed.     Moneses  grandiftora  D.  C. 

Can.  N.  H.  Mass.  N.  Y. ;  rare.  July.  7J.. — A  small  and  very  delicate  spe- 
cies. Flower  terminal,  large,  white,  fragrant^  nodding. 

One-flowered  Wintergreen. 

8.  P.  umbettata  Linn. :   leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate,  in  fours  or 
sixes ;  peduncle  pubescent,  corymbed  ;  bracts  linear-subulate ;  appendages 
of  the  filaments  ciliate ;  style  immersed  in  the  ovary.     Chimaphila  umbel- 
lata  Nutt.  % 

Woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  July.  7J.. — Root  woody  and  creeping.  Stem  ascend- 
ing, somewhat  woody.  Leaves  evergreen,  smooth  and  coriaceous,  lower  surface 
somewhat  paler.  Peduncle  solitary,  4 — -6  inches  long.  Flowers  large,  greenish- 
white  tinged  with  purple,  in  a  terminal  corymb  or  imperfect  umbel,  on  nodding 
pedicels.  It  is  known  by  the  Indians  by  the  name  of  Pipsissawa  or  Sipsissawa. 
Medicinal.  See  Big.  Med.  Bot.  ii.  15.  Prince's  Pine. 

9.  P.  maculata  Linn. :   leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incisely  serrate, 
discolored,  opposite  or  in  threes ;  peduncles  pubescent,  corymbed ;  bracts 
linear ;  appendages  of  the  filaments  woolly ;  style  very  short.    Chimaphila 
maculata  Pursh. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  %. — This  species  may  be  distinguished 
by  its  variegated  leaves.  Stem  3 — 4  inches  high.  Peduncles  1 — 2.  puberulent, 
3—5  inches  long.  Flowers  large,  reddish-white,  nodding,  fragrant,  2  or  3  in  a 
corymb  or  umbel.  Spotted  Wintergreen. 

10* 


226  PYROLACE/E. 


2.  MONOTROPA.  Linn.— Bird's  Nest. 

(From  the  Greek  //oj>os,  one,  and  rfjsn-w,  to  turn ;  from  its  flowers  turning 
chiefly  to  one  side.) 

Calyx  none.  Corolla  4 — 5-petalled,  persistent,  cucullate  at 
base.  Stamens  8 — 10.  Filaments  alternating  at  the  base,  with 
short  reflexed  tooth-like  processes.  Anthers  1 -celled,  at  length 
opening  flat.  Stigma  orbicular,  umbillicate  or  depressed.  Cap- 
sule 4 — 5-celled.  Seeds  subulate. 

*  Stem  many-flowered.    HYPOPITHYS  Null. 

1.  M.  lanuginosa  Mich. :  stem, bracts,  and  flowers  pubescent;  flowers  m 
a  terminal  raceme ;  capsule  globose.     Hypopilhys  lanuginosa  Null. 

var.  glabriuscula  Torr. :  stem  and  scales  nearly  or  quite  smooth ;  flowers 
somewhat  pubescent.  M.  Hypopilhys  Mich.  Hypopithys  Europtza  Null. 

Roots  of  trees.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  ^. — Stems  clustered,  erect,  4 — 8 
inches  high,  simple.  Leaves  merely  scales,  lanceolate-ovate,  crowded  near  the 
root,  scattered  above.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  which  is  at  first  nodding 
but  finally  erect.  Whole  plant  of  a  yellowish-brown  color  (rarely  reddish), 
turning  black  by  decay  or  drying.  Pine-sap.  False  Beachdrops. 

**  Stem  \-flowered.    MONOTROPA.  Null. 

2.  M.  uniflora  Linn. :  stem  smooth,  1-flowered;  flower  with  10  stamens 
erect  or  cernuous.    M.  Morisoniana  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  June.  1}.. — Scape  5 — 8  inches  high.  Flowers 
large,  at  first  nodding  but  afterwards  erect.  Whole  plant  white  and  smooth, 
becoming  purplish-black  in  drying.  Indian  Pipe. 

3.  PTEROSPORA.  Null— Tall  Bird's  Nest. 
(From  the  Greek  rrepoi/,  a  wing,  and  wopa,  a  seed.) 

Calyx  5 -parted.  Corolla  monopetalous,  ovate ;  margin  5- 
toothed,  reflexed.  Stamens  10,  included.  Filaments  subulate. 
Anthers  with  2  bristles  on  the  back  near  the  base,  2-celled. 
Style  short,  terete.  Stigma  obtusely  5-lobed.  Capsule  de- 
pressed-globose, 5-celled.  Seeds'  numerous,  minute,  furnished 
with  a  large  terminal  reticulated  wing. 

jP.  Andromeda  Null. 

Clayey  and  limestone  soils.  Can.  Ver.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  the  Columbia  river ; 
not  common.  July.  7J.. — Plant  covered  with  brownish  viscid  hairs.  Stem 
1 — 2  (sometimes  more  than  3)  feet  high,  straight,  simple,  grooved,  brownish-red 
or  purplish,  clothed  at  the  base  with  imbricate  lanceolate  scales.  Flowers  very 
numerous,  in  a  long  terminal  raceme,  rose-red  and  white.  Pedicels  filiform, 
nodding,  longer  than  the  flowers.  Tall  Bird's  Nest. 

SUBCLASS   III.     COROLLIFLORALS. 
Petals  united  into  a  hypogynous  corolla,  or  not  attached  to 
the  calyx.     Stamens  inserted  into  the  corolla. 


AQ,UIFOLIACEjF..  227 

ORDER  LXXV.    EBENACE^E.—  EBENADS. 

Flowers  usually  polygamous.  Calyx  in  3  —  7  nearly  equal 
divisions,  persistent.  Corolla  3  —  7-divided,  deciduous,  some- 
what coriaceous.  Stamens  twice  to  four  times  as  many  as  the 
segments  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  sessile,  many-celled  ;  style  di- 
vided, seldom  simple  ;  stigmas  bifid  or  simple.  Fruit  fleshy, 
few-seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  cartilaginous  albumen.  — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  without  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly 
entire,  without  stipules. 

D1OSPYROS.  Linn.  —  Persimmon. 

(From  the  Greek  A<f  ,  Mag,  Jupiter,  and  jrnpoj,  grain  or  fruit  ;  the  application 
obscure.) 

Dioecious.  Calyx  4  —  6-cleft.  Corolla  urceolate,  4  —  6-cleft. 
STERILE  FL.  Stamens  8  —  16,  often  producing  2  anthers.  FER- 
TILE FL.  Stamens  about  8,  abortive.  Style  divided.  Stig- 
mas simple,  or  2  -cleft.  Fruit  globose  or  ovoid,  4  —  8-celled. 

D.  Virginiana  Linn.  :  leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  reticu- 
lately  veined,  nearly  smooth;  petioles  pubescent;  buds  smooth. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  and  throughout  the  Western  States.  May.  —  A  small 
tree,  seldom  more  than  30  —  40  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate.  Floivers  1  —  3  to- 
gether, axillary,  on  short  peduncles,  greenish-yellow.  Fruii  as  large  as  a  com- 
mon plum,  reddish-orange,  well  flavored  when  fully  ripe,  but  very  astringent 
before  that  time.  Common  Persimmon. 

ORDER  LXXVT. 


Sepals  4  —  6,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Corolla  4  —  6-parted, 
the  stamens  as  many  as  the  segments  and  alternating  with  them. 
Ovary  2  —  6-  or  more-celled  ;  stigma  subsessile,  lobed.  Fruit 
fleshy,  with  2  —  6  or  more  stones  or  nucules.  Seed  suspended, 
with  large  fleshy  albumen  and  small  embryo.  —  Trees  or  shrubs, 
often  with  angular  branches,  and  mostly  with  leathery  ever- 
green leaves.  Flowers  small,  by  abortion  often  polygamous. 

1.  ILEX.  Linn.—  Holly. 

(Etymology  uncertain.) 

Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  4  —  5-toothed,  persistent. 
Corolla  4  —  5  -parted  nearly  to  the  base,  rotate.  Stamens  4  —  5, 
alternating  with  the  petals.  Ovary  sessile,  4-celled.  Stigmas 
subsessile,  4  —  5,  sometimes  distinct,  sometimes  united.  Fruit 
with  4  —  5  ribbed  or  veined  nucules. 


228 

1.  /.  opaca  Ait.:  leaves  ovate,  flat,  coriaceous,  acute,  smooth,  their  mar- 
gins with  sharp  spines ;  flowers  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  young  branches  ; 
teeth  of  the  calyx  acute.     /.  aquifolium  Walt. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  June. — An  evergreen  tree  10 — 15 
feet  high.  Leaves  tough,  smooth  and  shining,  with  rigid  spines  at  the  edges. 
Flowers  growing  in  bunches  around  the  branches,  small,  white.  It  is  stated  by 
the  younger  Michaux,  that  birdlime  may  be  extracted  from  the  bark.  The 
wood  is  "fine  grained  and  compact,  and  is  employed  by  cabinet  makers  and 
turners.  American  Holly. 

2.  /.  ambiguiis   Torr. :  leaves  deciduous,  ovate,  acuminate,   obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  base,  thin,  smooth,  serrate  ;  flowers  tetrandrous,  on  short  pedi- 
cels, aggregated  at  the  extremity  of  short  lateral  branches.     Prinos  ambi- 
guus  Mich,  not  of  Ell.  or  Nutt. 

On  the  Catskill  Mountains,  N.Y.,  and  on  the  mountains  near  Bethlehem,  Penn. 
Torr. — A  shrub  about  6  feet  high.  Leaves  about  3  inches  long,  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Flowers  polygamous,  white.  Dr.  Torrey  thinks  that  if 
this  plant  is  not  the  P.  ambiguus  of  Michaux,  it  must  be  undescribed.  He  has 
placed  it  under  Ilex  on  account  of  its  sulcate  nucules.  N.Y.  Fl. 

Ambiguous  Ilex. 

2.  NEMOPANTHES.  Raf—  Mountain  Holly. 
(From  the  Greek  ve/*of ,  a  grove,  oip,  an  eye,  and  avdos,  a  flower.    Lind.) 

Flowers  by  abortion  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  small, 
scarcely  conspicuous.  Petals  3 — 5,  distinct,  oblong-linear,  de- 
ciduous. Stamens  3 — 5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Ovary 
in  the  fertile  flowers  hemispherical.  Style  none.  Stigmas  3 — 5, 
sessile.  Fruit  subglobose  ;  nucules  usually  4,  smooth,  bony. 

N.  Canademis  D.  C.     N.  fascicularis  Raf.     Ikx  Canadensis  Mich. 

Swamps  in  low  grounds  or  on  mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  J^. — 
A  shrub  3—6  feet  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate, 
smooth,  petioled.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  of  about  an  inch  in  length,  small, 
green.  Fruit  about  as  large  as  a  pea,  scarlet. 

Mountain  Holly.     Black  Alder. 

3.  PRINOS.  Linn. — Winterberry. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  TT^JW,  to  saw  ;  in  allusion  to  its  serrated 
leaves.) 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  minute, 
4 — 6-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  rotate,  usually  6-parted. 
Stamens  mostly  6.  Ovary  superior,  4 — 6-celled.  Fruit  with 
4 — 6  smooth  bony  nucules. 

1.  P.  verticillatus  Linn. :  leaves  deciduous,  oval  or  obovate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  sterile  flowers  axillary,  subumbellate  ;  fertile 
flowers  aggregated.     P.  Gronovii  Mich. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  T^. — Stem  6 — 8  feet  high,  much 
branched.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  numerous,  small,  white fdioacious. 
Fruit  globose,  bright  scarlet  when  ripe.  Common  Winterberry. 

2.  P.  lavigatus  Pursh:  leaves  deciduous,  lanceolate,  with   appressed 


dLEACEJE. 

serratures,  smooth  on  both  sides,  shining  above ;  nerves  beneath  scarcely 
pubescent ;  flowers  6-cleft;  fertile  ones  axillary,  subsessile;  sterile  scattered, 
pedunculate. 

In  swarrips.  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  fy.—Stem  6--8  feet  high.  Leaves 
2%  inches  long.  Fruit  large,  red.  The  characters  of  this  species  do  not  seem 
yet  to  be  well  ascertained.  Smooth  Winterberry. 

3.  P.  glaber  Linn. :  leaves  evergreen,  wedgeform,  lanceolate,  coriaceous, 
smooth  and  shining,  somewhat  toothed  at  the  extremity ;  pedicels  axillary, 
subsolitary,  mostly  3-flowered. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  fy.—Stem  3—4  feet  high,  much  branched. 
Leaves  crowded,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  globose, 
black  and  shining.  Evergreen  Winterberry.  Inkberry. 

ORDER  LXXYII.  OLEACE^E. — OLIVEWORTS. 
Flowers  monoclinous,  sometimes  dioecious.  Calyx  4-lobed 
or  4-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  4-cleft,  sometimes  of  4  petals, 
rarely  wanting.  Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the  segments  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  free,  2- celled ;  style  1  or  none ;  stigma  entire 
or  bifid.  Fruit  often  by  abortion  1 -seeded.  Seeds  with  dense 
albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  some- 
times pinnatifid.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles. 

1.  LIGUSTRUM.  Linn.— Privet. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Latin  ligo,  to  bind;  in  allusion  to  the  use  made 
of  its  branches.) 

Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  limb 
4-cleft.  Stamens  2,  included.  Style  very  short.  Stigma  2- 
cleft.  Berry  globose,  2-celled;  cells  2-seeded,  or  by  abortion 
1 -seeded. 

L.  vulgare  Linn. :  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  somewhat  acute,  smooth ; 
panicles  crowded. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  toVirg.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  T^. — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high, 
with  numerous  opposite  branches.  Leaves  varying  from  elliptic  to  obovate,  and 
from  acute  to  obtuse.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles.  Berry  black, 
globose.  Common  Privet  or  Prim. 

2.  CHIONANTHUS.  Linn.— Snowdrop  Tree. 

(From  the  Greek  x(W"3  snow,  and  avfloj,  a,  flower ;  in  allusion  to  its  snow-white 
flowers.) 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  with  the  tube  very  short,  the  limb 
deeply  4-parted  ;  the  lobes  long  and  linear.  Stamens  2.  An- 
thers nearly  sessile  on  the  tube.  Drupe  1 -seeded.  Nut  striate. 

C.  Virginica  Linn.:  panicle  terminal;  peduncles  3-flowered;  leaves 
acute. 

var.  1.  montana  Pwsh:  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  smooth; 
panicles  dense ;  drupe  oval. 


230  OLEACE^E. 

var.  2.  maritima  Pursh :  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  membranaceous,  pu- 
bescent ;  panicles  very  loose ;  drupe  elliptic. 

Var.  1,  on  mountains ;  var.  2,  on  the  sea  coast.  Penn.  to  Car.  May,  June. — 
A  small  tree,  6 — 10  feet  high,  with  opposite  branches.  Flowers  white,  in  pen- 
dulous panicles.  Drupe  purple.  The  corolla  is  sometimes  5  or  6-cleft. 

Snowdrop  Tree.     Fringe  Tree. 

3.  FRAXINUS.   Linn.— Ash. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  <j>pafa,  a  hedge ;  in  allusion  to  the  use 
sometimes  made  of  it.) 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft  or 
none.  Corolla  none  or  4-petalled  ;  the  petals  cohering  at  the 
base  in  pairs,  oblong  or  linear.  Stamens  2.  Stigma  2-eleft. 
Samara  2 -celled,  compressed,  winged  at  the  apex,  by  abortion 
1 -seeded.  Seeds  pendulous,  compressed. 

*  Flowers  naked. 

1.  F.  sambucifolia  Lam.:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  in  4 — 5  pairs,  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  rounded  and  unequal  at  the  base,  acuminate, 
serrate,  smooth  above,  somewhat  villous  on  the  veins  beneath;  samara 
elliptic-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends. 

River  banks  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  April. — A  tree  30 — 40 
feet  high;  the  young  branches  smooth,  sprinkled  with  black  dots;  buds  blue. 
Leafets  rugose  and  shining  above,  with  a  somewhat  villous  tuft  at  the  base  of 
the  midrib  beneath.  Samara  broadish,  of  nearly  uniform  width.  The  wood  is 
less  valuable  than  that  of  either  of  the  following  species. 

Black  Ash.     Water  Ash. 

**  Flowers  caly culate,  apetalous. 

2.  F.  Americana  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  in  3 — 4  pairs,  on  short 
petioles,  elliptic-ovate,   acuminate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  petioles  and  branches  terete ;  samara  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  nar- 
rower at  the  base.     F.  acuminata  Lam.     F.  discolor  MM. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  May.— A  large  tree  50—60  feet  high ;  the 
bark  light-gray;  the  young  branches  smooth  and  marked  with  white  dots. 
Leaves  at  first  downy,  but  finally  almost  smooth  and  green  above,  pubescent  and 
glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  mostly  triandrous,  in  loose  compound  axillary  pan- 
icles. Petals  none.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  highly  valuable,  being  much  used, 
on  account  of  its  toughness  and  elasticity,  by  wheelwrights,  coach-makers,  &c. 

White  Ash. 

3.  F.  pubescens  Walt. :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  in  3 — 4  pairs,  on  short 
petioles,  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  long  acuminate,  remotely  serrate  ; 
petioles  and  young  branches  tomentose ;  samara  smooth,  narrow-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  mucronate.     F.  tomentosa  Mich. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  April,  May. — A  tree  30  to  40  feet  high,  with 
f  lender  branches.  Leafets  narrower,  longer,  more  acuminate  and  pubescent  than 
in  the  preceding.  This  tree  is  generally  smaller  than  F.  Americana,  but  its  wood 
is  used  for  the  same  purposes.  Red  Ash. 

4.  F.  juglandifolia  Lam.:  branches  smooth ;  leaves  pinnate:  leafets  in 
3 — 4  pairs,  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  opaque,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath ;  axils  of 
the  veins  pubescent;  samara  eun^ate-ianceolate,  obtusr.    /'.  rnn.r.r>inr  Muil. 


APOCYNACE^E.  231 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May. — Said  to  be  a  *mall  tree,  but  there  is  still 
some  doubt  in  regard  to  its  being  a  distinct  species.  Swamp  Ask. 

***  Flowers  calculate,  4-petalled.     ORNUS.  Pers. 

5.  .F.  Ornus  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  in  3 — 1  pairs,  somewhat 
petioled,  lanceolate,  attenuate,  serrate  at  the  apex,  entire  at  the  base,  pu- 
bescent on  the  veins  beneath  ;  samara  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  attenuated 
at  each  end. 

var.  latifolia  Ait. :  leafets  ovate-oblong.     Ornus  Americana  Pursh. 

Shady  woods.  Md.  and  Virg. ;  rare.  May.  Pursh. — A  tree  with  opposite 
and  unequally  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  crowded  panicles  resembling  those  of 
Chionanthus.  Fruit,  small  and  winged.  Flowering  Ash. 

ORDER  LXXYIII.     APOCYNACE^.— DOGBANES. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  5-lobed,  twisted 
in  aestivation.  Stamens  5,  with  the  filaments  distinct  and  the 
anthers  2-celled  ;  pollen  granular.  Ovaries  2,  distinct  or  rarely 
united ;  styles  2  or  1  ;  stigma  1 .  Fruit  usually  a  follicle,  sin- 
gle or  double.  Seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs, 
usually  milky.  Leaves  entire,  mostly  opposite,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles. 

APOCYNUM.  Linn.-Dog's  Bane. 

(From  the  Greek  <i~oy  far  from,  and  jm.>r,  a  dog  ;  it  being  supposed  to  poison 
that  animal.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft ;  the  base  of 
the  tube  furnished  with  5  triangular  scales,  alternating  with  the 
lobes.  Stamens  5,  included.  Anthers  sagittate,  connivent,  ad 
hering  to  the  stigma.  Ovaries  2,  oblong.  Stigma  nearly  sessile, 
ovoid,  obscurely  2-lobed.  Follicles  slender,  elongated,  cori- 
aceous. Seeds  comose. 

1.  A.androscemifolium  Linn.:  leaves  ovate,  mostly  obtuse  at  base,  smooth 
above,  slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  cymes  lateral  and  terminal,  few-flow- 
ered ;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Fields,  &c.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  2|.— *1em 
2 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  smooth,  with  numerous  spreading  branches  Lcavm  on 
short  petioles.  Floirrrs  in  loose  paniculate  cymes,  pale-red,  with  the  limb  spread- 
ing. Medicinal.  Biff.  Mcd.  Bol.  ii.  148.  Common  Dot;'*  Ran?. 

2.  A.  cannabinum   L;nn.:  leaves  on  short  petioles,  lanceolate  or  lance- 
oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  above,  slightly  pubescent  beneath;  cymes 
paniculate,  many-flowered  ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  limb 
erect. 

Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mis*.  July,  Aug.  1J-. — Stem  2 — 4 
feet  high,  mostly  erect,  branched.  Lower  leaves  sometimes  cordate  at  base. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-white,  in  terminal  cymes.  It  hns  the  leaves  narrower 
nnJ  the  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  Indian  Hemp. 


232  ASCLEPI  ADAGES. 

3.  A.  hypcricifoUuni  Ait. :  leaves  oblong,  smooth,  on  very  short  petioles, 
mucronate,  obtuse  and  subcordate  at  base ;  cymes  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Gravelly  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Prliss.  June,  July.  %. — 
Stem  2  feet  high,  erect.  Leaves  on  very  short  petioles.  Flowers  greenish-white, 
hi  terminal  and  lateral  cymes.  Plant  smaller  than  the  preceding. 

Hypericum-leaved  Dog's  Bane. 

4.  A.  pubescens  R.  Drown :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate-oblong,  mu- 
cronate, hoary-pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  short,  pubescent ;  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx.     A.  cannabinum  Mich. 

Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %.— Sterner— 3  feet  high.  Flowers  small, 
greenish- white.  It  is  perhaps  nothing  more  than  a  variety  of  A.  cannabinum. 

Pubescent  Dog's  Bane. 

ORDER  LXXIX.     ASCLEPI ADAGES. —MILKWEEDS. 

Calyx  5 -divided,  persistent.  Corolla  5-lobed,  regular,  decidu- 
ous ;  aestivation  imbricate,  rarely  valvate.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
into  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  usually  connate  ;  anthers 
2-celled  or  incompletely  4-celled;  pollen,  when  the  anther 
bursts,  coalescing  into  masses  which  are  as  numerous  as  the 
cells,  or  sometimes  confluent  by  pairs,  and  sticking  to  the  5 
processes  of  the  stigma.  Ovaries  2 ;  styles  2,  close  to  each 
other  ;  stigma  1,  common  to  both  styles,  5-cornered.  Follicles 
2,  1  of  which  is  sometimes  abortive.  Seeds  numerous,  comose, 
with  thin  albumen. — Shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants,  almost  al- 
ways milky  and  often  twining.  Leaves  entire,  having  ciliae  be- 
tween their  petioles  instead  of  stipules.  Flowers  somewhat 
umbelled,  fascicled  or  racemose,  proceeding  from  between  the 
petioles. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS.  Linn.— Milkweed.     Silkweed. 
(The  Greek  name  of  jEsculapius ;  to  whom  this  genus  is  dedicated.) 
Calyx  small,  5-parted ;  segments  lanceolate.    Corolla  5-part- 
ed ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  reflexed.     Stamineal  crown  (nectary) 
5-leaved ;  leafets  opposite  the  anthers,  each  mostly  producing 
from  its  base  a  subulate  averted  process  or  little  horn.     Pollen- 
masses  5  distinct  pairs,  compressed,  affixed  by  their  attenuated 
summits  in  the  cells  of  the  anthers.     Stigma  depressed.     Folli- 
cles ventricose,  smooth  or  muricate.     Seeds  comose. 

*  Nectary  or  Stamineal  crown  ^ctth  horns. 

f  Follicles  muricate. 
1.  A.  Syriaca  Linn:  stem  sub-simple,  smoothish;  leaves  oblong-Ian? 


ASCLEPIADACE^E.  233 

late,  acute  or  shortly  acuminate,  petiolate,  tomentose  beneath  ;  umbel  sub- 
terminal,  many-flowered,  somewhat  nodding ;  leafets  of  the  crown  ovate, 
the  margin  2- toothed.  A.  Cornuli  Decaisne.' 

Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  1[.— - Stem  2—4 
feet  high.  Leaves  6 — S  inches  long.  Umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  15 — 20-flow- 
ered.  Flowers  large,  pale  purple.  Follicles  2 — 5  inches  long,  covered  with  soft 
flexible  spines.  The  leaves  are  said  to  be  used  in  preparing  the  indigo  dye  in 
woollen  manufactories.  The  reasons  given  for  changing  the  old  name  of  this 
plant  do  not  appear  to  me  to  be  satisfactory.  Common  Milkweed. 

ff-   Follicles  smooth, 
a.  Leaves  opposite. 

2.  A.  phytolaccoides  Pursh :  stem  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  smooth  above,  paler  and  somewhat  pubescent  beneath ;  umbels 
many-flowered,  lateral  and  terminal,  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  nodding ; 
leafets  of  the  crown  truncate,  the  inflexed  margin  2-toothed  at  the  summit ; 
horn  much exserted,  subfalcate.    A.  exaltata  and  acuminata  Muhl.  A.nivea 
Hook. 

Wet  rocky  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  QJ.. — Stem  3 — 4 
feet  high.  Leaves  large,  and  resembling  those  of  Phytolacca  decandra.  Umbels 
few-flowered,  on  long  peduncles.  Flowers  large,  greenish-purple.  A  more  deli- 
cate species  than  the  preceding.  Poke-leaved  Milkweed. 

3.  A.  incarnata  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched  above,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  subsessile,  somewhat  tomentose ;  umbels  numerous, 
erect,  mostly  in  pairs  and  terminal ;  leafets  of  the  crown  not  toothed ;  horn 
exserted,  subulate.     A.  pulchra  Willd. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  2J.. — Stem  2 — 4 
feet  high,  with  pubescent  lines  or  hairy  tomentose.  'Umbels  numerous,  rather 
small.  Flowers  bright  purple.  Swamp  SUkweed. 

4.  A.  purpurascens  Linn. :  stem  simple,  with  two  pubescent  lines  ;  leaves 
ovate-elliptic  or  ovate,  mucronate,  abruptly  attenuated  into  a.  short  petiole, 
smoothish  above,  pubescent  and  paler  beneath ;  leafets  of  the  crown  ob- 
long; horn  falcate,  horizontal,  acute.     A.  amcena  Mich. 

Woods.  Mass,  to  Virg.  Ohio,  and  Ken.  July,  Aug.  7J..— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  rather  slender.  Leaves  with  the  midrib  broad  and  purple.  Umbels  many- 
flowered,  near  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Flowers  deep  purple.  Well  defined  by 
the  peculiar  curvature  of  the  horn.  Purple  SUkweed. 

5.  A.  obtusifolia  Mich. :  stem  simple,  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  closely  sessile, 
somewhat  cordate  and  clasping,  oblong,  obtuse,  undulate  on  the  margin, 
very  smooth,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbel  terminal,  long  peduncled,  generally 
solitary,  many-flowered ;  leafets  of  the  crown  slightly  2-toothed  ;  horn  ex- 
serted.    A.  purpv,rascens  Wait. 

Sandy  fields:  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  ^.—Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Umbels  1—3, 
terminal,  on  long  peduncles.  Flowers  large,  pale  purple.  Wavy  Milkweed. 

6.  A.  variegata  Linn.:    stem  simple,  with  2  pubescent  lines;    leaves 
ovate  or  obovate,  attenuated  at  base  into  a  petiole,  smooth,  at  length  some- 
what waved;   umbels  on  short  peduncles;    the  peduncles  and  pedicels 
woolly  ;  leafets  of  the  crown  without  teeth ;  horn  broad,  with  a  horizonfr 
point.    A.  hybrida  Mich. 


234  ASCLEPIADACEjE. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Q.—Stem  3—4  feet  high.  Leaves 
slightly  acuminate,  on  pubescent  petioles.  Umbels  1—4,  terminal  and  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  stem,  rather  densely  flowered.  Flowers  greenish-white,  tinged 
with  purple  within.  Variegated  Silkweed. 

7.  A.  laurifolia  Mich. :   stem  erect,  simple,  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  subcordate  or  often  rounded  at  base,  subsessile, 
somewhat  distant,  smooth,  scabrous-serrate  on  the  margin ;  umbels  mostly 
terminal;    leafets  of  the  crown  acute,  with  the  horns  scarcely  as  long. 
A.  acuminata  PursL    A.  periplocafolia  Nult. 

Low  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  7J.. — Root  tuberous.  Stem  18  inches 
to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  subsessile  or  on  very  short  petioles.  Umbels  I — 3,  near 
the  summit.  Flowers  yellowish-green  and  purple.  Laurus-leaved  Silkweed. 

8.  A.  quadrifolia  Jacq. :  stem  simple,  slender,  smooth ;  leaves  lance-ovate, 
acuminate,  petiolate,  smooth,  4  larger  ones  in  a  whorl  near  the  middle  of 
the  stem;  umbels  2,  terminal,  erect,  loose;  pedicels  capillary;  leafets  of  the 
crown  2-toothed ;  horn  very  short. 

Stony  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  1\.. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high. 
Leaves  thin  and  membranaceous,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  opposite.  Umbels 
mostly  2,  sometimes  solitary,  on  long  slender  peduncles.  Flowers  small,  white 
or  pale  purple.  Four-leaved  Silkweed. 

b.  Leaves  alternate  or  verticittate. 

9.  A.  verticillata  Linn. :   stem  simple,  marked  with  pubescent  lines ; 
leaves  mostly  whorled,  narrow-linear,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  umbels  ter- 
minal and  axillary ;  leafets  of  the  crown  short,  obtuse,  2-toothed ;  horn 
falcate,  much  exserted. 

Dry  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Texas.  June — Sept.  1J-. — Stem 
1 — 3  feet  high,  very  slender,  often  a  little  branched  at  the  summit.  Umbels 
numerous,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  terminal  and  subterminal.  Flowers  small, 
greenish- white.  Whorled  Silkweed. 

10.  A  tuber osa  Linn. :  hairy ;  stem  erect,  oblique  or  decumbent,  with 
spreading  branches ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  linear-lanceolate  or  linear, 
mostly  alternate,  subsessile;  umbels  numerous,  often  forming  corymbs; 
horn  subulate,  rather  erect.    A.  decumbens  Willd. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June— Aug.  I}..— Root  large,  tube- 
rous. Stem  1 — 3  feet  long.  Leaves  sometimes  broad  and  cordate,  at  others 
linear  and  somewhat  tapering  at  base.  Flowers  large,  in  numerous  erect  umbels, 
bright  orange.  Plant  without  milky  juice.  Medicinal.  See  Big.  Med.  Hot.  ii.  59. 

Butterfly  Weed.     Pleurisy  Root. 

**  Nectary  or  stamineal  crown  without  horns.    ACERATES.   Ell. 

11.  A.  viridiflora  Raf.:  stem   erect  or  ascending,  hairy;  leaves  oval, 
ovate  and  obovate,  on  short  petioles,  tomentose-pubescent  on  both  sides,  ob- 
tuse ;  umbels  subglobose,  many-flowered,  subsessile,  nodding  y  pedicels  to- 
mentose.     A.  nutans  MuhJ.     A.  lanceolata  Ices.     Acerates  viridiflora  and 
obovata  Ell. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  1\..— Stems  1—2  feet  high, 
sometimes  clustered.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  rather  thick  and  coriaceous, 
varying  in  form.  Umbel?  2 — 4,  subterminal,  on  short  thick  hairy  peduncles. 
Flowers  green.  I  follow  Decaisne,Torrey  and  Darlington,  in  uniting  A.  lanceo- 
lata of  Ives  with  this  species.  Green-flowered  Silkweed. 


LOGANIACEuE.  235 


2.  GONOLOBUS.  Mick.— G<nolobus. 

(From  the  Greek  yovta,  an  angle,  and  Ac/Lj,  a/jod ;  on  account  of  its  angular 
follicles.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  sepals  spreading.  Corolla  rotate,  5- 
parted.  Stamineal  crown  scutelliform,  5-lobed.  Anthers 
opening  transversely,  terminated  by  a  membrane.  Pollen- 
masses  5  pairs,  not  separating  into  grains.  Stigma  flattish- 
depressed.  Follicles  2.  ventricose,  somewhat  ribbed.  Seeds 
comose. 

1.  G.macrophyllusMich.:  stem  hirsute  with  long  hairs;  leaves  broadly 
ovate-cordate,  with  the  sinus  nearly  closed,  acuminate,  finely  pubescent, 
at  length  smoothish  above ;  segments  of  the  corolla  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
with  the  margin  reflexed ;  follicles  ribbed  and  angled.     G.  obliquus  Drown. 
Cynanchum  obliquum  Muhl. 

Near  Philadelphia.  Barton.  Chester  county,  Penn.  Darlington.  July.  %. — 
Stem  several  feet  long,  twining.  Flowers  in  loose  cymose  umbels,  purple  and 
greenish,  fetid.  Large-leaved  Gonolobus. 

2.  G.  hirsutus  Mich. :   stem  twining ;    younger  branches   very   hairy ; 
leaves  cordate-ovate,  or  ovate-roundish,  attenuate   or  somewhat  obtuse, 
hairy  on  both  sides ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petiole,  few-flowered  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  oblong;    follicles  muricate.     Gonolobium  hirsutum 
Pursh. 

Hedges  near  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  June,  July.  1\.. — Stem  trailing 
and  climbing,  3 — 4  feet  long,  pubescent.  Leaves  slightly  auriculate  at  base. 
Umbels  axillary,  3 — 4-flowerod.  Flowers  dark  purple.  Hairy  Gonolobus. 

ORDER  LXXX.     LOGANIACEJ3.— LOGANIADS. 

Calyx  inferior,  4 — 5-parted.  Corolla  regular  or  irregular, 
4 — 5  or  10-cleft.  Stamens  5,  arising  from  the  corolla.  Ovary 
2 -celled ;  style  continuous ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  capsular, 
drupaceous  or  berried.  Seeds  usually  peltate,  sometimes 
winged,  with  fleshy  or  cartilaginous  albumen. — Shrubs,  herba- 
ceous plants  or  tree's.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  usually  with 
stipules  in  the  form  of  interpetiolary  sheaths. 

SPIGELIA.  Linn. — Worm  Grass. 

(In  honor  of  Adam  Spigelius,  an  old  botanist  of  considerable  note.) 
Calyx  5-parted,    persistent;    the  segments   linear-subulate. 
Corolla   funnel-form,    5-cleft.      Stamens    5.      Anthers   linear, 
erect,  2-lobed  at  base.     Capsule  ovoid-compressed,  didymous, 
2 -celled,  few-seeded. 

S.  Marylandica  Linn. :  stem  simple,  square,  smooth ;  leaves  opposite, 


236 


GENTIANACE^E. 


ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  margin  and  nerves  rough, 
hairy  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  four  times  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  anthers  exserted. 
Woods.  Penn  and  Md.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  June.  fi\..— Stem  6—18  inches 
high.  Flowers  sessile,  3 — 8  in  a  spike  or  raceme,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  crim- 
son, yellow  within.  A  celebrated  vermifuge.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  142. 

Pink-root.     Perennial  Worm  Grass. 

ORDER  LXXXI.     GENTIANACE^E. — GENTIANWORTS. 

Calyx  divided,  persistent.  Corolla  usually  regular,  with  an 
imbricate,  twisted,  rarely  induplicate,  aestivation ;  its  lobes  of 
the  same  number  as  those  of  the  calyx,  generally  4  or  5,  (rarely 
6 — 10.)  Stamens  inserted  upon  the  corolla  and  equal  in  num- 
ber to  its  lobes.  Ovary  composed  of  2  carpels,  1-  or  partly 
2-celled;  style  1,  continuous;  stigmas  2.  Capsule  or  berry 
many-seeded.  Seeds  small ;  albumen  fleshy. — Herbaceous 
plants,  rarely  shrubs,  sometimes  twining.  Leaves  almost  al- 
ways opposite  and  entire.  Flowers  showy. 

I.  GENTIANE^.     Corolla  imbricate. 
1.  GENTIANA.  Linn. — Gentian. 

(Named  from  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who,  according  to  Pliny,  brought  into 
use  the  species  so  much  valued  in  medicine.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Corolla  tubular- campanul ate,  funnel-form 
or  somewhat  salver-form  ;  the  limb  4 — 5-cleft,  sometimes  with 
intermediate  plaits.  Stamens  4 — 5,  inserted  upon  the  tube  of 
the  corolla.  Styles  very  short.  Stigmas  2.  Capsule  1 -celled, 
2-valved. 

*  Corolla  somewhat  tubular ;  intermediate  lobes  or  plaits  large. 

\.  G.  Andrcwsii  Griseb. :  stem  ascending ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 3-nerved,  rough  on  the  margin ;  flowers  aggregated,  subsessile,  brac- 
teate  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  corolla  connivent ;  the 
lobes  very  "short,  smaller  than  the  somewhat  2-lobed  plaits.  (D.  C.)  G. 
Saponaria  Frail,  not  of  Linn. 

Woods  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  Sept.,  Oct.  %.. — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  simple.  Flowers  large,  principally  in  a  dense  terminal  fascicle  or 
head,  bright  blue.  Andrews's  Gentian. 

2.  G. Saponaria  (J.linearis  Griseb.:  stem  ascending;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  rough  on  the  margin ;  flowers  aggregated,  somewhat  sessile, 
bracteate ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  cleft 
plaits.  (D.C.)  G.Pneumananthe.  G.  linearis  Frcel.  and  puberula  Mich. 

Valleys  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  Essex  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  Swamp 
near  Portland,  Maine.  Biff.  Aug.,  Sept.  'ZJ-. — Stem  about  a  foot  high,  slender, 
emooth.  Flowers  bright  blue,  3 — 5  in  a  terminal  fascicle,  with  one  or  two  in  the 
axils  of  the  next  pair  of  leaves  below.  Soap  Gentian. 


GENTIAJXACE.i;.  237 

3.  Cr,  ochroleuca  Frod. :  stem   ascending ;    leaves   ovate-lanceolate  and 
obovate,  rough  on  the  margin ;  flowers  aggregated,  subsessile,  bracteate ; 
lobes  of  the  calyx  unequal,  as  long  as  the  tube ;  corolla  with  the  lobes 
acute,  and  the  plaits  very  short  and  entire.    G.Saponaria  Walt.    G.  villosa 
Linn. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  7J..— Stem  9—15  inches  high,  sim- 
ple, somewhat  angular,  the  angles  a  little  rough.  Flowers  yellowish- white, 
tinged  with  green  and  purple,  in  a  terminal  bracteate  fascicle. 

Yellowish  Gentian. 

4.  G.  angustifolia  Mick. :  stem  terete,  simple,  slender,  1-flowered ;  leaves 
linear,  obtuse,  smooth  on  the  margin ;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  with  the  lobes 
linear ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
the  plaits  many-cleft  or  lacerate.     G.  purpurea  Walt. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.— Stem  a  foot  high.  Flower 
large,  sky-blue,  terminal.  Narrow-leaved  Gentian. 

**  Corolla  funnel-form,  without  plaits. 

5.  G.  qitinqucfl&ra  Lam. :  stem  square,  branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, subclasping,  acute,  5-nerved  ;  flowers  somewhat  in  fives,  axillary  and 
terminal,  pedicellate ;  corolla  5-cleft,  the  lobes  triangular  and  setaceously 
acute.     G.  amarettoidts  Mich.    G.  quinquefolia  Linn. 

*  Woods.    N.  Y.  to  Car.   W.  to  Miss.    July,  Aug.    %  ?—  Stem  12—18  inches 
high.     Flowers  small,  pale  blue,  generally  3—5  on  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

Five-Jlowered  Gentian. 

***  Corolla  fimbriate  on  the.  margin,  without  plaits. 

6.  G.  delonsa  Fries  :    stem  erect ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  spatulate  at  the  base;  corolla  4 — 5-lobed;   the 
lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  base,  crenate  at  the  summit.  (D.  C.) 

Wet  limestone  rocks,  Goat  Island,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.  Torr.  N.  to  Hudson's 
Bay.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Sept.  ©.—Stem  8—12  inches  high,  mostly 
simple.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long.  Flowers  1 — 3,  on  elongated  terminal  pedun- 
cles, bright  blue ;  the  tube  yellowish  and  white.  Distinguished  from  the  next 
by  its  narrow  leaves  and  less  fringed  corolla.  Smaller  Fringed  Gentian. 

7.  G.  crinita  Willd. :  stem  erect,  branched  above ;  branches  elongated, 
1-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base;  the  lower  ones 
obovate,   obtuse ;    corolla  4-cleft ;   the  lobes  cuneate-obovate,   fringed  at 
the  top. 

Pastures  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  ®*.—Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
terete  below,  square  above.  Flowers  large,  bright  blue,  on  peduncles  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Large  Fringed  Gentian 

2.  HALENIA.  BorJch.— Halenia. 

(Etymology  unknown.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft;  the 
lobes  erect,  equalling  the  tube,  with  a  glanduliferous  spur  at 
the  base.  Stamens  4 — 5.  Stigma  2-lobed,  nearly  sessile 
Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 


238  GENTIANACE^E. 

H.  deflexa  Griseb.:  stem  erect,  leafy;  leaves  3 — 5-nerved;  lower  ones 
oblong-spatulate,  attenuated  into  a  petiole  as  long  as  the  lamina ;  cauline 
oblong-lanceolate,  subsessile,  acute ;  spurs  cylindric,  obtuse,  deflexed,  half  as 
long  as  the  corolla.  (D.  C.)  Swertia  deflexa  Smith.  S.  corniculata  Mick. 

Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. Aug.  (p). — Stem  18  inches  high,  4-angled.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long, 
Flowers  blue,  in  terminal  cymes  and  subterminal  whorls.  The  plant  turns 
nearly  black  in  drying.  Deftexed  Halenia.  Felwort. 

3.  SWERTIA.   Linn. — Swertia. 

(In  honor  of  Emanuel  Sv:eert,  gardener  to  the  Emperor  Rudolphus  II.) 

Calyx  4 — 5 -parted.  Corolla  rotate,  4 — 5 -parted  ;  the  seg- 
ments with  2  glanduliferous  fimbriate  pores  at  the  base  of  each. 
Stamens  4 — 5.  Stigmas  reniform,  mostly  2-lobed  (rarely  2, 
distinct.)  Style  none.  Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

S1.  pusitta  Pursh  :  stem  simple,  1-flowered ;  leaves  few,  small,  oblong ; 
corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  the  segments  oblong,  acuminate. 

White  Hills,  N.  H.  June.  Pursh.  (T)  ?  N.  to  Labrador.— Stem  about  an 
inch  high.  Leaves  1  or  2  pairs,  small.  Flowers  large,  blue.  It  is  still  doubtful 
whether  it  belongs  to  this  genus.  Small  Swertia. 

4.  FRASERA.   Walt.— Frasera. 

(In  honor  of  John  Fraser,  a  collector  of  North  American  plants.) 
Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  deciduous,  rotate,  4-parted,  with  1 
or  2  fringed  glands  on  each  lobe.     Stamens  4.     Styles  united. 
Stigmas  2.     Capsule  compressed,  1 -celled,   2-valved.     Seeds 
few,  large,  winged. 

F.  Caroliniensis  Walt. :  stem  smooth ;  leaves  opposite  and  whorled ; 
panicle  elongated ;  glands  oval-orbicular,  one  on  each  lobe  of  the  corolla. 
F.  WaUeri  Mich.  F.  verticillata  Muhl. 

Swamps.  Near  Fairfield,  Herkimer  county,  N.  Y.  Prof.  Hadley.  Moscow, 
Livingston  county.  Dr.  Bradley.  S.  to  Car. ;  rare.  July.  (§). — Stem  3 — 6 
feet  high,  nearly  square,  branched,  furrowed.  Leaves  smooth,  usually  whorled, 
sometimes  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate.  Flowers  on  whorled  peduncles,  greenish- 
yellow.  Peduncles  1-flowered.  The  root  of  this  plant  is  esteemed  as  a  bitter 
tonic.  See  U.  S.  Dispensatory.  .  American  Columbo. 

5.  SABBATIA.  Adans. — Sabbatia. 
(In  honor  of  Liberatus  Sabbati,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

Calyx  5 — 12-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5 — 12-parted.  Sta- 
mens 5 — 12.  Anthers  at  length  re  volute.  Stigmas  2,  spiral. 
Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved. 

1.  S.  stettaris  Pursh:  stem  slightly  angular,  dichotomously  branched j 
branches  elongated,  1-flowered ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat 


GENTIANACK^.  239 

acute ;  segments  of  calyx  linear-subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  obovate  lobes 
of  the  corolla.     S.  gracilis  Ell. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  (g). — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high, 
often  branched  from  near  the  root.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  obscurely  3- nerved. 
Floioers  solitary  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches,  forming  e.  small  corymb,  rose- 
color.  Salt-marsh  Centaury. 

2.  S.  angularis  Pursh  :  stem  erect,  square,  somewhat  winged ;  leaves 
ovate,  clasping ;  peduncles  elongated,  corymbed ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate-elliptic  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Chi- 
ronia angularis  Linn. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  ®.—Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  obscurely  5-nerved.  Flow- 
ers rose-color.  American  Centaury. 

3.  S.  gracilis  Salisb. :  stem  teretish  ;  branches  alternate ;  leaves  linear,  the 
lower  ovate  or  lanceolate  ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  corolla,  the  tube  very  short ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse.     S.  campanulata  Torr.     Chiro- 
nia  campanulata  Linn. 

Wet  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  (|5). — Stem  a  foot  high,  with  long 
branches.  Panicle  terminal,  the  branches  spreading  and  few-flowered.  Flow- 
ers purple.  Slender  Sabbatia. 

4.  S.  calycosa  Pursk  :  stem  terete,  dichotomously  branched ;  the  branches 
1-flowered  ;  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  3-nerved  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  oblong- 
lanceolate,  leafy,  larger  than  oblong  obtuse  lobes  of  the  corolla.     Chironia 
calycosa  Mich.       C.  dichotoma  Walt. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  @. — Stem  a  foot  high,  slightly  angled, 
with  few  branches.  Leaves  sessile,  oval.  thin.  Flowers  terminal,  often  solitary, 
rose-color.  Dichotomous  Sabbatia. 

5.  S.  chloro-ides  Pursh  :  stem  weak,  somewhat  angled,  with  few  1-flow- 
ered branches ;  leaves  lanceolate,  erect ;  branches  few,  1  flowered ;  flowers 
7  — 12-parted ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear,  much  shorter  than  the  elliptic- 
lanceolate  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Chironia  chloroidcs  Mich.    Chlora  dodecan- 
dra  Linn. 

Salt  bogs.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  ®.—Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Leaves  closely 
sessile,  without  nerves,  the  lower  ones  ovate-spatulate.  Flowers  large,  bright 
rose-color.  This  and  the  preceding  are  very  variable. 

Large-flowered  Sabbatia. 

6.  S.  corymbosa  Bald. :  stem  erect,  nearly  square,  with  opposite  branches ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  sessile  ;  flowers  corymbed  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  linear,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate  oblong  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
S.  paniculata  var.  a.  Pursh.     Chironia  lanceolata  Walt. 

Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  Q\.. — Stem  a  foot  high,  branched  near 
the  summit.  Leaves  somewhat  clasping.  Corymb  few-flowered.  Corolla 
white,  5— 6-parted.  Corymbose  Sabbatia. 

6.  ERYTHR^A.  Rick.—  Centaury. 
(From  the  Greek  cpvQposy  red ;  the  prevailing  color  of  the  flowers.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5 -cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form  ;  limb  short,  5- 
cleft.  Stamens  5.  Anthers,  after  flowering,  spirally  twisted 


240  GENTIANACE^E. 

Style  erect.    Stigmas  2,  roundish.     Capsule  linear,  1 — 2-eelled, 
2-valved.     Seeds  minute. 

1.  E.  Centaurium  Pers. :  stem  erect,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
nerved ;  flowers  subsessile,  fasciculate-cymose ;  calyx  half  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  corolla.     Chironia  Centaurium  Wittd. 

Dry  grounds.  Near  Oswego,  and  in  Putnam  county,  N.  Y. ;  rare.  July, 
Aug.  (J). — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  variable  ;  the  lower  ones  broader 
than  the  upper.  Flowers  rose-color,  in  fasciculate  cymes  near  the  top  of  the 
stem.  Common  Centaury. 

2.  E.  MMenbergii  Griseb. :  stem  simple  or  branching ;  leaves  ovate-ob- 
long, somewhat  obtuse  ;  flowers  in  loose  dichotomous  cymes,  the  central  ones 
pedicellate ;  corolla  after  flowering  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  the  lobes 
oblong-lanceolate.  (D.  C.)     E.  pulchella  Darlingt. 

Wet  meadows.  Flushing,  N.  Y.  Torr.  Penn.  and  Virg.  Darlingt.  July. 
3D- — Stem  2 — 6  inches  high,  sharply  4-angled.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding ;  limb  bright-purple.  It  is  perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

Muhlenberg's  Centaury. 

7.  EXACUM.  Linn. — Exacum. 

(From  the  Latin  ex,  out,  and  ago,  to  drive ;  it  being  supposed  to  have  the 
power  of  expelling  poison  from  the  stomach.) 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Corolla  4-lobed,  with  the  tube  glo- 
bose. Stamens  4.  Style  1.  Stigma  2-cleft.  Capsule  bi- 
sulcate,  2 -celled,  many-seeded. 

E.  pulchellum  Pursh  :  lower  leaves  roundish,  the  rest  subulate ;  panicle 
corymbose ;  peduncles  filiform ;  calyx  4-parted,  segments  subulate.  Cicen- 
dria  pulchella  ?  Griseb.  in  D.  C. 

Sea  coast,  N.  J. ;  rare.     Aug.    (J). — Flowers  small,  rose-color. 

Pretty  Exacum. 

8.  CENTAURELLA.  Mick.— Centaurella. 
(A  diminutive  of  Centaurea.) 

Calyx  4-parted,  appressed.  Corolla  subcampanulate,  4- 
parted ;  segments  somewhat  erect.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  thick, 
glandulous  and  partly  bifid.  Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx  and  corolla. 

C.  paniculata  Mich. :  stem  somewhat  branched,  smooth ;  peduncles  op- 
posite, the  lower  ones  branched ;  leaves  minute,  subulate,  alternate  below, 
nearly  opposite  above  ;  flowers  in  panicles ;  corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx ; 
style  very  short.  C.  autumnalis  Pursh.  Bartonia  tenella  Muhl. 

Damp  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  (1).— Stem  4—8  inches  high, 
square,  often  twisted.  Leaves  scarcely  2  lines  in  length.  Flowers  small,  green- 
ish-white, on  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Late-flowered  CentaureUa, 


BIGNONIACE.E.  241 

II.  MENYANTHE*:.    Corolla  induplicate. 

9.  LIMNANTHEMUM.    GmeL— Limnanthemum. 
(From  the  Greek  \ipva$,  inhabiting  a  lake,  and  uvQ^ov,  a  flower.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5:parted ;  the  lobes  bearded 
or  scaly  at  base  and  furnished  with  glands.  Stamens  5.  An- 
thers erect.  Style  short  or  none.  Stigma  2-lobed,  persistent. 
Capsule  1 -celled,  few-seeded. 

L.  lacunosum  Griseb::  floating ;  leaves  reniform-cordate,  obscurely  cre- 
nate,  smoothish  above,  spongy  beneath ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate-ob- 
long, one-third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  ( D.  C.)  Vittarsia  lacunosa  Pursk. 
Menyanthes  trackysperma  Mich. 

Ponds  and  lakes.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem  long,  filiform,  rooting 
in  the  mud.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  on  elongated  petioles,  somewhat  fleshy, 
greenish  above  and  mostly  purplish  and  spongy  below.  Flowei-s  white,  fascicu- 
late, on  peduncles  produced  from  the  petiole  about  half  an  inch  below  the  leaf. 
Abundant  in  Sand  Lake,  N.  Y.  Floating  Heart. 

10.  MENYANTHES.  Linn.— Buckbean. 

(From  the  Greek  ^vn,  the  moon,  (a  month,)  and  avQo;,  a  flower ;  because  the 
plant  continues  in  flower  about  that  time.  Eaton.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form ;  limb  spreading,  5- 
lobed,  equal,  hairy  within.  Stamens  5.  Style  1,  filiform. 
Stigma  2-lobed,  persistent.  Capsule  1-celled,  with  the  axis 
of  the  valves  seminiferous. 

M.  trifoliata  Linn. 

Marshes.  Subarct.  Amer.  toVirg.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May.  %. — 
Plant  8 — 12  inches  high.  Root  creeping.  Leaves  ternate,  on  long  petioles 
which  are  sheathing  at  base  ;  leafets  obovate,  nearly  entire.  Peduncles  scape- 
like,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  pale  red,  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

Buckbean.    Marsh  Trefoil. 

ORDER  LXXXII.      BIGNONIACEJE. — BIGNONIADS. 

Calyx  divided  or  entire,  sometimes  spathaceous.  Corolla 
usually  irregular,  4 — 5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  unequal,  always  1, 
sometimes  3,  sterile ;  when  4  are  fertile,  they  are  didynamous. 
Ovary  seated  in  a  disk,  2-celled,  or  spuriously  4-celled.  Style 
1 ;  stigma  of  2  plates.  Capsule  2-celled,  sometimes  spuriously 
4-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  transverse,  compressed,  often  winged, 
without  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs,  often  twining  or  climbing. 
Leaves  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
somewhat  panicled. 

11 


242  PEDALIACE.E. 

1.  TECOMA.  Juss. — Trumpet  Flower. 

(Etymology  unknown.) 

Calyx  campamilate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  tube  short ; 
the  limb  5-lobed,  equal  or  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  fifth.  Capsule  2-celled, 
2-valved  ;  dissepiments  contrary  to  the  valves.  Seeds  winged. 
T.  radicans  Juss. :  stem  creeping ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  in  4 — 5  pairs, 
ovate,  acuminate,  toothed-serrate,  pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath;  tube 
of  the  corolla  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Dignonia  radicans  Linn. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  \i- — Creeping 
on  rocks  and  trees.  Flowers  2 — 3  inches  long,  scarlet,  in  a  terminal  corymb. 

Ash-leaved  Trumpet-flower. 

2.  CATALPA.  Juss.— Catalpa. 
(Said  to  be  a  corruption  of  Catawba,  the  Indian  name  of  this  tree.) 

Calyx  2-parted.  Corolla  campanulate ;  tube  ventricose ; 
limb  5-lobed,  unequal.  Stamens  2  fertile,  2 — 3  sterile.  Stigma 
in  2  plates.  Capsule  pod-form,  long,  cylindric,  2-valved  ;  dis- 
sepiments opposite  the  valves.  Seeds  membranaceously  winged, 
laciniate  at  the  summit. 

C.  cordifolia  Ell. :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acuminate,  entire,  petiolate ; 
flowers  panicled.  C.  syringcefolia  Sims.  Dignonia  Catalpa,  Linn. 

Fields,  near  houses,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  throughout  the  Western  and 
Southwestern  States.  July. — A  large  tree  with  irregular  branches.  Leaves 
large,  smooth  above,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers 
large,  white,  variegated  with  yellow  and  purple,  in  large  pyramidal  panicles. 
Probably  introduced,  as  it  is  generally  found  in  the  vicinity  of  habitations, 
Indian  encampments,  &c.  Common  Catalpa.  Bean  Tree. 

ORDER  LXXXIII.     PEDALIACEJE.— PEDALIADS. 

Calyx  divided  in  5  nearly  equal  pieces.  Corolla  irregular; 
the  throat  ventricose,  the  limb  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  (2  sometimes  sterile,)  with  the  rudiment  of  a  fifth. 
Ovary  seated  in  a  glandular  disk,  1  or  2-celled,  sometimes  with 
spurious  cells  ;  style  1 ;  stigma  divided.  Fruit  drupaceous  or 
capsular.  Seeds  usually  few,  wingless,  without  albumen. — 
Herbaceous  plants,  mostly  covered  with  glandular  hairs. 
Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  often  angular  or  lobed,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  usually  large,  axillary. 

MARTYNIA.  Linn.— Martynia. 

(In  honor  of  John  Marlyn,  Professor  of  Botany  in  Cambridge,  Eng.) 
Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate,  gibbous  at  base ;  the  limb  un- 


POLEMONIACEjE.  243 

equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  with  the  rudiment 
of  a  fifth.  Capsule  ligneous,  corticate,  4-celled,  with  a  long 
hooked  beak  which  at  length  splits  into  two  horns. 

M,  proboscidea  Linn. :  stem  viscid,  pubescent,  branched,  mostly  decum- 
bent ;  leaves  alternate,  cordate,  nearly  round,  very  entire,  villous  ;  flowers 
axillary,  on  long  peduncles.  M.  alternifolia  Lam. 

River  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  (T).—Stem  1—2  feet 
long.  Leaves  3 — 5  inches  in  diameter.  Flowers  dull  yellow,  large,  spotted. 
Whole  plant  fetid.  The  fruit  is  esteemed  as  a  pickle.  Probably  introduced  into 
the  Northern  States  from  the  Southwest.  Unicorn  Plant. 

ORDER  LXXXIV.     POLEMONIACEJE.— PHLOXWORTS. 

Calyx  5 -parted.  Corolla  regular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  in- 
serted into  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  superior,  3 -celled ; 
style  simple;  stigma  trifid.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  a 
loculicidal  dehiscence;  the  valves  separating  from  the  axis. 
Seeds  angular  or  oval,  sometimes  mucilaginous  and  furnished 
with  spiral  threads ;  albumen  horny. — Herbaceous  plants,  with 
opposite  or  alternate  simple  or  compound  leaves. 

1.  PHLOX.    Linn.— Phlox. 

(From  the  Greek  0Xo£,  flame ;  a  name  which  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
applied  to  a  species  of  Lychnis,  and  transferred  to  this  genus  by  Linnaeus.) 

Calyx  prismatic,  the  segments  erect.  Corolla  salver-form ; 
tube  long,  somewhat  curved ;  the  limb  flat,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
inserted  about  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  very  un- 
equal. Capsule  roundish-ovoid,  3-seeded. 

1.  P.  paniculate,  Linn. :    stem  erect,   smooth,   paniculately  branched 
above ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  panicle  pyramidal, 
corymbose,  many-flowered ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous-acuminate  ;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  obovate. 

Meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  1\..—Stem  2—3  feet 
high.  Leaves  opposite,  rough  on  the  margin,  the  upper  ones  slightly  cordate  at 
base.  Flowers  numerous,  crowded  at  the  summits  of  the  branches,  purple. 

Panicled  Phlox. 

2.  P.  maculata  Linn. :   stem   erect,  simple,  and    somewhat  scabrous ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  with  the  margin  scabrous ;  panicle  oblong, 
thyrsoid  or  somewhat  pyramidal;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  rounded.    P.  pyramidalis  Smith.    P.  suaveokns  Ait. 

Moist  meadows.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  7j_. — Stem  "2 — 3  feet  high,  mostly  simple, 
roughish  pubescent  above,  sometimes  spotted  with  dark  purple.  Upper  leaves 
ovate,  and  somewhat  cordate  at  base.  Flowers  in  pedunculate  axillary  corymbs 
at  and  near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  varying  from  deep  purple  to  nearly  white. 
I  follow  De  Candolle  in  uniting  the  above  species,  as  it  is  difficult  to  point  out 
the  distinctive  characters.  Spotted  Phlox. 


244  CONVOLVULACEyK. 

3.  P.  aristata  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  weak,  viscid-pubescent  ;  leraves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  pubescent  ;  corymb  crowded,  few-flowered  ;  teeth  of  the 
calyx  pubescent,  very  long,  awn-like  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  entire. 
P.  pilosa  Linn. 

Wet  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  %.—Stem  12—18  inches 
high,  simple.  Leaves  sometimes  nearly  linear,  with  the  margins  re  volute. 
Flowers  terminal,  loosely  corymbose,  on  villous  peduncles,  pale  purple  or  white. 

Hairy  Phlox. 

4.  P.  divaricata  Linn.  :  stem  decumbent,  pubescent  ;   leaves  oval-lan- 
ceolate or  lance-ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  pan- 
icle loose,  corymbose,   few-flowered  ;    teeth  of  the  calyx  linear-subulate  ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  slightly  obcordate. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  1|-  —  Stems  nu- 
merous, prostrate  and  spreading,  with  erect  branches.  Upper  leaves  almost 
clasping  and  often  alternate.  Flowers  few,  in  a  loose  terminal  somewhat  tri- 
chotomous  panicle,  bluish  or  dark  purple.  Divaricate  Phlox. 

5.  P.  reptans  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  with  procumbent  suckers  at  base,  pu- 
bescent; radical  leaves  spatulate-obovate  ;  cauline  oval-lanceolate,  sessile  ; 
corymb  few-flowered,  divaricate  ;    teeth   of  the  calyx   subulate,  reflexed  ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate,  entire.     P.  stolonifera  Pursh. 

Rocky  places.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ken.  June.  1\..—  Stem  6—8  inches 
high.  Leaves  more  or  less  pilo?e  and  ciliate  on  the  margin.  Flowers  in  a  small 
corymb,  blue,  with  a  purple  centre.  Creeping  Phlox. 

G.  P.  siibulata  Linn.  :  stem  procumbent,  cespitose,  much  branched,  pu- 
bescent; leaves  linear-subulate,  rigid,  ciliate  ;  corymb  few-flowered;  teeth 
of  the  calyx  short,  subulate  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  wedgeform,  emarginate. 
P.  setacea  Linn. 

Rocky  places.  N.  J.  to  Car.  April,  May.  1]..—  Root  creeping.  Stems  6—12 
inches  long,  with  numerous  assurgent  branches  2  or  3  inches  high.  Leaves  half 
an  inch  long,  with  the  rudiments  of  smaller  ones  or  of  branches  in  the  axils. 
Flowers  pink  or  nearly  white,  with  a  purple  centre.  Very  abundant  near  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.  Mountain  Pink. 

2.  POLEMONIUM.    Linn.—  Greek  Valerian. 


(From  the  Greek  TroX^os  ,  war  ;  which  is  said  by  Pliny  to  have  been  waged  by 
two  kings  for  the  honor  of  its  discovery.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  campanulate-rotate  ; 
tube  very  short,  closed  by  the  dilated  bases  of  the  filaments. 
Capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  the  cells  many-seeded. 

P.  reptans  Linn.  :  stem  weak,  erect  or  declined  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets 
7  —  9,  (rarely  11,)  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  flowers  terminal,  nodding. 

Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  QL—  Stem  12—18  inches 
high,  nearly  smooth,  branching.  Leafets  mostly  opposite,  the  common  petiole 
winged.  Flowers  blue,  in  small  nodding  corymbs  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

Jacob's  Ladder. 

ORDER  LXXXV.     CONVOLVULACE^E.—  BINDWEEDS. 

Calyx  persistent,  in  5  divisions,  remarkably  imbricated.  Co- 
rolla reeoilar,  deciduous  ;  the  limb  5-lobed,  plaited  ;  the  tube 


CONVOLVULACE^.  245 

without  scales.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  simple,  mostly  2 — 4-celled  ;  styles  united  or  more  or  less 
distinct;  stigmas  obtuse  or  acute.  Capsule  1 — 4-celled.  Seeds 
with  a  small  quantity  of  mucilaginous  albumen,  a  curved  embryo 
and  leafy  shrivelled  cotyledons. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs, 
usually  twining  and  milky.  Leaves  alternate,  very  often  cor- 
date, entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  large  and  showy. 

CONVOLVULUS.   Linn.— Bindweed. 
(From  the  Latin  convolve,  to  entwine.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  naked  or  with  2  bracts  at  base.  Corolla 
funnel-form  or  campanulate,  with  5  plaits.  Stamens  5,  shorter 
than  the  limb.  Style  undivided.  Stigma  capitate  or  lobed. 
Capsule  2 — 3-celled,  2 — 3-valved. 

1.  C.  arvensis  Linn.:  stem  twining,  angular;  leaves  sagittate-hastate, 
with  acute  lobes ;  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered ;  bracts  minute,  remote  from 
the  flower ;  sepals  roundish-ovate. 

Fields.  Maine  to  Car. ;  rare.  June,  July.  'ZJ.. — Root  long,  creeping.  Stem 
2 — 3  feet  long,  climbing,  somewhat  hairy.  Leaves  small,  ovate-oblong,  on  short 
petioles.  Flowers  white,  an  inch  long,  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Introduced,  and,  on  account  of  its  deep  and  spreading  roots, 
becoming  in  many  places  a  troublesome  weed.  Common  or  Corn  Bindweed. 

2.  C.  Sepium  Linn. :  stem  twining ;  leaves  sagittate,  very  acute,  with 
the  lobes  truncate ;   peduncles  square,  1-flowered ;  bracts  large,  cordate, 
close  to  the  flower.     Calystegia  Sepium  Brown 

Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  'Zj.. — Stem  3 — 12 
feet  long,  climbing  or  trailing,  nearly  smooth.  Flowers  large,  white,  on  pedun- 
cles which  are  longer  than  the  leaves.  Great  Bindweed. 

3.  C.  panduratus  Linn. :  stem  twining ;  leaves  cordate  or  panduriform, 
acuminate,  the  lobes  rounded ;  peduncles  long,  with  small   bracts  at  the 
base  ;  flowers  in  fascicles  ;  corolla  tubular-campanulate. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ohio.  July.  1}..— Root  very  large  and 
thick.  Stem  4 — 6  feet  long,  mostly  trailing,  at  length  nearly  smooth.  Flowers 
mostly  2 — 5  in  a  fascicle,  on  peduncles  3  or  4  inches  long.  Corolla  white,  the 
tube  purple.  Medicinal.  Man  of  the  Earth. 

4.  C.  spithamaus  Linn. :  stem  erect  or  oblique ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
subcordate,  pubescent,  hoary ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves ;  bracts  close  to  the  flower,  much  larger  than  the  calyx.     C.  stanir 
Mich.     Calystegia  tomentosa  and  spithamcca  Pursh. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  June.  1\.. — Stem  8 — 18  inches  long,  sometimes 
nearly  procumbent.  Leaves  varying  from  acute  to  obtuse,  arid  rounded.  Flowers, 
white,  on  peduncles  which  are  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  A  variable  species 

Upright  Bindweed. 

5.  C.  purpureus  Linn  :  stem  twining   and   climbing ;   leaves  cordate, 
acuminate,  undivided,  entire  ;  peduncles  2 — 3-flowered  ;  pedicels  thickened, 
nodding ;  capsule  smooth.     Ipomcea  purpurea  Pursh.     Pharbitis  hispida. 
Choisy,in  D.  C. 


246  CUSCUTACE^E. 

Fields,  &c  July,  Aug.  (J). — Stem  hairy,  climbing  to  a  great  height.  Leaves 
2 — 6  inches  long,  on  petioles  of  about  the  same  length.  Flowers  large,  blue, 
purple  or  nearly  white.  Introduced.  Common  Morning  Glory. 

6.  C.  lacunosus  Spreng. :  stem  smooth,  twisted ;  leaves  cordate  acumi- 
nate, angled  at  base ;  peduncles  short,  1 — 3-flowered ;  calyx  hairy ;  corolla 
tubular,  short ;  capsule  hairy.  Ipomcca  lacunosa  Linn. 

Penn.  Muhl.  S.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  (!)• — Flowers  white,  with  a  purple 
rim.  Ragged  Bindweed. 

1.  C.  nil  Linn. :  stem  hairy,  twining ;  leaves  cordate,  3-Iobed,  the  inter- 
mediate lobe  dilated  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  shorter,  acute  ;  peduncles 
short,  2 — 3-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate,  hairy  at  the 
base.  Ipomcea  nil  Pursh.  Pharbitis  nil  Choisy  in  D.C. 

Penn.  Muhl.  S.  to  Car.  Aug.  ®. — Flowers  2  or  3,  on  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  petioles.  Corolla  white  at  base,  blue  near  the  border. 

Morning  Glory. 

ORDER  LXXXVI.    CUSCUTACE^E.— DODDERS. 

Calyx  4 — 5 -parted,  persistent,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation. 
Corolla  cut  round  at  the  base  ;  the  limb  4 — 5-cleft,  with  alter 
nating  scales.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  2-celled  ;  styles  2,  or  none  ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  capsular 
or  baccate,  2-celled ;  cells  1  — 2-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  fleshy 
albumen  and  a  spiral  acotyledonous  embryo. — Leafless  climb- 
ing colorless  parasites,  with  the  flowers  in  dense  clusters. 

CUSCUTA.  Linn.^-Dodder. 

(Etymology  uncertain.) 

Calyx  5-  rarely  4-parted.  Corolla  globose-urceolate,  4 — 5- 
cleft.  Stamens  4 — 5.  Filaments  often  with  scales  at  the  base. 
Styles  2.  Stigmas  filiform  or  capitate.  Capsule  2-celled,  open- 
ing all  round  transversely. 

1.  C.  EpUinum  Weih. :  heads  of  about  5  sessile  flowers;  calyx  5-parted, 
the  lobes  obtuse ;  corolla  globose  cylindric,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx ; 
styles  erect,  at  length  divergent.  (D.  C.)    C.  Europcea.    Beck  Dot.  1st  Ed. 

Parasitic  on  flax.  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  Mass.  Dewey.  Chester  county,  Penn. 
Darlingt.  July.  (I). — Stem  filiform,  long  and  climbing,  orange-colored,  leafless. 
Flowers  in  small  dense  heads,  pale-yellow  or  rose-color.  Introduced?  Dr. 
Darlington's  C.  Europcea,' which  seems  to  be  identical  with  the  New  York 
plant,  is  referred  to  this  species  by  the  author  above  quoted.  Flax  Dodder. 

2.  C.    Gronovii   Willd. :  stem  branched ;  flowers  pedunculate  or  more 
lax,  generally  5-parted;  corolla  deeply  campanulate,  open,  pellucid-punc- 
tate, longer  than  the  roundish  obtuse  calyx-segments  ;    scales  convergent, 
fimbriate.     C.  Americana  Linn. 

Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Ala.  W.  to  Ohio.  July — Sept.  (T) — Stem  filiform, 
orange-colored,  twining  around  other  plants.  Flowers  in  small  cymes  or  much 
crowded,  yellowish-white,  marked  with  little  roundish  glands. 

Common  Dodder. 


.  247 

3.  C.  umtrrosa  Beyrich :  stem  low,  branching ;  flowers  5-parted,  some- 
what pedunculate,  at  length  in  spikes ;  corolla  campanulate,  longer  than 
the  obtuse  calyx-segments ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  limb ;  scales  pinnatifid- 
laciniate,  convergent.  (  Torr.  N.  Y.  PL} 

Western  part  of  N.  Y.  Dr.  Gray — Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the 
more  open  campanulate  corolla,  which  is  destitute  of  pellucid  glands,  and  the 
form  of  its  lobes  as  well  as  those  of  the  calyx.  Torr. 

Smooth-flowered  Dodder. 

ORDER  LXXXVIL    DIAPENSIACE^E.— DIAPENSIADS. 

Calyx  of  5  imbricate  sepals,  with  3  bracts  at  the  base.  Co- 
rolla somewhat  salver-form,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  equal ;  fila- 
ments petaloid.  Ovary  superior,  3-celled  ;  style  single,  con- 
tinuous ;  stigma  sessile.  Capsule  membranous  or  papery. 
Seeds  pitted,  with  a  very  small  embryo  in  a  mass  of  fleshy 
albumen, — Prostrate  under-shrubs,  with  small  densely  imbri- 
cate leaves  and  solitary  terminal  flowers. 

DIAPENSIA.  Linn — Diapensia. 

(Said  to  be  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Sanicle,  applied  to  this  plant  by 
Linnaeus.) 

Calyx  with  the  sepals  unequal,  smooth.  Corolla  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5.  Filaments  broad-linear,  inserted  into  the  throat  of 
the  corolla.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  D.  Lapponica  Linn.:  cespitose;    leaves   spatulate,   smooth;    flower 
terminal,   solitary,  on  a  short  peduncle;    anthers  simple.     D.  obtusifolia 
Pursh. 

Summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.,  and  of  Mount  Marcy  and  Mount 
Mclntyre,  N.  Y.  N.  to  Labrador  and  Arct.  Amer.  June,  July.  7J.. — Stems 
short,  forming  thick  firm  tufts,  densely  covered  with  small  fleshy  evergreen 
leaves.  Flower  white.  Lapland  Diapensia. 

2.  D.  barbulata  Ell. :  leaves  lanceolate-wedgeform,  pubescent  at  base : 
flower  solitary,  terminal,  sessile ;  anthers  horizontal,  beaked  at  base.     D. 
cuneifolia  Pursh.     Pyxidanthera  barbulata  Mich. 

Pine  barrens.  N.J.  to  Car.  May,  June.  1].. — Plant  small,  creeping,  form- 
ing dense  mats ;  branches  assurge-nt,  1-flowered.  Upper  leaves  crowded  near 
the  base  of  the  flower,  which  is  small  and  white.  Very  abundant  in  New  Jersey. 

Beaked  Diapensia. 

ORDER  LXXXVIII.    B  OR  AGINACEJ5.— BORAGE  WORTS. 

Calyx-  persistent,  5-divided.  Corolla  5-lobed,  generally  reg- 
ular, and  sometimes  with  a  row  of  scales  in  the  throat.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  in  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
Ovary  4-parted ;  style  simple ;  stigma  simple  or  bifid.  Fruit 
Consisting  of  4  little  nuts  or  achenia.  Seed  without  albumen. — 


248  BORAGINACE-ffi. 

Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  with  round  stems.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, often  rough,  without  stipules.  Flowers  usually  in  one- 
sided spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  LITHOSPERMUM.  Z,w«.-Gromwdl. 

(From  the  Greek  At0o?,  a  stone,  and  <nr*pi*a,  seed ;  on  account  of  the  stony 
hardness  of  its  seeds  or  nuts.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed;  the  throat 
naked,  rarely  with  minute  scales.  Nuts  imperforate  at  base, 
shining,  smooth  or  rugose. 

1.  L.  arvcnse  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched;  leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceo- 
late, rather  acute,  veinless,  rough,  hairy ;  calyx  a  little  shorter  than  the 
corolla,  at  length  spreading ;  nuts  rugose, 

Fields.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Del.  W.  to  Ohio.  May.  (I).— Plant  hispid- 
pilose.  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  more  or  less  branched.  Flowers  solitary, 
axillary,  white.  Calyx  with  the  segments  thrice  as  long  as  the  fruit.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe.  Corn  Gromwett. 

2.  L.  officinale  Linn. :  stem  erect,  much  branched,  covered  with  rigid 
hairs ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  nerved,  rough  above,  hairy  beneath ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  nuts  smooth. 

Dry  waste  places.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Penn.  and  Ohio.  May.  '2].. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  often  branched  and  diffuse.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  in  leafy 
spike-like  racemes.  Nuts  whitish-brown,  highly  polished.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Common  Gromwett. 

2.  BATSCHIA.  Gmel— Puccoon. 

(In  honor  of  John  George  Batsch,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  rather  large ;  tube 
straight,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  closed  at  the  base  by  a 
bearded  ring ;  orifice  naked  or  partially  closed  ;  the  limb  nearly 
flat,  with  5  rounded  lobes.  Stamens  very  short.  Nuts  smooth 
and  shining,  not  perforate  at  the  base. 

1 .  B.  canescens  Mick. :  stem  erect,  simple,  villous ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse  ^slightly  mucronate,  silky  above,  subvillous  beneath;  tube  of 
the  corolla  as  long  again  as  the  calyx.     Anchusa  canescens  Muhl.     Litho- 
spermum  canescens  Lehm. 

Hills.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  7L.— Stem  8—12 
inches  high.  Flowers  axillary,  crowded  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  bright  orange. 
Found  near  Fairfield,  N.  Y.  by  Prof.  Hatiley.  Used  by  the  Indians  as  a  red 
dye.  Common  Puccoon.  Alkanef. 

2.  K.  Gmelini  Mich. :  plant  hirsute  ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, hairy  on  both  sides,  ciliate  ;  floral  ones  ovate-lanceolate  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  linear,  hairy,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     13. 
Caroliniensis  Gmel.     Anchusa  hirta  Muhl.    Lithospermum  hirtum  Lehm. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  %.—$tem  8— 12  inches  high.  Flowers 
in  a  terminal  raceme,  orange.  Gmelin's  Puccoon. 


B  O  R  A  G 1 N  AC  E  JB, .  249 

Myijjftjjjj 

3.  ONOSMODIUM.  Mich.— Onosmodium. 
(So  named  from  its  resemblance  to  Onosma,  another  genus  of  this  order.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted ;  segments  linear.  Corolla  tubular- 
campanulate ;  throat  naked ;  limb  5-cleft,  the  lobes  acute  and 
connivent.  Anthers  sessile,  included.  Style  much  exserted. 
Nuts  imperforate,  shining,  ovoid. 

1.  O.  Mspidum  Mick. :  stem  hispid,  branched  ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate, 
hairy,  papillose-punctate ;  segments  of  the  corolla  subulate.     O.  Virgini- 
anum  D.  C.     Lithospermum  Virginianum  Linn.     Purshia  hispida  Lehm. 

Fields,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  Aug.  %.— Stem  1—2  feet  high. 
Flowers  white,  in  simple  leafy  secund  racemes,  which  at  first  are  recurved  and 
afterwards  straight.  Hairy  Onosmodium. 

2.  O.  molle  Mich. :  whole  plant  white-villous  ;  leaves  oblong-oval,  some- 
what 3-nerved;  segments  of  the  corolla  semi-oval.     O.  Carolinianum  D.  C. 
Lithospermum  molle  Muhl.     Purshia  mollis  Lehm. 

Sandy  grounds,  near  Albany,  N.  Y.  G.  A.  Clinton.  Penn.  to  Tenn.  July, 
Aug.  1\.. — Differs  from  the  former  in  its  soft  white  pubescence,  and  in  the 
broader  segments  of  its  corolla.  Soft  Onosmodium. 

4.  SYMPHYTUM.  Linn.—Comfiey. 

(From  the  Greek  o"j//$uo>,  to  unite;  on  account  of  its  reputed  healing  powers.') 

Calyx  5-parted,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular-cam- 
panulate  ;  throat  closed  with  5  connivent  subulate  scales ;  limb 
with  5  broad  and  short  lobes.  Nuts  ovoid,  rugose. 

&  officinale  Linn. :  stem  hispid,  winged  above ;  radical  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  rough ;  cauline  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuated  at  base  and  very  de- 
current. 

Springy  grounds.  N.  Y.  Mass,  and  Penn.  June.  01. — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high, 
branched  above.  Racemes  in  pairs,  secund,  drooping.  Corolla  large,  yellow- 
ish-white, or  rarely  purplish.  Introduced,  but  apparently  native  near  Fairfield, 
N.  Y.  Common  Comfrey. 

5.  ECHIUM.  Linn.— Viper's  Bugloss. 

(From  the  Greek  f.^'f,  a  viper ;  on  account  of  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
«eed  to  the  head  of  that  animal.) 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  erect.  Corolla 
subcampanulate ;  tube  very  short ;  throat  open  ;  the  limb  un- 
equally and  obliquely  5-lobed.  Stamens  unequal.  Nuts  im- 
perforate at  base,  tuberculate. 

E.  vulgare  Linn. :  stem  simple,  hispid  with  tubercles  ;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, hispid;  radical  ones  petiolate,  spreading,  very  long;  flowers  in 
lateral  spikes ;  stamens  longer  than  the  corolla. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Virg. ;  common  in  New  Jersey.  June,  July, 
(g). — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branched  above.  F/m/w.f  large,  blue,  in  lateral 

1  I* 


250  BORAGINACE^E 

spikes  which  are  at  first  recurved  but  gradually  become  erect.  Introduced. 
A  very  showy  plant  when  in  full  flower,  but  in  many  places  becoming  trouble- 
some. Viper's  Bugloss.  Blue  Thistle. 

6.  LYCOPS1S.   Linn.— Bugloss. 

(From  the  Greek  AVKOJ,  a  wolf,  and  oi^t? ,  a  face ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance 
to  the  head  of  that  animal.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  curved  tube; 
the  mouth  closed  with  convex  connivent  scales.  Nuts  perforate 
at  the  base. 

L.  arvensis  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate,  very  hispid ; 
lower  ones  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  upper  sessile,  subclasping ;  calyx  erect 
while  in  flower,  about  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Anchusa  arvensis 
Lehm. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  June,  July.  (£). — Plant  very  hispid.  Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Flowers  small,  bright  blue,  in  one  or  more  leafy  racemes. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Small  Bugloss. 

7.  MYOSOTIS.  Linn. — Scorpion  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  f«vj,  pvos ,  a  mouse,  and  ovs ,  UTOS ,  an  ear ;  in  allusion  to  the 
shape  of  the  leaves.) 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form ;  tube  short ; 
limb  flat;  orifice  closed  with  short  connivent  scales.  Nuts 
smooth  or  rugose,  with  a  cavity  at  the  base. 

1.  M.  caspitosa  Schultz :  stem  terete,  erect,  branching,  appressed  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  calyx  5-cleft,  appressed-hairy,  shorter 
than  the  pedicels,  spreading  when  in  fruit;  style  very  short.  (Z?.C.) 

var.  laxaD.C.:  smoothish;  pedicels  longer.  M.  laxaLehm.  M.  palus- 
Iris  Torr. 

Ditches  and  wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May— Se.pt.  ©?— Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  slender,  erect  or  oblique,  branching  above,  smooth  or 
sprinkled  with  a  few  appressed  hairs.  Leaves  1 — 3  inches  long,  the  upper  sessile, 
the  lower  often  petioled.  Flowers  very  small,  bright  blue,  in  racemes  which  are 
at  length  elongated.  Marsh  Scorpion  Grass. 

2.  M.  stricta  Link :  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched,  hispid-villous ;  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse ;  racemes  leafy  at  base ;  fruit-bearing  pedicels  erect,  shorter 
than  the  calyx ;  calyx  5-parted,  closed  when  in  fruit,  clothed  with  divari- 
cate hairs ;  tube  of  the  corolla  included.  (D.  C.)    M.  arvensis  Reich.     M. 
verna  Nutt. 

Sandy  fields.     Can.  to  Virg.    W.  to  Miss.     May,  June.    ®.— Plant  grayish- 
pubescent.     Stem  4 — 10  inches  high,  at  length  branching.     Flowers  very  small, 
-"white,  in  terminal  racemes  which  are  elongated  when  in  fruit. 

Field  Scorpion  Grass. 

8.  ECHINOSPERMUM.  ZAz,_ Stickseed. 

(From  the  Greek  c^ivoj,  a  hedgeliog,  and  cnr^o/ja,  seed ;  the  fruit  being  covered 
with  prickles.) 

Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  salver-form  ;  throat  closed  by  short 


BORAGINACE^E.  251 

scales;  the  limb  with  obtuse  lobes.     Nuts  fixed  to  a  central 
column,  imperforate  at  base,  aculeate  on  the  margin. 

E.  Lappula  Lehm. :  stem  branched  above ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  hairy ;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx ;  border  erect,  spreading ; 
nuts  with  two  rows  of  hooked  prickles  on  the  margin.  Myosotis  Lappula, 
Linn.  Rochelia  Lappula  R.  tf-  S. 

Road  sides.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Oregon.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  July,  Aug. 
(1). — Stem  a  foot  high,  branched  above.  Flowers  minute,  blue,  in  leafy  racemes. 
Fruit  erect.  Introduced  ?  Common  Stickseed. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM.  Linn.— Hound 's-Tongue. 

(From  the  Greek  KVW,  a  dog,  and  yXwo-o-a,  a  tongue ;  in  allusion  to  the  shape 
of  the  leaves.) 

Calyx  5 -parted.  Corolla  short,  funnel-form;  orifice  closed 
with  convex  connivent  scales  ;  limb  with  5  obtuse  lobes.  Nuts 
depressed,  affixed  to  the  styles  by  their  inner  margin,  echinate. 

1.  C.  officinale  Linn.:  silky-pubescent;  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong, 
attenuated  into  a  petiole ;  upper  lanceolate,  somewhat  cordate  or  clasping 
at  base ;  racemes  without  bracts ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  corolla. 

Road  sides,  &c.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Ohio.  June.  July.  ©.— Plant  dull 
green,  soft  and  downy,  fetid.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  purplish-red,  in 
naked  secund  racemes.  Fruit  rough.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Hound' s-tongue. 

2.  C.  Virginicum  Linn.:   hairy;    lower  leaves  oval-oblong,   petiolate; 
upper  lanceolate-oblong,  sessile,  clasping  and  cordate  at  base  ;   racemes 
somewhat  corymbose,  naked;  pedicels  elongated,  recurved-spreading ;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  acute,  villous,  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
C.  ampkxicaule  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May,  June. 
1\.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  very  hairy.  Radical  leaves  6  inches  long ;  upper  ones 
smaller.  Flowers  blue  or  nearly  white,  in  a  terminal  corymbose  panicle  con- 
sisting of  2  or  3  divisions.  Wild  Comfrey. 

3.  C.  Morisoni  D.  C. :  stem  erect,  somewhat  hairy,  divaricately  branched  ; 
leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  scabrous  above, 
pubescent  beneath ;  racemes  forked,  bracteate ;  pedicels  at  length  deflexed  ; 
fruit  covered  with  hooked  bristles.     Echinospermum  Virginicum    Lehm. 
Myosotis  Virginiana  Linn. 

Borders  of  woods,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ken.  July.  ®.—Stem  2—3 
feet  high.  Leaves  thin  and  membranaceous ;  lower  ones  petioled.  Flowers 
small,  pale  blue  or  white,  in  forked  terminal  racemes. 

Small-jlowered  Hound1  s-tongue. 

10.  MERTENSIA.  Roth.— Mertensia. 
(In  honor  of  F.  C.  Mertens,  a  German  botanist  who  wrote  upon  the  Algae.) 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla  with  the  tube  cy- 
lindric,  the  limb  somewhat  campamilate,  5-cleft ;  throat  naked 


252  HYDROPHYLLACE&;. 

or  with  5  plaits.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  upper  part  of  the 
tube.  Nuts  somewhat  drupaceous,  smooth,  or  reticulate  and 
rugose. 

1.  M.   Virginica  D.C.:  smooth;    stem  erect;   radical  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse ;  cauline  narrower;  calyx  three  or  four  times  shorter  than 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.     Pulmonaria  Virginica  Linn.    Lithospermum  pul- 
chrum  Lchm. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  ri\..~> Stem  S— 12  inches 
high,  succulent,  mostly  simple.  Leaves  smooth  and  a  little  glaucous.  Flowers 
large,  bright  blue,  in  a  loose  racemose  panicle.  The  plant  turns  black  by  dry- 
ing. Virginian  Cowslip.  Lungwort. 

2.  M.  maritlma   G.  Don :   stem  procumbent  or  ascending,  branched ; 
leaves  ovate,  rough  with  callous  dots,  fleshy,  glaucous ;  upper  lanceolate ; 
calyx  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.  ( D.  C.)  Pulmonaria  maritima  Linn. 
Lithospcnnum  maritimum  Lehm. 

Sea  shores.  N.  Eng.  Pursh.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  July.  1}.. — Stem  dif- 
fuse, much  branched.  Lower  leaves  on  petioles  and  acute  ;  upper  ones  sessile. 
Flowers  purplish-blue,  in  leafy  racemes.  Seaside  Merlensia. 

3.  M.  denticulata  G.  Don :   stem  erect ;  leaves  nerved,  somewhat  glau- 
cous, margin  rough  with  minute  teeth ;  radical  ones  ovate,  petiolate ;  cau- 
line elliptic,  sessile ;  segments  of  the  calyx  denticulate  on  the  margin,  three 
or  four  times  shorter  than  the  corolla.  (D.  C.)  Pulmonaria  Sibirica  Pursh 
App.     Lithospermum  denticulatum  Lehm. 

Can.  N.  Y.  ?  W.  to  the  Columbia  river.  June.  *2J. — Stem  6—10  inches 
high.  Leaves  3 — 5-nerved.  Floivers  numerous,  purple,  in  somewhat  nodding 
racemes.  Denticulate  Mertensia. 

ORDER  LXXXIX.    HYDROPHYLLACEJE.— HYDROPHYLS. 

Calyx  deeply  5 -cleft,  the  sinuses  often  with  appendages,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  regular,  shortly  5-cJeft,  mostly  between  cam- 
panulate  and  rotate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla. 
Ovary  simple,  1 — 2-celled ;  styles  2,  united  into  1  ;  stigma 
bifid.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Seeds  few,  reticulated,  with  abundant 
cartilaginous  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants,  often  hispid,  with 
alternate  loked  or  pinnatifid  leaves.  Flowers  in  cymose  clus- 
ters, or  in  one-sided  racemes. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.  Linn.     Water  Leaf. 
(From  the  Greek  vSwp,  water,  and  <f>v\\ov,  a  leaf.) 

Calyx  5 -parted,  the  lobes  subulate  and  the  sinuses  mostly 
naked*  Corolla  campanulate,  5 -cleft,  with  5  longitudinal  mar- 
gined grooves  on  the  inside  alternating  with  the  lobes.  Sta- 
mens exserted.  Filaments  bearded  in  the  middle.  Stigma 


HYDROPHYLLACE.E.  253 

bifid.      Capsule  globose,    2-valved,    1 -seeded,  3   other   seeds 
mostly  abortive. 

*  Sinuses  of  the  calyx  naked. 

1.  H.    Virginicum  Linn. :    stem  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  pinnatifid  and 
pinnate ;  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate,  with  deep  serratures ;  clusters  of  flowers 
crowded ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles;  segments  of  the  calyx  lance- 
linear,  hispid-ciliate. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  ?].. — Stem  12 — 18 
inches  high,  often  branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  pinnately  cut  into  5 — 7  seg- 
ments, on  long  petioles.  Flowers  blue  and  white,  hi  compact  peduncled  lateral 
and  axillary  clusters.  Virginian  Waterleaf. 

2.  H.  Canadensc  Linn. :  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves  angularly  sub-  5-lobed, 
mostly  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  toothed  ;  flowers  in  crowded  fascicles  ;  pe- 
duncles shorter  than  the  petioles;  segments  of  the  calyx  narrow-linear, 
slightly  hairy. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  June.  Ij..— Stem  12—18  inches 
high.  Leaves  large  and  broad,  somewhat  palmate,  about  5 — 7-lobed ;  lobes 
broad,  cut  and  toothed.  Flowers  blue  and  white,  in  crowded  clusters. 

Canadian  Waterleaf. 

3.  H.  macrophyllum  Nutt. :  leaves  oblong,  pinnately  divided  at  base, 
with  the  segments  towards  the  apex  pinnatifid  or  subpinnate,  hairy  on 
both  sides ;  the  lobes  ovate,  with  coarse  ovate  mucronulate  teeth ;  pedun- 
cles very  long  and  with  the  calyx  hairy ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate  at 
base,  long- acuminate.     (D.  C.)     Phacelia  bipinnatijida  Frank   not  of 
Mick. 

Alleghany  Mountains,  Penn.  ?  Short.  Ohio.  Gray. — Leaves  a  foot  or  more 
in  length.  Corolla  white,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Large  Waterleaf. 

**  Sinuses  oftlie  calyx  appendiculate. 

4.  H.  appendiculatum  Mich. :  stem  hairy ;  leaves  hairy  above,  pubescent 
beneath  ;  lower  pinnately  divided ;  upper  palmately  5-lobed ;  sinuses  of  the 
calyx  with  minute  oval  appendages.     Nemophila  paniculaia  Spreng. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  (§)  ? — Stem  about  a  foot 
high,  branching  at  the  summit.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  the  lobes  toothed. 
Flowers  blue,  on  short  peduncles,  in  somewhat  paniculate  racemes. 

Hairy  Waterleaf. 

2.  PHACELIA.  Juss.— Phacelia. 
(From  the  Greek  ^>a«Xof,  a  bundle  ;  in  allusion  to  its  fascicled  spike.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  tubular-campan- 
ulate,  caducous,  5-cleft  or  half  5-cleft,  with  10  plaits  or  scales 
on  the  inside.  Stamens  often  exserted.  Style  bifid.  Capsule 
ovoid,  2-valved.  Seeds  4,  oblong. 

P.  bipinnatifda  Mich. :  stem  somewhat  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  pinnately 
divided,  on  long  petioles;  lateral  segments  2 — 4,  ovate^. acute,  incisely- 
lobed ;  terminal  one  3 — 5-cleft ;  racemes  elongated,  mostly  bifid  ;  lobes  of 
the  calyx  linear-acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. 


254  SOLANACE^E. 

Wet  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  ^I—Stem  a  foot 
high.  Leaves  3 — 4  inches  long,  thin  and  smoothish.  Flowers  blue,  in  terminal 
racemes.  Jagged  Phacelia. 

3.  COSMANTHUS.  Nolle.— Cosmanthus. 

(Etymology  uncertain.) 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  broadly  cam- 
panulate,  caducous,  5-cleft;  tube  without  scales.  Filaments 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Style  bifid.  Capsule 
2-valved,  septiferous  in  the  middle.  Seeds  4 — 10,  ovoid- 
angular. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corotta  naked. 

1.  C.  parviflorus  D.C. :  stem  diffuse,  pubescent ;  leaves  subsessile,  pinna- 
tifid  or  trifid,  hairy  on  both  sides,  the  uppermost  sometimes  undivided ;  lobes 
of  the  lower  ones  ovate  or  oblong,  entire ;  racemes  solitary.    Phacelia  par- 
viflora  Pursh.     Polemonium  dubium  Wttld. 

Low  grounds.  Penn.  Ohio,  and  Virg.  May.  (£). — Stem  6 — 8  inches  high. 
Flowers  small,  pale-blue ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded,  entire,  somewhat  hairy 
on  the  outside.  Stamens  hairy  at  the  base.  Small-flowered  Cosmanthus. 

**  Lobes  of  the  corolla  fimbriate. 

2.  C.  fimbriata  Nolle :  whole  plant  hairy  ;  stem  ascending ;  lower  leaves 
petiolate,  pinnately  divided,  the  segments  few  and  entire ;  upper  sessile,  pec- 
tinate-pinnatifid  ;  the  lobes  oblong  and  entire ;  racemes  terminal,  elongated, 
few-flowered ;   lobes  of  the  calyx   linear-lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the 
corolla.  (Z?.  C.)    Phacelia  Jimbriata  Mich. 

Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  CD- — Stem  8 — 12 
inches  high,  ascending,  slender,  branched.  Radical  leaves  with  the  lobes  very 
obtuse.  Flowers  pale-blue,  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme,  at  first  revolute,  after- 
wards erect.  Fimbriate  Cosmanthus. 

ORDER  XC.     SOLAKACE^E.— NIGHTSHADES. 

Calyx  5-  seldom  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  with  the  limb 
5-  seldom  4- cleft,  mostly  regular,  deciduous.  Stamens  inserted 
upon  the  corolla,  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  limb.  Ovary 
2 -celled  ;  style  continuous  ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
berry.  Seeds  numerous,  with  the  embryo  straight  or  curved, 
in  fleshy  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
undivided  or  lobed  leaves.  Inflorescence  various. 

*  Fruit  a  berry. 

1.  SOLANUM.    Linn.—  Nightshade. 
(Etymology  uncertain.) 

Calyx  5 — 10-parted.  Corolla  rotate  or  subcampanulate ; 
limb  plaited,  5 — 10-cleft.  Stnmens  5.  Filaments  very  short; 


SOLANACE^E.  255 

Anthers  erect,  large,  connivent,  opening  at  the  top  by  two  pores. 
Berry  2 — 6 -celled.     Seeds  numerous. 

1.  &  Dulcamara  Linn.:    stem  shrubby,   flexuous,    climbing,   without 
thorns,  smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-cordate,  smooth ;    upper  ones 
hastate  ;  flowers  in  lateral  clusters. 

Low  grounds.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.'  17. — Stem  6 — 8  feet  long,  somewhat  pu- 
bescent. Flowers  purple,  with  2  green  tubercles  at  the  base  of  each  segment. 
Berry  bright  red,  oval.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Woody  Night-shade.    Bitter-sweet. 

2.  £.  nigrum  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  without  thorns,  angular,  rough 
on  the  angles ;  leaves  ovate,  obtusely  toothed  and  waved ;  flowers  subum- 
belled.     S.  nigrum  var.  Virginianum  Linn. 

Old  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  ©.—Stem  1—2  feet  high,  much 
branched,  angular  or  slightly  winged.  Flowers  nodding,  white,  3 — 6  in  an  um- 
bel. Berry  spherical,  black,  2-celled.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Night-shade. 

3.  S.   Carolinense   Linn. :    herbaceous,    prickly ;    leaves    ovate-oblong, 
acute,  sinuate-angular,  often  subhastate,  stellate-pubescent ;  raceme  simple, 
loose. 

Road  sides,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  ^.— Stem  erect, 
branched,  a  foot  high,  armed  with  short  prickles.  Leaves  aculeate  on  the  mid- 
rib and  larger  nerves  on  both  sides.  Flowers  white,  in  lateral  racemes.  Berry 
globose,  orange-yellow.  Horse  Nettle.  ' 

2.  PHYSALIS.  Linn.— Ground  Cherry. 
(From  the  Greek  Qwa,  a  bladder  or  bag  ;  in  allusion  to  the  inflated  calyx.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  finally  becoming  ventricose.  Corolla 
campanulate-rotate;  limb  plaited,  somewhat  5-lobed;  tube  very 
short.  Stamens  5,  connivent.  Anthers  opening  longitudinally. 
Berry  2-celled.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  P.  viscosa  Linn.:  herbaceous,  pubescent  and  more  or  less  viscid; 
stem  dichotomously  branched,   with  the  branches  at   length  spreading; 
leaves  solitary  or  in  pairs,  varying  from  roundish-ovate  to  lanceolate-ovate, 
subcordate  at  base,  mostly  acute,  more  or  less  repand-toothed ;  flowers 
solitary,  axillary,  pendulous.     P.  obscura  Mich,   and  P.  Pennsylvanica 
Linn. 

Road  sides,  fields,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  l±.—Slem 
low,  spreading  divaricately.  Leaves  varying  in  form,  on  petioles,  1 — 2  inches 
long.  Flowers  on  short  pedicels,  greenish-yellow  with  brownish  spots  at  base. 
Berry  globose,  viscid,  yellowish,  enclosed  by  the  inflated  calyx. 

Clammy  Ground  Cherry. 

2.  P.   lanceola'a   Mich. :    stem    herbaceous,    dichotomously  branched, 
densely  pubescent ;  leaves  mostly  in  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  acumi- 
nate, narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole ;  flower  solitary,  nodding ;  calyx 
villous. 

Penn.  Muhl.  $  Darlingt.  ;  rare.  S  to  Car.  July.  fl\-.— Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
angular.  Leaves  often  very  unequal  at  base.  Flowers  usually  in  the  upper  axils, 
pal*  greenish-yellow,  with  fuscous  spots  at  base. 

Spear-leaved  Ground  Cherry. 


256  SOLANACE^E. 

3.  NICANDRA..  Adam.— Nicandra. 

(In  honor  of  Nicander,  an  ancient  Greek  physician.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  angles  compressed,  segments 
sagittate.  Corolla  campanulate,  dry ;  the  limb  plaited  and 
nearly  entire.  Stamens  incurved.'  Berry  3 — 5 -celled,  covered 
by  the  calyx. 

N.  physaloidcs  Gcert.:  stem  herbaceous;  leaves  sinuate-angled, glabrous ; 
flowers  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles ;  calyx  closed,  with  the  angles 
very  acute.  Alropa  physaloides  Linn. 

Cultivated  grounds,  road  sides,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  (D- — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches  long,  alternate.  Flowers 
solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles,  pale-blue.  Introduced.  Originally  from 
Peru,  where  it  is  said  to  be  much  used  as  a  narcotic.  Nicandra, 

**  Fruit  a  capsule. 

4.  NICOTIANA.  Linn.— Tobacco. 

(After  John  Nicot,  who  introduced  tobacco  into  Europe.) 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form; 
the  limb  5-lobed  and  plaited.  Stamens  5,  equal.  Stigma  capi- 
tate. Capsule  2-celled,  2 — 4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
minute. 

N.  rusLica  Linn. :  plant  viscid-pubescent ;  stem  terete ;  leaves  petioled, 
ovate,  very  entire ;  tube  of  the  corolla  cylindrical,  'longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  lobes  rounded. 

Western  part  of  New  York.  Nutt.  Long  Island.  Torr.  ®.—Stem  12—18 
inches  high.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Nuttall  it  has  been  introduced  by  the  Indians.  It  contains  the 
same  poisonous  principle  as  the  common  tobacco.  Wild  Tobacco. 

5.  DATURA.  Linn.— Thorn  Apple. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  Tatorah,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  plant.) 

Calyx  tubular  and  usually  5-angled,  separating  from  the  per- 
sistent base.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  tube  long,  the  limb  5- 
angled  and  plaited.  Stamens  5.  Stigma  bilamellate.  Cap- 
sule usually  prickly  ormuricate,  2-celled,  4-valved;  cells  2 — 3- 
parted,  many-seeded. 

D.  Stramonium  Linn. :  stem  dichotomously  branched  ;  leaves  ovate, 
smooth,  angularly-toothed,  somewhat  cordate ;  capsule  spiny,  erect. 

var.   Tatula  Torr. :  stem  and  flowers  purple.     D.  Tatula  Linn. 

Waste  grounds,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July— Sept.  ©.—Stem  2—6 
feet  high,  yellowish -green  or  purple.  Flowers  solitary,  large,  white  or  bhu'sh- 
purple,  on  peduncles.  Very  fetid.  Medicinal  and  poisonous.  Big.  Med.  Sof., 
l.  16.  Jamestown  Weed.  Thorn-apple. 


OROBANCHACE^E.  257 


6.  HYOSCYAMUS.  Linn.— Henbane. 

(From  the  Greek  is,  i>os,  a  hog,  and  KVU^OS,  a  bean ;  because  hogs  are  said  to 
eat  without  injury  the  fruit,  which  bears  some  resemblance  to  a  bean.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5 -cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  irregular,  lobes 
obtuse.  Stamens  5,  declined.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule 
ovoid,  opening  with  a  lid. 

H.  niger  Linn. :  stem  erect,  very  leafy ;  leaves  sinuate  and  angularly 
toothed,  clasping;  flowers  sessile,  arranged  in  terminal  recurved  leafy 
spikes ;  corolla  reticulate. 

Waste  places.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  (I)  or  (g). — Plant  covered  with 
unctuous  fetid  hairs.  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  ob- 
long, acute.  Flowers  large,  dull  yellow,  with  purple  veins.  A  powerful  narcotic. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Henbane. 

ORDER  XCI.     OROBANCHACE^E.— BROOMRAPES. 

Calyx  divided,  persistent.  Corolla  irregular,  persistent,  with 
an  imbricate  aestivation.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Ovary 
superior,  1-celled,  seated  in  a  fleshy  disk,  with  2  or  more  pari- 
etal placentae ;  style  1  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule,  en- 
closed within  the  withered  corolla.  Seeds  numerous,  very  mi- 
nute.— Herbaceous  leafless  parasites.  Stem  covered  with  brown 
or  colorless  scales. 

1.  OROBANCHE.  Linn. — Broom  Rape. 

(From  the  Greek  cpo/los,  a.  pea-like  plant,  and  ay^cjj/,  to  strangle;  from  its  sup- 
posed injurious  eflect.) 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  2 — 5-cleft,  segments  often  unequal. 
Corolla  tubular,  the  limb  somewhat  ringent ;  upper  lip  entire 
or  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Stig- 
ma mostly  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  O.  Americana  Linn.:  stem  clothed  with  ovate-lanceolate  imbricate 
scales ;  spike  terminal,  smooth  ;  corolla  slightly  curved  ;  stamens  exserted. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  1\. — Plant  6 — 8  inches  high,  mostly 
growing  in  clusters.  Flovxrs  sessile,  with  lanceolate  bracts  at  the  base,  dirty 
white  or  pale  brown.  Syuaw-root. 

2.  O.  uniflora  Linn. :  stem  very  short,  often  branched  at  base,  clothed 
with  oblong  scales  ;  flowers  solitary,  on  scape-like  pubescent  peduncles ; 
calyx  equally  5-cleft ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong-oval,  with  a  pubescent 
colored  margin  ;  stamens  included,  smooth. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  11-.— Plant  4—6  inches* 
high,  brownish-yellow.  Peduncles  2—5  inches  long,  mostly  2  or  3  on  each 
short  stem.  Flowers  incurved,  pale  purple.  One-flowered  Broom-rape, 


258  SCROPHULARIACE^S. 

2.  EPIPHAGUS.  Nutt.— Beech  Drops. 
(From  the  Greek  £T<,  upon,  and  <f>ny°s  or  0ayoj,  a  beech  tree.) 

Flowers  polygamous;  the  upper  complete  but  sterile;  the 
lower  imperfect,  fertile.  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla tubular,  compressed,  curved ;  upper  lip  emarginate ;  the 
lower  3 -toothed.  Stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Style  ex- 
serted.  Ovary  abortive.  FERTILE  FL.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla small,  rarely  expanding,  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Stamens 
4,  3  usually  sterile.  Style  short.  Capsule  roundish-ovoid, 
gibbous,  opening  on  the  upper  side. 

E.  Americanus  Nutt,     Orobanche  Virginiana  Linn. 

Shady  beech  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.— Plant  6—12  inches 
high,  yellowish-brown,  smooth.  Stem  angular,  branching  from  near  the  base  ; 
the  branches  with  small  lance-ovate  scales  below.  Flowers  alternate,  distant, 
nearly  sessile,  small;  fertile  ones  deciduous;  sterile  larger,  white  striped  with 
purple.  Parasitic.  Reputed  to  be  medicinal.  Beech-drops.  Cancer-root. 

3.  O BO L ARIA.  Linn.— Obolaria. 

(From  the  Greek  o@o\ns,  a  small  Athenian  coin,  which  the  leaves  are  said  to 
resemble.) 

Calyx  2-parted,  in  the  form  of  bracts.  Corolla  campanulate, 
4-cleft ;  the  lobes  entire,  sometimes  crenulate.  Stamens  4, 
subdidynamous,  proceeding  from  the  clefts  of  the  corolla. 
Stigma  emarginate.  Capsule  ovoid,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

O.  Virginica  Linn. 

Woods.  Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Ala.  April,  May.  If.  I—Stem  4—6  inches  high, 
cespitose,  nearly  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  rather  fleshy,  cuneate-obo- 
vate,  sessile,  glaucous.  Flowers  in  pairs  or  threes  towards  the  top  of  the  stem, 
white  or  pale  red.  Pennywort. 

ORDER  XCII.     SCROPHULARIACE^E.— FIGWORTS. 

Calyx  of  4  or  5  more  or  less  united  sepals,  persistent. 
Corolla  with  the  limb  2-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregular,  with 
an  imbricated  aestivation.  Stamens  didynamous,  rarely  equal ; 
the  uppermost  or  fifth  stamen  altogether  deficient,  or  sterile,  or 
very  rarely  fertile,  and  shorter  than  the  rest;  sometimes  the 
two  lower  ones  are  sterile  or  deficient.  Ovary  2 -celled ;  style 
mostly  simple.  Fruit  capsular,  2-valved.  Seeds  numerous. — 
Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubs,  usually  with  opposite  or  whorled, 
but  occasionally  alternate  leaves. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.  259 

SUBORDER  I.     ANTIRRHINIDE^. 

Inflorescence  entirely  centripetal  or  compound.  ^Estivation 
of  the  corolla  bilabiately  imbricated,  the  two  upper  segments 
being  external. 

I.  VERBACEJE. 

1.  VERBASCUM.  Linn.  Mullein. 
(Name  altered  from  Barbascum ;  the  leaves  being  covered  with  a  barba  or  beard.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  nearly  equal.  Stamens  5,  all  perfect,  declined,  often 
hairy ;  the  anterior  longer.  Style  compressed-dilated  at  the 
apex.  Capsule  globose,  ovoid  or  oblong,  dehiscent. 

1 .  V.  Tkapsus  Linn. :    densely  woolly ;    stem  simple  ;    leaves  ovate-ob- 
long, decurrent ;  flowers  in  a  long  dense  terminal  spike ;  stamens  unequal, 
two  smooth. 

Road  sides,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June.  (g). — Stem  3 — 6  feet  high, 
angular,  winged.  Leaves  6 — 12  inches  long.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  long  dense 
cylindric  spike.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Mullein. 

2.  V.  Blatlaria   Linn. :  stem   nearly  smooth,    angled ;    leaves   oblong, 
clasping,   crenate-serrate ;    the   radical    ones  petioled,   sinuate-pinnatifid ; 
flowers  pedicellate,  in  an  elongated  raceme. 

Road  sides,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  (g). — Stem  2  feet  high,  angular. 
Leaves  acute,  serrate  or  toothed.  Flowers  yellow  or  white,  with  a  purplish 
tinge.  Considered  by  some  as  a  variety  of  the  preceding.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Moth  Mullein. 

3.  V.  Lychnitis  Linn. :  stem  angular;  leaves  oblong,  wedgeform,  nearly 
smooth  above,  white  and  woolly  beneath ;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  pyramidal 
panicle ;  filaments  white-woolly. 

Old  fields.  Near  Oneida  Lake,  N.  Y.  Torr.  Penn.  Pursh.  July,  Aug. 
(J2). — Stem  2 — 5  feet  high.  Flowers  rather  small,  cream-colored.  Introduced 
from  Europe.  White  Mullein. 

II.    ANTIRRHINEJ2. 

a.  LINARIA.   Tourn.— Toad  Flax. 

(From  the  Latin  linum,  flax;  on  account  of  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  in 
many  species.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  personate ;  tube  with  a  spur 
at  base  ;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  erect;  throat  closed  by  the  prominent 
palate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose, 
2-celled,  usually  opening  at  the  summit  by  several  valves. 
Seeds  ovoid. 

1.   L.  Elatine  Mill.:   stem  procumbent,  hairy;   leaves  broad-haste te, 


260  SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

acute ;  the  lowest  ovate,  slightly  toothed  and  opposite ;  peduncles  solitary, 
axillary,  very  long.    Antirrhinum  Elatine  Linn. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July.  (I). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  long,  with  spread- 
ing branches.  Flowers  small,  yellowish,  the  upper  lip  purple.  Introduced  ? 

Sharp-pointed  Toadflax. 

2.  L.  vulgaris  Mill. :  stem  erect,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
scattered,  crowded ;  flowers  imbricated  in  a  terminal  spiked  raceme ;  calyx 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  spur.     Antirrhinum  Linaria  Linn. 

Road  sides.  Can.  to  Virg.  June — Oct.  7J-. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  somewhat 
glaucous,  sometimes  a  little  branched.  Flowers  large,  yellow,  in  a  dense  ter- 
minal bracteate  raceme,  rarely  with  3  or  5  spurs.  A  very  troublesome  weed. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Toadflax.  Snapdragon. 

3.  L.  Canadensis  Spreng. :  stem  erect  or  assurgent,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves 
scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse  ;  flowers  racemose  ;  sterile  branches  procum- 
bent.   Antirrhinum  Canadense  Linn. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  May — Aug.  ®. — Stem  about  a  foot  high, 
slender,  often  throwing  out  suckers  at  base.  Flowers  very  small,  blue,  in  a 
naked  terminal  raceme.  Canadian  Toadflax. 

III.  CHELONE.^. 

3.  SCROPHULARIA.  Linn.— Figwort. 
(So  named  from  its  being  supposed  to  cure  the  scrophula.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla  subglobose  ;  limb 
contracted,  with  2  short  lips  ;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  frequently  with 
a  scale  or  abortive  stamen  within  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Capsule 
2-celled,  2-valved  ;  valves  opening  at  the  apex. 

S.  Marylandica  Linn. :  stem  angled,  smoothish  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  rounded  or  cordate  at  base ;  pe- 
tioles ciliate  ;  panicle  thyrse-like,  the  branches  composed  of  loosely  flowered 
clusters.  >S.  nodosa  J3enth.  in  D.  C.  S.  nodosa  var.  Americana  Mich.  S. 
lanceolata  Pursh. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  California.  June — Aug.  rt\~ — Stem  3 — 5  feet 
high,  4  angled,  branched  above,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  purple-brown  tinged  with  green,  in  a  large  termi- 
nal oblong  panicle.  Capsule  globular.  Very  closely  allied  to,  if  not  identical 
with,  S.  nodosa  of  Europe.  Figwort. 

4.  COLLINSIA.  Nutt  —  Collinsia. 
(In  honor  of  the  late  Zaccheus  Collins,  of  Philadelphia.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  bilabiate,  the  orifice  closed  ;  upper 
lip  bifid,  lower  trifid  ;  intermediate  segment  carinately  saccate 
and  closed  over  the  declinate  style  and  stamens.  Capsule  glo- 
bose, partly  1 -celled  and  imperfectly  4-valved.  Seeds  2 — 3, 
umbilicate. 

C.  verna  Nutt. :  assurgent,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  remotely  and  some- 
what obtusely  serrate ;  radical  ones  oblong  or  cordate  and  petiolate ;  cau- 
line  ovate-oblong,  sessile  or  clasping ;  uppermost  ternate 


SCKOPHULAttlACE^E. 

Banks  of  streams.  Western  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  (T).— Stem  a  foot 
high.  Peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  opposite  or  verticillate.  Corolla  parti- 
colored, yellowish-white  and  blue.  Early  Collinsia. 

5.  CHELONE.  Linn.— Shell  Flower. 

(From  the  Greek  x£^wt"7,  a  tortoise;  the  flower  resembling  the  head  of  that 
animal.) 

Calyx  5 -parted.  Corolla  ventricose-tubular  ;  upper  lip  broad, 
concave,  emarginate  or  shortly  bifid ;  lower  one  spreading,  3- 
cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  with  a  fifth  shorter  sterile  fila- 
ment. Anthers  woolly.  Capsule  2 -celled,  2-valved.  Seeds 
membranaceously  margined. 

C.  glabra  Linn. :  smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  serrate  ;  flowers  in  dense  spikes. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct.  1j-.— Stem  2  feet 
high,  simple.  Leaves  thick  and  somewhat  coriaceous.  Flowers  large,  white  or 
reddish,  in  compact  terminal  or  subaxillary  spikes.  Snake-head. 

6.  PENTSTEMON.  Linn.— Pentstemon. 

(From  the  Greek  Kf.vTf,jive,  and  OTJ^JCOJ/,  a  stamen ;  in  allusion  to  the  fifth  large 
abortive  stamen.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted  or  5-sepalled.  Corolla  bilabiate,  ven- 
tricose.  The  fifth  sterile  filament  longer  than  the  rest  and 
bearded  on  the  upper  side.  Anthers  smooth.  Capsule  ovoid, 
2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  angular. 

1.  P.  pwbescens  Linn. :  stem  pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  serru- 
late, sessile,  clasping ;  sterile  filament  bearded  from  the  top  to  below  the 
middle. 

Hill  sides.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  %.— Stem  12—15  inches 
high,  simple  or  branching.  Leaves  smoothish.  Flowers  pale  purple,  in  terminal 
panicles.  Pubescent  Pentstemon. 

2.  P.  Icevigaius  Ait. :  smooth :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  clasping  at  base, 
slightly  toothed,  the  lower  entire ;  sterile  filament  bearded  near  the  top. 
Chelone  Pentstemon  Walt.     P.  pubescens  Denth.  in  D.  C. 

Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Flor.  June.  'ZJ ..— Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Flowers 
in  terminal  panicles.  Smooth  Pentstemon. 

IV.  GRATIOLE^J. 

7.  MIMULUS.  Linn.— Monkey  Flower. 

(From  the  Greek  /*»/<«,  a  monkey ;  in  allusion  to  its  grinning-flowers.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-angled,  5-toothed.  Corolla  ringent ;  upper 
lip  2-lobed,  erect  or  reflexed  at  the  sides  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed, 
spreading.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  thick,  2-cleft.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute. 


262  SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

1.  M.  ringens  Linn. :  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate ;  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  longer  than  the  flowers ;  teeth 
of  the  calyx  oblong,  acuminate. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  Tj..—- Stem  2  feet  high,  an- 
gular, somewhat  branched.  Leaves  a  little  clasping.  Flowers  large,  pale  purple. 

Cemmon  Monkey-flower. 

2.  M.  alatus  Linn. :  erect,  smooth ;  stem  winged ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate, 
acuminate,  toothed-serrate ;  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  shorter  than  the 
flowers  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  round,  mucronate. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  1].. — Stem  2  feet  high,  with  winged 
angles,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole. 
Flowers  pale  blue.  Abundant  in  the  western  part  of  New  York. 

Stem-winged  Monkey-flower. 

8.    HERPESTIS.    Gart.— Herpestis. 
(From  the  Greek  Ipjrqorjj.c,  a  creeper.) 

Calyx  5 -parted,  unequal.  Corolla  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  emar- 
ginate  or  2-lobed ;  lower  one  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
ascending.  Capsule  bisulcate,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, small. 

1.  H.  Monnieria  Humb.:  creeping,    smooth;    leaves  cuneate-obovate, 
entire  or  obscurely  crenate  near  the  summit ;  pedicels  with  two  bracteoles 
near  the  end ;  lower  segment  of  the  calyx  ovate.     H.  cuneifolia  Pursh. 
Monniera  cuneifolia  Mich. 

Inundated  banks.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  From  Car.  to  Buenos  Ayres  and 
Chili.  D.  C.  Aug.  %. — Stem  prostrate,  creeping.  Leaves  opposite,  thick, 
somewhat  clasping,  variable  in  size  and  form.  Flowers  very  small,  pale  purple, 
solitary,  axillary,  on  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

Wedge-leaved  Herpestis. 

2.  H.  amplexicaulis  Pursh  :  stem  villous ;  leaves  clasping,  ovate,  obtuse, 
entire,  nerved,  smooth  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath ;  pedicels  solitary, 
shorter  than  the  calyx.     Monniera  amplexicaulis  Mich. 

In  ponds  and  ditches,  N.  J.  to  Louis.  D.  C.  Car.  and  Geor.  Pursh.  June— 
Aug.  1|.. — Leaves  6 — 9  lines  long.  Flowers  blue,  larger  than  in  the  preceding. 

Clasping-leaved  Herpestis. 

9.  GRATIOLA.  Linn.— Hedge  Hyssop. 

(From  the  Latin  gratia,  grace  or  favor ;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  medicinal 
virtues.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla 
tubular,  subbilabiate ;  upper  lip  entire  or  shortly  bifid ;  lower 
one  3-lobed,  the  palate  not  prominent.  Stamens  4,  2  sterile. 
Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  valves 
at  length  2-cleft.  (4-valved.  D.  C.) 

1.  G.  aurea  Muhl. :  smooth;  stem  assurgent;  leaves  linear-oblong,  sub- 
clasping,  obscurely-toothed ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  equal; 
sterile  filaments  minute.  G.  qfficinalis  Mich.  G.  Caroliniensis  Pers. 

Sandy  swamps.    Mass  to  Flor.    July,  Aug.  '2J-. — Root  creeping.    Ste 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.  263 

gent,  4 — 8  inches  high,  4-angled,  branching.    Leaves  nerved  and  marked  with 
pellucid  dots.    Flowers  bright  yellow,  on  axillary  peduncles. 

Golden  Hedge  Hyssop. 

2.  G,  Virginica  Linn. :  stem  assurgent,  terete,  pubescent  above ;  leaves 
smooth,  lanceolate,  sparingly  dentate-serrate,  attenuate  and  connate  at  the 
base ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  equal ;  sterile  filaments  nearly 
wanting. 

Inundated  meadows.  Can.  to  Louis.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem 
6  inches  high,  branched  at  base.  Peduncles  shorter  or  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
upper  ones  opposite.  Flowers  yellowish-white.  A  variable  species. 

Common  Hedge  Hyssop. 

3.  G.  megalocarpa  Ell. :  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent ;  peduncles 
opposite,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear,  as  long  as 
the  globose  capsule.     G.  acuminata  Pursh.  (excl.  syn.} 

Ditches  and  pools.  Penn.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  7J.. — Flowers  pale-yellow, 
large.  Capsule  larger  than  in  any  other  species. 

Large-fruited  Hedge  Hyssop. 

10.  LINDERNIA.  Linn.— Lindernia. 
(In  honor  of  F.  B.  Von  Lindern,  a  German  botanist.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  naked  at  base.  Corolla  tubular,  ringent; 
upper  lip  short,  reflexed,  emarginate ;  lower  one  trifid,  unequal. 
Stamens  4,  2  longer  forked  and  sterile.  Stigma  emarginate. 
Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  2-celled,  2-valved;  dissepiment  parallel 
with  the  valves. 

1.  L.  dilatata  Muhl. :  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  dilated  at  the  base,  clasping, 
remotely  toothed ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.    L.  Pyxidaria  Pursh. 
Gratiola  anagalloidea  Mich. 

Inundated  banks.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  (J).—Stem  6 
inches  high,  erect  or  assurgent,  4-sided,  smooth,  often  much  branched.  Leaves 
6—1  lines  long.  Flowers  pale-purple,  on  alternate  and  opposite  peduncles. 

Long-stalked  Lindernia. 

2.  L.  attenuata  Muhl. :  leaves  lanceolate  and  obovate,  serrate-toothed, 
narrowed  at  the  base ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  erect.    L.  Pyx- 
idaria var.  major  Pursh. 

Inundated  banks.  Can.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  ®. — Stem  erect  or  assurgent, 
branched,  stouter  than  in  the  preceding.  Peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the 
leaves.  Short-stalked  Lindernia. 

3.  L.  monticola  Nutt. :  stem  slender,  dichotomous ;  radical  leaves  spatu- 
late ;  cauline  ones  linear,  small  and  remote ;  peduncles  very  long,  at  length 
deflected. 

White  hills,  N.H.  ?  June.  '4-.—  Stem  erect,  4—6  inches  high.  Radical 
leaves  obscurely  toothed,  punctate ;  cauline  ones  very  few.  Flowers  pale-blue. 

Mountain  Lindernia. 

11.  HEMIANTHUS.  Nutt.— Hemianthus. 

(From  the  Greek  i}/ii,  (for  fyiiew,)  half,  and  ai/0o?,  a, flower;  on  account  of  the 
form  of  the  flower.) 

Calyx  tubular,  cleft  on  the  under  side  ;  border  4-toothed. 
Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  obsolete ;  the  lower  3-parted ;  inter- 


264  SCROPHULARIACEJE. 

mediate  segment  ligulate  and  truncate,  much  longer,  closely  in- 
curved.   Stamens  2.    Filaments  bifid,  lateral  fork  antheriferous. 
Style  bifid.     Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many -seeded. 
H.  micranthemoides  Nult.    Herpestis  micrantha  Pursh,   (excl.  syn.) 
Inundated  banks.     Penn.  to  Virg.     Aug.,  Sept.    OP- — Stem  creeping,  dichoto 
mous.     Leaves  opposite,  crowded,  sessile,  obscurely  3-nerved.     Flowers  white, 
minute,  solitary,  axillary.  Hemianthus. 

SUBORDER  II.— RHINANTHIDE^. 

Inflorescence  entirely  centripetal  or  compound.  ^Estivation 
irregularly  imbricated,  one  of  the  lateral  segments  being  gen- 
erally external,  while  the  two  upper  are  always  internal. 

I.  SlBTHORPEJE. 

12.  LIMOSELLA.  Linn— Mudwort. 

(From  the  Latin  limus,  mud ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.) 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  shortly  campanulate,  5-cleft,  equal. 
Stamens  4,  approximating  by  pairs.     Capsule  2-valved,  sub- 
bilocular,  many- seeded. 

L.  subulata  Ives :  leaves  linear,  very  narrow,  scarcely  dilated  at  the  apex ; 
scape  1 -flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves.  L.  tenuifolia  Nutt. 

Muddy  shores.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Aug.  1\. — Plant  rooting  and  creeping  in 
the  mud.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long.  Flowers  bluish-white,  minute,  on  pedun- 
cles a  little  longer  than  the  leaves.  Common  Mudwort. 

II.  VERONICE.E. 

13.  VERONICA.  Linn.—  Speedwell. 

(Name  of  doubtful  origin.) 

Calyx  4-  rarely  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  unequally  4-lobed ; 
the  lower  segment  narrower.  Stamens  2,  inserted  into  the 
tube,  exserted.  Capsule  2 -celled,  mostly  emarginate  or  obtuse. 
Seeds  few. 

*  Spikes  or  racemes  terminal. 

1.  V.  serpyllifolia  Linn. :  stem  ascending;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  ellip- 
tic,  slightly  crenate,  smoothish ;  raceme  elongated,  many-flowered ;  cap- 
sule inversely  reniform,  as  long  as  the  style. 

Meadows,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May — Aug.  Ij.. — Stem  procumbent, 
3 — 8  inches  long,  sometimes  creeping.  Flowers  small,  pale  blue,  in  a  long  spike 
or  raceme.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Thyme-leaved  Speedwell. 

**  Spikes  or  racemes  axillary. 

2.  V.  scutettata  Linn. :  stem  slender,  nearly  erect ;  leaves  linear  or  lance- 
linear,  sessile,   somewhat   toothed;    racemes  lateral,   alternate;    pedicels 
divaricate  in  fruit. 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.  265 

Moist  places.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  7J. — Stem  erect,  weak, 
6 — 12  inches  long.  Flowers  flesh-colored,  in  simple  rarely  compound  racemes. 

Skullcap  Speedwett. 

3.  V.  Anagallis  Linn.:  stem  erect;  leaves  lanceolate,  clasping,  serrate; 
racemes  opposite. 

Ditches  and  moist  places.  Can.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  *'lj_. — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high,  succulent.  Leaves  varying  in  width.  Flowers  numerous,  blue  or  purplish, 
in  long  racemes.  Pedicels  shorter  than  in  the  preceding,  but  never  reflexed. 

,    Water  Speedwell. 

4.  V.  Americana   Schwein. :   smooth ;   stem  decumbent  at  base,   erect 
above ;  leaves  mostly,  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  slightly  obtuse, 
serrate,  somewhat  cordate  at  base ;  capsule  roundish,  turgid,  emarginate. 
(jD.C.)    V.  Beccabunga  var.  Americana  Torr. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  July.  %. — Intermediate  between 
V.  Anagallis  and  V.  Beccabunga,  but  probably  distinct.  It  has  the  habit  of  the 
former,~but  the  leaves  are  mostly  petioled,  shorter  and  broader.  The  capsule 
and  seeds  are  similar  to  those  of  the  latter.  Intermediate  Speedwett. 

5.  V.  Beccabunga  Linn.:  stem  procumbent  at  the  base   and  rooting; 
leaves  elliptic,  obtuse,  somewhat  serrate,  smooth ;  racemes  opposite. 

Ditches,  &c.  N.  S.  June.  Tj.. — Whole  plant  smooth  and  shining.  Racemes 
many-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  bright  blue.  Brooklime. 

6.  V.  officinalis  Linn.:  stem  procumbent,  downy;    leaves  broad-ovate 
and  obovate,  serrate,  roughly-pubescent ;  racemes  spiked ;  capsule  obovate, 
deeply  notched. 

Pastures  and  dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May — July.  1|~ — Stem  6 — 12  inches 
long,  rooting  below.  Flowers  pale  blue,  in  erect  pedunculate  spikes. 

Common  Speedwell. 

**  Flowers  axillary,  solitary. 

7.  F.  agrestis  Linn. :  stem  procumbent,  hairy ;  leaves  all  petiolate,  cor- 
date-ovate, incisely-serrate,  as  long  as  the  peduncles ;  capsule  of  2  rounded 
keeled  lobes. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  ®. — Stem  3 — 4  inches  long,  hairy. 
Peduncles  rather  longer  than  the  leaves  and  recurved  when  in  fruit.  Flowers 
small,  pale  blue  or  whitish.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Procumbent  Speedwell. 

8.  V.  peregrina  Linn. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  oblong,  rather  obtuse,  dentate- 
serrate  ;  flowers  solitary,  sessile.     F.  Caroliniana  Walt.      V.  Marilandica 
Linn. 

Clay  grounds.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  (T)— Whole 
plant  smooth.  Stem  simple,  or  branched  only  at  base.  Flowers  very  small, 
white  or  pale  blue,  nearly  or  quite  sessile.  Neck-weed. 

9.  F.  arvensis  Linn. :    stem  ascending ;    leaves  cordate-ovate,  serrate ; 
the  lower  ones  petiolate ;  the  upper  or  bracts  sessile,  lanceolate,  alternate, 
nearly  entire ;  flowers  subsessile. 

Fields.  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April,  July.  ®. — Stem  somewhat  branched  at 
base.  Flowers  nearly  sessile,  very  small,  pale  blue.  Capsule  compressed  and 
ciliate.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Smatt  SpeedwelL 

10.  V.  hederifolia  Linn. :  stem  procumbent ;  leaves  all  petiolate,  cordate, 
5 — 7-lobed  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  cordate,  ciliate,  acute ;  capsule  of  two 
turgid  lobes. 

12 


266  SCROPHULARIACE^i. 

Shady  rocks.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  March,  April.  ©.—Stem  slender,  4—10 
inches  long,  somewhat  pubescent.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.  Corolla 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  Ivy-leaved  Speedwell. 

14    LEPTANDRA.  Nutt.— Leptandra. 
(From  the  Greek  Xcnroj,  slender,  and  avrip,  avfyoc,  a  man;  in  allusion  to  the 


Calyx  5 -parted  ;  segments  acuminate.  Corolla  tubular-cam- 
.  panulate ;  border  4-lobed,  a  little  ringent,  the  lower  segment 
narrower.  Stamens  2,  and  with  the  pistil  at  length  much  ex- 
serted.  Capsule  ovoid,  acuminate,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  open- 
ing at  the  summit. 

L.  Virginica  Nutt. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours  or  fives,  lanceo- 
late, serrate,  petiolate :  spikes  aggregated.  Veronica  Virginica  Linn. 
Pcederota  Virginica  jfV/v. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  Aug.  '4-.— Stem  "2 — 4  feet  high, 
angular,  smooth,  simple.  L  arcs  slightly  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  white, 
in  long  dense  terminal  spikes.  The  root  is  cathartic  and  diaphoretic. 

Culver's  Physic. 

III.  BUCH.NEJCEJE. 

15.  BUCHNERA.  Linn.— Buchnera. 
(In  honor  of  John  Gottfried  Buchner,  a  German  botanist.) 

Calyx  tubular,  shortly  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  salver- 
form  ;  tube  slender ;  limb  almost  equally  5-lobed ;  the  lobes 
oblong  or  obovate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Capsule  straight, 
2-celled,  opening  elastically. 

B.  Americana  Linn. :  hairy-hispid ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate,  ses- 
sile, somewhat  t  /othed,  scabrous  and  hairy ;  spike  long,  with  the  flowers 
at  length  remote. 

Sandy  places.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  1}..— Stem  13—18  inches 
high.  Leaves  3- nerved,  opposite,  sessile.  Flowers  blue.  The  plant  blackens  by 
drying.  -  Blue  Hearts. 

IV.  GERARD  i  EJE. 

16.  GERARDIA.  Linn. — Gerardia. 
fin  honor  of  John  Gerard,  an  old  English  botanist.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed  or  5- cleft.  Corolla  tubular- 
funnel-form  or  somewhat  campanulate ;  the  border  unequally 
o-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  entire.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
included.  Capsule  obtuse  or  shortly  acuminate ;  the  valves  cori- 
aceous, usually  entire.  Seeds  numerous. 


SCROPHULAKIACE^:.  267 

*  Flowers  purple, 

1.  Gf.  purpwrea  Linn.:  stem  angular,  much  branched;  leaves  linear, 
long,  very  rough ;  flowers  nearly  sessile ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate- 
subulate. 

Swamps  and  low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  (T). — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high,  much  branched  above,  rough  on  the  angles.  Flowers  large,  axillary, 
purple,  pubescent.  Rough-leaved  Gerardia. 

2.  G.  tenuifolia   Vahl :  stem   much  branched,   smooth ;  leaves  linear, 
acute  at  each  end,  smoothish  ;  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  longer  than  the 
flowers;  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  acute.     G.  erecta  Walt. 

Fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept.  ©.—Stem 
6 — 12  inches  high,  4-angled,  much  branched.  Flowers  small,  purple.  Differs 
from  the  preceding  in  its  more  slender  growth,  its  smoother  leaves,  larger  flow- 
ers and  longer  peduncles.  Slender  Gerardia. 

3.  G.  maritima  Raf. :  stem  angular ;  leaves  linear,  fleshy,  short,  rather 
obtuse ;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  calyx  truncate,  the  teeth 
short  and  somewhat  obtuse  ;  corolla  smooth.     G.  purpurea  var.  crassifolia 
Pursh. 

Salt  marshes.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  July— Sept.  (£).—Stem  6—12  inches 
high.  Flowers  middle-sized,  purple,  axillary  and  terminal.  Easily  distin 
guished  by  its  obtuse  leaves  and  by  its  short  calyx-teeth. 

Salt-marsh  Gerardia. 

4.  G.  auriculata  Mick. :  stem  subsimple,  roughly  hirsute ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  auriculate  at  base,  sessile,  very  entire;  flowers  sessile.     Oto- 
phylla  Michauxii  D.  C. 

Low  grounds.  West  Chester  and  Nazareth,  Penn.  Darlington.  S.  to  Car. 
W.  to  ifl. — Stem  12 — 15  inches  high.  Flowers  sessile,  often  opposite,  purple, 
rarely  white,  hairy -pubescent.  Auriculate  Gerardia. 

**  Flowers  yellow.     DASYSTOMA. — Raf. 

5.  G.  flava  Linn. :  pubescent ;  stem  mostly  simple ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate ;  the  upper  ones  entire  or  sinuate-toothed,  nearly  sessile ; 
the  lower  incised  or  somewhat  pinnatifid,  on  longer  petioles ;  flowers  ax- 
illary, opposite,  nearly  sessile. 

Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\..—Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high.  Flowers  large,  yellow.  Pubescent  False  Foxglove. 

6.  G.  glauca  Eddy:  stem  paniculately  branched,   smooth,   glaucous; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate,  smooth,  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  ;  flowers 
on  pedicels,  axillary  ;  calyx  smooth,  the  segments  lance-linear.     G.  quer- 
cifolia  Pursh. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  ^.—Stem  3— 5  feet  high. 
Flowers  large,  yellow.  Glaucous  False  Foxglove. 

7.  G.  Pedicularia  Linn. :  stem  much  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  ob- 
long, smoothish,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  uncinate,  serrate  ;  flowers  axillary, 
on  pedicels ;  segments  of  the  calyx  leafy,  notched  and  toothed. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  7J-. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  much  branched, 
Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  yellow,  villous,  very  caducous. 

Bushy  Gerardia. 


268  SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

V.    EUPHRASIEJE. 

17.  SCHWALBEA.  Linn.— Schwalbea. 
(In  honor  of  Christian  Schwalbe;  a  German  botanist.) 

Calyx  declined,  very  oblique,  tubular,  10 — 12 -ribbed,  5- 
toothed  ;  the  upper  tooth  much  smaller ;  the  2  lower  connate. 
Corolla  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  entire ;  the  lower 
short,  erect,  with  3  very  short  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  didyna- 
mous.  Capsule  ovoid-roundish,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds 
numerous,  winged. 

<S.  Americana  Linn. 

Pine  barrens.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stems  several 
from  the  same  root,  12 — 18  inches  high,  and  with  the  rest  of  the  plant  some- 
what viscid-pubescent.  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  nearly  opposite,  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  3-nerved.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  large, 
dark  purple  ;  upper  lip  villous.  Found  in  the  sandy  plains  near  Alkiny,  N.  Y. 

American  Schwalbea. 

18.  RHINANTHTJS.  Linn.— Yellow  Rattle. 

(From  the  Greek  piv,  a  nose,  and  avtios,  a.  flower ;  its  ringent  corolla  resembling 
the  snout  of  an  animal.) 

Calyx  inflated,  4-toothed.  Corolla  ringent ;  upper  lip  ovate, 
obtuse,  compressed  laterally ;  lower  one  of  3  nearly  equal  lobes. 
Stamens  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  orbic- 
ular, compressed,  2-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  margined. 

R.  minbr  Ehrh :  smooth  or  a  little  pubescent ;  leaves  varying  from  ob- 
long to  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  calyx  smooth ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  broad- 
ovate.  R.  Critta-galli  Linn. 

Meadows.  Arct.  Amer.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  W.  to  Oregon.  June,  July. 
(I). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branching,  sometimes  not  more  than  a  few  inches 
high  and  simple.  Leaves  opposite,  veiny,  varying  in  width.  Flowers  axillary, 
but  somewhat  spiked,  yellow.  When  the  fruit  is  ripe,  the  seeds  rattle  in  the 
husky  capsule,  whence  its  English  name.  Common  Yellow  Rattle. 

19.  PEDICULARIS.  Linn.— Lousewort. 

(From  the  Latin  pcdicuhis,  a  louse ;  supposed  to  be  because  it  produces  the 
lousy  disease  in  sheep  that  feed  upon  it.) 

Calyx  ventricose,  unequally  5-toothed  or  2-lipped ;  upper  lip 
2-toothed  or  entire  ;  lower  3-toothed  or  sometimes  obliquely 
truncate.  Corolla  ringent;  upper  lip  compressed,  galeatevand 
often  rostrate,  emarginate ;  lower  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
smaller.  Capsule  ovate  or  lanceolate,  compressed,  more  or  less 
falcate  or  oblique,  2-celled,  2-valved,  opening  at  the  top. 

1.  P.  lanceolate,  Mich. :  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched,  smoothish ;  leaves 
subopposite,  lanceolate,  crenately  incised,  with  the  segments  toothed-serrate, 


SCIIOPHULARIACK.C.  269 

rough  on  the  margin ;  calyx  bifid,  with  the  segments  roundish-ovate,  leafy 
and  dentate ;  helmet  of  the  corolla  truncate  at  the  apex.    P.  paUida  Pursh. 
Low  grounds.     Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.     Sept.    Qi.— Stem  1—2  feet  high 
Flowers  large,  straw-yellow.     Capsule  short  and  broad-ovate. 

Tall  Lousewort. 

2.  P.  Canadensis  Linn. :  stem  simple,  oblique,  pubescent ;  leaves  pinna- 
tifid,  the  segments  notched  and  toothed ;  spike  leafy  at  the  base,  hairy ; 
calyx  obliquely  truncate ;  helmet  of  the  corolla  with  two  setaceous  teeth. 
P.  gladiata  Mich. 

Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  %.— Stems  8—12  inches 
high,  often  several  from  one  root.  Flowers  yellow  and  purple,  in  a  short  ter- 
minal spike.  Common  Lousewort. 

20.  EUPHRASIA.  Linn.— Eye-bright. 

(From  Euphrosyne,  expressive  of  joy  and  pleasure,  in  allusion  to  its  properties. 
Hook.  Brit.  Fl.) 

Calyx  tubular,  4-cleft,  rarely  with  a  fifth  tooth.  Corolla  bi- 
labiate ;  upper  lip  bifid ;  lower  one  of  3  obtuse  or  emarginate 
lobes.  Anthers  with  their  lobes  mucronate  at  base.  Capsule 
ovate-oblong,  2-celled.  Seeds  striate. 

E.  officinalis  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  deeply  toothed,  furrowed ;  flowers  ax- 
illary towards  the  summit ;  calyx  4-toothed,  hairy ;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip 
of  the  corolla  emarginate. 

Pastures.  Arct.  Amer.  Richardson.  N.  Eng.  Muhl.  July — Sept.  (J). — Stem 
varying  from  one  inch  with  often  only  a  single  flower,  to  6  and  8  inches  and 
branched.  Flowers  axillary,  but  crowded  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches, 
white  or  reddish,  streaked  with  purple.  Hook.  Common  Eye-bright. 

21.    CAST1LLEJA.    Mutis.— Painted  Cup. 

(Named  by  Mutis  after  his  friend  CastiHejo.') 

Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  spathe-like,  2 — 4-cleft.  Corolla 
2 -lipped ;  upper  lip  long  and  narrow ;  the  lower  with  3  very 
short  teeth.  Stamens  4.  Capsule  ovoid-compressed,  septifer- 
ous  in  the  middle.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  loose  reticulated 
testa. 

1.  C.  coccinea  Spreng.:  pubescent;  radical  leaves  rosulate;  cauline  lan- 
ceolate, pinnatifidly  incised;   floral  trifid  or  incised,  colored  at  the  summit; 
lobes  of  the  calyx  truncate,  retuse  or  entire,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
Euchroma  coccinea  NuU.     Bartsia  coccinea  Linn. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  %.—Stcm  8—15 
inches  high,  simple,  reddish  or  purple,  pubescent.  Floral  leaves  scarlet  towards 
the  summit.  Flowers  in  a  crowded  spike,  greenish-yellow.  The  variety  palens 
of  Pursh,  having  the  floral  leaves  yellow,  and  the  whole  plant  of  a  pale  yellow- 
ish-green, has  been  found  by  Dr.  Darlington  at  Downington,  Penn. 

Scarlet  Painted  Cup. 

2.  C.  seplentrionalis  Lind. :  smooth  or  hispid-hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the 
upper  or  all  incised ;  floral  oblong  or  obovate,  colored,  incised ;  lobes  of  the 


270  LABIA'iVK. 

calyx  bifid;  the  teeth  ovate-oblong,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
Bartsia  pallida  Pursk  not  of  Linn. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  Aug.  7J.. — Stem  about  12 
inches  high.  Floral  leaves  purple.  Flowers  yellow,  pubescent,  in  a  terminal 
spike.  I  follow  Bentham  in  referring  the  New  Hampshire  plant  to  this  species, 
although  the  description  given  by  Lindley  does  not  entirely  warrant  such  a 
union.  Yeuow  Painted  Cup. 

22.  MELAMPYRUM.  Linn.— Cow  Wheat. 

(From  the  Greek  fts^as,  black,  and  vvpo;,  wheat ;  the  seeds  resemble  grains  of 
wheat,  and  are  said,  when  mixed  with  flour,  to  make  black  bread.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.) 

Calyx  tubular,  4-cleft  or  4-toothed.  Corolla  ringent  or  per- 
sonate ;  upper  lip  compressed,  with  the  margins  folded  back ; 
the  lower  lip  a  little  longer,  bi-convex,  shortly  3-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4.  Capsule  compressed,  ovate,  oblique  or  falcate,  2-celled. 
Seeds  usually  2  in  each  cell. 

M.  Americanum  Mich.:  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate; 
floral  ones  lanceolate,  toothed  at  the  base ;  flowers  axillary,  distinct.  M. 
lineare  Lam.  and  M.  latifolium  Muhl. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  ©.—Stem  8—12  inches  high,  branched 
at  the  upper  part.  Flowers  yellow.  It  varies  considerably  in  the  form  of  the 
leaves.  American  Cow-ioheat. 

ORDER  XCIII.     LABIATE.— LABIATES. 

Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  2-lipped  or  regularly  5-  or  10- 
toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  undivided  or  bifid,  over- 
lapping the  lower,  which  is  larger  and  3-lobed.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  the  2  upper  sometimes  wanting.  Ovary  deeply 
4-lobed ;  style  1,  proceeding  from  the  base  of  the  lobes  ;  stigma 
bifid.  Fruit  1 — 4  small  nuts  or  achenia  enclosed  within  the 
persistent  calyx.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen. — Herbaceous 
plants  or  under  shrubs.  Stem  4-cornered.  Leaves  opposite, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  usually  in  opposite  nearly  sessile 
axillary  cymes  resembling  whorls. 

I.  MENTHOIDE.E.  Corolla  somewhat  campanulale  or  funnel-form ; 
the  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  the  limb  almost  equally  4 — 5- 
cleft.  Stamens  distant,  straight  or  diverging,  nearly  equal,  or  the  upper 
pair  sometimes  wanting. 

1.  LYCOPUS.  Linn.— Water  Horehound. 

(From  the  Greek  \VKOS,  a  wolf,  and  ~aj,  a  foot;  on  account  of  the  fancied 
resemblance  in  the  cut  leaves  to  a  wolf's  paw.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  mouth  naked.     Corolla  tubular-cam- 


LABIATE.  271 

panulate,  nearly  equal,  4-lobed ;  upper  segments  broader  and 
notched.     Stamens  2,  distant,  simple.     Achenia  4,  smooth. 

1.  L.  sinuatus  Ell. :  stem  erect,  acutely  4-angled,  smoothish;  leaves  pe- 
tiolate.  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-toothed,  the  lower  pinnatilid  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  whorls  many-flowered;  calyx  with  5  acute  spinous  teeth.   L.  Europ&us 
Pursh  not  of  Linn.     L.  Americanus  MiM. 

Moist  places.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem 
erect,  1 — 2  feet  high,  square.  Leaves  opposite,  upper  ones  slightly,  lower  ones 
deeply,  toothed.  Flovxrs  in  dense,  whorls,  white.  Calyx  with  spines,  longer 
than  the  achenia.  Common  Water  Horehound. 

2.  L.  Virginicus  Linn.:  stem  stoloniferous  at  base,  smoothish;  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  remotely  toothed,  tapering  at  each  end;  calyx 
with  4  ovate  spineless  teeth.    L.  unijlorus  Mich. 

Wet  places.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  Mountains.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  pur- 
plish. Flowers  minute,  white,  in  compact  whorls.  Formerly  in  great  repute  as 
a  remedy  for  haemoptysis.  Bugle  Weed. 

2.  ISANTHUS.  Mich.— Isanthus. 

(From  the  Greek  was ,  equal,  and  avOos,  a  flower ;  the  corolla  being  nearly 
regular.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  10-nerved,  deeply  5 -toothed  ;  the  throat 
naked  inside.  Corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx;  tube 
straight  and  short ;  limb  campanulate ;  of  5  equal  rounded 
lobes.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  erect,  about  as  long  as  the 
corolla.  Style  2 -cleft  at  the  summit.  Achenia  obovate. 

/.    cceruleus  Mich. 

River  banks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  CD-— Plant  viscidly 
pubescent,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
3-nerved.  Flowers  pale  blue,  1 — 3  on  axillary  peduncles. 

False  Pennyroyal. 

3.  MENTHA.  Linn.— Mint. 
(From  jjftvOa  or  mvQri,  an  ancient  Greek  term.) 

Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  5 -toothed,  equal  or  somewhat 
2-lipped.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-lobed,  the  upper  lobe 
broader  and  emaroinate.  Stamens  4,  equal,  distant.  Achenia 
smooth. 

*  Flovxrs  in  spikes. 

1.  M.  pipcrifa  Linn.:  stem  smooth;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate, 
acute,  serrate,  smoothish ;  spikes  interrupted ;  pedicels  and  base  of  the 
calyx  smooth ;  calyx-teeth  hispid. 

Marshy  grounds  on  the  Hudson  and  in  Western  part  of  N.Y.  July.  ri\- — Stem 
ascending,  12 — 15  inches  long,  branched,  often  purplish.  Leaves  rounded  at 
base.  Flowers  pale  purple,  in  spikes  which  consist  of  a  few  whorls.  Introduced 
from  Europe.  Peppermint. 


272  LAB  I  AT,*: 

2.  M.  viridis  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly 
sessile,  unequally  serrate,  smoothish ;  flowers  in  verticillate  slender  spikes ; 
bracts  and  teeth  of  the  calyx  somewhat  hairy.    M.  tennis  Mich. 

Marshy  places.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  ^.—Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
branched.  Spikes  numerous,  terminal,  forming  a  kind  of  panicle.  Flowers  in 
distant  whorls,  pale  purple.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Spearmint. 

**  Flowers  in  axillary  whorls. 

3.  M.  Canadensis  Linn. :  stem  ascending,  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  oval-lanceolate,  petiolate,  serrate,  acute  at  each  end  ;   whorls  many- 
flowered,  remote ;  stamens  exserted.    M.  borealis  Mich. 

Moist  grounds.  Hudson's-  Bay  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  July—Sept  %..— Plant 
of  a  grayish-green  color.  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  ascending  or  decumbent, 
simple  or  branched.  Leaves  hairy,  especially  beneath.  Flowers  in  dense  ax- 
illary whorls,  pale  purple.  Canadian  Mint. 

II.  MONARDE^:.  Corolla  Z-lipped*  Stamens  2,  fertile,  (rarely  4,) 
ascending.  Anthers  linear  and  confluent  at  the  summit  or  halved,  the 
cells  separated  by  a  long  linear  connective,  which  is  transversely  articu- 
lated to  tie  top  of  tlie  filament. 

4.  SAL  VIA.  Linn.— Sage. 

(From  the  Latin  salvo,  to  save  or  heal ;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  healing 
properties.) 

Calyx  subcampanulate,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  mostly  3-toothed  ; 
lower  bifid,  the  throat  naked.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip 
erect,  straight  or  falcate  and  vaulted.  Stamens  2.  Anthers 
dimidiate. 

1.  S.  lyrata  Linn. :  stem  nearly  leafless,  retrosely  pubescent ;  radical 
leaves  lyrate-toothed,  hispid  on  both  sides;  cauline  oblong-lanceolate;  up- 
pormost  oblong-linear ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  very  short. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June.  If-. — Stem  about  a  foot  high,  densely  cov- 
ered with  reflexed  hairs.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  more  or  less  lyrate  or  pinnati- 
fid,  very  obtuse.  Flowers  purple,  about  6  in  a  whorl.  Lyre-leaved  Sage. 

2.  iS.  Claytoni  Ell. :  leaves  cordate-ovate,  sinuate-toothed,  rugose ;  teeth 
of  the  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  connivent.     S.  xcrbenacea  Muhl. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Muhl.  June — Oct.  1±. — Stem  erect,  8 — 12  inches 
high.  Flowers  in  whorls,  violet.  A  doubtful  species.  Clayton's  Sage. 

3.  S.  V/rticafoti*  Linn.:  viscous  and  villous;  leaves  ovate,  rhomboid, 
petioled,  somewhat  acute,  crenate ;  floral  ones  broad-ovate  ;  whorls  many- 
flowered,  distant ;  calyx  3-cleft,  upper  segment  3-toothed. 

Rocky  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  7].. — Leaves  very  pubescent.  Flowers 
blue,  viscous,  in  remote  whorls.  Nettle-leaved  Sage. 

5.  MONARDA.  Linn.— Monarda. 
(In  honor  of  Nicholas  Monardez,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  15-nerved,  nearly  equal,  5-toothed. 
Corolla  ringent,  with  a  long  cylindric  tube ;  upper  lip  linear, 


LABIATE.  273 

nearly  straight  and  entire,  involving  the  filaments ;  lower  re- 
flexed,  broader,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  longer.  Stamens  2, 
exserted  from  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

1.  M.  didyma  Linn. :  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly 
rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  mucronate,  serrate,  a  little  hairy,  on 
ciliate  petioles ;  floral  ones  and  exterior  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  nearly 
sessile,   colored ;  calyx   incurved,  smooth,   naked  in  the  throat ;   corolla 
smoothish.     M.  'purpurea  Lam.     M.  coccinea  Mich.    M.  Kalmiana  Pursh. 

Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  acute- 
angled,  simple  or  branched  at  the  top,  somewhat  pubescent.  Leaves  quite  vari- 
able, sometimes  tapering  at  base  as  in  Pursh's  figure  of  M.  Kalmiana,  but  usu- 
ally rounded  or  even  subcordate.  Flowers  scarlet  or  crimson,  in  2  very  rarely 
3  terminal  whorls  which  resemble  proliferous  heads.  Oswego  Tea. 

2.  M.  fistulosa  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  and  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed,  thin  and  nearly  smooth,  on 
slightly  pubescent  petioles ;  floral  ones  and  outer  bracts  slightly  colored ; 
calyx  somewhat  curved,  with  the  throat  bearded  ;  corolla  pubescent. 


Rocky  banks.    N.  Y.  to  Car.  ?    July,  Aug.     ^.—Slem  2  feet  high,  obtuse 

tigled,  simple,  usually  hollow.     Leaves  yellowish-green  and  somewhat  mem- 

branaceous  ;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  long.     Flowers  pale  yellow,  in  1  or  2 


whorled  heads   which  are  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.      Abundant  near 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  Pale  Monarda. 

3.  M.  edlophytta  Mich. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  remotely  toothed,  smooth 
above,  somewhat  hairy  beneath ;  floral  ones  and  the  outer  bracts  colored ; 
calyx  short,  densely  bearded  at  the  throat.     M.  longifolia  Lam.     M.  ol- 
longata  Ait.    M.  clinopodia  Linn. 

Rocky  banks.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  %.—Stem  3—4  feet  high, 
obtuse-angled,  much  branched  and  hairy  above.  Leaves  tapering  or  slightly 
rounded  at  base,  with  a  few  coarse  teeth,  varying  in  the  degree  of  pubescence. 
Flowers  pale  violet  or  bluish,  in  simple  heads  which  are  about  as  large  as  in  the 
preceding.  The  habit  of  this  plant  is  entirely  different  from  that  of  M.  fistulosa  ; 
the  stem  is  taller  and  constantly  much  branched,  the  leaves  are  thicker  and 
more  hairy,  and  the  color  of  the  flowers  is  uniformly  different.  It  is  also,  I  think, 
more  common.  Horse  Mint.  Wild  Bergamot. 

4.  M.  punctala  Linn. :  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate, 
remotely  serrate,   narrowed   at  base;   flowers  in  dense   remote  capitate 
whorls ;    bracts   lanceolate,   colored ;   calyx   pubescent,   with  5   unequal 
teeth  ;  corolla  smooth.     M.  lutea  Mich. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  7J..— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  obtuse-angled,  branched,  with  a  minute  pubescence.  Florvers  in  several 
whorled  heads.  Corolla  dull  yellow ;  the  upper  lip  villous  at  the  tip ;  the  lower 
spotted.  It  contains  an  essential  oil,  which  is  sometimes  used  medicinally. 
See  Philad.  Med.  Recorder,  ii.  494.  Horse  Mint. 

6.  BLEPHILIA.  Raf.— Blephilia. 

(From  the  Greek  (Sbe&api  j,  eye-lash ;  probably  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  calyx- 
teeth.) 

Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  13-nerved,  2-lipped,  throat  naked;  up- 
per lip  of  3  awned  teeth  ;  lower  2-toothed.     Corolla  2-lipped  ; 

12* 


274  .LABI  AT  J5. 

upper  lip  entire  ;  lower  3-lobed ;  tube  dilated.  Stamens  2. 
Style  bifid  at  the  summit. 

B.  hirsute/,  JBenth. :  plant  hairy  ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ovate,  rounded 
and  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  hairy  on  both  sides ;  lower  teeth  of  the 
calyx  short,  without  awns.  Monarda  hirsuta  Pursh. 

Low  woods.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  %.—Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  branched.  leaves  usually  with  a  tuft  of  down  near  the  midrib 
beneath.  Whorls  2 — 4,  on  the  upper  part  of  each  branch.  Corolla  small,  pale 
blue,  dotted  with  purple.  Hairy  Blephilia. 

III.  SATUREINE^J.  Corolla  somewhat  '2-Hpped ;  the  lips  fiat.  Sta- 
mens 4,  (sometimes  2.)  straight,  diverging;  the  lower  pair  longer. 
Anthers  not  dimidiate. 

7.   PYCNANTHEMUM.  Mick.— Mountain  Mint. 

(From  the  Greek  nvxvos,  dense,  and  avQspov,  a  flower ;  in  allusion  to  the  in- 
florescence.) 

Heads  of  flowers  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  many  bracts. 
Calyx  ovoid  or  tubular,  about  13-nerved,  5-toothed,  more  or 
less  2-lipped.  Corolla  somewhat  2 -lipped ;  upper  lip  nearly 
entire ;  lower  trifid,  the  lobes  ovate  and  obtuse.  Stamens  4, 
nearly  equal,  distant.  Anthers  with  the  cells  parallel. 

1.  P.  incanum  Mick.:   leaves  oblong-ovate,  petiolate,  acute,   remotely 
serrate,  tomentose-pubescent  beneath  ;  the  upper  ones  hoary  on  both  sides  ; 
heads  compound,  pedunculate,  cymose ;  bracts  linear-subulate.     Clinopo- 
dium  incanum  Linn. 

Low  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Alabama.  July — Sept.  Ij.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high,  branching  above,  4-angled,  pubescent.  Flowers  pale-red,  in  dense  lateral 
and  terminal  cymes.  Nearly  the  whole  plant  is  covered  with  a  white  soft 
down.  Hoary  Pycnanlhemum. 

2.  P.  dinopodioides   Torr.  fy  Gr.:    leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  on   short 
petioles,  acute  at  each  end,  slightly  serrate,  smooth  above,  villous-pubes- 
cent  beneath ;  heads  cymose,  contracted ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  subulate. 

Dry  rocky  hills  Kings-bridge  on  the  Island  of  New  York.  Torr.  Aug., 
Sept.  '2J-.— Stem  H — 2  ieet  high,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  pale-green,  but 
never  hoary,  (the  floral  ones  slightly.)  Heads  more  than  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. Distinguished  from  the  preceding  principally  by  the  want  of  hoariness  in 
the  foliage,  and  the  small  size  of  the  heads.  (Torr.) 

Basil-leaved  Pycnanthemum. 

3.  P.  aristatum  Mich. :  leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  subserrate,  on  very  short 
petioles,  nearly  smooth  on  both  sides ;  heads  dense,  sessile  ;  bracts  acumi- 
nate, subulate  ;  corolla  pubescent  within.     Ncpeta  Virginica  Linn. 

Woods.  Md.  to  Car.  W.  to  Tenn.  July,  Aug.  '21. — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high.  Upper  leaves  hoary.  Flowers  very  small,  white,  in  one  or  two  sessile 
whorls  and  a  terminal  head.  Bracts  and  calyx  terminated  by  long  awns. 

Spear-leaved  Pycnanthemum. 

4.  P.  Torrei  Benth. :  stem  strict,  pubescent ;  leaves  varying  from  linear- 
lanceolate  to  oblong-linear,  smoothish.  acute,  remotely  toothed,  tapering 


LABIAT/E.  275 

into  a  petiole ;  cymose  heads  contracted,  depressed-hemispheric ;  calyx  with 
nearly  equal  lanceolate  acuminate  teeth.     P.  Virginicum  Nutt. 

Dry  rocky  hills.  Near  Kingsbridge,  N.  Y.  and  Princeton,  N.  J.  Torr.  Aug., 
Sept.  Tj.. — Stem  2  feet  high,  sparingly  branched,  Leaves  pale  green.  Heads 
of  flowers  more  than  an  inch  in  diameter,  formed  of  densely  aggregated  cymules. 
Intermediate  between  P-  clinopodioides  and  P.  lanceolatum,  but  distinct.  (Torr. 
N.  Y.  Fl.)  Torrey's  Pycnanlhemum. 

5.  P.  linifolium  Pursh  ••  stem  much  branched,  smooth ;  leaves  linear,  ses- 
sile, rigid,  entire ;  bracts  linear,  acute,  rigid ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate- 
subulate.     Brack]) 'Sternum  linifolium  Wittd. 

Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  %.— Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  fastigiately  branched.  Flmvers  white  with  purple  spots,  in  nume- 
rous crowded  hemispheric  heads  which  are  about  4  lines  in  diameter. 

Narrow-leaved  Virginian  Thyme. 

6.  P.  lanceolatum  Pursh  :  stem  paniculately  branched  above,  pubescent 
on  the  angles ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  entire,  rigid,  smoothish ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  obtuse.     P.  Virginicum  Pers. 
Brachystemum  Virginicum  Mich. 

Borders  of  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Tj.. — Stem  about  2  feet  high, 
obtusely  4-angled.  Heads  numerous,  dense,  fastigiate,  about  4  lines  in  diam- 
eter. Flowers  small,  reddish-white  with  purple  dots.  According  to  Bentham, 
P.  verticUlatum  of  Persoon  is  a  broad-leaved  variety  of  this  species. 

Broad-leaved  Virginian  Thyme. 

7.  P.  muticum  Pcrs. :  stem  pubescent,  paniculate  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
subsessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  subserrate,  veined,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  base,  smoothish,  the  upper  ones  canescent;  whorls  dense,  mostly  in 
terminal  heads ;  outer  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.     Drachystemum 
muticum  Mich. 

Dry  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  '2J-. — Stem  2  feet  high,  with  widely 
spreading  branches.  Flowers  reddish-white  with  purple  ^pots,in  dense  terminal 
heads  which  are  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Veiny-leaved  Mountain  Mint 

8.  THYMUS.  Linn.— Thyme. 
(From  the  Greek  0vpv,  strength  ;  in  allusion  to  its  cordial  qualities.) 

Flowers  whorled  or  capitate.  Calyx  ovoid,  13 -nerved,  bi- 
labiate ;  upper  lip  3 -toothed  ;  lower  bifid,  the  throat  hairy. 
Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  flat,  emarginate  ;  the 
lower  longer,  spreading  and  3 -cleft. 

T.  Serpyllum  Linn. :  stem  branched,  decumbent ;  leaves  flat,  ovate, 
obtuse,  entire,  petioled,  more  or  less  ciliate  at  base ;  flowers  capitate. 

Fields.  Penn. ;  naturalized.  Nutt.  fy  Darlingt.  July,  Aug.  Ij.. — Stem 
spreading,  decumbent,  branched.  Leaves  more  or  less  hairy.  Flowers  purple, 
in  terminal  heads.  Wild  Thyme. 

9.  ORIGANUM.  Linn.— Marjoram. 

(From  the  Greek  «PO?,  a  hill,  and  y.if05,^'oy  ;  in  allusion  to  its  fragrance  and 
beauty  in  its  native  habitat.) 

Flowers  collected  intp  4-sided  dense  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx 
ovoid-tubular,  5-toQthed.  Corolla  somewhat  2 -lipped ;  uppei 


276 

lip  erect,  nearly  flat,  emarginate ;  lower  spreading,  almost 
equally  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  the  lower  ones  longer. 

O.  vulgare  Linn. :  erect,  villous ;  leaves  broad-ovate,  petiolate,  obtuse, 
nearly  entire ;  spikes  roundish,  panicled,  clustered,  smooth ;  bracts  ovate, 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

Rocky  fields.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  *2|..— Stem  8—12  inches  high,  hairy. 
Flowers  pale-purple,  in  numerous  small  spikes  which  are  crowded  together  so 
as  to  form  a  terminal  head.  Introduced  ?  Common  Marjoram. 

10.  COLLINSONIA.  Linn.— Horse  Balm. 
(In  ho7ior  of  Peter  Collinson,  of  London,  a  patron  of  botany.) 

Calyx  ovoid,  about  10-nerved,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  3-toothed; 
lower  bifid.  Corolla  subcampanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  the 
lower  lobe  longer  than  the  rest,  toothed  or  fimbriate ;  throat 
dilated.  Stamens  mostly  2,  much  exserted,  diverging. 

C.  Canadensis  Linn. :  stem  smoothish ;  leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  thin  and  smoothish;  flowers  diandrous,  in  a  loose  terminal 
panicle. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Ij.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  somewhat 
branched,  4-angled.  Leaves  large,  cordate  or  obtusely  cuneate  at  base.  Flowers 
large,  greenish-yellow.  Sold  by  the  Shakers  under  the  name  of  Stone-root. 

Common  Horse-balm. 

11.  CUN1LA.  Linn.— Dittany. 
(A  name  borrowed  from  the  ancient  Roman  naturalists.) 
Calyx    ovoid-tubular,    about    13-nerved,    5-toothed;  throat 
densely  villous.     Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  flat  and  emargi- 
nate; lower  3-lobed.    Stamens  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant.    Style 
bifid  at  the  summit. 

C.  Mariana  Linn. :  herbaceous :  leaves  subsessile,  ovate,  somewhat  cor- 
date at  base,  serrate;  cymes  pedunculate,  loosely  corymbose. 

Dry  hills  and  rocks.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Arkansas.  July — Aug.  7J.. — Stem 
8 — 12  inches  high,  4-angled,  much  branched,  purple.  Leaves  sessile  or  on  very 
short  petioles,  smoothish.  Flowers  pale  red.  Common  Dittany. 


IV.  MELISSINEJE.  Calyx  mostly  13-nerved,  2-lipped.  Corolla  2- 
lipped;  the  divisions  Jlattish,  or  the  upper  lip  rarely  galeale.  Stamens 
4,  or  sometimes  2,  ascending. 

12.  HEDEOMA.  Pers. — Pennyroyal. 
(From  the  Greek  tibia,  sweet,  and  0^17,  odor ;  in  allusion  to  its  fragrance.) 

Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  gibbous  on  the  under  side  at  the  base, 
2-lipped;  upper  lip  3-toothed  or  3-cleft;  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat ;  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens 
2  sterile,  rudimentary  or  wanting ;  2  fertile  and  ascending. 


r.ABJAT.E.  277 

H.  pulegiaides  Pers. :  stem  erect,  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  sub- 
serrate,  petiolate,  narrowed  at  base ;  whorls  axillary,  about  6-flowered ; 
corolla  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Cunila  pulegioides  Linn. 

Dry  hills  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  (jp. — Stem  6—12  inches  high, 
4-sided,  branched  above.  Flowers  small,  pale-blue,  about  3  in  each  opposite 
axil.  A  popular  and  really  valuable  aromatic,  stimulant  and  diaphoretic. 

Pennyroyal. 

13.  MICROMERIA.  Benth.— Micromeria. 
(From  the  Greek  1*1x00$,  small,  and  /*£(»?,  a  part.) 
Calyx  tubular,  13 — 15-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth,  or 
somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  throat  often  villous.    Corolla  2-lipped  ; 
upper  lip  flattish,  entire  or  emarginate ;  the  lower  spreading, 
with  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  or  the  middle  one  broader.     Sta- 
mens 4,  didynamous,  the  lower  pair  longer  and  ascending. 

M.  glabella  var.  angustifolia  Torr.:  smooth;  stem  herbaceous,  erect, 
with  prostrate  suckers  at  the  base  ;  radical  leaves  ovate,  petiolate  ;  cauline 
oblong-linear,  obtuse ;  all  entire ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  2 — 5  in  cymes, 
on  long  pedicels.  M.  glabeUa  Benth.  (excl.  syn.  Mich.)  Cunila  glabella 
Beck  Bot.  1st,  Ed. 

Limestone  rocks,  near  Niagara  Falls.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  7[. — Stems  6 — 10 
inches  high,  branched  from  below.  Corolla  violet,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Found  by  the  late  Dr.  D.  Houghton  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  According  to 
Dr.  Torrey,  the  true  Cunila  glabella  of  Michaux,  which  occurs  on  rocks  in 
Tennessee,  differs  from  the  Niagara  plant  in  being  much  larger,  the  leaves  all 
ovate  or  obovate-oblong  and  toothed.  Niagara  Thyme. 

14.  MELISSA.  Linn.— Balm. 
(From  the  Greek  /'cAto-o-a,  a  bee;  because  the  flowers  are  sought  by  that  insect.) 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  often  striated,  2-lipped;  upper  lip 
mostly  spreading,  3-toothed ;  lower  -bifid.  Corolla  2-lipped  ; 
upper  lip  erect,  flattish ;  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  mostly  broader.  Stamens  4,  ascending,  mostly  approx- 
imated in  pairs  at  the  summit. 

1.  M.  Clinopodium  Benth.:  herbaceous,  erect,  villous;  leaves  petiolate 
obtuse,  subcrenate,  rounded  at  base;  whorls   many-flowered,   depressed- 
globose  ;  bracts  subulate,  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Clinopodium  vulgare  Linn. 

Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  1j-.— Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.  Flowers  pale  purple  or  rose-colored, 
in  2 — 3  roundish  depressed  heads  which  are  both  axillary  and  terminal.  Smell 
aromatic.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Wild  Basil. 

2.  M.  officinalis  Linn:  herbaceous,  erect;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  rather 
acute,  coarsely  crenate-serrate,  rugose,  sometimes  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base ; 
whorls  dimidiate  or  secund,  loose,  axillary ;  bracts  few,  lance-ovate,  pe- 
tiolate.    • 

Read  sides,  &c.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  1\..— Stem  1—2  feet  high,  branched, 
more  or  less  pubescent.  Flowers  in  small  axillary  peduncled  cymes,  white  or 


278  LABIATE. 

yellowish.     Introduced  and  naturalized  in  some  places.     It  is  cultivated  as  a 
medicinal  herb ;  the  infusion  being  considered  as  a  useful  drink  in  fevers. 

Common  Balm. 

V.  SCUTELLARINEJE.  Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  truncate,  entire  or 
somewhat  3-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  galeate.  Stamens 
4,  ascending ;  the  lower  pair  longer. 

15.  PRUNELLA.  Linn.— Self  Heal. 

(From  the  German  Brunette,  again  derived  from  Braeune,  the  quinsy ;  because 
the  plant  was  supposed  to  ctire  that  disease.)  •  < 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  2 -lipped  ;  upper  lip  flat,  dilated, 
truncate,  with  3  short  teeth ;  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  2-lipped  ; 
upper  lip  erect,  vaulted,  entire ;  lower  depending,  3-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  ascending.  Filaments  2 -toothed  at  the  apex. 

P.  vulgaris  Linn. :  leaves  petiolate,  oblong-ovate,  toothed  at  base ;  lips 
of  the  calyx  unequal ;  the  upper  one  truncate,  3-awned.  P.  Pennsylvania 
Wittd. 

Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June— Aug.  7L— Stem  8— 12  inches 
high,  erect  or  ascending,  somewhat  branched,  hairy.  Flowers  large,  purple, 
densely  whorled,  so  as  to  form  an  imbricated  oblong  spike.  Introduced  ? 

Common  Self-heal. 

16.  SCUTELLARIA.  Linn.— Skullcap. 

(From  the  Latin  scutella,  a  little  dish  or  cup ;  in  allusion  to  the  appearance  of 
the  calyx  with  its  appendage.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  2-lipped  ;  lips  entire ;  upper  one  with  a 
galeate  appendage  on  the  back,  deciduous.  Corolla  2-lipped  ; 
the  tube  elongated ;  upper  lip  vaulted ;  lower  dilated,  convex. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

1.  £.  canescens  Nutt.:  stem  tall,  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  crenate.  petiolate,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  white 
beneath ;  lower  somewhat  cordate ;  flowers  in  loose  paniculate  racemes ; 
calyx  white-tomentose.     S.  pubescens  Muhl. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  %.— Stem  2—3  feet  high,  erect, 
branched , hoary-pubescent.  Leaves2 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  8—9  lines  long, 
deep  blue,  in  lateral  and  terminal  racemes.  Canescent  Skullcap. 

2.  S.  pilosa  Mich :  stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  remote, 
rhombic-ovate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate;  upper  cuneate  or  narrowed  at 
base ;  lower  rounded  or  cordate :  raceme  terminal,  loose,  mostly  branched ; 
bracts  elliptic-ovate. 

Open  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1\.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high, 
often  purplish.  Lower  leaves  sometimes  cordate,  on  petioles  an  inch  or  more 
long.  Flowers  large,  in  a  somewhat,  paniculate,  terminal  raceme,  white,  tinged 
with  violet  at  the  nimmif.  A  variable  species.  Hairy  Skullcap. 

3.  S.  intcgrifolw . :  Linn  stem  nearly  simple,  pubescent;  leaves  oblong- 
lanc-ool'itf  or  linp^r.    '  fuse,  snoothish.  on  short  v>Ptiol«s   rntire  or  verv  ob« 


LABIATE.  279 

scurely   toothed ;    racemes   terminal,   subpaniculate,    loose,   leafy ;    bracts 
lanceolate.     <S.  hyssopifolia  Linn.     S.  Carolinian/a  Pursh. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  fl\..— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  sparingly  branched  above,  grayish-green.  Flowers  very  large,  in 
loose  terminal  and  subterminal  racemes,  blue  at  the  summit,  the  tube  nearly 
white.  A  very  showy  species.  Entire-leaved  Skullcap. 

4.  $.  galericulatoj  Linn. :  stem  simple  or  divaricately  branched ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  on  very  short  petioles,  acute,  roundish  and  cordate  at 
base,  crenate ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  short  pedicels. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  Mass.  N.  Y.  W.  to  Oregon.  Aug.  QJ..— Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  smooth  or  pubescent.  Flowers  half  an  inch  long,  blue,  pubescent. 

Common  Skullcap. 

5.  S.  parvula  Mich. :  stem  decumbent  or  oblique,  slender,  branching  from 
the  base,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  remotely  serrate 
or  entire,  sessile,  subcordate  at  base,  prominently  veined  ;  flowers  small, 
axillary.     S.  ambigua  Nutt.    - 

Rocky  grounds.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  1|.. — Root  (rhi- 
zatna}  consisting  of  a  succession  of  tubers.  Stem  4—8  inches  high,  simple  or 
branched  from  near  the  base  and  spreading,  mostly  purplish.  Leaves 4 — 8  lines 
long,  rather  closely  sessile,  distinctly  veined,  purplish  beneath.  Flou>ers  from 
3 — 4  lines  long,  blue,  axillary,  hairy.  The  specimens  found  by  Dr.  A.  F. 
Holmes,  in  Canada,  and  by  Dr.  D.  Houghton,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  agree 
exactly  with  those  from  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  Small  Skullcap. 

6.  S.  nervosa  Pursh  :  stem  erect,  mostly  simple,  smoothish  ;  lower  leaves 
roundish-cordate,  petiolate ;  middle  ones  broad-ovate,  crenate- dentate,  ses- 
sile ;  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;  flowers  axillary,   solitary,   opposite. 
/S1.  gracilis  Nutt.     S.  pariifiora  Muhl  ? 

Shady  rocks.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Louis.  May,  June.  1|~ — 
Root  fibrous.  Stem  9 — 15  inches  high,  sometimes  curved  and  decumbent  at 
base.  Leaves  strongly  nerved.  Flowers  small,  pale-blue.  Nerved  Skullcap. 

1.  S.  lateriflora  Linn. :  smoothish ;  stem  erect,  much  branched ;  leaves 
on  long  petioles,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  rounded  or 
slightly  cordate  at  base  :  racemes  axillary,  leafy. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  Ij.. — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high,  much  branched,  with  the  angles  roughish.  Flowers  small,  blue,  in 
numerous  leafy  racemes.  Some  years  since  this  plant  was  in  great  repute  as  a 
cure  for  hydrophobia  ;  but  like  many  other  specifics,  it  has  had  its  day. 

Mad-dog  Skullcap. 

VI.  NEPETEJC.  Calyx  oblique  or  somewhat  2-lipped.  Corolla  ii- 
lipped ;  the  upper  lip  galeale.  Stamens  4 ;  the  upper  pair  longer. 

17.  LOPHANTHUS.   Benth.— Giant  Hyssop. 
(From  the  Greek  \otpos.  a  crest,  and  avOos,  a  flower ;  in  allusion  to  the  flowers.) 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  oblique,  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth 
somewhat  longer.  Corolla  2-lipped;  upper  lip  emarginately 
bifid ;  lower  3-lobed ;  the  middle  lobe  broader,  crenate.  Sta- 
mens divaricate,  upper  pair  longer. 

1.  L.  nepetoides  Benth. :  stem  smooth,  with  the  angles  acute  or  winged  ; 
leaves  opposite,  ovate  and  lance-ovate,  serrate-crenate,  green  on  both  sides, 


280  T.ABIAT.E. 

smoothish  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  somewhat  obtuse.     Hi/ssopus  nepetoides 
Linn. 

Woods.     Can.  to  Virg.    W.  to  Miss.     July,  Aug.     ^.—Stem  3—6  feet  high, 


branched,  yellowish  green.      Leaves  pale-green,  slightly   pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow,  in  terminal  cyliridric  spikes  which  are  inte 
rupted  at  base.  Yellow  Giant  Hyssop. 


2.  L.  scrophidaricefolius  Benth. :  stem  pubescent,  with  the  angles  obtuse ; 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate-crenate,  green  on  both  sides,  smooth  above, 
pubescent  beneath ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute.  Hyssopus  scro- 
phularitzfoliiis  Linn. 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  W.  to  ffl._  July,  Aug.  %.—Stem  3—5  feet  high, 
"  >r,  br 


mostly  of  a  purple  color,  branched.  Leaves  often  cordate  at  base,  on  pubescent 
petioles.  Flowers  pale-purple,  in  terminal  cylindric  spikes  which  are  inter- 
rupted at  base.  Purple  Giant  Hyssop. 

18.  NEPETA.  Linn.—C&t  Mint. 

(Named,  some  say,  from  Nepi,  a  town  in  Italy,  others,  from  Nepa,  a  scorpion, 
for  whose  bite  this  plant  was  considered  a  cure.  Hook.  Brit.  Fl.) 

Calyx  tubular,  13 — 15-nerved,  obliquely  5-toothed.  Corolla 
2 -lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate  or  bifid  ;  lower  3-lobed, 
middle  lobe  largest ;  throat  dilated ;  tube  slender  below.  Sta- 
mens 4,  ascending. 

1.  N.  Cataria  Linn. :  hoary-pubescent;  stem  erect,  tall ;  leaves  oblong- 
cordate,  petiolate,  acute,  coarsely  crenate,  rugose ;  whorls  many-flowered, 
upper  ones  crowded  in  a  spike  ;  calyx  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

Old  fields  and  cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  June— Aug.  1J..— Stems  2—4  feet 
high,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  downy  and  whitish.  Leaves  softly  pu- 
bescent and  green  above,  canescent  beneath.  Flowers  yellowish-white,  tinged 
and  spotted  with  red.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Cat-mint.     Catnep. 

2.  N.  Glechoma  Benth. :  stem  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  base ;  leaves 
petiolate,  cordate-reniform,  rounded,  crenate,  somewhat  hairy  ;  whorls  few- 
flowered,  axillary;  corolla  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Glechoma 
hederacea  Linn. 

Road  sides,  &c.  N.  S.  May,  June.  1\..— Stems  about  a  foot  long,  slender, 
with  ascending  branches.  Flowers  large,  blue,  in  distant  axillary  whorls.  In- 
troduced from  Europe.  Ground  Ivy. 

-19.  DRACOCEPHALUM.  Linn.- Dragon's  Head. 

(From  the  Greek  Spaicov  a. dragon,  and  x^aXi?,  a  head;  in  allusion  to  the  form 
of  the  flowers.) 

Calyx  tubular,  13 — 15-nerved,  5-toothed  ;  upper  tooth  broader 
and  often  larger,  the  3  upper  sometimes  approximated.  Corolla 
3 -lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect  and  emarginate ;  lower  spreading, 
3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  ascending ;  the  lower  pair  shorter. 

D.  parviflorum  Nutt :  stem  erect,  branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
coarsely  or  incisely  crenate  or  serrate,  petiolate,  green  on  both  sides ;  whorls 
in  a  terminal  capitate  spike ;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  broad-ovate ;  corolla 
scarely  longer  than  the  calyx. 


LABIATE.  281 

Barren  fields  and  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  May — Aug.  (g).— 
Nearly  smooth.  Stem  8 — 15  inches  high,  obtusely  4-angled.  Flowers  pale-blue, 
in  ovoid  or  globose  spikes  which  are  about  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Small-flowered  Dragon's  Head. 

VII.  STACHTDE-E.  Calyx  5 — 10-nerved  or  irregularly  veined.  Co- 
rolla 2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  ascending ;  the  lower  pair  longer.  Achenia 
smoothish  when  dry. 

20.  PHYSOSTEGIA.  Denth.— Physostegia. 

(From  the  Greek  £uja,  a  bladder,  and  orfy*?,  a  covering ;  in  allusion  to  its 
Inflated  calyx.) 

Calyx  5 -toothed  or  truncate,  at  length  inflated-campanulate. 
Corolla  2-lipped  ;  tube  exserted,  destitute  of  a  ring  within ;  up- 
per lip  nearly  erect,  somewhat  concave ;  lower  with  3  rounded 
lobes,  the  middle  one  larger  and  emarginate.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip  ;  the  lower  pair  rather  longer. 

P.  Virginiana  Benth. :  calyx  acutely  and  almost  equally  5-toothed. 
Dracocephalum  Virginianum  Linn,  and  D.  denticulatum  Ait,  D.  vari- 
egatum  Vent. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  % — Stem  about 
2  feet  high,  smooth  except  at  the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  varying  from 
narrow-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate  or  denticulate,  coriaceous. 
Flowers  large,  pale-purple,  sometimes  variegated,  nearly  sessile  and  usually 
opposite,  in  long  spikes,  crowded  or  somewhat  distant.  I  follow  Bentham  in 
uniting  the  two  or  three  species  heretofore  considered  distinct,  but  not  without 
considerable  hesitation.  I  cannot  help  thinking,  with  Dr.  Darlington,  that 
D.  denticulatum  of  previous  authors  will  eventually  prove  to  be,  if  not  a  distinct 
species,  at  least  a  constant  variety.  Dragon's  Head. 

21.  LAMIUM.  Linn.— Dead  Nettle. 
(From  the  Greek  Xat/*c?,  the  throat;  on  account  of  the  shape  of  the  flower.) 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly 
equal  subulate  teeth.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  oblong  or 
ovate,  galeate ;  throat  dilated;  lower  lip  with  the  middle  or 
lower  lobe  broad,  emarginate,  contracted  at  base.  Stamens  4, 
the  lower  pair  longer. 

L.  amplcxicaide  Linn. :  leaves  rounded,  crenately  incised ;  lower  ones 
petiolate ;  floral  sessile,  clasping  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  naked  within. 

Fields  and  road-sides.  N.  S.  May— Nov.  (T).—Stcm  6—10  inches  high, 
branched  from  the  base.  Flowers  with  the  tube  slender,  purple^  in  dense  whorls. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Dead  Nettle.  Hen-bit. 

22.  LEONURUS.  Linn.— Motherwort. 

(From  the  Greek  Xtwr,  a  lion,  and  ovoa,  a  tail ;  on  account  of  a  fancied 
resemblance  in  the  plant.) 

Calyx  turbinate,  5-nerved,  with  5  subulate  equal  teeth. 
Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  very  hairy  above,  entire ;  lowe. 


282  LABIATE. 

spreading,  3 -cleft,  the  middle  lobe  obcordate.  Stamens  4, 
ascending ;  the  lower  pair  longer. 

L.  Cardiaca  Linn. :  lower  stem  leaves  palmately  divided  ;  upper  ovate, 
lobed  ;  floral  cuneate-oblong,  mostly  trifid  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  with  a  villous 
ring  inside ;  upper  lip  flattish,  hirsutely  villose. 

Waste  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branched, 
villous.  Leaves  pubescent,  pale  beneath.  Flowers  in  crowded  whorls,  white 
with  a  reddish  tinge.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Motherwort. 

23.  GALEOPSIS.  Linn,— Hemp  Nettle.. 

(From  the  Greek  yaXr >;.  a  weasel,  and  oi//tf,  appearance ;  the  lips  of  the  flower 
resembling  the  snout  of  that  animal.) 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  about  5 -nerved,  5 -toothed;  the 
teeth  armed  with  spine-like  tips,  nearly  equal.  Corolla  2-lipped ; 
upper  lip  entire,  arched ;  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  bifid  or  obcordate  ;  throat  dilated.  Stamens  4,  ascending ; 
the  lower  pair  longer. 

G.  Tetrahit  Linn.:  stem  hispid,  swollen  below  the  joints ;  leaves  petio- 
late,  ovate  serrate,  and  with  the  calyx  smooth  or  hairy. 

Old  fields,  &c.  N.  S.  July.  %.— Stem  1—2  feet  high,  retrorsely  hispid, 
branched.  Flowers  numerous,  pate-purple,  with  darker  spots,  in  whorls,  which 
are  usually  approximated  towards  the  summit  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Ac- 
cording to  Bentham  this  is  a  very  variable  species,  and  should  probably  include 
that  which  has  been  described  by  American  botanists  under  the  name  of  G.  La- 
danum.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Hemp  Nettle. 

24.  STACK YS.  Linn.— Hedge  Nettle. 
(From  the  Greek,  o-ra^v?,  a  spike  ;  in  allusion  to  its  mode  of  flowering.) 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5 — 10-nerved,  5  -  toothed  ;  the 
teeth  equal  or  the  upper  ones  longer.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper 
spreading  and  somewhat  vaulted  ;  lower  mostly  longer,  spread- 
ing, 3-lobed ;  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  ascending ; 
the  lower  ones  longer. 

1.  S.  hyssopifolia  Mich. :  herbaceous,  smooth;  stem  slender,  ascending; 
leaves  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  remotely  toothed ;  whorls  about 
4-flowered  ;  calyx  smooth ;  the  teeth  lanceolate,  acute.    S.  tenuifolia  Willd. 

Meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  1|..— Stem  6—12  inches  high. 
Leaves  often  linear,  very  finely  denticulate.  Flowers  sessile,  in  whorls  near  the 
summit  of  the  stem,  purple.  Smooth  Hedge  Nettle. 

2.  S.  aspera  Mich.:  stem  erect,  angles  hairy  backwards;    leaves  sub- 
petiolate,  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  smoothish ;  whorls  about  6-flowered ; 
calyx-teeth  divaricate,  spiny.     S.  arvemis  Walt.     S.  hispida  Pursh. 

Fields.  Can  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  %.—Stem  about  2  feet  high,  spar- 
ingly branched.  Flowers  in  whorls,  forming  a  terminal  leafy  spike,  purple. 

Rouyh  Hedge  Nettle. 

3.  S.  pain stris  Linn.  :  herbaceous,  erect;  stem  hairy;  leaves  subsessile, 


LABI  AIM:.  583 

cordate-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate-crenate,  rugose,  hispid,  the  lower 
smooth  ;  whorls  6 — 10-flowered,  distinct ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate, 
acute  and  somewhat  spiny.  S.  sylvatica  Nutt. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Oregon.  July,  Aug.  "I]..— Stem  2—3 
feet-high,  branched,  mostly  hispid  on  the  angles.  Flowers  purplish  ;  the  whorls 
forming  a  long  terminal  spike.  Marsh  Hedge  Nettle. 

25.  MARRUBIUM.  Linn.— Horehound: 
(Of  doubtful  origin,  some  say  from  a  town  so  called  in  Italy.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5 — 10-nerved,  with  5 — 10  spreading  teeth ; 
the  throat  hairy.  Corolla  2 -lipped  ;  upper  lip  flattish  or  concave  ; 
lower  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broader  and  usually  emarginate. 
Stamens  4,  included  ;  the  lower  pair  longer. 

M.  vidgare  Linn. :  stem  erect,  white  and  woolly  ;  leaves  roundish-ovate, 
toothed,  rugose,  very  woolly  beneath ;  whorls  villous,  many-flowered  ;  calyx 
with  10  setaceous  hooked  teeth. 

Road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  W,  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  %.— Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  branched  from  the  base,  covered  with  a  white  wool.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  crowded  whorls.  Smell  aromatic  ;  flavor  bitter.  Medicinal. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  White  Horehound. 

26.  BALLOTA.  Linn.— Fetid  Horehound. 
(From  the  Greek  /JaAAo),  to  reject ;  on  account  of  its  disagreeable  smell.) 

Calyx  funnel-form,  10-nerved,  with  5 — 10  broad  mucronate 
teeth.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  somewhat  concave, 
emarginate  ;  lower  trifid,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  emarginate. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  ;  the  lower  pair  longer. 

B.  nigra  Linn. :  hairy  or  smoothish ;  leaves  ovate,  truncate  at  base, 
green  on  both  sides,  more  or  less  hairy ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  5,  dilated  at  the 
base,  subulate-mucronate  at  the  summit. 

At  Hull,  Mass.  Big.  July.  %.— Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Flowers  purple, 
rarely  white,  in  whorls.  Whole  plant  fetid.  Introduced  from  Eurupe. 

Black  Horehound. 

VIII.  AJUGOIDEJE.  Corolla  with  the  upper  Up  very  short,  sometimes 
bifid,  with  the  segments  mostly  depending.  Stamens  2  or  4,  ascending, 
exserted.  Achenia  more  or  less  reticulate-rugose. 

27.  TRICHOSTEMA.  Linn.— Trichostema. 

(From  the  Greek  0f>ifj  rf"X°?j  ;i  fnir.  ;in;l  or^//a,  a  stamen;  in  allusion  to  its 
hair-like  stamens.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  oblique,  resupinate,  unequally  5-cleft; 
the  three  upper  teeth  (apparently  lower)  elongated ;  the  two 
others  short.  Corolla  with  the  tube  slender ;  upper  lip  falcate. 
Stamens  4,  very  long  and  curved. 


284  VERBENACEJR. 

1.  T.  dickoloma  Linn.:  stem  pubescent;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  rhom- 
boid-lanceolate, petiolate,  entire. 

Dry  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June— Aug.  ©.—Stem  6—12  inches 
high,  much  branched,  obtusely  4-angled.  Flowers  blue,  in  dichotomous  pani- 
cles. Stamens  very  long,  slender,  and  curved. 

Forked  Trichostema.     Blue  Curls. 

2.  T.  linearis  Walt. :    stem  viscidly  pubescent ;   leaves  linear,  smooth, 
sessile,  acute  at  each  end ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  awned.     T.  dichotoma  var. 
linearis  Pursh. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June — Sept.  ®. — Resembles  the  former  in 
habit,  but  is  smaller.  It  is-  considered  distinct  by  Nuttall  and  Elliott. 

Narrow-leaved  Trichostema 

28.  TEUCRIUM.  Linn.— Germander. 

(From.  Teucer,  a  prince  of  Troy,  who  is  said  to  have  first  used  this  plant 
medicinally.) 

Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  almost  equally  5 -toothed. 
Corolla  with  the  tube  short ;  4  upper  lobes  of  the  limb  nearly 
equal ;  the  lowest  lobe  longest,  oblong  or  rounded.  Stamens 
exserted  from  a  cleft  between  the  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

T.  Canadense  Linn. :  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
petiolate,  obtuse  at  base,  hoary  beneath ;  whorls  crowded  in  a  single  termi- 
nal spike  ;  calyx  campanulate,  with  the  3  upper  teeth  broader.  T  Virgin- 
icum  Linn. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  1|-.— Stem  2— 3  feet 
high,  square,  usually  simple.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
on  short  petioles.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  terminal  whorled  spike. 

Canadian  Germander.     Wood  Sage. 

ORDER  XCIV.     VERBENACEaE.— VERVAINS. 

Calyx  tubular,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  deciduous,  gene- 
rally with  an  irregular  limb.  Stamens  usually  4,  didynamous, 
seldom  equal,  sometimes  only  2.  Ovary  2 — 4-celled  ;  style  1 ; 
stigma  bifid  or  undivided.  Fruit  nucamentaceous,  sometimes 
berried,  composed  of  2  or  4  nucules  in  a  state  of  adhesion, 
(rarely  with  1  nucule).  Seeds  with  the  albumen  wanting  or 
fleshy. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants,  with  the  leaves  op- 
posite, and  the  flowers  usually  in  corymbs. 

1.  VERBENA.  Linn. — Vervain. 

(From  the  Celtic  ferfain,  derived  from  far,  to  drive  away,  and  faen,  stone ; 
from  its  having  been  supposed  to  cure  the  disease  so  called.  Hook.  Brit.  Fl.) 

Calyx  tubular,  with  5  teeth,  one  of  them  generally  shorter 
than  the  rest.  Corolla  tubular  or  somewhat  funnel-form  ;  limb 


VERBENACEA:.  285 

unequal,    5-cleft.     Stamens   4,  included,   (sometimes   only  2.) 
Fruit  composed  of  2  —  4  nucules. 

1.  V.hastata  Linn.:  erect,  tall;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply 
or  incisely  serrate,  lower  ones  lobed  or  subhastate  ;  spikes  filiform,  erect, 
corymbose-paniculate,  somewhat  imbricate. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  1J-.  —  Stem  3  —  5  feet 
high,  4-sided,  somewhat  rough  and  hairy.  Leaves  large,  rough.  —  Flowers  small, 
purple,  in  numerous  spikes  forming  a  large  terminal  panicle. 

Halbert-leaved  Vervaiji. 

2.  V.  spuria  Linn.  :  stem  decumbent,  branched,  divaricate  ;  leaves  la- 
ciniate,  much  divided  ;  spikes  filiform,  loose  ;  bracts  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.—  Oct.  (p.—  Stem  1—2  feet 
long,  at  length  much  branched.  Flowers  small,  blue,  in  paniculate  spikes,  at 
length  scattered.  Decumbent  Vervain. 

3.  V.  urticcefolia  Linn.  :  erect,    somewhat  pubescent  ;    leaves  ovate  or 
lance-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  petiolate  ;  spikes  filiform,  axillary  and  terminal  ; 
flowers  distinct. 

Road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  TJ..—  Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  somewhat  hairy.  Flowers  small,  white  tinged  with  purple,  in  filiform 
spikes  forming  panicles.  Common  Vervain. 

4.  V.  angustifolia  Mich.  :  erect,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  remotely  toothed,  with  elevated  veins  ;  spikes  filiform, 
solitary,  axillary  and  terminal.    V.  rugosa  Willd. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  June—  Aug.  %.—  Stem  a  foot 
high,  sometimes  a  little  branched,  hairy.  Flowers  blue,  in  terminal  spikes. 

Narrow-leaved  Vervain 


2   ^APANIA.    Lam.— 
(In  honor  of  Paul  Anthony  Zappa,  an  Italian  botanist.) 
Calyx  compressed,  2  -parted.    Corolla  tubular,  with  the  limb 
unequally  5  -lobed.    Stamens  4,  didynamous.     Stigma  peltately 
capitate,  oblique.     Nucules  2,  at  first  covered  by  an  evanescent 
pericarp. 

Z.  nodiflora  Lam.  :  stem  procumbent  and  rooting  ;  leaves  ovate-wedge- 
form  and  ovate-lanceolate,  subsessile,  serrate  above  ;  spikes  solitary,  on 
long  filiform  peduncles,  forming  conical  heads.  Z.  lanceolata  Pers.  Ver- 
bena nodijlora  Linn.  Lippia  nodiflora  Mich. 

Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  1\..  —  ^tem  6  —  8  inches 
long,  branching.  Flowers  bluish-white,  in  heads  which  are  on  peduncles  2  —  4 
inches  long.  Node-Jlowered  Zapania. 

3.  PHRYMA.  Linn.—  Lopseed. 

(Etymology  unknown.) 

Calyx  cylindric,  2  -lipped  ;  upper  lip  longer,  trifid  ;  lower 
2-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  emarginate  ;  the  lower 
much  larger,  flat,  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  included.  Pericarp 
thin  and  evanescent,  with  a  single  seed. 


286  ACANTHACK^I. 

P.  leptostachya  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  unequally  toothed, 
petioled ;  spikes  terminal,  slender. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  ^.— Stem  2—3  feet  high,  with  a  few 
spreading  branches  above.  Leaves  large.  Spikes  on  long  slender  peduncles. 
Flowers  small,  mostly  opposite,  purplish.  Calyx  reflected  downwards  when  in 
fruit.  Lopseed. 

ORDER  XCV.    ACANTHACE^E.— ACANTHADS. 

Calyx  4  or  5 -divided,  usually  5 -leaved,  distinct  or  variously 
combined,  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  irregular,  with  the  limb 
ringent  or  bilabiate,  or  occasionally  1 -lipped,  sometimes  nearly 
equal,  deciduous.  Stamens  mostly  2,  both  bearing  anthers ; 
sometimes  4,  didynamous,  the  shorter  ones  being  sometimes 
sterile.  Ovary  seated  in  the  disk,  2-celled ;  style  1 ;  stigma 
2-lobed  or  entire.  Capsule  2-celled,  bursting  elastically  with 
2  valves.  Seeds  roundish,  hanging  by  processes  of  the  pla- 
centa, without  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs.  Leaves 
opposite,  without  stipules. 

1.  JUSTICIA.  Linn. — Justicia. 

(In  honor  of  James  Justice,  a  Scotch  horticulturalist.) 
Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla 
irregular,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  emarginate  ;  lower  3-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 2,  each  with  a  single  or  double  anther.  Stigma  1.  Cap- 
sule attenuated,  2-celled,  2-valved ;  dissepiment  growing  from 
the  centre  of  each  valve. 

J.  pedunculosa  Mich. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  spikes  axillary  ;  pedun- 
cles elongated,  mostly  alternate;  flowers  crowded.  J.  Americana  Void. 
Dianthera  Americana  Linn. 

In  water.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  'ZJ.. — Root  creeping. 
Stem  2  feet  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above.  Leaves  nearly  6  inches 
long,  narrow-lanceolate.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  nearly  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  pale-purple.  Water  Willow. 

2.  RUELLIA.  Linn.— Ruellia. 

(In  honor  of  John  Ruelle,  a  French  physician  and  botanist.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  bi-bracteate.  Corolla  subcampanulate, 
border  5-lobed.  Stamens  approximating  by  pairs.  Capsule 
attenuated  at  either  extremity,  bursting  with  elastic  teeth. 
Seeds  few. 

R.  strepens  Linn. :  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  on  petioles,  opposite,  lanceolate- 
ovate,  entire ;  peduncles  1 — 3-flowered ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lan- 
ceolate, very  acute,  hispid,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  11.— Stem  8—12  inches 
high.  Flowers  axillary,  blue.  Wkorled  RueUia. 


LENTIBULARIACE^E.  287 

ORDER  XCVI.    LENTIBULARIACE^E.— BUTTERWORTS. 

Calyx  divided,  persistent.  Corolla  irregular,  bilabiate,  with 
a  spur.  Stamens  2,  included  within  the  corolla  and  inserted 
into  its  base ;  anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  style  1 ;  stig- 
ma bilabiate.  Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute, 
without  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants,  growing  in  water  or 
marshes.  Leaves  radical,  undivided ;  or  compound,  resem- 
bling roots  and  bearing  little  vescicles. 

1.  PINGUIGULA.  Linn.— Butterwort. 
(From  the  Latin  pinguis,fat;  the  leaves  being  thick  and  greasy  to  the  touch.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  unequal.  Corolla  ringent,  spurred  at  the 
base  beneath.  Stamens  2,  included;  the  filaments  ascending. 
Anthers  transversely  2-valved.' 

P.  vidgaris  Linn. :  spur  cylindric,  acute,  as  long  as  the  veinless  petal ; 
upper  lip  2-lobed ;  lower  one  in  three  unequal  obtuse  segments.  P.  acuti- 
folia  Muh.  ? 

Wet  rocks.  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Mich,  and  Wise.  Arct.  Amer.  April.  %.— 
Leaves  all  radical,  spatulate- ovate,  fleshy.  Scape  4 — 6  inches  high.  Flowers 
solitary,  nodding  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  villons,  purple.  Common  Butterwort. 


2.  UTRICULARIA.  Linn. — Bladderwort. 

(From  tlie  Latin  utriculus,  a  little  bladder ;  in  allusion  to  the  inflated  appen- 
dages attached  to  the  roots.) 

Calyx  2-parted ;  lips  undivided,  nearly  equal.  Corolla  per- 
sonate, with  the  lower  lip  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  2, 
with  the  filaments  incurved,  bearing  the  anthers  within  the  apex. 
Stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  1-celled. 

1.  U.  ceratophylla  Mich.:  floating;  upper  leaves  whorled,  pinnatifid  at 
the  extremities  and  furnished  with   air  bladders;  scape   5— 7-flowered; 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla  deeply  3-lobed ;  spur  short,  obtuse,  deeply  emargi- 
nate.     U.  injlata  Wall. 

Ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Mexico;  rare.  July,  Aug.  7J-. — Root  very  long,  finely 
divided  and  furnished  with  numerous  compressed  air  vessels.  Stem  or  scape 
about  8  inches  high.  Pioneers  large,  yellow,  subcorymbed. 

Spongy-leaved  Bladderwort, 

2.  U.  vulgaris  Linn. :  floating ;  stems  submerged,  dichotomous ;  leaves 
many-parted,  furnished  with  air  bladders;  scape  5— 9-flowered,  bracteate; 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  broad-ovate ;  spur  conical,  incurved.     U. 
macrorhiza  Le  Conic. 

Pools  and  ponds  of  deep  water.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Platte  River.  July, 
Aug.  1|..— Root  much  branched.  Scape  8—10  inches  high.  Flowers  large, 
racemed.  yellow  ;  spur  entire  and  somewhat  attenuated  at  the  apex. 

Common  BladdenovrL 


288  LENTIBULARIACE^:. 

3.  U.  '(tii  u>r  Linn. :  floating ;  leaves  dichotomously  divided,  the  segments 
linear  and  r  eta'  EOUS,  furnished  with  air  bladders  ;  scape  about  2-flowered ; 
upper  lip  emargr'natc,  as  long  as  the  palate ;  spur  very  short,  obtuse,  keeled, 
deflexed.     U.  gibba  forr.  FL.  not  of  Linn. 

Ponds  and  sw?Rjr*  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  June.  '£}.. — Leaves  furnished  with 
air  bladders.  Scap.  St  -4  inches  high.  Flowers  small,  dull-yellow. 

Lesser  Bladderwort. 

4.  U.fornicata  It^onte:  floating;  scape  naked,  1 — 2-flowered;  upper 
lip  3-lobed,  the  middlo  lobe  arched  over  the  palate ;  spur  incurved,  conoidal, 
obtuse,  very  entire,  e  pressed  to  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla.     U.  minor 
Pursk.     U.  gibba  Eli.  not  of  Linn. 

Swamps  and  ditches.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.  Q. — Root  furnished  with  air 
bladders.  Scape  naked.  Flowers  few,  small,  yellow.  Incurved  Bladderwort. 

5.  U.  setacea  Mich. :  scape  filiform,  rooting,  with  2  or  more  flowers ; 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ovate  ;  the  lower  deeply  3-lobed ;  spur  subulate,  as 
long  as  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla.     U.  subulata  Pursh.     U.  pumila  Walt. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  June.  1J.. — Scape  very  slender,  4 — 6 
inches  high,  furnished  with  scales.  Flowers  many,  small,  yellow.  Upper  lip 
of  the  corolla  half  the  size  of  the  lower.  Setaceous  Bladderwort. 

6.  U.  intermedia  Heyne :  floating ;  leaves  distichous,  dichotomously  many- 
parted,  without  air  bladders ;  segments  setaceous,  spinulose-denticulate ; 
scape  2 — 3-flowered,  upper  lip  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  palate ;  spur 
conical,  acute  ;  capsule  erect.     (D.  C.) 

Swamps.  Mass.  Green.  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.  Gray.  Arct.  Amer. 
Hook.  June,  July.  1\.. — Leaves  oblong,  cut  into  numerous  segments  like  those 
of  yarrow.  The  air  bladders  grow  in  separate  root-like  branches.  Scape  4 — 8 
inches  high.  Plovers  about  half  as  large  as  in  U.  vulgaris,  yellow. 

Intermediate  Bladderwort. 

7.  U.  resupinata   Greene:  radical  leaves  resembling  roots,   somewhat 
whorled,  capillary,  furnished  with  air  bladders ;  scape  1-flowered,  erect, 
slender ;  lip  cylindraceous,  obtuse,  4  times  as  long  as  the  corolla.    (D.  C.) 

Plymouth,  Mass.  Greene.  (J)? — Plant  3 — 6  inches  long,  slender.  Flower 
solitary,  yellow  ?  The  only  description  which  I  have  seen  of  this  species  is  that 
given  in  De  Candolk,  Prod.  via.  11,  from  a  specimen  furnished  by  Mr.  Tucker- 
mann.  Resupinate  Bladderwort. 

8.  U.  cornuta  Mich. :  scape  rooting,  erect,  rigid ;  flowers  2 — 3,  sessile  ; 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla  bbovate,  entire ;  lower  lip  very  broad,  somewhat 
3-lobed ;  spur  very  acute,  projecting  and  dependent. 

Wet  rocRs.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Lake  Superior.  July,  Aug.  %.— Scape  10 
inches  high,  with  minute  appressed  scales.  Flowers  yellow,  approximate,  nearly 
sessile,  as  large  as  those  of  U.  vulgaris.  Sharp-horned  Bladderwort. 

9.  U.  striaia  Le  Conic  :  floating ;  scape  4 — 7-flowered ;  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  ovate-roundish,  subemarginate,  margin  waved ;  lower  lip  3-lobed, 
reflected  at  the  sides ;  spur  straight,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip.     U. 
fibrosa  Ell.  not  of  Walt. 

Swamps  and  shallow  waters.  Mass,  to  Flor.  June,  July.  rl\.. — Root  spar- 
ingly furnished  with  air  vessels.  Scape  nearly  a  foot  high.  Corolla  large,  yel- 
low, striated  with  red ;  spur  much  shorter  than  the  lower  lip. 

Striated  Bladderwort. 

10.  U.  personata  Le  Conte :  scape  rooting,  many-flowered  ;  upper  lip  of 


PRIMULACE^S.  289 

the  corolla  emarginate.  reclinate ;  lower  small,  entire ;  palate  very  large ; 
spur  linear-subulate,  somewhat  acute,  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

Bogs.  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  Le  Conte.  (T).— Scape  12—18  inches  high,  4—10- 
flowered,  furnished  with  scales.  Flowers  yellow,  rather  large.  Spur  more 
slender  and  acute,  than  in  U.  cornuta.  Personate  Bladderwort. 

11.  U.  purpurea  Wall.:  floating;  leaves  verticillately  branched;  the 
capillary  segments  furnished  with  air  bladders ;  scape  1 — 3-flowered ;  upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  truncate ;  the  lower  3-lobed  ;  lateral  lobes  cucullate ;  spur 
conical,  appressed  to  the  corolla  and  half  its  length.  U.  saccala,  Ell. 

Ponds.  Mass,  to  Flor.  N.  W.  Territory.  Houghton.  Aug.  (£.— Stems 
2 — 3  feet  long.  Scapes  2 — 4  inches  long,  axillary,  solitary  and  in  pairs.  Co- 
rolla purple.  Purple  Bladderwort. 

ORDER  XCVII.     PRIMULACE^E.— PRIMWORTS. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  the  limb  4 — 5- 
cleft.  Stamens  inserted  upon  the  corolla,  equal  in  number, 
and  opposite  to  its  segments.  Ovary  1 -celled ;  style  1 ;  stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  with  a  central  placenta.  Seeds  numerous, 
peltate  ;  embryo  lying  across  the  hilum  in  fleshy  albumen. — 
Herbaceous  plants,  with  the  leaves  usually  radical ;  otherwise 
whorled  and  opposite  or  alternate. 

1.  PRIMULA.  Linn. — Primrose. 

(From  the  Latin  primus,  first ;  on  account  of  the  early  appearance  of  the  flow- 
ers of  some  species.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothejd.  Corolla  salver-form ;  tube  cylin- 
dric ;  orifice  open.  Stamens  5,  not  exserted.  Stigma  globose. 
Capsule  opening  with  10  teeth.  Flowers  in  an  involucrate 
umbel. 

P.  Mislassinica  Mich. :  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  sparingly  toothed,  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  smooth  or  pubescent  beneath ;  scape  slender,  with  a  few- 
flowered  umbel ;  segments  of  the  corolla  obcordate,  slightly  emarginate, 
about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  tube.  D.  pusilia  Hook. 

Yates  county,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwell.  Steuben  county,  N.  Y.  D.  Thomas. 
N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  1J-. — Plant  usually  smooth,  but  sometimes  powdery.  Scape 
3 — 5  inches  high.  Leaves  6 — 10  lines  long.  Flowers  about  3,  in  a  terminal 
umbel,  pale-purple.  Mr.  David  Thomas  informs  me  that  this  plant  was  found 
several  years  since  near  Hammondsport,  Steuben  county,  N.  Y.  The  two  New 
York  localities  are  the  only  known  ones  in  the  U.  S. 

Dwarf  Canadian  Primrose. 

2.  DODECANTHEON.  Linn. — American  Cowslip. 

(From  the  Greek  CO^KO,  twelve,  and  drjof,  divinity  ;  an  old  name  renewed  by 
Linnaeus  on  account  of  its  beauty.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  the  lobes 
reflexed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  corolla ; 

13 


290  PRIMULA  CE.-E. 

filaments  connate  at  base.     Stigma  exserted.     Capsule  oblong- 
ovoid,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  D.  Meadia  Linn. :  scape  erect,  simple,  smooth ;  leaves  oblong-ovate, 
repandly  toothed  ;  umbel  many-flowered ;  flowers  nodding ;  bracts  nume- 
rous, oval. 

Rocky  places.  Penn.  to  Ala.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May,  June. 
%. — Scape  8 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  large,  purple. 

Common  American  Cowslip. 

'J.  D.  integrifolium  Mich. :  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  subspatulate,  ob- 
tuse ;  umbel  few-flowered ;  flowers  nearly  erect ;  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear, 
acute. 

Mountains.  Penn.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  W.  to  the  Miss.  June.  7L— 
Flowers  pale-blue,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  Pursh. 

Entire-leaved  American  Cowslip. 

3.  TRIENTALIS.  Linn.— Wintergreen. 

(From  the  Latin  triens,  the  third  part ;  said  to  allude  to  this  plant  being  the 
third  of  a  foot  high.  Hook.  Brit.  Fl.) 

Calyx  deeply  6 — 8-parted.  Corolla  deeply  6 — 8-parted,  ro- 
tate. Stamens  6 — 8.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  globose,  some- 
what fleshy,  (berry,)  opening  at  the  sutures,  and  then  5-valved. 
Seeds  few. 

T.  Americana  Pursh :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  acuminate.  T.  Europaa  Mich.  T.  Europcea  var.  angua- 
lifolia  Nutt. 

Low  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  May,  June.  7{.. — Stem 
6  inches  high.  Leaves  6  or  7  in  a  terminal  whorl,  with  two  or  three  straggling 
ones  on  the  stem.  Flowers  white,  on  terminal  filiform  peduncles. 

Chickweed  Wintergreen. 

4.  HOTTONIA.  Linn.-Vfa.tex  Feather. 

(In  honor  of  Pierre  Hotton,  a  professor  of  Leyden,  who  flourished  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
seated  on  "the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  globose.  Capsule 
globose>  crowned  with  the  persistent  style,  at  length  5-valved. 
Seeds  very  numerous. 

H.  inflata  Linn. :  stem  thick,  generally  submersed  ;  scape  jointed,  with 
the  internodes  and  lower  part  inflated ;  flowers  verticillate,  mostly  in  fours, 
pedicellate.  H.  palustrti  Pursh. 

Stagnant  waters.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Geor. ;  rare.  July.  %. — Stem  thick, 
spongy,  generally  submersed.  Leaves  long  and  pectinate.  Flowers  whorled, 
on  pedicels,  2  or  3  lines  long,  small,  white.  Abundant  near  North  Salem,  West- 
Chester  county,  N.  Y.  Dr.  S.  B.  Mead.  American  Water  Ffatiw. 


PKlMULAC£j£.  291 


5.  GLA  UX.  Linn.— Black  Saltwort. 

(From  the  Greek  -yXavKtov,  given  to  a  plant  of  a  sea-green  color,  or  because  it 
grew  near  the  sea.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  colored.  Corolla  none.  Sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  into  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  and  alternating 
with  the  segments.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  globose,  5- 
valved,  few-seeded. 

G.  maritima  Linn. 

Marshes  on  the  sea-coast.  Can.  and  Mass. ;  rare.  July.  *2J.. — Stem  sub- 
erect  or  procumbent,  4 — 5  inches  high,  very  leafy.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or 
roundish,  smooth,  entire,  fleshy.  Flowers  minute,  sessile,  solitary,  axillary,  red- 
dish-white. Black  Saltwort. 

6.  LYSIMACHIA.  Linn.—  Loosestrife. 

(Origin  uncertain.) 

Calyx  5 — 6-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  rotate,  5 — 6-parted. 
Stamens  5,  (rarely  6 — 7,)  sometimes  with  intermediate  teeth  or 
short  sterile  filaments.  Capsule  globose,  5 — 10-valved,  dehis- 
cent at  the  summit. 

1.  L.  stricta  Ait. :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing at  base,  subsessile,  punctate ;  raceme  terminal,  very  long,  loose  ;  pedi- 
cels long,  slender.    L.  racemosa  Mick. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high. 
Leaves  few,  often  with  bulbs  or  abortive  branches  in  the  axils.  ( Torr.)  Flowers 
yellow,  on  capillary  pedicels,  arranged  in  a  terminal  raceme  4—8  inches  long. 

Upright  Loosestrife. 

2.  L.  quadrifolia  Linn. :  stem  simple,  a  little  hairy ;  leaves  in  whorls  of 
fours  or  fives,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  acuminate,  punctate ;  pedun- 
cles mostly  in  fours,  axillary,  1-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oval,  entire. 
L.  hirsuta  Mich.    L.  punctata  Walt. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  7|.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high. 
Leaves  varying  from  3 — 8  in  a  whorl,  though  generally  four.  Flowers  yellow,  on 
long  slender  peduncles  which  are  as  numerous  as  the  leaves. 

Whorled  Loosestrife. 

3.  L.  longifolia  Pursh  :   very  smooth,  4-sided,  branched  above ;  leaves 
opposite,  sessile,  linear,  revolute  on  the  margin;  peduncles  1-flowered,  op- 
posite or  in  fours,  the  upper  ones  longer ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  broad-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrulate.   L.  revoluta  Nutt. 

Wet  rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  June.  %.— Stem  1—2  feet 
high.  Leaves  narrow,  not  dotted  ;  floral  ones  appearing  as  if  whorled.  Flotvers 
mostly  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  at  length  nodding,  yellow. 

Revolute  Loosestrife. 

4.  L.  ciliata  Linn. :  stem  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  on  long  pe- 
tioles, subcordate-ovate,  acuminate ;  petioles  ciliate ;  peduncles  mostly  in 
pairs,  1-flowered ;  flowers  drooping ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded,  crenate, 
mucronate.  L.  quadrifolia  P.  ciliata  WiUd. 

Banks  of  streams.    Can.  to  Car.    W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.     July,    ty.— 


292  PRIMULACEvE. 

Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  square,  sparingly  branched.     Leaves  large,  not  punctate. 
Mowers  large,  yellow.  Ciliate  Loosestrife. 

5.  L.  hybrida  Mich. :  stem  smooth ;  leaves  petioled,  opposite,  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end ;  petioles  ciliate ;  peduncles  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs, 
1-flowered ;  flowers  nodding ;  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     L. 
heterophylla  Nutt. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  fy. — Resembles  the  preceding  species, 
but  the  leaves  are  narrower  and  never  cordate  at  base,  and  the  petioles  are  less 
ciliate.  Hybrid  Loosestrife. 

6.  L.  capitata  Pursh  :   nearly  smooth;  stem  simple;  leaves  opposite,  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  punctate ;  peduncles  axillary,  elongated ;  flowers  in  dense 
roundish  heads,  5 — 7-parted.    L.  thyrsifolia  Mich.    Naumbergia  thyrsifolia 
D.  C. 

Swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  June.  Q.—Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Leaves 
yillous  beneath.  Flowers  yellow,  in  roundish  or  ovate  heads  which  are  on  ax- 
illary peduncles.  Capitate  Loosestrife. 

7.  ANAGALLIS.  Linn.— Pimpernel. 

(From  the  Greek  avayc\au,  to  laugh ;  on  account  of  its  supposed  exhilarating 
virtues.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-parted.  Stamens 
5  ;  filaments  hairy.  Capsule  globose,  opening  hemispherically, 
many-seeded. 

A.  cirvensis  Linn. :  stem  procumbent,  branched  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate, 
sessile,  dotted  beneath,  very  entire ;  margin  of  the  corolla  crenate  and  pi- 
lose-glandular. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  N.  Y.  Mass,  to  Car.  June— Oct.  ([)•— Stem  4—10 
inches  long.  Flowers  scarlet,  sometimes  with  a  purple  centre,  on  solitary  axil- 
lary peduncles  which  are  longer  than  the  leaves.  Scarlet  Pimpernel. 

8.  SAMOLUS.  Linn. — Water  Pimpernel. 
(Supposed  to  have  been  named  from  the  island  of  Samos.) 
Calyx  5-cleft,  the  base  adnate  to  the  ovary.     Corolla  salver- 
form,  5-parted,  with  5  scales,  (sterile  filaments,)  alternating  with 
the  lobes  ;•  tube  short.     Fertile  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla.     Capsule  half  inferior,  1 -celled,   many-seeded, 
opening  with  5  valves. 

S.  Vakrandi  Linn.:  stem  erect;  leaves  obovate;  racemes  elongated, 
loose,  many-flowered ;  pedicels  with  small  bracts. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  1].. — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high, 
smooth.  Leaves  obovate,  subpetiolate,  entire  and  somewhat  fleshy.  Flowers 
small,  white.  This  plant  is  very  generally  distributed  throughout  the  world. 

Common  Water  PimpemeL 


- 


PI.ANTAGINACE.B. 

kr,*»   ,.-  >     ».,»{ . 

ORDER  XCVIII.    PLUMBAGIKACE^E.— LEADWORTS. 

Calyx  tubular,  plaited,  persistent.  Corolla  monopetalous  o 
of  5  petals,  regular.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous  when  the  petals 
are  combined,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  petals  when  distinct. 
Ovary  free,  1 -celled ;  styles  5,  seldom  3  or  4 ;  stigmas  the 
same  number.  Fruit  an  utricle.  Seed  inverted,  with  rather  a 
small  quantity  of  mealy  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants  or  under 
shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  clustered,  undivided,  somewhat 
sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  either  loosely  panicled  or  contracted 
into  heads. 

STATICE.  Linn. — Marsh  Rosemary. 

(From  the  Greek  aran^w,  to  stop ;  on  account  of  its  supposed  power  of  check- 
ing diarrhaea.) 

Calyx  funnel-form,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  united  at  base. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Styles  5. 
Fruit  a  membranaceous  utricle. 

1 .  £.  Linwnium  Linn. :  scape  paniculate,  terete ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, petiolate,  smooth,  mucronate ;  calyx  with  deep  acute  plaited  segments 
and  intermediate  teeth.    S.  Caroliniana  Walt. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  *2J. — Root  large,  ligneous. 
Scope  angular,  longer  than  the  leaves,  with  several  lanceolate  scales.  Flowers 
sessile,  blue,  hi  a  large  corymbose  panicle.  A  valuable  astringent.  Biff.  Med. 
Hot.  ii.  51.  Common  Marsh  Rosemary. 

2.  S.  Armeria  Linn. :  scape  simple,  terete,  bearing  a  round  head  of  flow- 
ers ;  leaves  linear,  smooth ;  awns  of  the  calyx  short. 

Rocks  near  the  sea  shore.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Pursh.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  July, 
Aug.  9J.. — Root  large,  ligneous.  Scape  a  foot  high.  Heads  of  flowers  rose  • 
colored,  intermixed  with  scales  and  having  also  a  3-leaved  general  involucre.  _ 

Thrift. 

ORDER  XCIX.     PLANTAGINACEJE.— RIBWORTS. 

Calyx  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  monopetalous,  persistent, 
with  a  4-parted  limb.  Stamens  4,  inserted  into  the  corolla, 
alternate  with  its  segments ;  filaments  long,  filiform ;  anthers 
versatile.  Ovary  2-  very  seldom  4-celled  ;  style  simple.  Cap- 
sule membranous,  opening  transversely.  Seeds  sessile,  peltate. 
— Herbaceous  plants,  usually  stemless.  Leaves  flat  and  ribbed 
or  taper  and  fleshy.  Flowers  in  spikes,  small. 

PLANTAGO.    Linn.— Plantain. 
(Origin  doubtful.) 

Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  4-  (rarely  3)  -parted.     Corolla  4- 


294  PL  ANT  AGIN  AC  E/E. 

cleft ;  border  reflexed.     Stamens  4,  mostly  very  long.    Capsule 
2 — 4-celled,  opening  transversely. 

*  Leaves  broad. 

1.  P.  cor  data  Lam. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  broad-ovate,  cordate,  sub- 
dentate,  smooth ;  spike  very  long ;  flowers  Euoimbricate ;  the  lower  ones 
scattered;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse;  cells  of  the  capsule  1-seeded.    P.  Kentuck- 
iensis  Mich. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Tenn.  June,  July.  QJ.. — 
Scape  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  3 — 6  inches  long,  smooth,  generally  cordate 
at  base.  Flowers  in  a  slender  elongated  spike.  Heart-leaved  Plantain. 

2.  P.  major  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  smoothish,  subdentate,  on  longish  peti- 
oles ;  scape  rounded ;  spike  cylindric,  very  long ;   flowers   closely   imbri- 
cated; cells  of  the  capsule  many-seeded. 

Fields,  &c.  Throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S.  June— Aug.  1]-.— Scape  8—12 
inches  high,  pubescent.  Leaves  spreading  on  the  ground,  coarsely  toothed,  5 — 7- 
nervod.  Spike  2 — 6  inches  long,  close.  Flowers  whitish.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Common  Plantain. 

3.  P.  media  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  pubescent,  sessile  or  tapering  into  short 
petioles;  scape  rounded;  spike  short,  cylindric;  cells   of  the  capsule   1- 
seeded. 

Fields.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  July.  7|_. — Scape  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
2  inches  long.  Flowers  in  a  closely  imbricated  spike  which  is  shorter  than  in 
the  preceding.  Pubescent  Plantain. 

4.  P.  Virginica  Linn.  :  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  spar- 
ingly toothed,  3 — 5-nerved,  tapering  at  base;    spike  cylindric,  with  the 
flowers  rather  remote ;  capsule  2-seeded. 

Sandy  soils.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May,  June.  (g). — Scape  hairy,  almost 
hispid,  longer  than  the  leaves,  angular.  Spikes  1 — 4  inches  long,  with  the 
flowers  at  first  crowded,  but  at  length  distant.  Corolla  yellowish. 

Virginian  Plantain. 

5.  P.  lanceolata  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  3 — 5-nerved, 
remotely  toothed;  scape  slender,  elongated,  grooved;  spike  short,   ovoid- 
cylindric,  compact ;  capsule  2-seeded. 

Pastures.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— Sept,  Tj..— Scape  12—18 
inches  high,  a  little  hairy.  Flowers  in  a  very  dense  spike.  Bracts  ovate, 
brownish,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Corolla  whitish.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Ribwort. 

6.  P.  cucullata  Lam.:  leaves  ovate, cucullate,  subdenticulate,  9-nerved, 
pubescent  beneath  ;  scape-rounded  ;  spike  cylindric,  imbricated.     P.  max- 
ima Jacq. 

Moist  rocky  situations.     Can.  and  Maine.     Pursh.    July,  Aug.     7j_. 

Hooded  Plantain. 
**  Leaves  linear. 

7.  P.  maritima  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  grooved,  fleshy,  hairy  near  the 
base,  mostly  entire ;  scape  rounded ;  spike  cylindric,  dense ;  cells  of  the 
capsule  l-seeded.     P.  paucifiora  Pursh. 

Salt  marshes.  Mass.  N.  Y.  Aug.,  Sept.  7J..— Scape  6—10  inches  high. 
Leaves  fleshy,  channelled  above.  Spike  cylindric,  short,  the  flowers  at  length 
somewhat  remote.  Sea-side  Plantain. 


A  M  A  II  \  N '  I'  M  A  C  F.  F. .  295 

£  P.  pusiUa  Nutt. :  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  flat, 
entire,  acute ;  scape  terete,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  spike  cylin- 
dric,  loose ;  lower  flowers  distant ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  £.s  long  as  the 
calyx.  P.  hybrida  Dart.  P.  linearifolia  Muhl. 

Rocky  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  (T).— Scape  2—3 
inches  high,  slender.  Flowers  in  an  interrupted  spike.  Dvoarf  Plantain. 

SUBCLASS  IV.— MONOCULAMYDEALS. 

Flowers  with  a  simple  perianth,  or  whose  calyx  and  corolla 
form  only  one  envelope. 

ORDER  C.     AM  ARANTHACE^E.— AMARANTHS. 

Perianth  3 — 5 -parted,  scarious,  persistent.  Stamens  hypo- 
gynous,  either  5  or  some  multiple  of  that  number,  distinct  or 
monadelphous ;  anthers  1 — 2-celled.  Ovary  single  ;  style  1  or 
none.  Fruit  usually  a  membranous  utricle.  Seeds  lenticular, 
pendulous  ;  the  embryo  curved  around  mealy  albumen. — Herbs 
or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  alternate.  Flowers  in 
heads  or  spikes,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

AMARANTHUS.  Linn.— Amaranth. 

(.From  the  Greek  a,  not,  and  papatvo',  to  fade ;  or  flowers  which  do  not  fade.) 
Monoecious.     Perianth   deeply   3 — 5 -parted.      STERILE  FL. 
Stamens  3 — 5.    FERTILE  FL.     Styles  3.    Utricle  opening  trans- 
versely all  round,  indehiscent. 

1.  A.  lividus  Linn, :  stem  erect.;  leaves  elliptic,  retuse ;  flowers  clustered, 
triandrous,  in  rounded  spikes. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  ?  to  Car.  June — Aug.  0. — Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high,  smooth.  Livid  Amaranth. 

2.  A.  hybridus  Linn. :  stem  sulcate,  angled,  roughisli  pubescent,  spar- 
ingly branched;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  pentandrous,  in   dense 
compound  axillary  and  terminal  spikes. 

Near  gardens,  Ac.  N.  Y.  lo  Car.  June— Sept.  ©.—Stem  2—3  feet  high. 
Flowers  small,  green,  in  compound  sessile  crowded  spikes.  Introduced  ? 

Hybrid  Amaranth. 

3.  A.  gracizans  Linn.  -  stem  obtusely  angled,  smooth,  erect,  with  hori- 
zontal branches;  leaves  obovate  and  spatulate,  oblong,  retuse.  mucronate; 
flowers  triandrous,  in  small  axillary  clusters.     A.  Blitum  Big. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Ma**,  to  Yirg.  July — Sept.  (T). — Stem  1 — 3  feet  high. 
Floivers  numerous,  pale -green.  Intro  lured?  Bushy  Amaranth. 

4.  A.  spinosus  Linn.:  stem  striate.  smoothish,  much  branched;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate;  axils  spinose ;  flowers   pentandrous,   in  compound  ter- 
minal and  axillary  spikes. 

Cultivated  grounds  near  West  Chester.  Penn.     Darlmift.     Aug.    (T). — Stem 


296  CHENOPODIACE^E. 

18  inches  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  generally  much  branched,  often  purple.  Flowers 
email,  in  oblong  erect  terminal  and  sub  terminal  spikes.  A  very  troublesome 
weed.  Introduced.  Spiny  Amaranth. 

5.  A.  retroflexus  Linn.:  branches  pubescent;  leaves  ovate,   undulate; 
racemes  erect,  much  compounded  ;  flowers  pentandrous. 

Among  rubbish',  &c.    Penn.  to  Virg.    Aug.    (1).    Pursh. 

Hairy  Amaranth. 

6.  A.  pumilus  Raf.  :  stem  diffuse,  smooth;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth 
and  fleshy,  often  retuse  ;  flowers  pentandrous,  in  axillary  clusters. 

Sandy  beaches.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  (T).—Stem  a  foot  high,  somewhat  de- 
cumbent, spreading.  Flowers  greenish  and  purple,  in  somewhat  crowded 
clusters.  Dwarf  Amaranth. 

ORDER  CI.     CHENOPODIACE^E.—  CHENOPODS. 

Perianth  deeply  divided,  sometimes  tubular  at  the  base,  per- 
sistent. Stamens  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  perianth,  oppo- 
site its  segments  and  equal  to  them  in  number  or  fewer.  Ovary 
single,  mostly  superior.  Style  2  —  4  -divided,  rarely  simple  ; 
stigmas  simple.  Fruit  an  utricle,  sometimes  a  berry.  Seed 
erect,  with  the  embryo  usually  curved  around  mealy  albumen. 
—  Herbaceous  plants  or  under  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  with- 
out stipules,  occasionally  opposite.  Flowers  small,  sometimes 
polygamous. 

1.  CHENOPOD1UM.  Linn.—  Goosefoot. 


(From  the  Greek  %>?»',  ^wos,  a  goose,  and  iras  ,  irodos,  a  foot  ;  in  allusion  to  the 
shape  of  the  leaves  in  some  species.) 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  5-parted,  closing  upon  but  not 
wholly  enveloping  the  fruit.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  united  at 
base.  Utricle  thin,  membranaceous.  Seed  lenticular. 

*  Leaves  ovate  or  rhomboid,  often  toothed  or  lobed. 

1.  C.  Bonus  Henricus  Linn.:  leaves  triangular-sagittate,  very  entire; 
spikes  compound,  peduncled,  crowded,  terminal  and  axillary,  erect,  leafless. 
BUtum  Bonus  Henricus  Mey. 

Oneida  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  June.  1)..  —  Stem  a  foot  high,  striate,  ascend- 
ing. Leaves  large,  dark-green.  Floivers  green,  in  small  roundish  clusters, 
forming  a  terminal  spike.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Good  King  Henry. 

2.  C.  rhomJ)ifolium  Muhl.  :  leaves  triangular-rhombic,  acute,  repandlv 
toothed  ;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  toothed,  cuneate  at  base  ;  racemes  axillary, 
erect,  leafless  ;  bracts  minute,  incurved. 

Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  (T)-  —  Plant  yellowish-green.  Stem  1  —  2  feet 
high,  branched.  Flowers  small,  in  capitate  axillary  clusters.  Introduced  ? 

Rhombic-leaved  Goosefo:  t. 

3.  C.  rubrum  Linn.  :  leaves  rhomboid-triangular,  deeply  toothed  and 


CHENOPOD1ACK/K.  297 

sinuate;  racemes  erect,   compound,   leafy;    flowers  crowded;    fruit  very 
small. 

Waste  places.  Near  Boston.  Big.  Aug.  (X).— Stem  2  feet  high,  often  reddish. 
Racemes  very  compound,  intermixed  with  small  leaves.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Red  Goosefoot. 

4.  C.  hybridum  Linn. :  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  angularly  toothed,  acumi- 
nate ;  racemes  much  branched  in  a  somewhat  cymose  manner,  divaricate, 
leafless. 

Waste  places.  Mass,  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  ®. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  slen- 
der, with  large  and  bright-green  leaves.  Flowers  in  compound  clusters,  remote 
from  the  leaves.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Maple-leaved  Goosefoot. 

5.  C.  album  Linn. :  leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  erose-dentate,  entire  at  the 
base ;  upper  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  entire ;  racemes  branched,  somewhat 
leafy ;  seed  very  smooth. 

Waste  grounds.  Mass,  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  (I). — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high. 
Leaves  covered  with  a  mealy  substance.  Racemes  somewhat  branched,  con- 
glomerate. When  the  leaves  are  greener  and  more  entire,  it  constitutes  the 
C.  viride  of  Linnseus.  Introduced  from  Europe.  LamUs-quarters. 

6.  C.  ambrosioides  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  remotely  toothed ;  the  upper 
ones  linear-lanceolate,  entire ;  racemes  simple,  axillary,  leafy.     Ambrina 
ambrosioides  Spach. 

Road  sides.  Mass,  to  Virg.  Aug.,  Sept.  ®. — Stem  18  inches  high,  much 
branched,  somewhat  pubescent.  Leaves  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  green,  in 
erect  spikes.  Sweet  Pigweed. 

7.  C.  Dotrys  Linn. :  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid-sinuate  ;  racemes  axillary 
and  terminal,   paniculate,   leafless ;    flowers   distinct,   on   short  pedicels. 
Ambrina  Botrys  Spach. 

Waste  places.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  (Q.—Stem  1—2  feet  high,  branched, 
somewhat  viscid.  Flowers  in  numerous  short  axillary  racemes  covering  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  The  whole  plant  has  a  strong  smell.  Introduced. 

Jerusalem  Oak. 

8.  C.  anthelminticum  Linn. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,   nearly  sessile, 
coarsely  toothed ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  spike-like,  simple,  elon- 
gated, leafless.     Ambrina  anthelmintica  Spach. 

Fields.  N.  S.  Aug.  %.—Stem  1£— 2  feet  high,  much  branched.  Racemes 
long  and  slender,  axillary  and  terminal.  Worm-seed. 

9.  C.  glaucum  Linn. :  leaves  oblong,  toothed  and  sinuate  on  the  margin, 
glaucous  and  mealy  beneath ;  spikes  compound,  axillary  and  terminal, 
leafless. 

In  N.  Y.     Muhl.    (T).—Stem  diffuse,  thick.  Glaucous  Goosefool. 

**  Leaves  linear,  fleshy. 

10.  C.  marilimum  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  subulate,  fleshy,  semi-cylindric ; 
flowers  in  sessile  axillary  clusters  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals.     Sal- 
sola  salsa  Mich.     Siteda  maritima  Tort. 

Salt  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  ©.—Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
branched,  very  leafy.  Flowers  in  small  axillary  glomerules.  According  to 
Macnab,  the  C.  maritimum  of  American  authors  is  the  C.  fruticosum  of  Lin- 
naeus. Edin.  New  Phil.  Jour.  xix.  63.  Seaside  Goosefoot. 

13* 


298  CHENOPOUIACE,E. 

2.  ATRIPLEX.  Linn.— Orach. 
(From  the  Greek  a,  not,  and  Tpafaiv,  to  nourish.) 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  rarely  perfect.     STERIES  FL. 
without  bracts.     Perianth  3 — 5-parted,  without   appendages. 
Stamens  3 — 5.     FERTILE  FL.  with  2  bracts  at  base.     Perianth 
none.     Styles  2,  united  below.     Utricle   compressed,    partly 
included  in  the  bracts,  1 -seeded. 

1.  A.  Halimus  Linn. :  stem  frutescent;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  ob- 
long-subrhomboid,  entire,  decurrent  into  the  petiole. 

N.  J.  to  Virg.    Tj.    Muhl.    A  doubtful  species.  Shrubby  Orach. 

2.  A.  patula  Linn.:   stem  herbaceous,   much  branched,   procumbent; 
leaves  triangular-hastate,  acuminate,  smooth  above,  irregularly  toothed ; 
the  upper  ones  entire;  perianth  of  the  fruit  submuricate  on  the  sides. 
A.  Laciniata  Pursh. 

N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  (T).—  Stem  much  branched ;  the  branches  1 — 2  feet  long, 
striate.  Leaves  on  petioles  which  are  nearly  an  inch  long.  Flowers  clustered 
on  axillary  and  terminal  spikes.  Spreading  Orach, 

3.  A  arenaria  Nutt. :  stem  herbaceous,  spreading ;  leaves  ohkmg-ovate, 
subsessile,  silvery-mealy  beneath,  rery  entire ;  upper  ones  acute  or  acumi- 
nate; perianth  of  the   fruit  muricate,  dentate,  retuse.      Obione  arenaria 
Moq-  Tand. 

Sea-coast.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  (T).—Stem  a  foot  high,  angular,  much 
branched.  Lower  leaves  often  cuneate.  Flowers  monoecious;  the  sterile  ones 
in  short  glomerate  spikes  at  the  end  of  tlie  branches ;  the  fertile  ones  in  axillary 
clusters.  Sea-beach  Orach. 

4.  A.  hortensis  Linn. :  stem  «rect,  herbaceous ;  leaves  triangular,  dentate, 
green  on  both  sides ;  perianth  of  the  fruit  ovate,  reticulate,  entire  ;  flowers 
in  terminal  interrupted  racemes  or  spikes. 

Cultivated  grounds.  N.  S. ;  rare.  July.  (IX — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves 
2 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  green.  Introduced.  Garden  Orach. 

3.  ACNIDA.  Linn.— Water  Hemp. 

(From  the  Greek  a,  wilhout,  and  KviSn.,  a  nettle;  because  it  resembles  a  nettle 
but  does  not  sting.) 

Flowers  dioecious,  without  bracts,  STERILE  FL.  Perianth 
5-parted.  Stamens  5,  very  short.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  3- 
parted.  Styles  none.  Stigmas  3 — 5,  spreading.  Capsule  1- 
seeded. 

1 .  A.  cannabina  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  capsules  smooth,  acutely 
angled. 

Marshes.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  (1) — Stem  3 — 6  feet  high,  slightly  an- 
gled. Leaves  alternate,  ribbed,  2—5  inches  long,  peti^led.  Flowers  small,  green, 
in  large  axillary  and  terminal  panicles.  Common  Water  Hemp. 

2.  A.  ruscocarpa  Mich. :   leaves  oval-lanceolate ;  capsules  obtusely  an- 
gled, rugose. 

' 


CHKNOPODlACKjE.  299 

Marshes.  Can.  to  Flor.  Nutt.  July.  0. — Resembles  the  preceding,  except 
m  its  fruit.  It  may  be  only  a  variety.  Rough-fruited  Water-hemp. 

4.  SALICORNIA.  Linn.— Glasswort. 

(From  the  Latin  sal,  salt,  and  cornu,  a  horn  ;  on  account  of  the  saline  nature 
•and  horn-like  branches  of  the  plant.) 

Perianth  turbinate,  fleshy,  obscurely  lobed.  Stamens  1  or  2. 
Style  1,  bifid.  Utricle  compressed,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged 
perianth, 

1.  S.  herbacea  Linn.:  herbaceous,  annual;    stem  erect  or  assurgent; 
joints  compressed,  somewhat  thickened  and  notched  at  the  summit :  spikes 
peduncled,  cyfindric,  slightly  tapering  at  the  extremity ;  perianth  truncated. 
S.  Virginica  Linn. 

Sea-coast  and  salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Sept,  (J). — Plant  destitute  of 
leaves.  Stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  branched.  Flowers  very  minute,  in  threes  at 
each  joint.  Common  Saltwort  or  Samphire. 

2.  S.  ambigua  Mich. :  perennial,  procumbent,  branching ;  joints  crescent- 
shaped,  small ;  spikes  opposite  and  alternate ;  perianth  truncate. 

Salt  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  (§)  or  1\. — Stem  procumbent  and  ascending. 
Anthers  purplish-yellow.  Resembles  S.  fruticosa  of  Linnaeus. 

Perennial  Saltwort. 

3.  S.  mucronala  Lag.  ?  herbaceous,  annual,  erect;  the  joints  4-angled 
at  the  base,  with  two  acute    ovate   mucronate  teeth  at  the  summit ;  spikes 
very  thick,  obtuse.  {Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.) 

Salt  marshes.  Near  Boston.  Big.  Long  Island.  Torr.  Aug.,  Sept.  (£). — Stem 
4—8  inches  high,  sparingly  branched,  thick  and  succulent.  Spikes  3  lines  in 
diameter  and  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  Dwarf  Saltwort. 

5.  SALSOLA.   Linn,-—  Saltwort. 

(From  the  Latin  sal,  salt ;  in  allusion  to  the  alkaline  salt  which  many  of  the 
species  afford.) 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  5 -cleft,  persistent,  enveloping  the 
fruit  with  its  base,  and  crowning  it  with  its  enlarged  limb. 
Stamens  5.  Styles  2. 

S.  Kali  Linn. :  herbaceous,  decumbent;  leaves  subulate,  spinose,  rough ; 
(lowers  axillary,  solitary;  fruit-bearing  perianth  with  a  scarious  margin. 
S.  Carolinians  Mich.  S.  Kali  var.  Caroliniana  Nutt.  S.  Tragus  Muhl.  ? 

Sea-coast.  N.Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  (T).-—Stem  much  branched,  diffuse, 
angled.  Floieers  succulent,  pale-greenish. sessile,  with  2  or  3  bracts  at  the  base 
Of  eaeh.  PricJtty  Saltwort. 

6.  BLITUM.  Linn. — Strawberry  Elite. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  /3A<ror,  insipid ;  in  allusion  to  the  fruit) 
Perianth  5-cleft,  baccate  in  fruit.     Stamens  mostly  solitary. 

Styles  2,  united  below.     Utricle  compressed,  covered  with  the 

perianth.     Seed  somewhat  globose. 


300  POLYGONACK.12. 

1.  B.  capUatum  Linn. :  procumbent;  leaves  triangular-hastate ;  heads  of 
flowers  alternate,  in  a  leafless  terminal  spike. 

Fields  and  margins  of  swamps.  Mass,  to  Virg.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  June, 
July.  (I). — Stem  a  foot  long,  branched.  Heads  round,  sessile,  consisting  of  nu- 
merous minute  flowers,  becoming  red  and  succulent;  somewhat  resembling 
strawberries.  Abundant  near  Rome,  N.  Y.  Strawberry  Elite. 

2.  B.  virgatum   Linn. :   leaves    triangular-hastate ;    heads    scattered, 
lateral. 

Fields,  &c.  Penn.  June.  (!)•• — Leaves  with  large  sinuate  teeth.  Heads  of 
flowers  axillary,  always  lateral,  becoming  red.  Introduced. 

Slender  Strawberry  Elite. 

3.  B.  maritimum  Nutl. :   perianth  membranaceous ;   clusters  axillary, 
spiked,  naked ;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuated  at  each  extremity,  incisely 
toothed. 

Salt  marshes,  near  N.  Y.  Aug.  (T). — Stem  erect,  1 — 2  feet  high,  much 
branched.  Leaves  with  a  few  large  teeth,  succulent.  Perianth  not  becoming 
succulent.  Resembles  an  Atriplex,  and  perhaps  does  not  belong  to  this  genus. 

Seaside  Elite. 

ORDER  Oil.     PHYTOLACCACELE.— POKEWEEDS. 

Perianth  of  4 — 5-petaloid  leaves.  Stamens  either  indefinite, 
or,  if  equal  to  the  number  of  the  divisions  of  the  perianth,  alter- 
nate with  them.  Ovary  of  1  or  several  cells,  each  containing 
1  ascending  ovule.  Fruit  berried  or  dry,  indehiscent.  Seeds 
ascending,  solitary,  with  a  cylindric  embryo  curved  round  mealy 
albumen. — Under  shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants.  Flowers  race- 
mose. 

PHYTOLACCA.  Linn.— Pokeweed. 

(From  the  Greek  tivrov,  a  plant,  and  Act^ai/ov,  a  pot-herb ;  in  allusion  to  the 
use  which  is  made  of  the  young  shoots.) 

Perianth  5-leaved,  petaloid.  Stamens  7 — 30.  Styles  short, 
5 — 12.  Berry  superior,  globose-depressed,  made  up  of  5 — 12 
closely  united  carpels. 

I3,  decandra  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  alter- 
nate, petiolate ;  flowers  in  simple  racemes,  with  10  stamens  and  10  styles. 

Borders  of  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  June— Oct.  *Z|..— Root  very 
large,  fusiform.  Stem  4 — 8  feet  high,  succulent,  purplish.  Flowers  whitish,  in 
long  pedunculate  racemes.  Berry  globose-depressed,  purple  when  mature.  The 
root  is  a  violent  emetic.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  39.  Common  Pokeweed. 

ORDER  GUI.     POLYGONACEJE.— BUCKWHEATS. 

Perianth  free,  often  colored,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Sta- 
mens usually  definite,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  perianth. 
Ovary  superior,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  ;  styles  2 — 4.  Fruit  a 
nut,  usually  triangular,  naked  or  covered  by  the  enlarged  peri- 


POLYGONACK.K.  301 

antli.  Seed  with  farinaceous  albumen  and  an  inverted  em- 
bryo.— Herbaceous  plants,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire 
leaves  and  usually  sheathing  stipules  (ochrae).  Flowers  often 
in  racemes,  occasionally  diclinous. 

1.  POLYGONUM.  Linn.— Knotweed. 

(From  the  Greek  ToXvj  many,  and  yow,  a  knee  or  joint ;  the  stem  having  nu- 
merous joints.) 

Perianth  mostly  5-parted,  petaloid,  persistent.  Stamens 
3 — 9,  mostly  8.  Styles  2 — 3.  Fruit  a  one-seeded  compressed 
or  triquetrous  nut. 

*  Flowers  axillary. 

1.  P.  aviculare  Linn.:   stem  mostly  procumbent,   herbaceous;   leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate,  rough  on  the  margin ;  flowers  axillary,  2 — 3  together; 
nerves  of  the  stipules  distant.    P.  aviculare  var.  procumbens  Torr. 

Waste  places.  Mass,  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  W.  to  the  Platte  River. 
May — Sept.  (f). — Stem  much  branched ,  nearly  erect.  Leaves  variable  in  size 
and  shape.  Flowers  greenish-white  tinged  with  purple.  Knot  Grass. 

2.  P.  erectum  MM. :  stem  mostly  erect ;  leaves  broad-oval,  rather  obtuse, 
petiolate,  smooth ;  flowers  pentandrous,  pedicellate.     P.  aviculare  var.  lati- 
folium  Mich.  var.  erectum  Torr. 

Near  cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarct.  Amer.  Aug.  9|. — Stem  1 — 3 
feet  high.  Flowers  greenish.  Dr.  Darlington  concurs  in  the  opinion  expressed 
by  Muhlenberg,  that  this  is  a  distinct  species.  Fl.  Cest.  Upright  Knotweed. 

3.  P.  mariiimum  Linn. :  glaucous ;  stem  prostrate,  with  very  short  in- 
ternodes ;  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  fleshy,  often  revolute  on  the  margin ; 
stipules  half  as  long  as  the  leaves,  finally  lacerate ;  flowers  axillary,  2 — 3 
together,  on  somewhat  exserted  pedicels.     P.  glaucum  Nutt. 

Sandy  coast  of  Long  Island.  Torr.  Aug.  (J)  and  1J-? — Stem  diffuse  and 
spreading,  woody  towards  the  base.  Flowers  pale  rose-color  or  white,  twice  as 
large  as  in  P.  aviculare.  Seaside  Knotweed. 

4.  P.  tenue  Mich. :  stem  slender,  erect,  branched,  acutely  angled ;  leaves 
lance-linear,  erect,  cuspidate ;  stipules  tubular,  lacerate  at  the  summit,  with 
the  segments  setaceously  acuminate ;  flowers  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  sub- 
sessile,  alternate.     P.  linifolium  Muhl. 

Dry  hills  and  fields.  Mass,  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  (p. — Stem  6 — 12  inches 
high,  scabrous  on  the  angles.  Flowers  small,  white,  solitary  and  in  pairs.  Nut 
acutely  triangular,  shining,  almost  black.  Slender  Knotweed. 

**  Flowers  in  terminal  solitary  spikes. 

5.  P.  viviparum  Linn. :  stem  simple ;  spike  linear,  solitary ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  the  lower  ones  elliptic,  petiolate. 

Can.  White  Hills,  N.  H.,  Arct.  Amer.  and  Rocky  Mountains.  Aug.  % — 
Stem  4—8  inches  high,  slender.  Spike  generally  bearing  little  red  bulbs  at  the 
lower  part.  Flowers  pale  flesh-color,  almost  white. 

Bulb-bearing  Knotweed. 


302 

***  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes. 

6.  P.  punctalum  Ell. :  stem  branched ;  leaves  lanceolate,  with  pellucid 
punctures,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  midrib ;  stipules  slightly  hairy, 
ciliate  ;  spikes  few-flowered,  filiform,  at  first  cernuous ;  perianth  glandular- 
punctate;  stamens  6 — 8;  styles  2 — 3.  P.  Hydropiper  Mich.  P.  hydro- 
es  Pursh. 


Inundated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  (£). — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
slender,  sometimes  decumbent.  Flowers  white,  in  one  or  two  slender  simple 
spikes.  Nut  lenticular  or  triquetrous.  Plant  very  acrid.  Water  Pepper. 

7.  P.  mite  Pers. :   stem  erect  or  ascending ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  entire,  somewhat  hairy ;  stipules  hairy,  with  long  cilise  ;  flowers 
octandrous,  in  crowded  spikes ;  styles  3.     P.  hydropiperoides  Mich. 

Ditches  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  ©.—Stem  18  inches  high. 
Flowers  purplish,  in  somewhat  crowded  spikes.  Leaves  not  acrid.  Nut  trique- 
trous, purplish-black.  Bearded  Knotweed. 

8.  P.  Virginianum  Linn. :  stem  simple ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate ;  spike  terminal,  slender,  very  long ;  flowers  remote,  pentandrous ; 
perianth  unequally  4-parted ;  styles  2,     P.  Distorta  Walt. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  14-.— Stem  2—4  feet 
high,  somewhat  angular,  hairy  near  the  summit.  Leaves  large,  with  hairy 
stipules.  Flowers  white  or  purplish,  in  a  very  long  naked  and  somewhat  vir- 
gate  spike.  Virginian  Knotweed. 

9.  P.  amphibium  Linn. :  stem  nearly   erect ;  leaves  petiolate,   oblong- 
lanceolate,  sometimes  cordate  at  base ;  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes, 
pentandrous  ;  styles  2.     P.  coccineum  var.  terrestre  Pursh. 

var.  aquaticum  Linn. :  stem  spreading  on  the  surface  of  water ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  cordate ;  spike  cylindric-oblong.  P.  fluitans  Eaton.  P. 
coccineum  Dig. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  ponds.  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  9|.— Stem  8— 12 
inches  long.  Flowers  large,  reddish,  in  an  ovate  spike.  The  var.  has  the  stems 
long  and  the  leaves  broad-cordate  and  floating ;  but  it  passes  into  the  former. 

Water  Knotweed. 

10.  P.  PennsylvanicumLinn. :  stem  erect,  with  tumid  joints  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, slightly  hairy,  petioled ;    stipules  smooth  and  naked ;   spikes  ob- 
long, crowded,  on  glandular-hispid  peduncles ;  flowers  mostly  octandrous ; 
styles  2. 

Margins  of  ponds  and  ditches.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Sept. 
CD.- — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  geniculate,  branched  above.  Flowers  large,  reddish, 
in  numerous  crowded  spikes.  Stamens  often  6.  Pennsylvanian  Knotweed. 

1 1.  P.  Persicaria  Linn. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  stipules  trun- 
cate, ciliate ;  spikes  dense,  ovate-oblong,  erect,  on  smooth  peduncles  ;  flow- 
ers hexandrous  ;  styles  2.     P.  lapathifoliiim  Linn. 

Waste  places.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  (p. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high, 
erect  or  decumbent,  branched,  smooth,  often  purplish.  Leaves  on  short  petioles, 
the  upper  surface  usually  marked  with  a  dark-colored  spot.  Flowers  reddish, 
in  erect  oblong  terminal  spikes.  Indies'  Thumb. 

12.  P.  orientate  Linn. :    stem  erect,   paniculately  branched,   hirsute ; 
leaves  very  large,  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate,  minutely  pubescent ;  stipules 
hairy,  salverform ;  spikes  terminal,  dense,  nodding,  on  hairy  peduncles ; 
flowers  heptandrous ;  styles  *2. 


POLYGON  AC  KM.  303 

Old  fields  and  road  sides.  July,  Aug.  <J).— Stem  4—5  feet  high,  loosely 
branched  above,  hairy,  flowers  large,  crimson,  in  numerous  pendulous  spikes. 
Naturalized  throughout  the  whole  U .  States.  Prince's  Feather. 

****  Flowers  in  panicled  spikes.     Perianth  5-sepalled. 

13.  P.  articulatum  Linn.:  stem  erect;  leaves  linear,  obtuse;  stipules 
short,  truncate ;  spikes  paniculate,  filiform,  erect ;  pedicels  solitary,  articu- 
late near  the  base  ;  flowers  perfect,  oetandrous,  trigynous,  nodding. 

Sandy  plains.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  W.  to  Michigan.  Sept.  (p. — Stem 
12  inches  high,  branched  above,  smooth.  Leaves  very  small,  linear.  Flowers 
reddish-white,  in  spikes  which  are  jointed  by  a  succession  of  imbricate  sheath- 
ing bracts.  Jointweed. 

*****  FUnvers  in  racemose  panicles.    Leaves  subcordate  or  sagittate. 

14.  P.  sagittatum  Linn.  .•  stem  prostrate,  square,  the  angles  armed  with 
reversed  prickles ;  leaves  sagittate,  acute,  nearly  sessile ;  flowers  in  small 
peduncled  heads,  mostly  oetandrous. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  (I). — Stem  2 — 4  feet  long,  slender, 
procumbent  or  supported  by  other  plants.  Flowers  white,  axillary  and  terminal, 
in  small  compact  heads  which  are  supported  on  long  peduncles. 

Arrow-leaved  Knotweed. 

15.  P.  arifolium  Linn. :  stem  prostrate,  sulcate-angled,  the  angles  with 
reversed  prickles ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  hastate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  sub- 
racemose,  distinct,  hexandrous  ;  styles  2. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  (I)- — Stem  3 — 6  feet  long,  flexu- 
ous,  prostrate  or  climbing.  Flowers  pale-red,  in  loose  slender  racemose  clusters. 

HaJbert-leaved  Knotweed. 

16.  P.  Convolvulus  Linn. :  stem  climbing  or  prostrate,  somewhat  rough  ; 
leaves  oblong,  hastate-cordate,  acuminate ;  flowers  in  loose  axillary  ra- 
cemeSj  oetandrous;  segments  of  the  perianth  bluntly  keeled,  wingless. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July — Sept.  (J). — Stem 
3 — 6  feet  long,  climbing.  Flowers  whitish  or  reddish,  in  terminal  interrupted 
leafy  racemes.  Introduced  ?  Black  Bindweed. 

17.  P.  cilinode  Mich. :  stem  climbing  or  prostrate,  retrorsely  pubescent; 
leaves  somewhat  hastate-cordate,  acuminate;    stipules   somewhat   acute, 
ciliate  at  the  base ;  flowers  in  axillary  paniculate  racemes,  oetandrous ; 
segments  of  the  perianth  bluntly  keeled,  wingless ;  styles  3. 

Rocky,  hills.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  ©.—Stem  4—8  feet  long,  pur- 
plish. Flowers  greenish  or  pale  rose-color,  in  slender  nearly  naked  racemes. 
Distinct  from  the  preceding.  Fringe-jointed  Knotweed. 

18.  P.  dumetorum  Linn. :  stem  climbing,  smooth ;  leaves  broad-cordate, 
acuminate ;  stipules  truncate,  naked ;  flowers  rather  large,  in  erect  axillary 
racemes,  oetandrous;  segments  of  the  perianth  winged.    L.  scandens  Linn. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  (T).—Stem  6—12 
feet  long,  often  purple.  Flowers  white  or  reddish,  in  axillary  racemes. 

Climbing  Buckwheat. 

19.  P.  Fagopyrum  Linn. :  stem  erect,  paniculately  branched,  smoothish ; 
leaves  cordate-sagittate,    acute ;    racemes  terminal   and    axillary ;    seeds 
equally  triquetrous,  nearly  naked. 

Fields,  remaining  as  a  weed  where  it  has  been  cultivated.  June.  (1). — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  pubescent  at  the  joints.  Flowers  white  tinged  with  green  and 
purple,  in  somewhat  panimlate  racemes.  Budnvhfrf. 


304  .  POLYGONACE^E. 


2.  RUMEX.  Linn.—  Dock. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Latin  rumex,  a  pike  or  spear  ;  in  reference  to  the 
form  of  the  leaves  of  some  species.) 

Perianth  6 -leaved  ;  the  three  inner  leaves  somewhat  colored, 
larger,  often  with  tubercles  on  the  outside  and  closing  in  a  val- 
vate  manner  over  the  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3.  Stigmas 
many-cleft.  Nut  triquetrous. 

*  Flowers  perfect.     Inner  leaves  of  the  perianth,  or  valves  bearing  tubercles. 

1.  R  aquaticus  Linn.:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  ones  on  long 
petioles  and  cordate  at  base  ;  valves  ovate,  entire,  all  of  them  bearing  tu- 
bercles. 

Ponds  and  ditches.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Root  large  and  very  astringent. 
Stem  3 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  whorled,  in  a  terminal  leafy  panicle.  Intro- 
duced ?  Water  Dock. 

2.  R.  crispus  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  waved  on  the  margin ; 
upper  whorls  of  flowers  leafless  ;  valves  very  large,  cordate,  entire,  veined, 
one  of  them  with  a  large  tubercle. 

Pastures  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  9J.. — Root  large,  fusi- 
form, yellow.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  furrowed,  paniculately  branched  above. 
Flowers  in  crowded  whorls,  on  pedicels.  One  of  the  valves  with  a  large  orange- 
colored  tubercle,  the  others  with  the  midrib  swollen  at  the  base.  Introduced 
from  Europe.  Curled  Dock. 

3.  R.  sanguineus  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  cordate,  petioled, 
smooth,  mostly  with  red  veins ;  whorls  distant,  on  long  generally  leafless 
branches ;  valves  small,  oblong,  entire,  one  at  least  with  a  tubercle. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1|.. — Stem  3  feet  high. 
Root  leaves  large,  with  blood-red  veins.  Flowers  in  small  distant  whorls.  In- 
troduced from  Europe.  Bloody  Dock. 

4.  R.  Britannica  Linn. :  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  flat,  smooth ;  sheaths 
obsolete ;  racemes  in  a  large  terminal  panicle,  nearly  leafless ;  valves  all 
entire  and  usually  with  tubercles.  - 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  '2J.. — Root  fusiform,  yellow  internally. 
Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  on  petioles.  Flowers  in  a  compound  termi- 
nal panicle.  Yellow-rooted  Water  Dock. 

5.  R.  verticillatus  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  flat ;  sheaths  cylin- 
dric;  flowers  whorled,  in  long  leafless  racemes  ;  valves  broad-cordate,  en- 
tire, all  bearing  tubercles. 

Swampy  grounds.  N.  S.  June,  July.  1\~ — Stem  2  feet  high,  branching 
above.  Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  narrow.  Whorls  distant,  on  dichotomous  ra- 
cemes or  spikes.  Pedicels  of  the  fruit  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 

Whorled  Dock. 

G.  R.  pallidus  Big.  •  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  spikes  slender ; 
valves  ovate,  acute,  entire,  with  large  tubercles. 

Salt  marshes.  Mass.  June.  1\-. — Stems  numerous,  ascending,  slightly  fur- 
rowed. Leaves  smooth,  petioled,  more  or  less  waved  on  the  margin.  Spikes 
slender.  Pale  Dock. 

7.  R.  acutus  Linn. :  leaves  cordate-oblong,  acuminate  ;  whorls  numerous, 
small,  leafy  ;  valves  oblong,  somewhat  toothed,  all  with  tubercles. 


305 

Moist  grounds.  N.  S.  June.  7J.. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Sharp-pointed  Dock. 

8.  R.  obtusifolius  Linn. :  stem  roughish ;  radical  leaves  cordate-oblong, 
obtuse  ;  upper  ones  narrower ;  valves  ovate,  toothed,  one  of  them  with  a 
tubercle. 

Woods  and  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  1}..— Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
paniculately  branched.  Leaves  very  large.  Flowers  in  long  nearly  leafless  ra- 
cemes. Introduced  from  Europe.  Obtuse-leaved  Dock. 

**  Flowers  dioecious.     Valves  without  tubercles. 

9.  R.  Acetosella  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate-hastate ;  lobes  acute,  spreading ; 
racemes  paniculate  ;  valves  ovate,  entire,  without  tubercles. 

Fields,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June,  July.  1\..— Stem  6—12  inches 
high.  Racemes  paniculate,  at  length  becoming  purple.  Fertile  flowers  similar 
to  the  sterile,  but  less  common.  The  plant  has  a  pleasant  acid  taste,  owing  to 
the  presence  of  binoxalate  of  potassa.  Sheep  Sorrel. 

3.  OXYRIA.  Hill.— Oxyria. 

(From  the  Greek  o|t>?,  add;  in  allusion  to  the  qualities  of  its  leaves.) 
Perianth  4-leaved ;   two  inner  leaves   larger.     Stamens  6. 
Styles  2.     Nut  triquetrous,  with  a  broad  winged  membranous 
margin. 

O.  reniformis  Hook.    Rumex  digynus  Linn. 

Moist  ravines.  On  the  summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Oakes. 
July,  Aug.  ^j-. — Stem  8 — 10  inches  high,  often  naked.  Radical  leaves  nume- 
rous, all  reniform,  on  long  petioles.  Racemes  and  peduncles  branched,  with 
minute  bracts  at  the  base  of  each  ramification.  Flowers  erect,  small. 

Kidneyform-leaved  Oxyria. 

ORDER  CIV.    L AUR AC E^E.— LAURELS. 

Perianth  4 — 6 -cleft,  imbricated.  Stamens  definite,  opposite 
the  segments  of  the  perianth  and  usually  twice  as  numerous ; 
anthers  adnate,  2 — 4-celled,  bursting  by  a  longitudinal  valve. 
Glands  usually  present  at  the  base  of  the  inner  filaments. 
Ovary  superior,  single  ;  style  simple  ;  stigma  obtuse.  Fruit  a 
berry  or  drupe,  naked  or  covered.  Seed  without  albumen ; 
embryo  inverted. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  without  stipules, 
alternate.  Flowers  in  panicles  or  umbels. 

1.  LAURUS.  Linn.— Bay  Tree. 
(The  ancient  name  for  the  Bay  Tree.) 

Dioecious.  Perianth  colored,  5 — 6-parted.  Fertile  stamens 
9,  arranged  in  three  series,  the  six  outer  ones  with  simple  dis- 
tinct filaments ;  three  inner  ones  with  two  glands  at  the  base 
of  each.  Ovary  superior.  Drupe  1 -seeded. 


306  E 

*  Leaves  perennial. 

1.  L.  Carolinensis  Mich.:   leaves  oval-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  glaucous 
beneath ;  peduncles  simple,  terminated  with  a  few-flowered  fascicle ;  outer 
segments  of  the  perianth  half  as  long  as  the  inner. 

In  the  Great  Cypress  Swamp,  Sussex  county,  Delaware ;  its  most  northern 
boundary.  Ntttt.  S.  to  Geor.  June. — A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  flowers  in 
small  clusters,  polygamous,  pale-yellow.  Drupe  dark-blue. 

Carolina  Bay-tree. 

**  Leaves  deciduous.     Flowers  dioecious. 

2.  L.  Benzoin  Linn. :  leaves  obovate-Ianceolate,  wedgeform  at  base, 
entire,  whitish  and  subpubescent  beneath ;  flowers  in  clustered  umbels,  ap- 
pearing before  the  leaves ;  buds  and  pedicels  smooth.     L.  Pseudo-Benzoin 
Mich.    Benzoin  odoriferum  Nees. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May. — A  shrub  6--10 
feet  high,  with  brittle  virgate  branches.  Flowers  pale-yellow.  Drupe  roundish, 
scarlet.  Benzoin.  Spice-wood. 

3.  L.  Sassafras  Linn. :  leaves  entire  and  ovate,  or  2 — 3-lobed ;  flowers  in 
clustered  corymbose  racemes,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  buds  and  pedi- 
cels silky-pubescent.    Sassafras  ojficinale  Nees. 

River  banks.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April. — Varies  in  size  from  that 
of  a  large  shrub  to  a  large  tree.  Leaves  of  two  forms,  some  ovate  and  entire, 
others  dilated  and  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  silky-pubescent  when  young,  at  length 
smooth.  Flowers  pale-yellow.  Drupe  ovate-oblong,  dark-blue.  This  and  the 
foregoing  species  possess  medicinal  properties.  See  Big.  Med.  Bot.  ii.  142. 

Sassafras. 

ORDER  CV,     EL^EAGNACE^E.— OLEASTERS. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens,  3,  4,  or  8, 
sessile  ;  anthers  2-celled.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  tubular,  per- 
sistent ;  the  limb  entire  or  2 — 5-toothed.  Ovary  free,  1-celled ; 
stigmaj  simple,  subulate,  glandular.  Fruit  crustaceous,  enclosed 
within  the  perianth  become  succulent.  Seed  erect;  embryo 
straight,  surrounded  by  thin  fleshy  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs, 
usually  covered  with  leprous  scales.  Leaves  alternate  or  oppo- 
site, without  stipules. 

SHEPHERDIA.  Nutt.— Shepherdia, 
(In  honor  of  John  Shepherd,  late  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.) 

Dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  4-parted.  Stamens  8, 
included,  alternating  with  8  glands.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  4- 
cleft,  campanulate,  superior.  Stamens  none.  Style  1.  Stigma 
oblique.  Berry  1 -seeded. 

S.  Canadensis  Nutt. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  nearly  smooth  above,  stellately 
hairy  and  scaly  beneath ;  the  scales  ferruginous  and  deciduous.  Hippophae 
Canadensis  Willd. 


SANTAl.ACK.43.  307 

Rocky  banks  of  streams.  Can.  and  western  part  of  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arct.  Araer. 
May,  June.  >2- — Stem  6 — 8  feet  high,  with  numerous  opposite  branches.  Flowers 
minute,  in  short  axillary  racemes.  Berry  scaly,  sweetish. 

Canadian  Shepherdia. 

ORDER  CVI.     THYMELACEJ3. — DAPHNADS. 

Perianth  inferior,  tubular,  colored;  the  limb  4-  seldom  5- 
cleft.  Stamens  definite,  usually  8,.  sometimes  4  or  2  ;  anthers 
2-celled.  Ovary  solitary ;  style  1 ;  stigma  undivided.  Fruit  a 
nut  or  drupe ;  albumen  none,  or  thin  and  fleshy. — Shrubs  with 
a  tough  bark.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  entire,  without 
stipules. 

DIRCA.  Linn.— Leather  Wood. 

(From  the  Greek  SIOKO,  a.  fountain  ;  in  allusion  to  its  usual  place  of  growth.) 
Perianth  colored,  tubular-campanulate ;  limb  obsolete,  loosely 
dentate.    Stamens  8,  inserted  into  the  perianth,  unequal.    Style 
1.     Berry  1 -seeded. 

D.  palustris  Linn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April.  ??  .—Stem  2—4  feet  high,  with  tough  yel- 
lowish branches.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  sometimes  subrhomboid,  petiofed,  en- 
tire, obtuse,  smooth  above,  pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  appearing 
before  the  leaves,  usually  in  threes,  on  a  short  thick  peduncle,  pale-yellow. 
Berry  oval,  reddish  when  ripe-  The  bark  has  a  sweetish  taste,  and  when 
chewed  excites  a  burning  sensation  in  the  fauces.  Leather  Wood. 

ORDER  CVII.     SANTALACE^E.— SANDALWORTS. 

Perianth  superior,  4-  or  5-cleft,  half  colored,  with  valvate 
aestivation.  Stamens  4  or  5,  opposite  the  segments  of  the  per- 
ianth and  inserted  into  their  bases.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  from 
1 — 4  ovules  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  often  lobed.  Fruit  a  nut  or  drupe. 
Seed  with  fleshy  albumen. — Trees,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  herba- 
ceous plants,  with  alternate  undivided  leaves  and  small  flowers. 

1.  NYSSA.  Linn. — Gum  Tree. 

(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Dioeciously  polygamous.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted. 
Stamens  5 — 10.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens 
5.  Style  1.  Drupe  inferior,  1 -seeded. 

1.  N.  muUiflora  Walt :  leaves  oval  and  obovate,  very  entire,  acute  at  each 
end,  the  petiole  margin  and  midrib  villous ;  fertile  peduncles  mostly  £ — 3 
flowered.  N.  villosa  Willd,  Mich.  N.  sylvatica  Mich.  f. 

Low  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June — A  tree  30 — 50  feet  high.  Flowers  small, 
green  ;  the  sterile  nn^s  2 — 6  in  a  cluster  ;  the  fertile  mostly  2  on  a  peduncle. 


308  ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. 

Drupe  nearly  spherical,  very  dark  blue.  The  wood  of  this  tree,  as  of  the  next, 
(if  indeed  it  is  distinct,)  is  remarkable  for  its  toughness  ;  on  which  account  it  is 
much  used  for  making  naves  for  carriage-wheels,  &c. 

Sour  Gum.    Black  Gum. 

2.  N.  biflora*Walt. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  very  entire,  acute  at  each  end, 
smooth ;  fertile  peduncles  2-flowered ;  drupe  oval-compressed.  N.  aquatica 
Linn. 

Swamps.  N.  S.  ?  S.  to  Car.  June.— A  tree  30—50  feet  high.  Fertile  flowers 
almost  invariably  2.  Drupe  dark  blue.  Probably  not  distinct  from  the  pre- 
ceding, at  least  as  credited  to  the  Northern  States. 

Tupelo-tree.     Swamp  Hornbeam. 

2.  HAMILTONIA.   MuhL— Oil  Nut. 

(Dedicated  by  Muhlenberg  to  Mr.  Hamilton,  an  American  patron  of  botany.) 

Polygamous.  PERFECT  FL.  Perianth  turbinate-campanu- 
late,  5-cleft.  Germ  immersed  in  the  5-toothed  glandulous  disk. 
Style  1.  Stigmas  2 — 3,  sublenticular.  Drupe  pyriform,  1- 
seeded,  enclosed  in  the  adhering  base  of  the  calyx.  STERILE 
FL.  resembling  the  perfect,  except  in  wanting  the  pistil. 

H.  oleifera  MM.     Pyrularia  pubera  Mich. 

Mountains.  Penn  to  Geor. ;  rare.  May,  June.  17. — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high, 
with  a  very  deep  root.  Leaves  oblong-obovate,  entire,  acuminate,  2 — 3  inches 
long,  petiolate,  pubescent  when  young.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  small, 
greenish-yellow.  Whole  plant  more  or  less  oily.  Oil  Nut. 

3.  COMANDRA.  JVwW.—Bastard  Toad  Flax. 

(From  the  Greek  Kopri,  hair,  and  avrip,  a  man,  (a  stamen  ;)  in  allusion  to  the 
tuft  of  hair  which  connects  the  anthers  with  the  perianth.) 

Perianth  urceolate-campanulate ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  persistent. 
Stamens  5,  rarely  4,  the  anthers  adhering  to  the  lobes  of  the 
perianth  by  a  tuft  of  hair.  Style  single.  Fruit  somewhat 
drupaceous,  dry,  1 -seeded,  crowned  by  the  persistent  perianth. 

C.  umbellata  Nutt. :  stem  round  and  erect ;  leaves  lance-ovate  or  oblong, 
subsessile,  entire ;  cymes  in  a  leafy  terminal  panicle.  Thesium  uinbellatum 
Linn. 

Rocky  hills  and  woods.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May — Aug. 
%.— Stem  81-12  inches  high,  smoothish,  branched  at  the  top.  Flowers  white, 
numerous,  on  short  pedicels.  Bastard  Toad-flax. 

ORDER  CVIII.     ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.— BIRTHWORTS. 

Perianth  superior,  regular  or  very  unequal ;  the  limb  valvate. 
Stamens  6 — 12,  epigynous,  distinct,  or  adhering  to  the  style  and 
stigmas.  Ovary  inferior,  3 — 6-celled  ;  style  simple  ;  stigmas 
radiate.  Fruit  dry  or  succulent,  3 — 6-celled.  Seeds  with  a 
very  minute  embryo,  in  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. — Herbs  or 
shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  often  with  leafy  stipules. 


EMPETRACE^l.  309 

1.  ARISTOLOCHIA.  Linn.— Birthwort. 
(From  the  Greek;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.) 
Perianth  tubular,  ventricose  at  base,  dilated  at  the  apex  and 
ligulate.     Anthers  6,  subsessile,  inserted  on  the  style.    Stigma 
6-parted  or  lobed.     Capsule  6-sided,  6-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  Sipho  LtHerit.:  stem  twining;  leaves  cordate,  acute;   peduncles 
1-flowered,  furnished  with  an  ovate  bract;  perianth  ascending,  the  limb 
3-clefl  and  equal. 

Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  T}. — A  vine  climbing  over  trees  of  large 
size.  Leaves  very  large,  alternate,  sprinkled  with  hairs.  Flowers  solitary, 
brown.  Dutchman's  Pipe. 

2.  A.  Serpentaria  Linn.:   stem  erect,  flexuous;  leaves  cordate-oblong, 
acuminate ;   peduncles  nearly  radical ;    perianth  sigmoid,   the   orifice  2- 
lipped. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  1\.. — ttoot  consisting  of  numerous 
coarse  fibres.  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high,  pubescent,  geniculate  and  knotty  at 
base.  Flowers  purplish-brown,  large,  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  on  crooked  scaly 
peduncles.  It  possesses  valuable  medicinal  properties.  See  Big.  Med.  Bot. 
ii.  82.  Virginia  Snakeroot. 

2.  ASARUM.  Linn.— Asarabacca. 

(From  the  Greek  «,  not,  and  empa,  a  land  or  braid ;  because  it  was  rejected 
from  garlands  by  the  ancients.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  mostly  3-parted.  Stamens  12,  placed 
on  an  epigynous  disk.  Anthers  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  fil- 
aments. Ovary  inferior ;  style  short ;  stigma  6-parted  or  lobed. 
Capsule  6-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  Canadense  Linn.:  leaves  a  terminal  pair,  broad  reniform;  peri- 
anth woolly,  cleft  to  the  base  ;  the  segments  sublanceolate,  reflexed.     A. 
Carolinianum  Walt. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April.  1\.. — Stein  none  or  very  short. 
Leaves  generally  2,  with  long  and  hairy  petioles.  Flower  somewhat  campanu- 
late, solitary,  on  a  short  peduncle,  sometimes  nearly  buried  in  the  ground.  The 
root  has  an  agreeable  and  aromatic  flavor. 

Canadian  Asarabacca.     Wild  Ginger. 

2.  A.  Virginicum  Mich. :  leaves  solitary,  cordate,  nearly  round,  coria- 
ceous ;    flower  nearly  sessile ;    perianth   externally  smooth,  short,   cam- 
panulate. 

Rocky  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  April.  1\.. — Leaves  spotted  or  clouded,  smooth. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  obtuse.  Very  similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding. 

Virginian  Asarabacca. 

ORDER  CIX.     EMPETRACE^E. — CROWBERRIES. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Perianth  consisting  of 
several  persistent  imbricate  scales,  the  innermost  of  which  are 
sometimes  petaloid.  Stamens  as  numerous  as  the  inner  scales. 


310  KUPHORBIACEA:. 

Ovary  free,  3 — 9-celled ;  style  1  ;  stigma  radiating.  Fruit 
fleshy,  seated  in  the  persistent  perianth,  with  3 — 9  bony  nu- 
cules.— Small  arid  shrubs,  with  heath-like  evergreen  leaves  and 
minute  flowers  in  their  axils. 

1.  EMPETRUM.  Linn.— Crowberry. 

(From  the  Greek  ev,  on,  and  mrpcs,  a  stone ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth-) 
Dioecious.  Perianth  consisting  of  two  rows  of  scales.  STE- 
RILE FL.  Stamens  3,  upon  long  filaments.  FERTILE  FL.  Sta- 
mens none.  Style  none,  or  very  short.  Stigma  with  6 — 9 
rays.  Fruit  globose,  with  6 — 9  nucules. 

E.  nigrum  Mich,. :  procumbent ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  revolute  on  the 
margin. 

White  Hills,  N.  H.  Big.  Summits  of  the  high  mountains  in  Essex  county, 
N.  Y.  Torr.  Shores  of  Lake  Superior.  Houghton.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  May, 
June. — A  low  shrub  with  small  and  dense  evergreen  foliage,  like  that  of  the 
heaths.  Leaves  imbricate,  oblong,  obtuse.  Flowers  axillary,  very  small,  red- 
dish. Berry  roundish,  black.  Common  Crowberry. 

2.  OAKESIA.   Tuckerm—  Oakesia. 

(In  honor  of  William  Odkes,  Esq.,  of  Ipswich.  Mass.,  a  well  known  botanist.) 
Mostly  dioecious.  STAMINATE  FL.  Perianth  of  5 — 6  leafets, 
the  2  innermost  ones  somewhat  petaloid  and  often  united  on 
one  side.  Stamens  mostly  3,  (sometimes  4  or  5,)  exserted. 
Ovary  wanting  or  mostly  abortive.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth 
nearly  as  in  the  sterile.  Disk  none.  Ovary  3 — 4-celled  ;  style 
filiform,  3 — 4-cleft.  Fruit  dry  and  drupaceous,  globose,  mi- 
nute. 

O.  Conradi  Tuckerm. 

Dry  sandy  woods.  Long  Island ,  N.  Y.  July,  Aug. — A  very  branching  shrub 
forming  dense  circular  patches;  the  branches  somewhat  verticillate,  with  a 
grayish  bark.  Leaves  coriaceous,  narrow-linear,  bright  green,  somewhat  hispid 
when  young,  smooth  when  old,  margin  revolute.  Heads  of  flowers  furnished 
with  several  small  concave  bracts.  Perianth  purplish-brown,  the  leafets  ob- 
long or  obovkte.  Fruit  about  the  size  of  a  mustard-seed.  ( Torr.  N.  Y.  FL) 

Conrad's  Oakesia 

ORDER  CX.     EUPHORBIACE^E. — SPURGEWORTS. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Perianth  inferior,  with  va- 
rious glandular  or  scaly  appendages,  (sometimes  wanting).  STE- 
RILE FL.  Stamens  1  or  many ;  anthers  2*celled.  FERTILE  FL. 
Ovary  free,  sessile  or  stalked ;  styles  2 — 3  ;  stigmas  compound 
or  single  with  several  lobes.  Fruit  consisting  of  2 — 3  dehis- 
cent cells,  separating  with  elasticity  from  their  common  axis, 


EUPHORBIACEA:.  311 

sometimes  indehiscent.  Seeds  often  with  an  aril,  the  embryo 
enclosed  hi  fleshy  albumen. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  often 
abounding  in  acrid  milk.  Leaves  simple,  rarely  compound, 
usually  with  stipules. 

1.  CROTONOPSIS.  Mich.— Crotonopsis. 
(So  called  from  its  resembling  the  Croton.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted,  with  5  peta- 
loid  scales.  Stamens  5.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted. 
Stigmas  3,  twice  bifid.  Capsule  1 -seeded,  not  opening. 

C.  linearis  Mich. :  stem  erect,  dichotomously  branched  ;  leaves  stellately 
pubescent  above,  hairy  and  covered  with  silvery  scales  beneath.  C.  ar- 
gentea  Pursh.  Friesia  argentea  Spreng. 

Swamp  in  sands.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  (J).— Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  covered  like  the  leaves,  with  solitary  scales.  Leaves  varying  from 
linear-lanceolate  to  ovate,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary 
spikes,  very  minute.  Linear-leaved  Crotonopsis. 

2.  PHYLLANTHUS.  Linn.— Phyllanthus. 

(From  the  Greek  $v\\ov,  a  leaf,  and  avdos,  a  flower ;  the  flowers  being  con- 
nected with  the  leaves.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  6 -parted ;  segments 
spreading,  colored,  persistent.  Stamens  3,  very  short,  spread- 
ing, united  at  base ;  anthers  didymous.  FERTILE  FL.  Peri- 
anth as  in  the  sterile.  Styles  3,  bifid.  Capsule  3-celled. 

P.  Caroliniensis  Walt. :  herbaceous ;  stem  erect ;  branches  alternate  and 
distichous ;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  elliptic-obovate,  obtuse,  smooth,  some- 
what distichous,  on  short  petioles;  flowers  few,  (2 — 4,)  axillary,  on  pedi- 
cels, nodding.  P.  obovatus  Wittd. 

Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Geor.  July.  Aug.  (£). — Stem  12  inches  high, 
with  distichous  branches,  sometimes  dark-purple.  Flowers  on  short  pedicels, 
axillary,  nodding,  yellowish,  with  a  purple  tinge  at  base. 

Carolinian  Phyllantkus. 

3.  RICINUS.  Linn.— Palma  Christi.  j 

(From  the  Latin  ricinus,  a  tick ;  its  seed  resembling  that  insect.) 
Monoecious.      STERILE  FL.      Perianth   5-parted.      Stamens 
numerous;   filaments  united,  branching.     FERTILE  FL.     Peri- 
anth 3-parted.     Styles  3,  2-parted.     Capsule  mostly  echinate, 
3-celled,  3-seeded. 

R.  communis  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  glaucous-pruinose ;  leaves  peltate- 
palmate  ;  lobes  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  capsule  echinate. 

Around  plantations  at  the  South.  Aug.,  Sept.  (p.— Introduced.  Cultivated 
extensively  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S.  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  oil  from  the 
seed.  Castor-oil  Bean. 


312  EUPHORBIACEJE. 

• 
4.  ACALYPHA.  Linn, — Three-seeded  Mercury. 

<A  Greek  name  for  the  nettle,  which  this  plant  somewhat  resembles.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  3 — 4-parted.  Stamens 
8 — 16,  very  short,  united  at  base.  FERTILE  FL.  Styles  3,  2- 
parted.  Capsule  3 -celled ;  cells  1-seeded. 

1.  A.   Virginica  Linn.:  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtusely  serrate,  petiolate  ;  bracts  somewhat  stipitate,  roundish-cordate,  in- 
cisely  lobed ;  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 

Road  sides,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  June— Aug.  ®.— Stem  12—18  inches  high, 
erect,  pubescent.  Sterile  flowers  very  small.  Capsule  hispid. 

Common  Three-seeded  Mercury. 

2.  A.  Caroliniana  Wall. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  rhombic-ovate,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  entire  at  base ;  bracts  cordate,  lobed ;  fertile  flowers  at  the 
base  of  the  sterile  spike. 

Fields.     Penn.  to  Flor.    July,  Aug.    (£)• — Stem  9 — 18  inches  high. 

Carolinian  Three-seeded  Mercury. 

5.  EUPHORBIA.  Linn.— Spurge. 
(Named  after  Euphorbus,  an  ancient  Greek  physician.) 
Monoecious.     Rarely  furnished  with  a  perianth.     Involucre 
naonophyllous,  campanulate,  4 — 5 -lobed ;  lobes  usually  alterna- 
ting with  peltate  glands.     STERILE  FL.  numerous,  each  consist- 
ing of  an  anther  with  its  filament  articulated  in  the  middle. 
FERTILE  FL.  solitary,  central,  on  a  long  peduncle.     Styles  3, 
usually  2-cleft.     Capsule  3-celled,  3-seeded. 

*  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbose. 

1.  E.  dentata  Mich.:    hairy;    leaves  opposite,  oval,   dentate;  flowers 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.        x 

Shady  rocks.     Penn.  to  Term.    July,  Aug.    (T). — The  upper  leaves  spotted. 

Toothed  Spurge. 

2.  E.  hypericifolia  Linn. :  stem  erect,  spreading,  smoothish  or  hairy, 
with  dichotomous  branches ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  oval-oblong,  slightly 
falcate,  serrate ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  axils  and  corymbose  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  branches  ;  glands  of  the  involucre  with  small   petaloid  ap- 
pendages. 

Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  ®.—Slem 
8 — 18  inches  high,  sometimes  almost  prostrate.  Leaves  often  with  purple  blotches 
above.  Flowers  small,  white  or  purplish.  Hyjjericum-leaved  Spurge. 

3.  E.  maculata  Linn.:  stem  prostrate,  much  branched,  hairy;  leaves 
opposite,  ovate-oblong,  serrate,  unequal  at  base ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary 
or  somewhat  clustered;  glands  4,  seated  on  small  petaloid  appendages, 
transversely  elliptic. 


KUPHORBIACE.E.  313 

Near  cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  Q). — Stem  6 — 13 
inches  long,  much  branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  with 
purplish  blotches  above.  Flowers  crowded  near  the  summit  of  the  stem. 

Spotted  Spurge. 

4.  E.  polijgonifolia  Linn. :  procumbent,  branching,  very  smooth,  succu- 
lent; leaves  oblong  and  linear-oblong,  petiolate,  obtuse,  sometimes  sub- 
cordate  at  base ;  flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  stem ;  glands  trans- 
versely oblong,  stipitate.     E.  maritima  Nutt. 

Sandy  sea-shores.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  1\..— Stem  diffuse,  4—10 
inches  long.  Stipules  subulate,  simple  or  simply  cloven.  Flowers  solitary',  on 
peduncles  which  are  longer  than  the  petioles.  Seaside  Spurge. 

5.  E.  Ipecacuanha  Linn.:  procumbent  or  nearly  erect,  small,  smooth; 
leaves  opposite,  varying  from  obovate  to  linear-lanceolate ;  peduncles  ax- 
illary, 1-flowered,  elongated ;  glands  reniform. 

Sandy  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  7J.. — Root  very  long  and  tapering.  Stem 
short,  the  branches  6 — 12  inches  long.  Leaves  sessile,  often  purplish.  Flowers 
solitary,  on  peduncles  which  are  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Emetic,  and 
sometime  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  Ipecacuanha  of  the  shops. 

Wild  Ipecac. 

6.  E.  portulacoides  Linn. :  erect ;  leaves  entire,  oval,  retuse ;  lower  ones 
ternate,  spatulate,  obtuse,  smooth ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  as  long 
as  the  leaves ;  glands  of  the  involucre  roundish. 

Sandy  soils.  Penn.  Muhl  June — Aug.  %. — It  may  be  a  variety  of  E. 
corollata.  Purselain-leaved  Spurge. 

**  Flowers  somewhat  umbelled,  inuolucrate. 

7.  E.  Peplus  Linn.:   leaves   membranaceous,  broad-obovate,  petioled, 
entire,  smooth ;  umbel  3— 4-cleft ;  glands  of  the  involucre  lunate,  the  horns 
very  long ;  capsule  somewhat  winged. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  1|.. — Involucels 
or  floral  leaves  large.  Flowers  conspicuous.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Petty  Spurge. 

8.  E.  mercurialina  Mich. :  stem  weak  and  slender ;  leaves  opposite  or 
ternate,  subsessile,  oval,  entire ;  umbel  simply  3-cleft,  the  rays  1-flowered. 

Shady  rocky  situations.  Penn.  and  Ken.  Pursh;  July,  Aug.  %.. — Resem- 
bles Mercurialis  annua.  Mercurialis-like  Spurge. 

9.  E.   Lathyris  Linn. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  submembranaceousj  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  4-farious ;  umbel  3 — 4-cleft ;  glands  of  the  invo- 
lucre bluntly  lunate ;  capsule  smooth. 

Near  gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  July,  Aug.  (g)  or  1J..— Stem 
2—8  feet  high,  stout,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite  and  decussate.  Flowers  on 
dichotomous  branches  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Caper  Spurge. 

10.  E.  coroUata  Linn. :  stem  simple,  erect ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate- 
oblong  to  linear  and  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse:  umbel  mostly  5-cleft,  the 
rays  2 — 6- forked ;  glands  of  the  involucre  with  a  large  obovate  petaloid  ap- 
pendage ;  capsule  smooth. 

Dry  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Aug.  %.—Stem  1—3  feet 
high,  slender,  rarely  branched,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  varying  in  form,  alter- 
nate on  the  stem,  whorled  near  the  flowers,  often  somewhat  revolute.  Flowers 
on  slender  peduncles,  in  a  terminal  umbel,  conspicuous. 

Large-flowered  Spurge. 


314  URTICACE^E. 

11.  E.  memoralis  Darlingt. :  stem  erect;  leaves  alternate,  lance-oblong, 
rather  acute,  harrowed  at  the  base,  subsessile,  entire,  hairy  beneath ;   um- 
bel 5— 8-cleft,  the  rays  1 — 2-forked;    petaloid  segments  of  the  involucre 
dilated,  subreniform.    E.  pilosa  Pursh  not  of  Linn. 

Moist  woods.  Perm.  May,  June.  'ij.. — Stem  "2 — 3  feet  high,  simple  or  with 
u  slender  peduncle-like  branch  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal umbel  and  on  slender  axillary  branches.  Wood  Spurge. 

12.  E.  helioscopia  Linn. :  smooth :   stem  erect,  branched  above  ;  leaves 
alternate,  broadly  obovate-wedgeform,  obtuse,  serrulate,  the  bracteal  ones 
broader ;   umbel  3 — 5-cleft,  the  rays  2 — 3-times  forked ;  involucre  oblong- 
turbinate,  terminal  and  in  the  forks  of  the  umbel,  nearly  sessile.    E.  obtusata 
Pursh. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  ®.—- Stem  8—18  inches  high,  um- 
bellately  branched  at  the  top.  Leaves  membranaceous.  sometimes  retuse. 
Sterile  flowers  rather  numerous.  Wartuxrrt  Spurge. 

13.  E.  platyphylla  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  elliptic  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  mostly  acute,  finely  serrulate,  hairy  beneath ;  floral  ones  cordate ; 
umbel  3 — 5-cleft;  the  rays  2 — 3-times  forked ;  glands  of  the  involucre  oval ; 
capsule  warted. 

ISear  Portland  Harbor,  Lake  Erie.  Dr.  Kneishern.  On  the  islands  of  Lake 
Champlain.  Oakes.  Can.  Hook.  (T). — Stem  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  mem- 
branaceous, tapering  to  the  base,  sessile.  Glands  large.  Introduced  ? 

Broad-leaved  Spurge. 

ORDER  CXI.     URTICACE^E.— NETTLES. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  scattered  or  clustered.  Per- 
ianth membranous,  lobed,  persistent.  Stamens  definite,  distinct, 
inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  its  lobes. 
Ovary  superior,  simple ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  simple  inde- 
hiscent  nut,  surrounded  either  by  the  membranous  or  fleshy 
perianth.  Embryo  straight,  with  fleshy  albumen. — Trees, 
shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  often  covered  with  pungent 
hairs.  Flowers  inconspicuous. 

1.  URTICA.  Linn.— Nettle. 

(From  the  Latin  uro,  to  burn ;  in  allusion  to  its  stinging  property.) 
Monoecious,  rarely  dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  single, 
of  4  roundish-obtuse  leaves,  containing  the  cup-shaped  rudiment 
of  a  germ.  Stamens  4.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  mostly  of  2 
persistent  leaves.  Stigma  1.  Nut  orbicular-ovate,  compressed, 
shining. 

*  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  U.  urens  Linn. :  leaves  elliptic  or  roundish-ovate,  somewhat  5-nerved, 
acutely  serrate ;  flowers  in  simple  axillary  clusters,  which  are  shorter  than 
the  Jeaves, 


315 

Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  0.—- Stem  10—15  inches 
high,  stinging.  Flowers  in  short  dense  clusters.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Small  Stinging  Nettle. 

2.  V.  dioica  Linn. :  stem  and  leaves  hispid ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
cordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate ;  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  in  much-branched 
clusters. 

Waste  places  Can.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  %. — -Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect, 
simple  or  branched,  clothed  with  stinging  hairs.  Flowers  small,  green,  in 
axillary  spikes  which  are  in  pairs.  The  root  boiled  with  alum  dyes  yarn  of  a 
yellow  color.  Hook.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Large  Stinging  Nettle. 

3*  Z7»  procera  MiM. :  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate ;  petioles 
fringed  ;  flowers  dioecious ;  spikes  branching,  clustered  by  pairs,  longer  than 
the  petioles. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1|.. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  obtusely 
4-angled.  Flowers  in  compact  approximate  clusters.  According  to  Mr.  Elliott, 
the  leaves  of  this  species  are  never  cordate,  and  the  spikes  are  uniformly  longer 
than  the  petioles,  in  which  points  it  differs  from  the  U.  procera  of  Pursh,  which 
would  seem  to  be  a  distinct  species,  probably  the  next.  Tall  Nettle. 

4.  U.  gracilis   Linn. :    stem  hispid ;   leaves   opposite,   ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  cordate  at  base ;  flowers  dioecious ;  peduncles  hispid ;   clusters  in 
pairs,  somewhat  branched,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.    U.  procera  Pursh.  ? 

Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Penn.  Pursh.  Muhl.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  July — Aug. 
Tj-.— Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Slender-stalked  Nettle. 

**  Leaves  alternate. 

5.  U.  capitata  Linn. :  stem  naked ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, 3-nerVed,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole  ;  clusters  spiked ;  spikes  solitary, 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  leafy  at  the  summit, 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  fl\. — Stem  4 — 5  feet  high,  scabrous, 
furrowed.  Leaves  scabrous,  those  on  the  stem  generally  opposite.  Clusters 
lateral  and  axillary.  Resembles  U.  dioica.  Headed  Nettle. 

6.  U.  Canadensis  Linn.  •:  hispid  and  stinging ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate  ;  panicles  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs,  loosely  and  divaricately  branched ; 
the  lower  sterile,  the  Upper  fertile.     U.  divaricata  Pursh. 

Moist  shady  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  '2J.. — Stem  5 — 6  feet  high, 
stout,  erect,  branched.  Leaves  large,  ovate,  sometimes  cordate.  This  species 
has  the  fibres  very  tough  and  strong,  and  it  was  formerly  proposed  by  Mr. 
Whitlow  as  a  substitute  for  hemp.  Canadian  Nettle. 

2.  ADIKE.  Raf.— Richweed. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  nettles.) 

Flowers  dioecious  or  somewhat  monoecious.  Perianth  3 -(some- 
tunes  4-)  leaved ;  leaves  nearly  equal,  oblong  or  lanceolate. 
STERILE  FL.  Stamens  3.  FERTIFE  FL.  Perianth  with  a  peta- 
loid  cucullate  scale  at  the  base  of  each  of  the  leaves  inside, 
membranaceous  in  fruit.  Stigma  1,  minute,  capitate,  sessile* 
Nut  minutely  papillose,  straight. 

A.  pumila,  Raf.  Urtica  pumila  Linn. 

Wet  gtotinds.  Can.  to  Cfer.    June,  July.    (J).— Sim  6—18  inches  high,  wm- 


316  CANNABINACEA:. 

pie  or  branched  from  the  base,  succulent  and  almost  transparent.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, broad-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  shining,  on 
petioles  which  are  1 — 2  inches  long.  Flowers  very  small,  greenish,  in  axillary 
branching  clusters  or  paniculate  corymbs,  which  are  shorter  than  the  petioles. 
Very  properly  separated  from  the  genus  Urtica.  Richweed.  Coolweed. 

3.  BCEHMERIA.  Jacq.— False  Nettle. 
(.Named  after  George  Rudolph  Boehmer,  a  German  Botanist.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  minute.  STERILE  FL.  Pe- 
rianth 4-parted.  Stamens  4.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  none, 
but  a  cluster  of  ovate  acuminate  scales,  with  a  compressed 
ovary  within  each  scale.  Nut  ovate,  pointed  with  the  subulate 
style. 

13.  cylindrica  Willd. :  herbaceous ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-oblong,  acu- 
minate, toothed,  3-nerved,  on  long  petioles,  smoothish ;  sterile  spikes  inter- 
rupted; fertile  ones  mostly  continuous,  cylindric.  B.  latcrifiora  MvM. 
Urtica  cylindrica  Linn. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  June — Aug.  %. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth- 
ish, usually  simple,  obtusely  4-angled.  Flowers  minute,  greenish,  often  dioecious, 
in  slender  mostly  leafy  spikes.  False  Nettie. 

4.  PARIETARIA.  Linn.— Pellitory. 
(From  the  Latin  paries,  a  watt  ;  the  species  often  growing  on  old  walls.) 

Flowers  polygamous,  surrounded  by  a  many-cleft  involucre. 
PERFECT  FL.  Perianth  4-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  4  ;  fila- 
ments at  first  incurved,  then  expanding  with  an  elastic  force. 
Ovary  1.  Style  1.  Nut  enclosed  by  the  enlarged  perianth. 

P.  Pennsylvania  Muhl. :  leaves  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny, 
with  opaque  dots ;  involucre  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Moist  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June.  (J). — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  simple. 
Flowers  mostly  perfect,  in  compact  axillary  clusters,  whitish,  at  length  brown. 

Pennsylvanian  Pellitory. 

ORDER  CXII.    CANNABINACE^E.— HEMPWORTS. 

Flowery  dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  in  racemes  or  panicles.  Pe- 
rianth 5-parted,  herbaceous,  scaly,  imbricated.  Stamens  few. 
FERTILE  FL.  in  spikes  or  cones.  Perianth  single,  inwrapping 
the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  subulate,  sessile.  Fruit  indehiscent, 
with  a  single  seed.  Embryo  curved,  without  albumen. — Her- 
baceous rough-stemmed  watery  plants,  with  alternate  lobed  stip- 
ulate leaves,  and  small  inconspicuous  flowers. 

1.  CANNABIS.  Linn.— Hemp. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  the  etymology  of  which  is  obscure.) 

Dioecious.     STERILE  FL.     Perianth  5-parted.     Stamens  5. 


MORACF./K.  317 

FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  oblong,  acuminate,  convolute,  the  base 
ventricose  and  including  the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  long,  subulate. 
Nut  2-valved.  ^ 

C.  sativa  Linn. 

Fields  and  waste  places.  Can.  to  Virg.  June.  (I). — Stem  5 — 10  feet  high, 
angular  and  sulcate,  often  branched.  Leaves  petiolate,  digitate  ;  leafets  5—7, 
lanceolate,  serrate.  Sterile  flowers  in  loose  axillary  clusters,  which  form  a  large 
panicle.  Fertile  flowers  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs,  greenish.  Everywhere  culti- 
vated for  the  sake  of  its  tough  fibre.  Introduced.  Common  Hemp. 

2.  HUMULTJS.    Linn.— Hop. 
(From  the  Latin  humus,  moist  earth  ;  because  it  prefers  moist  soils.) 

Dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5. 
FERTILE  FL.  in  aments  ;  the  scales  large,  membranous,  imbri- 
cate in  several  rows,  2 -flowered.  Stigmas  2,  long,  spreading. 
Achenia  invested  with  the  enlarged  perianth  and  forming  a 
membranaceous  strobile. 

H.  Lupulus  Linn. 

Hedges,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.  7L. — Stem  twining,  scabrous. 
Leaves  opposite,  rough,  cordate  at  base,  3 — 5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  acuminate  and 
serrate.  Flowers  greenish,  the  sterile  in  oblong  panicles  terminating  the  axillary 
branches,  the  fertile  in  oblong  aments.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  anodyne. 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  iii.  163.  Common  Hop. 

ORDER  CXIII.    MORACE^E. — MULBERRIES. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  heads,  spikes  or  aments.  STERILE  FL. 
Perianth  none,  or  3— 4-parted,  imbricated.  Stamens  3 — 4. 
FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  3 — 5-parted,  sometimes  in  two  rows. 
Ovary  1-  rarely  2-celled ;  style  terminal,  bifid.  Fruit  small 
nuts  or  utricles,  1 -seeded,  enclosed  by  a  succulent  receptacle  or 
collected  in  a  fleshy  head  formed  by  the  succulent  perianth. 
Seeds  albuminous. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves 
of  various  forms.  Flowers  very  inconspicuous. 

MORUS.  Linn.— Mulberry. 
(From  the  Greek  {to pea,  the  mulberry.') 

Flowers  in  spikes,  usually  monoecious  sometimes  dioecious. 
STERILE  FL.  in  loose  spikes.  Perianth  4-parted.  Stamens  4. 
FERTILE  FL.  in  dense  spikes.  Perianth  4-parted,  becoming 
baccate.  Styles  2.  Nut  ovate,  compressed,  covered  by  the 
succulent  perianth. 

1.  M.  rubra  Linn.:  leaves  cordate-ovate  or  palmately  lobed,  acuminate, 
equally  serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  flowers  mostly  dioe- 
cious ;  fruit  dark-purple. 


318 

Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.— A  tree  15—25  feet  high,  with 
spreading  branches.  Leaves  often  variously  lobed.  Flowers  greenish,  small, 
in  numerous  axillary  pedunculate  spikes.  Fruit  oblong,  of  an  agreeable  sweet- 
ish taste.  The  wood  is  remarkable  for  its  durability.  Red  Mulberry. 

2.  M.  alba  Linn. :  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  unequal  at  base,  somewhat 
lobed,  acute,  serrate,  smoothish,  shining ;  flowers  monoecious  ;  fruit  usually 
whitish. 

Near  old  fields,  &c.  May.— A  tree  20— 30  feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves 
sometimes  a  little  lobed.  Fruit  shorter  than  jn  the  preceding,  sweetish  but 
nauseous  Originally  introduced  as  food  for  the  silk-worm.  White  Mulberry. 

ORDER  CXIV.     SAURURACEJE,-^SAURURADS. 

Flowers  naked,  seated  upon  a  scale.  Stamens  definite,  cla- 
vate,  persistent ;  anthers  continuous  with  the  slender  filaments. 
Ovaries  3  or  4,  more  or  less  distinct.  Fruit  consisting  of  3  or 
4  fleshy  indehiscent  nuts,  or  a  3-  or  4-celled  capsule.  Embryo 
minute,  in  a  fleshy  sa'c,  on  the  outside  of  hard  mealy  albumen. 
— Herbaceous  plants,  growing  in  marshy  places.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, with  stipules,  Flowers  in  spikes. 

SAURURUS.  Linn.^ Lizard's  Tail. 

(From  the  Greek  aavpa,  a  lizard  and  ov^a,  a  tail ;  in  allusion  to  its  spike  of 
llowers.)  <. ,  . 

Flowers  in  a  solitary  spike.  Scales  1 -flowered.  Stamens 
6 — 8  ;  filaments  free,  elongated.  Fruit  3-  or  4-celled  ;  the  car- 
pels easily  separating  at  maturity,  1-  rarely  2-seeded,  not 
opening. 

S.  cernuus  Linn, 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  "Q.— Stem  1^-2  feet  high,  leafy,  forked  above, 
angular  and  sulcate.  Leaves  sagittate-cordate,  acuminate,  nerved  beneath. 
Flowers  very  small,  greenish- white,  in  a  long  slender  spike,  which  is  at  first 
cernuous  at  the  apex,  but  in  fruit  erect.  Lizard's  Tail.  Swamp  Lily. 

ORDER  CXV.     SALICACE^E.—' WILLOWS. 

Flowers  dioecious,  naked,  or  with  a  membranous  scale  or 
bract,  amentaceous.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  2 — 12  or  more, 
sometimes  monadelphous.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovary  superior,  1- 
celled ;  style  1  or  none  ;  stigmas  2,  often  2-cleft  or  2-parted. 
Fruit  leathery,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  covered 
with  long  silky  hairs.  Albumen  none. — Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  serrate  or  entire,  furnished  with  stip- 
ules. The  bark  is  usually  bitter,  and  contains  more  or  less  of 
the  peculiar  principle  called  Salicine. 


SALICACE*:.  319 

1.  SALIX.  Linn.— Willow. 

(From  the  Celtic  sal,  near,  and  Its.  water;  a  tree  that  grows  near  water.) 
Dioecious.    Ament  cylindric.     Perianth  none.     STERILE  FL- 

Stamens  mostly  2,  but  often  8 — 5.     FERTILE  FL.     Ovary  with 

a  gland  at  the  base.     Stigmas  2,  often  cleft. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  obscurely  serrate. 

1.  S.  viminalis  Linn. :  leaves  linear- lanceolate,    very  long-acuminate, 
nearly  entire,  somewhat  undulate,  white-silky  beneath ;  stipules  very  small) 
sublanceolate ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  scales  roundish,  very 
hairy  ;  ovary  sessile,  ovoid  ;  style  filiform ;  stigmas  linear,  acute,  undivided. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  S.  April,  May — A  middle-sized  tree.  Branches  slen- 
der and  flexile.  Filaments  yellow.  Anthers  orange.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Osier.     Basket-willow. 

2.  £  Candida  Willd. :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  ob- 
scurely toothed  at  the  point,  pubescent  above,  white-tpmentose  beneath, 
with  the  margin  revolute ;  stipules  lunate,  small ;  aments  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  cylindric ;    scales  obovate,  obtuse,  brown,   clothed   with   long 
hairs.    S.  incana  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.andPenn.  N.  toArct.  Amer.  April,  May.  17. — Stem 
5  or  6  feet  high,  with  reddish  twigs.  Aments  about  an  inch  long,  on  short 
peduncles.  White-leaved  Wittoiv. 

3.  <S.  Muhlenbergiana  Barrait :   leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  re- 
motely toothed,  mostly  acute,    even,  smoothish  above,  grayish-tomentose 
beneath ;  stipules  semiovate  or  lunate ;    aments   ovoid-cylindric,   densely 
flowered ;   ovary  lanceolate,  with  a  long  beak ;  stigma  2-cleft.     S.  coni- 
fer a  WUld.  and  S.  recurrata  Piirsh. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  April.  \i. — Stem  4—8  feet  high,  with  brittle 
grayish  twigs.  Leaves  distinctly  veined,  the  margin  sometimes  a  little  waved. 
Aments  about  an  inch  long.  Filaments  white.  Anthers  yellow. 

fifuhlenberg's  Willow. 

4.  S.  trisiis  Ait. :  leaves  narrow-cuneate,  oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
nearly  entire,  revolute,  smoothish  above,  rugosely  veined  and  tomentose  be- 
neath ;  stipules  none  or  caducous  ;   aments  globose-ovoid,  appearing  before 
the  leaves;  scales  roundish-obovate ;  stigmas  2-cleft;  capsules  with  a  long 
beak.     $.  Imigirostris  Mich. 

Sandy  woods.  N.  Y.  lo  Car.  March,  April,  \i. — Stem  2  or  3  feet  high, 
sometimes  procumbent.  Aments  numerous,  4 — 6-lines  long.  Anthers  at  length 
yellow.  The  most  dwarfish  of  our  lowland  species.  Dwarf 'Downy  IVillotc. 

5.  S.  pedicellaris  Purs/i  :    branches  smooth  ;   leaves  obovate-lanceolate, 
rather  acute,  very  entire,  smooth  and  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides; 
stipules  none ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  pedunculate,  very  smooth  ; 
scales  oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  pedicel,  scarcely  hairy  ;  stamens  2; 
ovary  ovoid-oblong  ;   style  short ;  stigmas  2-cleft. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Catskill  mountains'.  N.  Y.  Pursh.  Near  Oriskany, 
Oneida  county.  Lodi,  Seneca  county.  N.  Y.  Torr.  New  Eng.  Tuckermann. 
May.  T?  — Stem  ascending,  virgate.  1—3  feet  high,  the  bark  smooth  and  brown- 


320  sALic.u'F,..*:. 

ish.    Aments  at  the  ends  of  the  leafy  branches,  about  8  lines  long.     Capsule 
reddish.  Long-stalked  Willow. 

6.  S.  rosmarinifolia  Linn.:  leaves  straight,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at 
each  end,  very  entire  or  with  a  few  glandular  teeth,  pubescent  above,  silky 
beneath ;  stipules  lanceolate,  erect ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves ; 
scales  short,  villous ;  ovary  pedicellate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  silky ;  stigmas 
subsessile,- bifid. 

Wet  meadows  and  mountain  swamps.  Penn.  to  Car.  March,  fj. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high ;  the  branches  silky- pubescent.  Leaves  1  j  inches  long,  becoming 
smooth  when  old.  Whole  plant,  when  dry,  turning  almost  black. 

Rosemary-leaved  Willow. 

**  Leaves  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate. 

7.  S.  myricoides  MuhL :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
biglandular  at  base,  obtusely  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath;  stipules 
lunate,  ovate,  glandular-serrate ;  aments  villous,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  scales 
lanceolate,  obtuse,   villous,   black ;    ovaries  on  long  pedicels,    lanceolate, 
smooth;  style  distinct;  stigmas  bifid. 

Swamps  and  wet  grounds.  N.  Eng.  to  Virg.  April.  >2  • — ^tem  6 — 9  feet 
high,  with  tough  green  and  purple^  branches.  Aments  flowering  first  above. 
Anthers  yellow.  Gale-leaved  Willow. 

8.  S.  prinoides  Pursh. :   leaves   oval-oblong,  acute,  remotely  undulate- 
serrate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules  semicordate,  incisely  toothed ; 
aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  villous ;  ovary  pedicellate,  ovoid,  acu- 
minate, silky  ;  style  long ;  stigmas  bifid. 

On  the  banks  of  rivers.  Penn.  to  Virg.  March,  April. — A  shrub  6 — 8  feet 
high.  Prinos-like  Willow. 

9.  (S1.  discolor  Willd. :  leaves  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  somewhat  obtuse 
or  shortly  acuminate,  smoothish,  remotely  serrate,  very  entire  at  the  point, 
glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  lunate,  serrate,  deciduous ;   aments  appearing 
with  the  leaves,  diandrous,  oblong,  tomentose  ;  scales  oblong,  acute,  hairy, 
black ;  ovary  subsessile,  tomentose ;  stigmas  deeply  2-parted.    S.  prinoides 
Pursh. 

Swamps  and  low  grounds.  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  April. — A  shrub  or  small  tree, 
with  tough  brownish  or  greenish  branches.  Aments  an  inch  long,  thick  and 
compact.  Filaments  white.  Anthers  red,  yellow  when  burst. 

Glaucous  Willow. 

10.  S.  longifolia  MM. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  acute  at  each 
end,  remotely  toothed,  green  on  both  sides  and  at  length  nearly  smooth : 
stipules  small,  lanceolate,  toothed ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  pe- 
duncled,  tomentose ;  scales  flat,  retuse ;  stamens  2,  longer  than  the  scales ; 
stigmas  large,  2-parted.    S.  angustala  Pursh. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  Penn.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May — July- 
*2 . — Stem  2 — 10  or  12  feet  high,  with  brown  branches  and  white  branchlets, 
sometimes  prostrate  and  rooting.  Aments  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long 

Long-leaved  Willow. 

11.  S.  Cutleri  Tuckermann:  depressed;  leaves  elliptic  and  acute,  or  obo- 
vate   and   obtuse,  glandular-denticulate,   smooth  and   somewhat  shining 
above,  glaucous  beneath ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  compact,  ob- 
long-cylindric ;  scales  obovate,  silky,  blackish ;  stigmas  2-cleft.  (  Torr.  N.  Y 
Fl.)  S.  Uva  i/rsi  Pursh. 


SALICACK/E.  321 

White  Mountains,  N.  II.  High  mountains  in  Essex  county,  N. Y.  June.  T?  .— 
Stem  depressed,  much  branched,  smooth.  Leaves  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
long.  Aments  ahout  half  an  inch  long.  Cutler's  Willow. 

***  Leaves  closely  and  acutely  serrate. 

12.  S.  Pitrshiana  Spreng. :  leaves  very  long,  linear-lanceolate,  gradually 
attenuate  above,  subfalcate,  acute  at  base,  finely  toothed-serrate,  smooth 
on  both  sides,  silky  when  young ;  stipules  lunate,  toothed,  reflexed ;  ovaries 
smooth,  pedicellate  ;  style  short.     S.  falcata  Pursh.    S.  nigra  var.  falcata 
Ton:  N.  Y.  Fl, 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Virg. — A  small  tree,  6 — 10  feet  high,  with 
smooth  and  slender  branches.  Aments  1 — 2  inches  long.  Capsules  brownish. 

Pursh' s  Willow. 

13.  S.  nigra  Marsh. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate, 
smoothish  and  green  on  both  sides ;  petiole  and  upper  side  of  the  midrib  to- 
mentose ;  stipules  small,    lunate,  caducous ;    aments  appearing  with  the 
leaves  ;  scales  oblong,  very  villous ;  filaments  3 — 6,  bearded  at  base ;  ovary 
pedicelled,  ovoid,  smooth ;  style  very  short ;  stigmas  bifid.    S.  Caroliniana 
Mich. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April,  May. — A  tree  15 — 20  feet  high,  with 
dark  rough  bark,  generally  branching  from  the  base  ;  branches  very  brittle 
at  base.  Sterile  aments  2  inches  long.  Stamens  usually  5.  Black  Willow. 

14.  <S.  lucida  Muhl. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-acuminate,  rounded 
at  base,  glandular-serrate,   smooth   and  shining  on  both  sides ;  stipules 
roundish  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves ;  scales  lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  hairy  at  the  base,  smooth  and  serrate  at  the  apex  ;  ovary 
lanceolate-subulate,  smooth ;  style  short ;  stigmas  bifid. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  May.  \i. — Stem  8 — 12  feet  high,  with 
yellowish-brown  bark.  Sterile  aments  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  yellow 
scales.  Stamens  usually  5.  Closely  allied  to  $.  pentandra  of  Europe. 

Glossy-leaved  Willow. 

15.  S.  rigida  Muhl.:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate,   cordate   at 
base,  rigid,  coarsely  serrate,  smooth,  paler  beneath ;  petioles  villous ;  stip- 
ules large,  cordate,  obtuse,  serrate ;  aments   appearing  with  the  leaves ; 
scales  lanceolate,   woolly,   black ;    ovaries   on   long  pedicels,   lanceolate, 
smooth ;  style  very  short ;  stigmas  2-parted.     S.  cor  data  Mich. 

Swamps.  N.  Eng.  to  Virg.  April,  May.  fy.—Stcm  6—12  feet  high; 
branches  green,  red  towards  the  end,  the  younger  ones  pubescent.  Aments  1 — 2 
inches  long,  on  short  leafy  peduncles.  Stamens  usually  2.  It  is  tough,  and 
much  used  by  basket  makers.  Rigid  Heart-leaved  Willow. 

16.  S.  rostrata  Richardson :  leaves  oblong  or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
entire,  toothed  or  waved  on  the  margin,  glaucous  and  hoary-pubescent 
beneath,  smoothish  above ;  stipules  lunate  or  ovate,  toothed  ;  sterile  aments 
densely  flowered,  the  fertile  at  length  much  elongated ;  capsules  with  a 
long  slender  beak ;  stigmas  subsessile,  2-cleft. 

Margins  of  swamps.  Western  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  April.  17. — Stem 
4 — 15  feet  high,  with  numerous  reddish-brown  branchlets.  Aments  on  leafy 
peduncles ;  the  sterile  ones  about  an  inch,  the  fertile  ones  nearly  2  inches,  long. 

Ochre-flowered  Willow. 

17.  S.  cordata  Muhl. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate  at 
base,  acutely  serrate,  smooth,   paler  beneath;   stipules  large,  roundish- 

14* 


322  SALICACE^.      . 

ovate,  serrate ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate, 
woolly,  black;  ovaries  pedicellate,  lanceolate,  smooth;  style  very  short; 
stigmas  2-cleft. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  April.  T^.—Stem 
4 — 8  feet  high,  with  yellowish-green  branches.  Leaves  large  and  broad. 
Aments  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Anthers  yeUow. 

Heart-leaved  Willow. 

18.  S.  petiolaris  Smith:   leaves  lanceolate,   serrate,   smoothish   above, 
glaucous  and  silky-pubescent  beneath ;  stipules  lunate,  toothed ;  aments 
appearing  before  the  leaves,  loose ;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,  black  at  the  tip ; 
ovaries  on  long  pedicels,  ovoid,  silky  ;  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  2-lobed,     S. 
grisea  WMd.     S.  sericea  Muhl. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Virg. — Stem  4 — 10  feet  high  ;  twigs  green  or 
purple,  tough  but  brittle  at  base.  Aments  scarcely  an  inch  long ;  the  fertile 
ones  often  recurved.  Anthers  at  first  reddish,  then  yellow,  and  finally  brown. 

Dark  Long-leaved  Willow. 

19.  S.  vitellina  Linn.:    leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  glandular 
serratures,  smoothish  above,  paler  and  somewhat  silky  beneath ;  stipules 
minute  or  caducous ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  cylindric ;  scales 
ovoid-lanceolate,  externally  pubescent;    ovaries   sessile,   ovate-lanceolate, 
smooth ;  style  short ;  stigmas  2-lobed.     S.  alba  Linn. 

Road  sides  and  about  fanns.  May. — A  tree  20 — 40  feet  high,  with  numerous 
somewhat  erect  branches ;  twigs  yellowish  and  shining.  Fertile  aments  about 
2  inches  long.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  naturalized  in  many  places.  Ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Darlington  S.  Russeliana  is  naturalized  along  the  Brandywine  in 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  closely  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with,  S.  decipiens  of  Hoff- 
man ;  which  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  Arctic  America.  Yettoio  Willow. 

2.  POPULUS.  Linn.—Poflax. 

(From  the  Latin  populus,  the  people ;  on  account  of  its  having  been  used  to 
shade  public  walks.) 

Dioecious.  Ament  cylindric  ;  scales  lacerately  fringed  at  the 
summit.  STERILE  FL.  Anthers  8 — 30,  arising  from  a  turbi- 
nate  oblique  entire  single  perianth,  .  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth 
turbinate,  entire.  Stigmas  4.  Capsule  superior,  2-celled,  2- 
valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  comose. 

1.  P.  bolsamifera  Linn.:   leaves  ovate,   acuminate,   appressed-serrate, 
smooth  on  both  sides,  white  and  reticular-veined  beneath ;  stamens  very 
numerous ;  buds  resinous. 

Can.  Ver.  Northern  and  Western  N.  Y.  N.  to  the  Arctic  Sea.  March.— A 
tree  from  40 — 80  feet  high.  Sterile  aments  2 — 3  inches,  fertile  ones  at  length 
4 — 6  inches,  long.  Anthers  purple.  According  to  Mr.  Douglass,  on  the  North- 
west Coast  this  tree  sometimes  attains  the  height  of  140  feet.  The  young  buds 
are  covered  with  an  odoriferous  balsam.  Balsam  Poplar.  Tacamahac. 

2.  P.  candicans  Ait. :  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  and 
unequally  serrate,  whitish  and  reticular-veined  beneath ;  petioles  hairy ; 
buds  resinous. 

Woods.  N.  H.  Ver.  and  N.  Y.  March.— A  tree  from  40—50  feet  high,  with 
smooth  and  greenish  bark.  Leaves  large,  the  petiole  somewhat  compressed 
above.  Fertue  aments  6  inches  long.  The  young  buds,  as  in  the  preceding,  are 
covered  with  an  odoriferous  balsam.  Balm  ofGilead. 


MYRICACE^:.  323 

3.  .P.  tremuloides  Mich.:  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  abruptly  acuminate, 
dentate-serrate,  pubescent  on  the  margin,  green  and  smooth  on  both  sides. 

Woods.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  April.— A  tree  from  20—30  feet  high, 
with  smooth  bark.  Leaves  small,  light,  roundish  and  slightly  cordate.  Aments 
3 — 4  inches  long,  pendulous.  American  Aspen. 

4.  P.  monilifera  Ait. :   leaves   subcordate-deltoid,   acuminate,   smooth, 
with  cartilaginous  hooked  serratures,  nearly  entire  at  the  base ;  petioles 
compressed  above. 

Banks  of  the  Hudson,  near  Troy,  N.  Y.  and  in  the  western  part  of  that  state. 
W.  to  Ark.  April. — A  tree  50— $0  feet  high,  with  the  younger  branches  slightly 
angled.  Fertile  amenls  very  long.  It  seems  not  to  have  been  found  in  N. 
America  by  either  the  elder  or  younger  Michaux.  Virginian  Poplar. 

5.  P.  nigra  yar.  betulifolia  Torr. ;  leaves  deltoid-rhomboid,  conspicu- 
ously acuminate,  finely  crenate-serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides.     P.  Hud- 
sonica  Mich.  f.     P.  nigra,  Mich.     P.  betulifolia  Pursh. 

Banks  of  the  Hudson,  above  Albany.  Michaux.  March. — A  tree  30 — 50 
feet  high,  with  spreading  branches,  the  younger  of  which  are  pubescent.  It  is 
probably  not  a  native.  According  to  Loudon,  Michaux  believed  it  to  be  a  mere 
variety  .of  P.  nigra.  American  Black  Poplar. 

6.  P.  grandidentata  Mich. :  leaves  roundish-ovate,  acute,  unequally  and 
sinuately  toothed,  smooth ;  white  tomentose  when  young ;  petioles  com- 
pressed near  the  summit.     P.  trepida  Willd. 

var.  pendula  Nutt. :  branches  pendulous. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  April. — A  tree  40 — 50  feet  high,  covered  with  smooth 
greenish  bark.  Leaves  when  youmj  covered  with  a  thick  down,  which  disap- 
pears as  they  become  older.  The  large  and  unequal  indentations  on  the  mar- 
gins of  the  leaves  sufficiently  characterize  this  species.  The  variety  is  found 
on  the  Alleghany  mountains,  Penn.  American  Large  Aspen. 

7.  P.  lavigata  Ait. :  younger  branches  angled  ;  leaves  roundish  or  del- 
toid-ovate, acuminate,  subcordate,  unequally  serrate,  smooth,  glandular  at 
base  ;  petioles  compressed.     P.  Canadensis  Mich. 

Rocky  grounds.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  March. — 
A  tree  from  70 — 80  feet  high;  branches  angular,  the  angles  forming  whitish 
lines.  Leaves  large,  deltoid,  somewhat  cordate ;  petioles  with  two  glands  at 
the  base.  This  species  has  been  confounded  with  P.  angulata,  but  according 
to  the  younger  Michaux,  it  is  distinct.  Cotton  Wood. 

8.  P.  helcrophylla  Linn. :  leaves  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  often  auricu- 
lately  cordate  at  base  with  the  sinus  small,  uncinately  toothed,  very  tomen- 
tose when  young.     P.  argentea  Mich.  f. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.— A  tree  40—60  feet  high,  with 
terete  branches.  Leaves  with  lobes  or  auricles  that  often  ccnceal  the  insertion 
of  the  petiole.  Fertile  aments  about  6  inches  in  length. 

Various-leaved  Poplar. 

ORDER    CXYJ.    MYRICACE^.— GALEWORTS. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  amentaceous,  naked.  STE- 
KILE  FL.  Stamens  2 — -8,  generally  in  the  axil  of  a  scale-like 
bract.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovary  1 -celled,  surrounded  by  several 
hypogynous  scales ;  stigmas  2,  subulate  or  dilated  and  petaloid. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  often  covered  with  waxy  secretions.  Seed 


324  BETULACE^E. 

without  albumen. — Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  leaves 
which  are  covered  with  resinous  glands  and  dots. 

1.  MYRICA.  Linn. — Candlebeny  Myrtle. 
(From  the  Greek  /*vpu>7,  synonymous  with  the  Tamarix.     Hook.  Brit.  Fl.) 

Dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  cylindric ;  scales  concave. 
Stamens  4 — 6.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  closely  imbricate,  small, 
ovoid.  Styles  2.  Drupe  1 -celled,  1 -seeded. 

1.  M.  gale  Linn.:  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse ;  sterile  aments  imbricate ;  scales  acuminate,  ciliate ;  fruit  in  imbri- 
cate heads. 

Bogs  and  mountain  lakes.  Can.  to  Penn.  April,  May.  fy- — Stem  4 — 5  feet 
high,  branching.  Leaves  alternate,  somewhat  coriaceous.  Fruit  with  a  strong 
penetrating  spicy  scent.  The  leaves  have  a  bitter  taste  and  are  sometimes  em- 
ployed as  a  substitute  for  hops.  Hook.  Sweet  Gale.  Dutch  Myrtle. 

2.  M.  cerifera  Linn. :  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  with  a  few  serratures 
near  the  summit,  acute  ;  sterile  aments  loose  ;  scales  acute ;  fruit  globular, 
naked.     M.  Caroliniensis  and  Pennsylvania  Pursh. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  May,  June.  T7. — Stem  2 — 8,  but  some- 
times, (especially  at  the  South,)  10 — 18,  feet  high,  diffusely  spreading.  Leaves 
varying  in  width,  sometimes  entire,  somewhat  pubescent.  Fruit  small,  dry  and 
juiceless,  but  by  boiling,  a  wax  of  very  pleasant  flavor  is  extracted  from  it, 
which  is  used  for  making  candles,  &c.  Rig.  Med.  Hot.  iii. 

Bayberry.     Wax  Myrtle. 

2.  COMPTONIA.  Gcert.— Sweet  Fern. 

(In  honor  of  Henry  Compton,  a  Bishop  of  London  of  the  last  century,  who  was 
a  patron  of  botany.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  cylindric,  imbricate ;  scales 
reniform-cordate,  acuminate,  1 -flowered.  Berianth  of  2  minute 
scarious  leaves.  Stamens  3- — 5.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  glo- 
bose; scales  1 -flowered.  Styles  2.  Nut  ovoid-oblong,  smooth. 

C.  aspknifolia  Ait.    Liquidambar  aspknifolium  Linn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  T^. — Stem  2—4  feet  high,  much 
branched.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  cut  almost  to  the  midrib  into  numerous 
roundish  lobes.  Flowers  in  oval  sessile  aments.  Nuts  forming  a  round  burr. 
The  whole  plant,  when  rubbed,  has  a  strong  and  somewhat  fragrant  scent.  It 
is  a  popular  remedy  in  Dysentery.  Sweet  Fern 

ORDER  CXVII.     BETULACE^E.— BIRCHES. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  aments,  with  small  scales  which  are 
sometimes  arranged  in  a  whorl.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  4,  dis 
tinct,  opposite  the  scales ;  anthers  2 -celled.  FERTILE  FL. 
Ovary  free  ;  styles  single  or  none ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  thin,  in- 
dehiscent,  1-celled,  combined  with  the  scales  i::  o  ;i  sort  of 


BETULACE^E.  325 

cone.     Seeds  without  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alter- 
nate simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules. 

1.  BETULA.   Toum—  Birch. 
(Said  to  be  derived  from  Betu,  the  Celtic  name  for  the  birch.) 

STERILE  FL.  Ament  imbricate,  cylindric  ;  scales  ternate,  the 
middle  one  bearing  the  stamens.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  ovoid- 
oblong  ;  scales  trifid,  3-flowered.  Nuts  compressed,  winged  on 
each  side. 

1.  B.popuUfolia  Ait.:  leaves  deltoid,  long-acuminate,  unequally  serrate, 
very  smooth ;  petioles  smooth ;  fertile  aments  cylindric,  pendulous ;  scales 
with  roundish  lateral  lobes. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  Mass.  N.  Y.  W.  to  Ark.  May.— A  tree  from  20—30 
feet  high,  with  white  bark,  not  easily  separable  into  layers.  Leaves  tapering 
to  a  long  point.  Aments  pedunculate.  White  Birch. 

2.  B.  excelsa  Ait. :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides ; 
petioles  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  peduncles  ;  fertile  aments  ovate,  erect ; 
scales  with  rounded  lateral  lobes.    B.  tutea  Mich.f. 

Low  grounds.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  May,  June.— A  tree  from  40—60  feet 
high,  with  a  yellowish  bark  which  is  slightly  fragrant.  Fertile  aments  about  an 
inch  long.  Used  for  fuel  and  for  cabinet  work.  The  bark  is  valuable  for  tan- 
ning. Yellow  Birch. 

3.  B.  nigra  Linn. :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  doubly  serrate,  acute,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  entire  at  base ;  fertile  aments  ovate  ;  scales  villous,  with  the 
segments  linear  and  equal.    B.  rubra  Mich.  /. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April,  May.— A  tree  40—60  feet  high,  with 
a  smooth  bark.  Leaves  on  short  petioles.  Fertile  aments  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long.  The  wood  is  of  little  consequence.  Red  Birch. 

4.  B.  papyracea  Ait. :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  hairy  on 
the  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  smooth ;   fertile  aments  pedunculate,  nodding  • 
scales  with  short  and  rounded  lateral  lobes.    B.  papyri/era  Mich. 

Can.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  May,  June.— A  tree  40—70 
feet  high ;  the  bark  white  externally,  easily  separable  into  thin  layers  which 
have  a  reddish  color.  Fertile  aments  about  an  inch  long.  The  bark  is  used  by 
the  Indians  for  constructing  their  canoes  ;  and  the  wood  is  sometimes  employed 
for  cabinet  work.  Canoe  Birch. 

5.  B.  lento,  Linn. :  leaves  cordate-ovate,   sharply   serrate,   acuminate ; 
nerves  beneath  and  petioles  hairy ;  fertile  aments  elliptic-ovoid,  erect ;  scales 
roughish-pubescent ;  lobes  nearly  equal,  obtuse,  with  elevated  veins.    B. 
carpinifolia  Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May. — A  tree  30 — 60  feet  high,  with  nume- 
rous slender  branches  which  are  spotted  with  white.  Leaves  cordate  and  some- 
what unequal  at  base,  long-acuminate.  The  wood  has  a  close  grain  and  is 
susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  The  bark  and  young  twigs  are  fragrant  and  aro- 
matic. Sweet  Birch.  Cherry  Birch. 

6.  B.  pumila  Linn. :  young  branches  pubescent  or  smoothish ;  leaves 
roundish-obovate,  serrate,  smooth,  subsessile;   petioles  densely  pubescent 
beneath;  fertile  aments  oblong.    B.  glandulosa  Mich. 


326  CUPULIFERjE. 

Mountain  bogs.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Purslt.  W.  to  Ohio.  May,  June. 
f2- — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  somewhat  pubescent  be- 
neath. Dr.  Torrey  states  that  he  has  seen  no  specimens  collected  in  New  York. 

Low  Birch. 

7.  B.  nana  Linn. :  very  smooth ;  leaves  orbicular,  crenate,  reticular- 
veined  beneath ;  fertile  aments  oblong,  on  short  peduncles ;  scales  deeply 
3-parted  ;  lobes  oblong-oboyate,  nearly  equal. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  High  mountains  of  Essex  county,  N.  Y.  N.  to 
Hudson's  Bay.  April.  May.  T?. — Stem  I — 2  feet  high,  branched.  Leaves  small. 
Fertile  aments  half  an  inch  long.  Fruit  ovate,  with  a  winged  margin. 

Duxirf  Birch. 
2.  ALNUS.  •  Willd.— Alder. 

(From  the  Celtic  al,  near,  and  Ian,  the  river  bank.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  long,  cylindric  ;  scales 
3-lobed,  3-flowered.  Perianth  4-parted.  Stamens  4.  FERTILE 
FL.  Ament  ovoid ;  scales  subtrifid,  2 -flowered.  Perianth  none. 
Styles  2.  Nut  compressed. 

1  A.  serrulate,  Willd. :  leaves  obovate,  somewhat  coriaceous,  doubly  ser- 
rulate, acuminate,  veins  and  their  axils  hairy  beneath ;  stipules  oval,  ob- 
tuse. 

Swamps  and  banks  of  rivers.  Can.  to  Car.  March,  h.— - Stem  6 — 10  feet 
high,  with  alternate  leaves.  Sterile  flowers  in  a  long  pendulous  ament ;  fertile 
ones  about  half  an  inch  long,  thick  and  rigid,  purplish-brown,  persistent,  often 
somewhat  clustered.  Common  Alder. 

2.  A.  incana  Willd. :  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  oblong,  rather  acute,  obtuse 
or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  slightly  lobed,  acutely  serrate,  glaucous  and 
pubescent  beneath,  naked  in  the  axils  of  the  veins ;  stipules  oblong-lance- 
olate. (Torr.  N.Y.  FV.)  A.  crispa  Pursh,  (in  part.)  A.  glauca  Mich.  f. 

Banks  of  mountain  streams.  Can.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  I?. — Stem  8 — 20  feet 
high,  with  smooth  brown  bark.  Fertile  aments  oval,  usually  4 — 5  in  a  panicu- 
late raceme.  Black  Alder. 

3.  Amridis.D.C. :  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  somewhat  obtuse 
at  the  base,  doubly  serrate,  glutinous  and  pubescent  beneath,  or  only  the 
veins  and  axils  pubescent ;  stipules  broad-ovate  ;  fruit  with  a  broad  winged 
margin.  (  Ton:  N.  Y.  Fl.)  A.  uudulata  Willd.  Delula  crispa  Ait. 

Banks  of  mountain  streams.  Ver.  N.  H.  and  N.  Y.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay- 
W.  to  the  N.  W.  coast.  \i  .—Stem  4—8  feet  high,  much  branched  ;  the  branches 
warty.  Fertile  aments  ovoid,  obtuse,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  on  long  pedi- 
cels. Fruit  winged,  like  that  of  a  Betula.  Mountain  Alder. 

ORDER  CXVIII.     CUPULIFEILE.— NUTS. 

Flowers  usually  monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  in  aments.  Sta- 
mens 5—20,  inserted  into  the  base  of  scale -like  or  regular  per- 
ianth. FERTILE  FL.  solitary,  2 — 3  together  or  clustered.  Ovary 
crowned  by  the  rudiments  of  an  adherent  perianth,  seated  within 
a  coriaceous  involucre  which  is  usually  echinate  or  scaly  exter- 
nally, and  encloses  the  fruit  at  maturity  or  forms  a  cup  at  its 


CUPULIFER.E.  327 

base.  Fruit  a  bony  or  coriaceous  1 -celled  nut.  Albumen  none, 
r— Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  often  feather- 
veined,  with  stipules. 

1.  CARPINUS.  Linn.-  Hornbeam. 

(From  the  Celtic  car,  wood,  and  pin,  the  head  ;  being  used  in  making  yokes 
for  cattle.) 

Mono3cious,  STERILE  FL,  Ament  long-cylindric ;  scales 
ovate,  acute,  ciliate  at  base.  Stamens  8—14,  somewhat  bearded 
at  the  top.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  oblong,  loosely  imbricated ; 
scales  in  pairs,  enlarging  and  becoming  leafy  ;  each  pair  2 -flow- 
ered. Styles  2.  Nut  bony,  ovoid,  acute,  sulcate. 

C.  Americana  Mick. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  ser- 
rate ;  scales  of  the  fertile  ament  3-parted ;  the  middle  segment  much  the 
largest,  oblique,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  toothed  on  one  side.  C.  Vir- 
giniana  Mich.  f. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  May.— A  tree  10—20  feet  high,  much  branched. 
Leaves  alternate,  on  short  petioles,  often  cordate  at  base.  Fertile  amenls  2—3 
inches  long,  loosely  imbricated,  with  large  foliaceons  scales. 

Hornbeam.    Water-Beech. 

2.  OSTRYA.  Mich.— Hop  Hornbeam. 
(From  the  Greek  ovrpcov,  a  shell ;  in  allusion  to  the  fruit.) 
Monoecious.    STERILE  FL.    Ament  cylindric ;  scales  orbicular- 
ovate,  acuminate,  ciliate.     Stamens  8 — 10  or  more ;  filaments 
branched.     FERTILE  FL.    Ament  loosely  imbricated,  bracteate, 
with  the  flowers  in  pairs  ;  scales  none,  but  a  membranous  sac  or 
involucre  enclosing  each  flower.     Stigmas  2,  filiform.     Nut  ob- 
long, included  in  the  bladdery  involucre. 

O.  Virginica  Willd. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  cordate  at  base, 
acuminate,  unequally  serrate ;  strobile  oblong-ovoid,  erect ;  buds  acute. 
Carpinus  Oslrya  Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May.— A  tree  20—40 
feet  high,  with  brownish  bark.  Leaves  alternate,  on  hairy  petioles.  Fertile 
amenls  at  length  enlarged  into  a  sort  of  oblong  somewhat  pendulous  cone  re- 
sembling the  common  hop.  The  wood  is  exceedingly  hard  and  heavy.  In  some 
parts  of  the  country  it  is  called  lever  wood,  from  the  use  to  which  it  is  sometimes 
applied.  Iron  Wood.  Hop  Hornbeam. 

3.  QUERCUS.  Linn.— Oak. 
(From  the  Celtic  quer,  beautiful,  and  cuez,  a  tree.   Hook.\ 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  long,  slender  and  pendu- 
lous. Perianth  6 — 8-parted,  the  segments  unequal.  Stamens 
6 — 10.  FERTILE  FL.  Several  together  on  erect  axillary  pedun- 


328  CUPULIFER.E. 

cles  or  sessile  on  a  rachis.  Involucre  1 -flowered,  consisting  of 
many  imbricate  scales,  which  in  fruit  become  an  indurated 
cup  (cupule),  surrounding  the  base  of  the  ovoid  or  roundish 
1 -seeded  nut  or  acorn. 

*  Fruit  biennial,  subsessik. 
f  Leaves  entire.    . 

1 .  Q.  Pkellos  Linn. :  leaves   deciduous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at 
each  end,  very  entire,  smooth,  mucronate ;  acorn  nearly  round. 

Low  swampy  forests.  Suffolk  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  S.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark. 
April,  May. — A  tree  30  to  60  feet  high,  generally  straight  and  slender.  Leaves 
when  young  of  a  light-green  color  and  dentate.  Acorn  small,  nearly  round. 
The  timber  is  of  little  use.  Willow  Oak. 

2.  Q.  imbricaria  Mich. :  leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 
mucronate,  very  entire,  shining,  pubescent  beneath ;  cup  shallow ;  scales 
broad-ovate ;  acorn  subglobose. 

Banks  of  rivers  in  mountainous  regions.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June. — 
A  tree  40—50  feet  high,  with  numerous  irregular  branches.  Acorn  small,  nearly 
spherical,  in  a  flat  nearly  sessile  cup.  The  wood  splits  easily,  and  is  used  in  the 
Western  States  for  shingles.  Shingle  Oak. 

ff  Leaves  toothed  or  lobed. 

3.  Q.  heterophyUa  Mich. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed  ;  cup  hemispheric ;  acorn  subglobose. 

Banks  of  the  Delaware.  Penn.  May.  Pj. — According  to  Pursh  there  is 
only  one  individual  of  this  species  known,  which  grows  near  Philadelphia.  He 
suggests  that  it  may  be  a  hybrid.  It  is  figured  and  described  by  Michaux  in  his 
Sylva  Americana.  Various-leaved  Oak. 

4.  Q.  aqnatica  Walt. :  leaves  obovate-wedgeform,  smooth,  very  entire, 
obscurely  3-lobed  at  the  end,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest ;  cup  hemispheric ; 
acorn  subglobose.    Q.  nigra  Linn. 

Swamps.  Md.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  May. — A  tree  30—40  feet  high.  Leaves 
very  variable.  Cup  shallow.  Acorn  rather  small,  roundish.  It  resembles  Q. 
laurifolia.  Its  timber  is  of  no  value.  Water  Oak. 

5.  Q.  IrUobaLinn:  leaves  oblong- wedgeform,  acute  at  the  base,  somewhat 
3-lobed  at  the  end ;  lobes  equal,  mucronate,  tomentose  beneath,  middle  one 
longer ;  cup'flat ;  acorn  depressed-globose. 

Pine  barrens.    N.  J.  to  Geor.    May. — A  tree  20 — 40  feet  high,  of  rapid  growth. 

Downy  Black  Oak. 

6.  Q.  nigra  Wittd. :  leaves  coriaceous,  wedgeform,  subcordate  at  base, 
dilated  and  retusely  3-lobed  above,  the  lobes  mucronate  when  young,  rusty- 
pulverulent  beneath ;  cup  turbinate,  with  the  scales  obtuse  and  scarious ; 
acorn  short,  ovoid.    Q.  ferruginea  Mich.  f. 

Sandy  woods.  Long  Island.  Torr.  S.  to  Flor.  May. — A  tree  10 — 30  feet 
high,  irregular  in  its  growth,  and  covered  with  a  thick  rough  black  bark.  The 
wood  is  much  esteemed  for  fuel ;  but  is  seldom  of  sufficient  size  to  be  of  any 
value  as  timber.  Barren  Oak.  Black  Jack  Oak. 

7.  Q.  tinctoria  Bartram:  leaves  obovate-oblong,   somewhat    sinuate- 


CUPULIFKR.E.  329 

lobed,  pubescent  beneath;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  toothed,  mucro- 
nate  ;  cup  flat,  tapering  at  base ;  acorn  ovoid-globose. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — One  of  the  largest  species  of 
oak,  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  70  or  80  feet,  covered  with  a  rough  black- 
ish bark,  from  whence  it  has  derived  its  common  name.  It  is  highly  valued  on 
account  of  its  timber,  as  well  as  its  bark.  Black  Oak.  Quercitron. 

8.  Q.  discolor  Ait. :  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid-sinuate,  pubescent  beneath  ; 
lobes  oblong,  toothed,  setaceously  mucronate ;  cup  turbinate  j  acorn  ovoid. 
Q.  tinctoria  sinuosa  Mich.f. 

Forests.  Penn.  to  Car.  May. — A  large  tree,  resembling  the  preceding,  and 
also  Q.  coccinea,  but  differs  in  having  the  young  leaves  covered  with  down.  It 
is  still,  however,  doubtful  whether  it  is  really  distinct.  Two-colored  Oak. 

•f-ff  Leaves  deeply  sinuaie  and  lobed. 

9.  Q.  coccinea  Wang. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate- 
lobed,  smooth ;  lobes  divaricate,  toothed,  acute,  setaceously-mucronate ;  cup 
turbinate,  scaly ;  acorn  roundish-ovoid. 

Fertile  woods.  N.  Eng.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Ark.  May.— A  tree  60—80  feet 
high.  Distinguished  by  the  brilliant  red  color  of  its  leaves  towards  the  close  of 
autumn.  Its  wood  is  used  for  staves  and  fuel,  but  it  is  not  very  durable.  The 
bark  is  valuable  for  tanning.  Scarlet  Oak. 

10.  Q.  rubra  Linn.:  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  smooth,  obtusely 
sinuate-lobed  ;  lobes  spreading,  rather  acute,  toothed,  setaceously  mucro- 
nate ;  cup  flat,  nearly  smooth ;  acorn  oblong-ovoid. 

Forests.  Can.  to  Geor.  May. — A  tree  70 — 80  feet  high.  Leaves  bright-green, 
slightly  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  nerves  beneath.  Resembles  the  former,  but 
its  leaves  are  larger,  and  in  autumn  they  change  to  a  dull  red,  and  finally  be- 
come yellow.  The  acorn  also  is  larger,  has  a  flat  base  and  shallow  cup.  It  is 
valuable  both  for  its  wood  and  bark  :  the  wood  however  is  not  very  durable. 

Red  Oak. 

11.  Q.  Catesbai  Mich. :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  wedgeform  at  base,  ob- 
long, deeply  sinuate,  smooth ;  lobes  3 — 5,  divaricate,  toothed,  acute,  seta- 
ceously mucronate ;  cup  turbinate,  broad  ;  scales  obtuse,  those  of  the  mar- 
gin bent  inwards ;  acorn  subglobose. 

Pine  barrens.  Md.  to  Flor.  May.— A  shrub  or  small  tree  10—20  feet  high, 
with  an  irregular  stem  and  branches.  Leaves  coriaceous  and  glossy.  Cup  large 
and  remarkable  for  its  obtuse  scales.  The  wood  makes  excellent  fuel,  and  its 
bark  is  used  by  the  tanner.  Shrubby  Oak. 

12.  Q.  falcata  Mich. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  obtuse  at  base,  tomentose 
beneath,  3-lobed  or  sinuate ;  lobes  somewhat  falcate,  setaceously  muc*o- 
nate,  the  terminal  one  long ;  cup  shallow,  somewhat  turbinate ;  acorn  glo- 
bose.    Q.  elongata  Linn.     Q.  rubra  Walt. 

Sandy  soils.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  May.— A  tree  70—80  feet  high. 
Leaves  with  3 — 5  lobes,  glossy  on  the  upper  surface.  The  wood  is  used  for 
staves,  fencing  and  fuel.  The  bark  is  highly  esteemed  by  tanners. 

Spanish  Oak.     Downy  Red  Oak. 

13.  Q.  palustris  Mich. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  smooth,  deeply 
sinuate-lobed,  with  broad  sinuses;  lobes  dentate,  toothed,  acute,  setaceously 
mucronate  ;  cup  flat,  smooth ;  acorn  subglobose. 

Swampy  woods.  N.  Y.  N.  Eivj.  and  Penn.  W.  to  111.  and  Ark.  May. — A 
tree  40 — 60  feet  high,  with  numerous  spreading  branches.  Leaves  bright-green 


330  CUPULIFER^.. 

and  shining.    Acorns  numerous,  small,  on  short  peduncles.    The  wood  is  firm 
and  much  used  by  mechanics.  Water  Oa%.     Pin  Oak. 

14.  Q.  Banisteri  Mich.  •-  leaves  on  rather  short  petioles,  obovate-wedge- 
form,  3 — 5-lobed,  entire  on  the  margin,  grayish  tomentose  beneath  ;  lobes 
setaceously  mucronate ;  cup  subturbinate ;  acorn  roundish-ovoid.     Q.  iLici- 
folia  Willd. 

Dry  hills  and  barrens.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  Tj. — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high, 
crooked  and  much  branched.  Acorns  in  numerous  clusters  on  the  branches, 
small.  Covers  large  tracts,  called  oak  barrens,  in  various  parts  of  New  York 
and  of  pther  states.  Bear  Oak.  Barren  Scrub  Oak. 

**  Fructification  annual.     Fruit  mostly  pedunculate. 
•f  Leaves  sinuate-lobed ;  lobes  not  mucronate. 

15.  Q.  obtusiloba  Mich. :  leaves  oblong,  deeply-sinuate-lobed,  wedgeform 
at  base,  pubescent  beneath ;  lobes  obtuse,  the  upper  one  dilated  and  retuse ; 
cup  hemispheric ;  acorn  oval.     Q.  stellata  Linn. 

Sterile  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Ark.  May. — A  tree  30 — 50 
feet  high,  with  straggling  irregular  branches.  Leaves  mostly  5-lobed,  smooth- 
ish  and  shining  above,  rusty  pubescent  beneath.  Fruit  sessile  or  2 — 3  together 
on  a  short  common  peduncle.  Cup  hemispheric,  enclosing  nearly  half  of  the 
acorn.  The  timber  is  much  esteemed  in  ship  building,  and  is  supposed  in  dura- 
bility and  strength  to  surpass  that  of  any  other  species  of  oak  except  the  Live  Oak. 

Post  Oak. 

16.  Q.  macrocarpa  Mich. :  leaves  deeply  and  lyrately  sinuate-lobed,  to- 
mentose beneath ;  lobes  obtuse,   repand,   upper  ones  dilated ;  cup  deep, 
fringed  around  the.  margin ;  acorn  ovoid,  turgid,  more  than  half  immersed 
in  the  cup. 

Woods.  Near  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  On  the  islands  in  Lake  Champlain.  Penn., 
and  throughout  the  Western  and  Southwestern  states.  May. — A  tree  40 — 60 
feet  high,  the  branches  with  a  corky  bark.  Acorns  pedunculate,  larger  than  in 
any  other  American  species.  The  wood  is  said  to  be  of  an  excellent  quality. 

Over-cup  White  Oak. 

17.  Q.  olivaformis  Mich. :   leaves  oblong,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath, 
deeply  and  unequally  sinuate-pinnatifid ;  cup  very  deep,  crenate  above ; 
acorn  elliptic-oval,  three-fourths  enclosed  in  the  cup. 

Hills.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  May. — A  tree  somewhat  resembling  the  preceding. 
Michaux  credits  it  to  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  near  Albany,  but  I  believe  no 
other  botanist  has  found  it  there.  It  has,  however,  been  observed  by  the  late 
Dr.  W.  Horton,  in  Orange  county,  N.  Y.  Mossy-cup  Oak. 

18.  Q.  alba,  Linn. :  leaves  oblong,   pinnatifid-sinuate,   paler  beneath ; 
segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  ;  fruit  pedunculate  ;  cup  deep,  tuberculate  ; 
acorn  ovoid  or  oblong. 

Fertile  forests.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May. — One  of  the  largest  arid  most 
valuable  of  the  American  forest  trees,  often  80 — 100  feet  high,  and  3 — 7  feet  in 
diameter.  Bark  whitish.  Leaves  pubescent  beneath  when  young.  Timber 
firm  and  durable,  and  of  great  use  in  ship  building  and  in  many  other  arts. 

White  Oak. 

ff  Leaves  coarsely  serrate  or  toothed,  not  lobed. 

19.  Q.  Prinus  Linn. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  obovate,  acute,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  coarsely  toothed ;  teeth  unequal,  dilated,  callous  at  the  point ; 
cap  deep,  attenuate  at  base ;  acorn  ovoid  or  oval.     Q.  Prinus  palustris 
Mich. 


,OUPU  LIFERS.  331 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  ?  to  Flor.  May  .-.A  tree  60—80  feet  high.  Leaves 
large,  on  petioles  about  an  inch  long.  Cup  hemispheric,  enclosing  about  one 
third  of  the  acorn,  on  a  short  peduncle.  Acorn  large.  Timber  inferior  to  that 
of  the  preceding,  but  often  employed  indiscriminately  with  it. 

Swamp  Chestnut  Oak. 

20.  Q.  bicolor  Willd. :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  oblong-obovate,  whitish 
tomentose  beneath,  coarsely  toothed,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base ;  teeth 
unequal,  diluted,  rather  acute,  callous  at  the  summit ;  fruit  mostly  in  pairs, 
on  long  peduncles  5  cup  hemispheric ;  acorn  oblong-ovoid.     Q.   Prinus 
discolor  Mich.  f. 

Low  woods  and  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.— A  tree  40—60  feet  high, 
with  the  bark  separating  into  large  flat  scales  or  plates.  Leaves  varying  from 
broad-oVate  to  oblong.  Acorn  large,  in  a  small  thin  and  roughish  cup.  Its  tim- 
ber is  in  less  repute  than  that  of  many  other  species.  Swamp  White  Oak. 

21 .  Q.  montana  Willd. :  leaves  on  petioles,  broad-obovate,  oblong,  pubes- 
cent and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  coarsely  and  nearly  equally  toothed ; 
teeth  short,  broad  and  obtuse,  slightly  mucronate ;  fruit  mostly  in  pairs,  on 
short  peduncles ;  cup  hemispheric ;  acorn  elliptic-oblong.     Q.  Prinus  mon- 
ticola  Mich. 

In  rocky  situations.  N.  H.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  May. — A  tree  of  less  size 
than  either  of  the  two  preceding.  Its  wood  resembles  the  white  oak  in  strength, 
and  its  bark  is  highly  esteemed  by  tanners.  For  fuel  it  is  scarcely  exceeded  in 
value  by  any  of  our  trees.  Rock  Chestnut  Oak. 

22.  Q.  Castanea  Willd. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse at  base,  acuminate,  pubescent  and  grayish  beneath,  nearly  equally 
toothed  ;  teeth  acute,  callous  at  the  point ;  cup  hemispheric  ;  acorn  round- 
ish-ovoid.    Q.  Prinus  acuminata  Mich.f. 

Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May. — A  tree  60 — 70  feet  high.  Leaves  on  long 
petioles  and  narrower  than  those  of  the  former.  Fruit  middle-sized,  sessile  or 
on  a  short  peduncle.  In  name  and  use  it  is  often  confounded  with  Q.  Prinus. 

Chestnut  Oak.     Yellow  Oak. 

23.  Q.  Chinquapin  Pursh :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  obovate,  and  lance- 
oblong,  coarsely  and  often  obsoletely  sinuate-toothed,  acute  at  base,  pu- 
bescent and  glaucous  beneath ;  teeth  nearly  equal,  callous  at  the  point ;  cup 
hemispheric,  sessile ;  acorn  ovoid.     Q.  prinoides  Willd.  „ 

Sandy  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ark.  May.  fy.—Slem  3—6  feet 
high.  Acorns  small,  numerous.  It  occurs  in  tracts  or  patches  intermingled  with 
Q.  Banisteri.  Chinquapin  Oak.  Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak. 

4.  CASTANEA.   Tourn.— Chestnut. 
(From  Castanea,  a  city  of  Thessaly,  noted  for  its  chestnuts.) 

Polygamous.  STERILE  FL.  Aments  numerous,  interruptedly 
clustered,  very  long,  cylindric.  Perianth  deeply  5 — 6-parted. 
Stamens  8 — 15.  FERTILE  FL.  2 — 3,  within  an  ovoid  scaly  or 
muricate  involucre,  Perianth  urceolate,  5 — 6-cleft,  having  the 
rudiments  of  10— 12  abortive  stamens.  Ovary  crowned  with 
the  perianth.  Nuts  1 — 3,  included  in  the  enlarged  echinate 
4-lobed  involucre. 


332  fl'PULIFERyE. 

1.  C.  vesca  var.  Americana  Mich. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
rnucronate-serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides.     C.  xesca  Willd. 

Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.  May,  June. — A  large  tree,  and  one  of 
the  most,  useful.  Leaves  6  inches  long,  pubescent  beneath  when  young.  Ste- 
rile aments  or  spikes  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  yellowish,  in  dense  brac- 
teate  clusters,  giving  out  an  unpleasant  odor.  Nuts  generally  3,  much  smaller 
than  in  the  European  chestnut.  The  wood  is  extremely  durable  and  is  highly 
esteemed  for  posts  and  rails  to  construct  fences.  American  Chestnut. 

2.  C.  pumila  Mich. :  leaves  oblong,  acute,  mucronate-serrate,  white-to- 
mentose  beneath.     Fagus  pumila  Linn. 

Sandy  fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  at 
the  North  being  seldom  more  than  10  or  12  feet  high.  Leaves  smaller  than  in 
the  preceding  and  white  beneath.  Nut  ovoid,  acute,  very  sweet,  half  as  large 
as  that  of  the  preceding.  The  wood  is  durable,  but  too  small  to  be  converted 
to  much  use.  Chinquapin. 

5.  CORYLUS.  Linn— Hazel  Nut. 

(From  the  Greek  nopvs,  a  helmet  or  cup ;  in  allusion  to  the  involucrate  fruit.) 
Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  cylindric ;  scales  3-cleft, 
the  middle  lobe  covering  the  two  lateral  ones.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  8.  Anthers  1-celled.  FERTILE  FL.  numerous,  in  ter- 
minal capitate  scaly  clusters.  Perianth  obsolete.  Stigmas  2. 
Nut  bony,  roundish-ovoid,  obtuse,  surrounded  by  the  enlarged 
coriaceous  and  lacerately  toothed  involucre. 

1.  C.  Americana  Walt.:  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acuminate;  involucre 
roundish-campanulate,  larger  than  the  subglobose  nut;  border  dilated, 
many-cleft. 

Shady  woods.    Can.  to  Flor.    W.  to  Miss,  and  Ark.    March,  April.     \i . — 
"set  high,  with  virgate  branches,  pubescent  when  young, 
long  and  often  a  little  compressed  ;  the  .kernel  of  a  fine 

4«n<v»'^.«      Tf~~»l     M,.t  W,' 


Stem  4—8  feet  high,  with  virgate  branches,  pubescent  when  young.     Nut  about 
half  an  inch  long  and  often  a  little  compressed  ;  the  .kernel  of  a  fine  flavor. 

American  Hazel  Nut.     Wild  Filbert. 


2.  C.  rostrata  Ait. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate ; 
stipules  linear-lanceolate  ;  involucre  tubular-campanulate,  longer  than  the 
nut,  2-parted,  with  incised  segments. 

Mountain  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Tj. — Stem  3 — 4  feel  high.  Leaves 
on  short  petioles,  slightly  cordate.  Involucre  terminating  in  a  tube  about  2 


inches  long,  fhe  lower  part  enveloping  the  nut  and  densely  hairy.     Easily  dis- 

*  cmg  beaked  involucr 
Beaked  Hazel  Nut. 


tinguished  from  the  preceding,  by  its  narrow  leaves  and  long  beaked  involucre. 


6.  FAGUS.  Linn.— Beech. 
(From  the  Greek  <£ay«,  to  eat ;  in  allusion  to  the  esculent  fruit.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  globose,  pedunculate. 
Perianth  campanulate,  6 -cleft.  Stamens  8 — 12.  FERTILE  FL. 
2  within  a  4-lobed  prickly  involucre.  Perianth  with  4 — 5  mi- 
nute lobes.  Ovaries  triquetrous,  3 -celled,  2  abortive.  Styles 
3.  Nuts  usually  2,  invested  by  the  enlarged  coriaceous  muri- 
cate  4 -cleft  involucre. 


ALTINGIACEA:.  333 

F.  sytvatica,  var.  Americana  Nwtt :  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  more 
or  less  toothed,  ciliate  on  the  margin ;  nut  sharply  3-angled,  acute  or  some- 
what obtuse.  F.  sylvestris  Mich.  F.  ferruginea  Ait.  ?  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May. — A  beautiful  tree,  often  attaining  the  height  of 
50  or  60  feet,  and  coated  with  a  thick  smooth  grayish  bark.  Leaves  2 — 5  inches 
long,  often  a  little  cordate  at  base,  bright-green  and  shining  above,  silky  beneath 
when  young.  Nuts  1 — 2  in  each  involucre,  mostly  acute  but  sometimes  rather 
obtuse,  mucronate  with  a  sharp  point,  pale  reddish-brown.  There  is  probably 
only  one  species  of  beech  in  the  Northern  States,  but  whether  this  is  distinct 
from  the  foreign  F.  sylvatica,  or  a  mere  variety,  is  still  somewhat  doubtful.  The 
difference  in  the  color  of  the  wood,  (red  and  white,)  is  caused  by  the  more  or  less 
rapid  growth  of  the  tree.  Beech. 

ORDER  CXIX.     PLATANACE^E.— PLANES. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  globose  pedunculate  aments,  destitute 
of  floral  envelopes.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  numerous,  mixed 
with  small  scales  and  appendages.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovaries  nu- 
merous, mixed  with  scales ;  styles  subulate ;  stigma  small. 
Fruit  a  small  coriaceous  1 -seeded  nut.  Seeds  albuminous. — 
Large  trees,  with  alternate  palmate  or  toothed  leaves. 

PLATANUS.  Linn.— Plane  Tree. 

(From  the  Greek  TrAaruf ,  broad ;  in  allusion  to  its  wide  spreading  branches  and 
foliage.) 

Character  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

JP.  occidentalis  Linn. :  leaves  angularly  lobed  or  obscurely  palmate,  sinu- 
ate-toothed, pubescent  beneath ;  branches  whitish ;  fertile  heads  solitary. 

Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — One  of  the  largest 
trees  in  the  United  States,  attaining  in  favorable  situations  the  height  of  80  feet 
or  more.  Leaves  alternate,  on  long  petioles.  Aments  axillary,  globose ;  the 
fertile  ones  at  length  forming  a  compact  ball  of  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  which 
hangs  on  a  slender  peduncle  2  or  3  inches  in  length. 

Button  Wood.     Sycamore. 

ORDER  CXX.     ALTINGIACEJE.— SWEET  GUMS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  in  aments 
which  are  furnished  with  a  deciduous  4 -leaved  involucre.  STE- 
RILE FL.  in  conical  aments.  Anthers  numerous,  nearly  sessile, 
with  a  few  minute  scales.  FERTILE  FL.  in  globose  aments. 
Ovaries  numerous,  each  surrounded  by  a  few  scales ;  styles  2, 
long.  Fruit  a  cone  composed  of  hard  connected  scales,  in  the 
cavities  of  which  lie  obconic,  2-lobed,  2-celled  capsules.  Seeds 
mostly  abortive ;  albumen  fleshy. — Trees,  with  alternate  simple 
or  lobed  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules. 


334  ULMACE.E. 


LIQUID  AMBAR.  Linn.— Sweet  Gum. 

(From  the  Latin  Liquidutn,  fluid,  and  ambar,  amber ;  in  allusion  to  the  liquid 
which  exudes  from  the  tree.) 

Character  same  as  that  of  the  order, 

L.  slyraciflua  Linn, ;  leaves  palmately  lobed ;  lobes  acuminate,  serrate ; 
axils  of  the  primary  veins  villous. 

Low  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — A  tree  sometimes  attaining 
the  height  of  60  or  70  feet.  Leaves  fragrant  when  bruised.  Fertile  aments 
when  in  fruit  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  forming  a  brownish  woody  and  prickly 
strobile.  At  the  South,  the  tree  yields  an  aromatic  liquid. 

Common  Suueet  Gum.     Bilsted. 

ORDER  CXXI.     ULMACEJE,— ELMS. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  by  abortion.  Perianth  cam- 
panulate, imbricate,  irregular.  Stamens  5 — 10,  inserted  on  the 
perianth.  Ovary  2-celled ;  stigmas  2,  distinct.  Fruit  a  samara, 
an  indehiscent  capsule  or  a  drupe.  Seed  solitary,  without  albu- 
men.— Trees  or  shrubs,  with  rough  alternate  simple  deciduous 
leaves  and  stipules. 

1.  ULMUS.  Linn.— Elm. 

(An  ancient  Latin  name,  the  origin  of  which  is  doubtful.) 
Flowers  perfect.    Perianth  campanulate,  5 — 8-cleft.    Stamens 
5—8.     Styles  2.     Fruit  (a  samara)  flat,  with  a  broad  mem- 
branaceous  border. 

1.  U.  Americana  Linn. :  branches  smooth;  leaves  smooth  above,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  somewhat  doubly  serrate,  unequal  at  the  base ;   serratures 
uncinately  acuminate ;  flowers  pedicellate,  in  loose  lateral  fascicles  ;  samara 
oval,  densely  villose,  ciliate  on  the  margin. 

Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.— A  tree  60—80 
feet  or  more  in  height,  with  long  recurved  branches.  Flowers  purplish,  in  small 
fascicles,  generally  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Stamens  4-—8.  In  favorable 
situations  the  most  magnificent  tree  on  the  continent.  The  wood  is  less  com- 
pact than  that  of  the  two  next  specie?.  American  Elm.  White  Elm. 

2.  U.  fuha  Mich. :   branches   scabrous,  white ;    leaves   ovate-oblong, 
much  acuminate,  very  scabrous  above  and  somewhat  roughly  pubescent 
beneath ;  buds  tomentose,  with   a  thick   tawny  wool ;   flowers  in   dense 
nearly  sessile  fascicles, ;  samara  orbicular,  nearly  naked  on  the  margin. 
U.  riibra  Mich.  f. 

Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Cur.  May.— A  tree  20,  30,  or  40  feet  high.  Leaves 
much  larger  than  in  the  preceding  and  very  rough.  Stamens  7—^9.  The  inner 
bark  contains  a  great  portion  of  mucilage,  and  is  largely  employed  for  medi- 
cinal purposes.  Slippery  Elm. 

3.  U.  nenioralis  Ait. :  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  glabrous,  equally  serrate, 
nearly  equal  at  base :  flowers  sessile. 


JUGLANDACE^E.  335 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Eng.  to  Virg. ;  rare.  April,  May.  \i. — Pursh.  A 
doubtful  species.  River  Elm. 

4.  U-.  racemosa  Thomas :  young  branchlets  pubescent ;  leaves  smooth 
above,  slightly  and  softly  pubescent  beneath,  acuminate,  doubly  and  unci- 
nately  serrate ;  flowers  in  compound  racemes,  pedicellate  ;  samara  elliptic- 
oval,  the  margin  densely  fringed. 

Banks  of  Htreams.  Ver.  N.  Y.  and  in  the  Western  States.  April. — A  large 
tree ;  the  branches  having  irregular  corky  excrescences.  Leaves  obovate,  ob- 
long, often  auriculate  on  one  side.  Racemes  compound,  1 — 2£  inches  long; 
pedicels  solitary,  or  2 — 4  together.  Perianth  7—8  cleft.  Stamens  7 — 10.  De- 
scribed and  figured  by  David  Thomas,  Esq. ,  in  Sittiman's  Journal,  xix.  170. 

Thomas's  Elm.     White  Elm. 

2.  CELTIS.  Linn.— Nettle  Tree. 
(An  ancient  name  of  the  Lotus,  applied  to  this  tree.) 
Polygamous.    STERILE  FL.    Perianth  5 — 6 -parted.    Stamens 
5—^6.     PERFECT  FL.     Perianth  deeply  5-parted.     Stigmas  2, 
elongated,  spreading.     Drupe  globose,  1 -seeded. 

1.  C.  occidentalis  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  equally  serrate,  un- 
equal at  base,  scabrous  above,  hairy  beneath ;  flowers  small,  subsolitary. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W,  to  Miss.  May.— A  tree  20—60  or  70  feet  high. 
Leaves  2 — 5  inches  long,  at  length  coriaceous.  Flmvers  small,  greenish-white, 
solitary  or  in  pairs.  Drupe  nearly  globose.  Sugar  Berry.  Beaver  Wood. 

2.  C.  crassifolia  Lam. :  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate, 
rough  and  hairy  on  both  sides,  unequal  and  subcordate  at  the  base ;  pe- 
duncles mostly  2-flowered. 

Low  grounds.  Penn.  W.  toTenn.  May  ?— A  tree  30— 50  feet  high.  Leaves 
3 — 6  inches  long.  Flowers  often  in  pairs  on  a  common  peduncle.  Drupe  round, 
about  as  large  as  a  pea,  black  when  ripe.  Mich.  Darlingt. 

Hoop  Ash.    Hack  Berry. 

ORDER  CXXII.     JUGLANDACE^E.— WALNUTS. 

Flowers  monrecious,  imperfect.  STERILE  FL.  in  aments. 
Perianth  adherent  to  a  scale-like  bract,  unequally  2 — 6 -parted. 
Stamens  3,  or  numerous.  FERTILE  FL.  few,  clustered  or  in 
loose  racemes.  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  the  limb 
minute,  3 — 5 -parted  ;  rarely  double,  the  inner  of  3 — 5  minute 
leaves.  Ovary  2— 4-celled  below,  1-celled  above;  styles  1—2, 
very  short ;  stigmas  2 — 4,  unequal.  Fruit  drupaceous,  the 
pericarp  fibrous-fleshy  or  coriaceous ;  nut  opening  or  separating 
from  a  2-valved  or  valveless  stone,  which  is  2 — 4-celled  at  base, 
and  1-celled  at  the  apex.  Seed  without  albumen,  2-  or  4-lobed  ; 
cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily. — Trees,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves 
destitute  of  stipules. 


336  JUGLANDACE^E. 

1.  JUGLANS.  Linn.— Walnut. 
(From  the  Latin  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter ;  on  account  of  its  excellence.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  imbricate ;  scales  mostly 
5-parted,  sometimes  bracteate.  Perianth  5-  or  6-parted.  Sta- 
mens 8 — 40.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  double  ;  the  outer  one 
short,  4-toothed ;  the  inner  one  4 -parted.  Styles  2,  very  short. 
Stigmas  2,  somewhat  clavate.  Drupe  fibrous-fleshy,  indehiscent. 
Nut  rugose  and  irregularly  furrowed. 

1.  J.  nigra  Linn.:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  numerous,  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  subcordate,  tapering  to  the  summit,  the  under  surface  and  petioles 
slightly  pubescent ;  fruit  globose,  roughly  dotted,  spongy ;  nut  nearly  glo- 
bose, corrugated. 

Fertile  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.— A  tree,  30—60 
feet  high,  with  a  large  spreading  top.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  from  15 — 21  leafets. 
Sterile  aments  axillary,  cylindric,  pendulous.  Timber  compact,  fine  grained, 
heavy  and  dark  colored  when  exposed  to  the  air.  Black  Walnut. 

2.  J.  cinerea  Linn, :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  numerous,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  softly  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  villous; 
fruit  ovoid-oblong,  coriaceous,  hairy  and  viscid  ;  nut  elliptic-oblong,  acumi- 
nate, conspicuously  sculptured.    J.  cathartica  Mich.  f. 

Woods.  Can.  toGeor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May. — A  large  tree.  Leaves  pin- 
nate, with  15 — 17  pubescent  leafets.  Habit  and  fructification  very  similar  to 
the  preceding,  but  the  fruit  is  oblong,  with  a  tapering  protuberance  at  the  sum- 
mit, and  the  nut  much  more  deeply  and  irregularly  sculptured.  The  inner  bark 
yields  a  laxative  extract.  Butternut.  White  Walnut. 

2.  CARYA.  Nutt.— Hickory. 

(From  the  Greek  Kapva,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Walnut.) 
Monoacious.  STERILE  FL.  Aments  mostly  in  threes,  slender, 
imbricate;  scales  3-parted.  Stamens  3 — 8.  Anthers  sessile, 
hairy.  FERTILE  FL*  Perianth  single,  4-cleft.  Drupe  cori- 
aceous or  somewhat  fleshy,  4-valved.  Nut  oval,  somewhat 
4-sided,  smooth. 

1 .  C.  siilcatn,  Nidt. :  leafets  generally  9,  obovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  terminal  one  subsessile  and  attenuate  at  base  ; 
fruit  roundish,  4-angled;   nut  oblong,  slightly  compressed,  conspicuously 
mucronate.    Juglans  sulcata  Wiild.    J.  mibcronata  Mich,  and  J.  laciniosa 
Mich.f. 

Fertile  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April,  May. — A  large  tree.  Leaves  pinnate, 
with  7 — 9  leafets.  Sterile  aments  3-parted,  very  long,  peduncled.  Nut  large, 
oblong,  with  a  very  thick  4-parted  pericarp.  This,  like  most  of  the  species,  is 
valuable  for  fuel.  Thick  Shell-bark  Hickory. 

2.  C.  alba  Nutt.  .•  leafets  5 — 7,  on  long  petioles,  obovate  and  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  villous  beneath,  the  terminal  one  ses- 


CONIFERS.  337 

eil* ;   aments  filiform,  smooth ;    fruit  depressed-globose ;   nut  compressed, 
oblique.    Juglans  alba  Mick.    J.  compressa  Wdld.   J.  squamosa  Mich.  f. 

Fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  and  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May. — A  tree  50  to  80 
feet  high,  with  the  bark  separating  in  large  flat  scales  or  plates.  Nut  with  a 
thinner  shell  than  that  of  most  other  species  and  of  a  fine  flavor;  pericarp  glo- 
bose, depressed  at  the  summit.  Timber  much  prized,  in  consequence  of  the 
fineness  of  the  grain  and  the  elasticity  of  the  fibre. 

Shell-bark  or  Shag-bark  Hickory. 

3.  C.  microcarpa  Nutt. :  leafets  5 — 7,  oblong-lanceolate,  conspicuously 
acuminate,   serrate,   smooth,   glandular    beneath;    aments  smooth;    fruit 
fbundish-ovoid ;  pericarp  thin  ;  nut  slightly  4-sided.   Juglans  compressa,  var. 
microcarpa  Muhl. 

Moist  woods.  Penn.  May. — A  tree  60 — 80  feet  high,  with  an  even  bark. 
Aments  long,  slender,  smooth.  Fruit  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter ; 
pericarp  thin  ;  nut  with  a  thin  shell.  Intermediate  between  C.  alba  and  one  of 
the,  varieties  of  C.  porcina,  but  Dr.  Darlington  is  inclined  to  think  it  a  good  spe- 
cies. Small-fruited  Carya. 

4.  C.  iomentosa  Nutt. :  leafets  7 — 9,  oblong  and  obovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, smooth,  slightly  serrate,  pubescent  and  scabrous  beneath,  terminal 
one  nearly  sessile  ;  aments  filiform,  very  long,  tomentose ;  fruit  subglobose  ; 
smooth ;  pericarp  very  thick ;  nut  somewhat  6-angled,  the  shell  very  thick 
and  hard.    Juglans  tomentosa  Mich.    J.  alba  WiUd. 

Fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May. — A  tree,  50—80  feet  high,  with 
the  bark  rough  but  not  scaly.  Leafets  sometimes  nearly  entire  (var.  mtegrifolia 
Torr.)  Fruit  very  variable  in  size,  but  usually  from  It — 2  inches  in  length; 
nut  light  brown,  shell  very  thick  and  hard,  kernel  sweet.  The  wood  is  very  val- 
uable for  fuel.  White-heart  Hickory.  Mockernut. 

5.  C.  amara  Nutt. :  leafets  7 — 9,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate, smooth  on  both  sides  ;  fruit  subglobose ;  nut  smooth,  mucronate,  with 
the  shell  fragile.     Juglans  amara  Mich.    Hicorius  amara  Raf. 

Dry  fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May. — A  large  tree.  Leafets  mostly  7, 
sometimes  only  5,  sessile,  with  the  nerves  and  midrib  pubescent.  Nut  small, 
almost  obcordate,  with  a  very  thin  shell,  and  a  bitter  and  astringent  kernel. 
Often  confounded  with  the  next  species.  Bitternut.  Swamp  Hickory. 

6.  C.  porcina  Nutt. :  leafets  generally  7,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
acute  at  the  base,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  fruit  oblong-globose  or  pyriform ; 
nut  compressed,  smooth,  very  hard.    Juglans  porcina  Mich.    J.  obcordata 
undglabra  Wittd. 

Fertile  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May. — A  very  large  tree.  Leafets  5 — 7. 
Fruit  small,  variable,  with  a  bitter  and  astringent  kernel.  Wood  very  tough ; 
used  for  making  splint  brooms.  Pignut.  Broom  Hickory. 

ORDER  CXXIII.    CONIFERS.— PINES. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  naked.  STERILE  FL.  consist- 
ing of  one  or  more  (often  monadelphous)  stamens,  arranged  on  a 
rachis  so  as  to  form  a  loose  ament.  FERTILE  FL.  in  cones. 
Ovary  spread  open,  and  having  the  appearance  of  a  flat  scale 
destitute  of  style  or  stigma,  and  arising  from  the  axil  of  a  mem- 
branous bract.  Fruit  a  cone.  Seed  with  a  hard  criistaceous 

15 


338  CONIFERS. 

integument ;  embryo  in  oily  albumen. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a 
branched  trunk  abounding  in  resin.  Wood  marked  with  circular 
disks.  Leaves  usually  rigid  and  needle-shaped,  entire. 

1.  JUNIPERUS.  Linn.— Juniper. 
(From  the  Celtic  jeneprus,  rude,  rough,  characteristic  of  the  plant.) 

Dio3cious,  rarely  monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Ament  ovoid- 
oblong,  very  small ;  scales  verticillate,  peltate.  Anther-cells 
3 — 6.  FERTILE  FL.  Ament  ovoid ;  scales  few,  concave,  united 
at  base,  becoming  a  fleshy  tuberculate  berry  and  enclosing  1 — 3 
crustaceous  seeds. 

1.  J.  communis  Linn. :  leaves  in  threes,  subulate,  spreading,  mucronate, 
longer  than  the  ovoid  berry. 

Dry  hills  and  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May. — 
A  shrub  with  prostrate  and  spreading  branches,  forming  large  beds.  Leaves 
sharply  mucronate,  glaucous  above,  shining  below.  Berry  purple.  Medicinal. 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  iii.  45.  Common  Juniper. 

2.  J.  Virginiana  Linn. :  trunk  arboreous ;  leaves  in  four  rows,  shorter 
than  the  berry;  those  of  the  older  branches  subulate,  cuspidate,  and  some- 
what spreading. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May. — A  middle-sized 
tree,  with  horizontal  branches.  Berry  covered  with  a  blue  powder.  Wood 
light  and  very  durable.  The  leaves  resemble  Savin  in  their  medicinal  proper- 
ties. Red  Cedar. 

3.  J.  proslrata  Mich. :  stem  prostrate,  creeping ;  leaves  imbricate  in  four 
rows,  ovate,  submucronate,  glandular  in  the  middle,  appressed;  berry  large 
and  conspicuously  tubercular.    J.  repens  Nutt.    J.  Virginiana,  var.  pros- 
trata  Torr. 

Sandy  soils.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — A  low  shrub  with  creeping 
branches  2  yards  long.  Dr.  Torrey  considers  this  as  a  variety  of  the  preceding ; 
but  it  seems  to  differ  in  its  habit  and  in  its  fruit. 

Trailing  Juniper. 

2.  THUYA.  Linn.— Arbor  VifcB. 

(From  the  Greek  Ovwv,  sacrifice;  because  its  wood  or  resin  was  used  as  a 
perfume  in  sacrifices.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Aments  terminal,  very  small, 
ovoid.  Perianth  none.  Anther-cells  4,  opening  longitudinally. 
FERTILE  FL.  Cone  with  the  scales  2-flowered.  Seeds  more  or 
less  winged. 

T.  occidentals  Linn. :  branches  ancipitous  ;  leaves  imbricate  in  4  rows, 
ovate-rhomboidal,  appressed,  tuberculate ;  cones  nodding,  obovoid ;  inner 
scales  truncate,  gibbous  at  the  summit ;  seeds  winged  all  round. 

River  banks  and  hill  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — A  tree  20 — 30 
feet  high*  with  very  tough  branches.  Leaves  resembling  scales.  Cones  about 
half  an  inch  long,  yellowish-brown.  The  wood  is  light  and  soft,  but  very  dura- 
We.  '  '•..-.'•..  American  Arbor  Vita. 


CONIFERS.  339 

,{W  --»'«•  !'->rc-  •' 

3.  CUPRESSUS.  Litw.—  Cypress. 

(From  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  where  one  species  of  the  tree  is  abundant.) 
Monoecious.     STERILE  FL.     Ament  solitary.     Anthers  2 — 4 
celled.     FERTILE  FL.     Cone  globose ;  the  scales  protuberant  or 
mucronate  in  the  centre,  and  finally  spreading.    Seeds  angular, 
compressed. 

1.  C.  disticha  Linn. :  leaves  distichous,  flat,  deciduous;  sterile  flowers 
leafless,  paniculate. 

Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the 
forest,  occurring  in  extensive  swamps,  especially  at  the  South.  Leaves  small, 
linear  and  acute.  Cone  with  an  irregular  surface.  Timber  very  durable. 

American  Cypress. 

2.  C.  thuyoides  Linn. :  branches  compressed ;   leaves  imbricate  in  four 
rows,  ovate,  tuberculate  at  base. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May. — A  middle-sized  tree,  composing  the  Cedar 
svxunps  of  the  middle  and  southern  states.  Wood  light,  soft  and  durable,  used 
as  is  the  preceding,  for  shingles,  cedar-ware,  rails,  &c.  White  Cedar. 

4.  PINUS.  Linn.— Pine. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  pin  or  pen,  a  crag  or  stony  mountain ; 
often  its  place  of  growth.) 

Monoecious.  Aments  racemosely  clustered  ;  scales  peltate. 
Stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments.  FERTILE  FL.  Aments 
more  or  less  conic  or  cylindric ;  scales  closely  imbricate,  2- 
flowered,  enlarging  and  becoming  woody,  forming  a  cone. 
Seeds  winged  at  the  summit,  covered  by  the  scales  of  the 
cone. 

*  Leaves  2 — 5,  sheathing  at  base.     Scales  of  the  cone  thickened  at  the 
summit.    PINUS. 

1.  P.inopsAU:  leaves  short,  mostly  in  pairs;  cones  oblong-ovoid,  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  somewhat  recurved ;   spines  of  the  scales  subulate, 
straight. 

Sterile  soils.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May. — A  tree 
15 — 40  feet  high,  with  straggling  branches  and  full  of  resin.  Leaves  about 
2  inches  long.  Cones  2 — 3  inches  long,  ovoid,  tapering  and  a  little  curved. 

Pitch  or  Scrub  Pine. 

2.  P.  resinosa  Ait. :  leaves  elongated,  in  pairs  ;  sheaths  elongated ;  cones 
ovoid-conic,  rounded  at  base,  stibsolitary,  half  the  length  of  the  leaves ; 
scales  dilated  in  the  middle,  unarmed.     P.  rubra  Mick. 

Mountain  woods.  Can.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  W.  to  the  N.  W.  Coast.  May.— A 
tree  60  or  70  feet  high.  Leaves  4 — 6  inches  long.  Cones  2 — 3  inches  long,  ab- 
ruptly pointed.  Found  on  the  Helderburg  mountains  near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Red  Pine.     Norway  Pine. 

3.  P.  Banksiana  Lamb.:  leaves  short,  in  pairs,  rigid,  divaricate,  ob- 
lique ;  cones  recurved,  tortuous ;  scales  unarmed.     P.  rupestris  Mich.  f. 


340  CONIFERuE. 

Rocky  grounds.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Maine.  April,  May. — A  email  tree,  with 
long  spreading  flexible  branches.  Banks'  Scrub  Pine. 

4.  P.  variabilis  Lamb  :  leaves  elongated,  in  pairs  and  threes,  channelled, 
the  sheaths  long ;  cones  ovoid-conic,  mostly  solitary ;  spines  of  the  scales 
very  slender,  pointing  outward.     P.  mitis  Mich. 

Forests.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  ?  to  Geor.  May.— A  tree  40—60  feet  high,  with  a 
pyramidal  head.  Leaves  3 — 5  inches  long,  dark-green.  Cone  solitary,  2 — 3 
inches  long.  Timber  fine  grained  and  durable.  Abundant  in  New  Jersey. 

YeO«w  Pine. 

5.  P.  rigida  Linn.:  leaves  in  threes;  sheaths  short;    sterile   aments 
erect-incumbent;  cones  ovoid,  often. in  clusters;  spines  of  the  scales  rigid, 
reflexed. 

Sandy  soils.  Maine  to  Virg.  May. — A  tree  30 — 50  feet  high,  with  nume- 
rous branches  and  a  rough  fissured  "bark.  Leaves  4 — 6  inches  long.  Canes 
usually  clustered  in  threes  or  fours,  2 — 4  inches  long.  The  wood  abounds  in 
turpentine  and  is  chiefly  used  as  fuel.  Pitch  Pine. 

6.  P.  scrotina  Mich. :  leaves  elongated,  in  threes ;  sterile  aments  incum- 
bent, nearly  erect ;  cones  ovoid ;  spines  of  the  scales  straight,  slender. 

Margins  of  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May. — A  small  tree.  Leaves  6 — 8  inches 
long.  Cones  larger  and  more  globular  than  in  the  preceding.  Pond  Pine. 

7.  P.  Strobus  Linn. :  leaves  in  fives,  slender ;  sheaths  very  short ;  cones 
cylindric-oblong,  pendulous,  much  longer  than  the  leaves;    scales  loose, 
flattish,  without  spines. 

Fertile  soils.  Can.  to  Virg.  May. — A  very  large  and  valuable  tree,  some- 
times attaining  the  height  of  200  feet  or  more.  Leaves  4  inches  long,  sharply 
triangular  and  more  slender  than  in  any  of  our  species.  Cone  solitary,  very 
long.  Timber  soft,  fine  grained  and  light.  White  or  Weymouth  Pine. 

**  Leaves  fasciculate,  deciduous.     LARIX. 

8.  P.  pendula  Ait. :  leaves  fasciculate,  deciduous,  short ;  cones  ovoid- 
roundish,  consisting  of  a  few  nearly  orbicular  thin  scales ;  bracts  broad- 
ovate,  with  the  point  attenuated.    P.  microcarpa  Lamb.    Larix  Americana 
Mich. 

Swamps.  Can.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  April,  May. — A  tree 
from  30 — 70  feet  high,  which  differs  from  the  preceding  by  its  leaves  growing 
in  tufts  or  fascicles,  and  in  their  being  deciduous.  Cones  about  half  an  inch 
long,  covered  with  soft  scales.  The  wood  is  strong  and  durable. 

Hackmatack.     Tamarack. 

***  Leaves  solitary,  distinct  at  base.     Scaks  of  the  cone  even  and  atten- 
uated.    ABIES. 

9.  P.  Balsamea  Linn. :  leaves  solitary,  flat,  emarginate  or  entire,  glau- 
cous beneath,  somewhat  pectinate  at  the  summit,  nearly  erect,  below  re- 
curved-spreading  ;  cone  cylindric,  erect ;  bracts  short,  obovate,  conspicu- 
ously mucronate,  somewhat  serrulate.     Abies  balsamifera  Mich. 

Mountains.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May. — 
A  tree  40--50  feet  high.  Leaves  6 — 10  lines  long.  Cone  solitary,  erect.  It 
yields  a  kind  of  turpentine  known  by  the  name  of  Canada  balsam,  which  is  used 
medicinally  and  for  optical  purposes.  American  Silver  Fir.  Balsam  Fir. 

10.  P.  Fra&eri  Pursh. :  leaves  solitary,  flat,  short,  emarginate,  glau- 


CONIFERS.  341 

cous  beneath,  subsecund,  erect  above;  cones  ovoid-oblong,  erect;  bracts 
elongated,  reflexed,  oblong-cuneate,  emarginate,  shortly  mucronate,  incisely 
toothed.  P.  Balsamta,  var.  Fraseri  Nutt. 

Mountains.  Ver.  N.  Y.  ?  and  Penn.  May. — Resembles  the  former,  but  dif- 
fers in  being  a  smaller  tree,  the  leaves  shorter  and  more  erect,  and  the  cones 
not  one-fourth  the  size.  Double  Balsam  Fir. 

11.  P.   Canadensis  Linn. :  leaves  somewhat  distichous,   solitary,   flat, 
minutely  denticulate,  obtuse ;  cones  elliptic-ovoid,  terminal,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  leaves.     Abies  Canadensis  Mick. 

Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May. — A  tree 
sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  60  or  70  feet,  with  spreading  and  often  some- 
what pendulous  branches.  Leaves  6 — 8  lines  long.  Cones  very  small.  The 
wood,  though  soft  and  coarse  grained,  is  much  used  for  various  purposes.  The 
bark  contains  a  great  quantity  of  tannin.  Hemlock  Spruce. 

12.  P.  nigra  Ait. :  leaves  solitary,  scattered  all  around  the  branches, 
somewhat  4-sided,  erect,  short,  entire ;  cones  ovoid ;  scales  elliptic,  undu- 
late on  the  margin,  crenulate  or  toothed  at  the  apex.    Abies  nigra  Mich.  f. 

Swamps.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  May. — A 
tree  usually  from  30 — 60  feet  high,  with  a  pyramidal  summit.  Leaves  half  an 
inch  long,  dark-green.  Cones  1 — 2  inches  in  length. 

Slack  or  Double  Spruce. 

13.  P.  rubra  Lamb.:  leaves  solitary,  subulate;  cones  oblong,  obtuse; 
scales  rounded,  somewhat  2-lobed,  entire  on  the  margin. 

Hudson's  Bay.  Pursh.     Maine.  Torr.    May.     Tj.  Red  Spruce. 

14.  P.  alba  Ait. :  leaves  solitary,  scattered  around  the  branches,  erect, 
4-sided,  somewhat  glaucous,  entire ;  cones  oblong-cylindric,  loose ;  scales 
obovate,  very  entire. 

Swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  May. — A  small  tree,  seldom  more  than  40  or 
50  feet  high.  Leaves  5 — 8  lines  long,  more  slender  and  less  crowded  than  in  the 
preceding.  Cones  slender,  2  inches  long.  White  or  Single  Spruce. 

5.  TAXUS.  Linn.— Yew. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  TO&V,  a  bow  ;  on  account  of  the  use 
made  of  the  wood.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  consisting  of  peltate  anthers 
in  an  ament ;  anther-cells  3 — 6  or  more,  inserted  in  the  lobes 
of  the  connective,  opening  beneath.  FERTILE  FL.  solitary,  with 
imbricate  scales  at  the  base.  Seed  nut-like,  seated  in  the  disk 
which  becomes  a  succulent  cup. 

T.  Canadensis  Willd. :  leaves  linear,  distichous,  crowded,  revolute  on 
the  margin  ;  sterile  aments  solitary,  globose.  T.  baccata,  var.  minor  Mich. 

Moist  rocky  places.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  St.  Louis  River.  March,  April. 
Tci . — Stem  4—8  feet  high.  Leaves  resembling  those  of  Pinus  Canadensis,  but 
larger.  Fruit  having  the  appearance  of  a  berry,  open  at  the  top,  bright- red,  the 
seed  or  nut  oval,  compressed.  American  Yew.  Ground  Hemlock 


342  HYDROCHARIDAOE^. 

CLASS  II.     ENDOGENOUS  OR  MONOCOTYLEDO- 
NOUS  PLANTS. 

Stem,  with  no  perceptible  distinction  of  bark,  wood  and  pith, 
increasing  in  diameter  by  the  addition  of  new  matter  to  the 
centre.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  with  no  evident  articulation, 
commonly  sheathing  at  base  and  entire,  mostly  with  parallel 
veins.  Embryo  with  but  one  cotyledon;  or  if  two,  one  is 
smaller  and  alternate  with  the  other. 

SUBCLASS  I.— PETALOIDEALS. 

Stamens  and  pistils  naked  or  covered  by  verticillate  floral 
envelopes. 

ORDER  CXXIV.     HYDROCHARIDACE^E.— FROG'S  BITS. 

Flowers  in  a  spathe,  mostly  dicecious.  Perianth  regular, 
3 — 6-parted  ;  the  inner  segments  petaloid.  Stamens  3 — 12. 
Ovary  1 — 9-celled  ;  stigmas  3 — 6.  Fruit  dry  or  succulent,  in- 
dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  without  albumen. — Floating  or 
water  plants.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  sometimes  opposite  or 
verticillate. 

1.  UDORA.  Nutt.— Udora. 
(From  the  Greek  vto  p,  water ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.) 

Polygamous.  Spathe  bifid,  1 -flowered.  Perianth  6-parted, 
petaloid.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  9,  3  of  them  interior.  PER- 
FECT FL.  Tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and  slender.  Sta- 
mens 3 — 6  ;  filaments  short,  subulate.  Style  long  and  filiform. 
Stigmas  3,  large  and  spreading,  2-lobed.  Fruit  coriaceous, 
few  seeded:  Seeds  elliptic,  smooth. 

IT.  Canadtnsis  Nutt. :  leaves  verticillate  in  threes  and  fours,  lanceolate, 
oblong  or  linear,  finely  serrulate ;  tube  of  the  perianth  filiform.  El-odea 
Canadensis  Mich.  Serpicula  verticitlata  Muhl. 

Still  waters.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  7J.? — Stem  submersed,  dif- 
fusely diehotomou.s.  Flowers  axillary,  very  small,  whitish.  The  plant  without 
flowers  resembles  an  aquatic  moss.  Little  Water  Snakeweed. 

2.  VALLISNERIA.  Linn.— Tapeweed. 
(In  honor  of  Antonio  Vallisneri^  an  Italian  botanist.) 

Dioecious.  STERILE  FL.  Spathe  ovate,  2— 4-parted.  Spa- 
dix  covered  with  minute  flowers.  Perianth  3-parted.  Stamens 


ORCH  I  D  AC  F.-1-:.  343 

2.  FERTILE  FL.  Scape  very  long,  flexuous  or  spiral.  Spathe 
tubular,  bifid,  1 -flowered.  Perianth  elongated,  6 -parted;  the 
alternate  segments  linear.  Style  none.  Stigmas  3,  ovate,  bifid. 
Capsule  elongated,  cylindric,  3-toothed,  1 -celled,  many-seeded; 
the  seeds  attached  to  the  sides. 

V.  spiralis  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  minutely  and  aculeately  serru- 
late ;  sterile  peduncles  very  short ;  fertile  ones  flexuous.  V.  Americana 
Mich. 

Still  water.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  III.  Aug.  %.— Leaves  all  radical,  1—2 
feet  or  more  long,  2 — 4  lines  wide,  linear  and  grass-like,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
smooth  and  deep-green.  Perianth  reddish-white.  The  roots  are  supposed  to  be 
the  favorite  food  of  the  canvas-back  duck.  Tape  Grass.  Eel  Grass. 

ORDER  CXXV.     ORCHID ACE^E.— ORCHIDS. 

Flowers  irregular.  Perianth  of  6  segments,  in  two  rows,  the 
outer  (calyx)  usually  colored  and  petaloid  like  the  inner,  the 
lowest  one  (lip)  different  from  the  others  and  often  spurred. 
Stamens  3,  united  with  the  style  and  thus  forming  the  column, 
the  central  one  only  perfect  or  the  central  abortive  and  the  two 
lateral  perfect.  Pollen  powdery  or  cohering  in  waxy  masses. 
Ovary  adherent,  1 -celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae  ;  style  mostly 
forming  part  of  the  column ;  stigma  a  viscid  concave  spot  in 
front  of  the  column.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute,  with  a 
loose  netted  coat. — Herbs,  with  tuberous  or  fibrous  roots  and 
usually  handsome.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

I.  MALAXED.  Pollen  cohering  in  waxy  masses,  without  a  caudicle 
or  separable  stigmatic  gland.  Anther  terminal. 

1.  LIP  ARTS.  Rich.— Liparis. 
(From  the  Greek  \nrapos,  fat  ,•  the  leaves  having  an  unctuous  feel.) 

Perianth  with  the  segments  distinct,  linear,  spreading.  Lip 
flat,  dilated,  entire,  turned  various  ways.  Column  winged. 
Pollen-masses  4,  without  pedicels  or  glands. 

1.  L.  liliifolia  Rich. :  leaves  2,  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  scape ; 
inner  segments  of  the  perianth  filiform,  deflected  ;  lip  very  large,  obovatc, 
mucronate.     Malaxis  liliifolia  Wittd. 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  '1\-—  Scape  6 — 3  inches  high,  5-un- 
gled.  with  an  ovoid  bulb  at  the  base,  filoioers  rather  large,  in  a  short  terminal 
raceme,  the  perianth  pale-yellow,  the  lip  purplish.  '  Common  Liparis. 

2.  L.   LcBselii  Rich.:  leaves  2,   ovate-lanceolate,   plaited,   erect,   much 
shorter  than  the  scape;  segments  of  the  perianth  linear,  unequal;  lip  obo- 
vate,  entire.     L.  Correana  Sprenz.     Malaxis  Cwrrar,-fi-  Bart. 


344  ORCHIDACE^E. 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Virg. ;  rare.  June,  July.  '2J-. — Scape  5^-8  inches 
high,  3 — 5-angled,  with  a  bulb  at  the  base.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme,  smaller  but  more  numerous  than  in  the  preceding. 

Smaller  Liparis. 

2.  MICROSTYLIS.  Nutt.— Adder's  Mouth. 
(From  the  Greek  f"*poj,  little,  and  ervlos,  a  column.} 
Perianth  with  the  segments  -distinct ;  the  two  inner  lateral 
ones  filiform  or  linear.     Lip  widely  spreading,  concave,  sagit- 
tate or  auriculate  at  the  base.     Column  very  small.     Pollen- 
masses  4,  loose. 

1.  M.  ophioglossoides  NiM.:  scape  or  stem  with  one  ovate,  clasping  leaf 
near  the  middle ;  flowers  in  an  obtuse  raceme,  much  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cels.    MaLaxis  ophioglossoid£S  Willd. 

Wet  grounds,  near  roots  of  trees.  Can.  to  Virg.  July.  1}.. — Stem  or  scape 
6 — 10  inches  high,  1-leaved,  with  ovoid  bulb  at  the  base.  Leaf  about  2  inches 
long.  Flcnoers  numerous,  minute,  greenish- white,  in  a  short  terminal  raceme, 
many  abortive.  Common  Adder' s-mouth. 

2.  M.  monophyllos  Lind. :  scape  or  stem  with  a  single  ovate-elliptic  leaf 
near  the  base  ;  flowers  in  a  slender  elongated  raceme,  about  as  long  as  the 
pedicels.     Mcdaxis  'monophyllos  Willd. 

Shady  swamps.  Herkimer  and  Oneida  counties,  N.  Y.  July.  ty. — Stem 
or  scape  2 — 8  inches  high,  triangular,  somewhat  winged,  with  an  ovoid  bulb  at 
the  base.  Leaf  solitary,  (rarely  2.)  about  2  inches  long,  petiolate.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, in  an  elongated  raceme,  several  abortive.  Smaller  Adder' s-inouth. 

3.  CALYPSO.  Salisb.— Calypso. 

(A  poetical  name.) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  ascending,  secund.  Lip  ventrieose, 
spurred  beneath  near  the  end.  Column  petaloid,  dilated.  Pol- 
len-masses 2,  each  2-parJed,  sessile. 

C.  borealis  Salisb.  C.  Americana  Brown.  Limodorum,  boreale  Willd. 
Sphagnous  swamps,  near  Brownville.  Jefferson  county,  and  Lowville,  Lewis 
county,  N.  Y.  W.  A.  Wood  and  F.  B.  Hough.  Ver.  Montreal,  and  various  parts 
of  British  America.  Near  the  outlet  of  Lake  Michigan  and  W.  to  the  Columbia 
River.  Scape  6 — 8  inches  high,  sheathed,  with  a  fleshy  bulb  at  base.  Leaf 
solitary,  radical.  1 — 2  inches  long,  roundish-ovate,  petiolate,  plaited.  Flower 
solitary,  terminal,  about  an  inch  long,  purplish.  A  rare  and  beautiful  plant, 
resembling  a  Cypripedium.  Calypso. 

4.  CORALLORHIZA.  Brown.— Coral-Root. 
(From  the  Greek  KopaAAior,  coral,  and  f>«£a,  a  root ;  the  root  being  coral-like.) 

Perianth  with  the  segments  nearly  equal  and  connivent.  Lip 
produced  at  the  base  underneath ;  the  spur  short  and  adnate 
to  the  ovary.  Column  free.  Pollen-masses  4,  oblique,  not 
parallel. 

1 .  C.  innata  Brown :  scape  few-flowered ;  lip  oblong,  bi-dentate  at  the 
base,  the  apex  recurved  and  ovate ;  spur  obsolete,  adnate ;  capsule  elliptic- 
obovoid.  C.  verna  Nutt.  Cymbidium  Corattorhizon  Willd. 


QRCHIDACEJB.  345 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  May,  June.  7].. — Root  coraloid  or  branching 
with  tooth-like  processes.  Scape  6—8  inches  high,  with  3  or  4  membranous 
leafless  sheaths,  having  a  purplish  color.  Flowers  5 — 12  in  a  short  spike,  small, 
distant,  dull-purple.  Lip  nearly  white,  mostly  without  spots.  Spur  nearly 
wanting.  According  to  Sir  W.  Hooker  and  Dr.  Torrey,  our  plant  is  identical 
with  the  foreign  C.  irmata.  Vernal  Coral-root. 

2.  C.  odontorhiza  Nutt.  :  scape  few-flowered ;  lip  oval  or  obovate,  cre- 
nulate  and  waved  ;  spur  obsolete,  adnate ;  capsule  nearly  globose.     Cym- 
bidium  odontorhizon  WUld.     Ophrys  Corallorhiza  Mich. 

Roots  of  trees.  Ver.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.— Root  coraloid.  Scape  8— 10 
inches  high,  a  little  enlarged  at  the  base,  with  2 — 3  sheaths.  Flowers  10 — 12  in 
a  terminal  pendulous  raceme,  purplish  and  tawney.  Lip  dilated,  obovate,  white 
spotted  with  purple.  Spur  entirely  wanting.  Small  Late  Coral-root. 

3.  C.  multiflora,  Nutt. :  scape  many-flowered ;  lip  wedge  form-oval,  spot- 
ted, 3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad  recurved :  spur  conspicuous,  adnate ; 
capsule  elliptic-obovoid.     C.  innata  Nutt.  Gen. 

Roots  of  tree«.  Can.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  QJ.. — Root  coraloid,  much  branched. 
Scape  a  foot  high,  with  3—4  sheaths,  purplish.  Flowers  10 — 30,  in  a  terminal 
raceme,  larger  than  in  either  of  the  preceding,  purplish-brown.  Lip  whitish 
spotted  with  purple.  Spur  distinct,  brownish.  Large  Coral-root. 

5.  APLECTRUM.  Nutt.— Putty-Root. 
(From  the  Greek  a,  without,  and  TrXevrpai/,  a  spur.) 

Perianth  with  the  segments  distinct,  nearly  equal.  Lip  un- 
guiculate,  not  produced  at  the  base.  Column  free.  Anther  sit- 
uated a  little  below  the  summit  of  the  column.  Pollen-masses 
4,  oblique,  lenticular. 

A.  hyemale  Nutt.     Cymbidium  hyemale  Willd. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  May,  June.  1}-—  Root  with  2— 4 
subglobose  tubers.  Scape  about  a  foot  high,  with  3  loose  sheaths,  purplish. 
Leaf  solitary,  4 — 6  inches  long,  elliptic,  acute  at  each  end,  nerved,  on  a  petiole 
2 — 3  inches  long,  which  is  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  tuber.  Flowers  brown- 
ish, in  a  terminal  bracteate  raceme.  Lip  3-lobed,  obtuse,  the  middle  lobe  crenu- 
late  on  the  margin.  Adam  and  Eve.  Putty-root. 

II.  VANDKE.  Pollen  cohering  in  waxy  masses,  with  a  distinct  cau- 
dicle  united  to  a  stigmatic  gland.  Anther  terminal,  rarely  dorsal. 

6.  T1PULARIA.  Nutt.— Tipularia. 
(From  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  flower  to  insects  of  the  genus  Tipula.) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  spatulate,  spreading.  Lip  oblong, 
sessile,  3-lobed;  the  intermediate  lobe  elongated,  with  a  filiform 
spur  at  the  base.  Column  wingless,  free.  Anther  operculate. 
persistent.  Pollen-masses  4,  parallel. 

T.  discolor  Nutt.     Orchis  discolor  Pursh.     Limodorum  unifolium  Muhl. 

Pine  woods.  Martha's  Vineyard,  (Torr.)  to  Car.  July,  l^.— Scape  10—15 
inches  high,  slender,  with  a  bulb  at  the  base.  Leaf  solitary,  ovate,  petiolate, 
strongly  nerved,  smooth.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  nodding,  minute, 
greenish  with  a  tinge  of  purple.  Spur  slender,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovary.  n  One-leawd  T$putari/i. 


346  ORCHIlDACEyE. 

III.  OPHRE.E..  Pollen  powdery,  granular  or  sectile.  Anther  ter- 
minal^ erect. 

7.  ORCHIS.  Linn.— Orchis. 

(An  ancient  Greek  name.) 

Perianth  ringent.  Lip  with  a  spur  on  the  under  side  at  base. 
Pollen  masses  pedicellate ;  glands  of  the  pedicels  contained  in 
one  common  little  pouch. 

0.  spectabilis  Linn. :  leaves  2,  radical,  elliptic-obovate,  obtuse ;  scape  an- 
gular, naked,  few-flowered,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts  longer 
than  the  flowers ;  spur  clavate,  shorter  than  the  ovary.     O.  humilis  Mich. 
Habenaria  spectabilis  Spreng. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  %. — Scape  4 — 6  inches 
high,  5-angled,  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  2,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape.  Flowers 
4—6,  in  a  terminal  spike,  large,  purplish  and  white.  Showy  Orchis. 

8.  GYMNADENIA.  Brown.— Gymnadenia. 
(From  the  Greek  yv/jvoj,  naked,  and  afav,  a  gland.) 

Lip  with  a  spur  at  the  base.  Glands  of  the  stalks  of  the 
pollen-masses  naked,  approximated. 

G.  tridentata  Lind. :  lower  leaf  oblong,  rather  acute,  upper  leaves  much 
smaller ;  flowers  few,  in  an  oblong  terminal  spike ;  lip  cuneate-oblong,  3- 
toothed  at  the  apex ;  segments  of  the  perianth  connivent,  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse  ;  spur  clavate,  incurved,  longer  than  the  ovary.  Habenaria  triden- 
tata Hook.  Orchis  tridentata  Willd. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  1J-. — Stem  8 — 18  inches  high,  slender, 
Flowers  pale-yellowish-green,  small,  6 — 12  in  a  compact  terminal  spike.  Lip 
with  3  short  equal  teeth  at  the  apex.  Three-toothed  Gymnadenia. 

9.  PLATANTHERA.  Rich.— Platanthera. 
(From  the  Greek  irAa™?,  broad,  and  avdepa,  an  anther.) 

Lip  entire,  with  a  spur  at  the,  base.  Cells  of  the  anther 
widely  separated.  Glands  of  the  pollen-masses  pedicellate; 
the  glands  naked. 

*  Lip  undivided. 
•f  Scape  nearly  naked. 

1.  P.  obtusata  Lind. :  upper  segment  of  the  perianth  very  broad  ;  inner 
segments  triangular,  truncate  at  the  apex  ;  lip  linear,  with  two  minute  tu- 
bercles at  the  base ;  spur  subulate-conic,  curved,  as  long  as  the  lip.     Orchis 
obtusata  Pursh. 

Woods  on  the  sides  of  mountains  in  Essex  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  White 
Mountains,  N.  H.  Boott.  Hudson's  Bay.  Pursh.  Aug.  7J..— . Stem  5— 8  inches 
high,  slender.  Leaf  solitary,  radical,  oblong-obovate.  Flowers  5 — 8,  greenish, 
erect,  in  a  rather  loose  terminal  spike.  Obtuse-leaved  Platanthera. 

2.  P.  orbiculata  Lind. ;  upper  segment  of  the  perianth  orbicular,  the 


ORCHIDACE^.  347 

lateral  ones  ovate;  lip  linear-spatulate,  one-half  longer  than  the  segments; 
spur  linear-clavate,  curved,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Orchis 
orbiculata  Pursh.  Habenaria  macrophylla  Goldie. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Ark.  July.  TJ.. — Scape  1 — 2  feet  high, 
with  several  small  appressed  scales.  Leaves  2,  radical,  nearly  orbicular,  large, 
fleshy,  spreading  on  the  ground.  Flowers  greenish- white,  in  a  loose  terminal 
raceme  which  is  sometimes  5  or  6  inches  long.  Long-leaved  Orchis. 

3.  P.  Hookeri  Lind. :  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acutish ;  inner  ones  linear,  dilated  at  base,  shorter  than  the  outer ; 
lip  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rather  shorter  than  the  ovary.   Habenaria  Hookeri 
Torr.  <f-  Gr.  in  Lye,  Ann. 

Fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  ?  July.  1]-. — Scape  8 — 12  inches  high,  some- 
times with  a  small  lanceolate  leaf.  Radical  leaves  2,  nearly  orbicular  or  oval, 
large,  spreading.  Flowers  10 — 20,  yellowish-green,  in  an  erect  spike.  Differs 
from  the  preceding,  for  which  it  has  probably  been  often  mistaken,  by  its  closer 
spike,  projecting  spur,  and  narrow  upper  perianth-segment.  Hooker's  Orchis. 

ft  Stem  leafy. 

4.  P.  flava  Gray :   lower  leaves  oblong,  acute,  the  upper  lanceolate ; 
bracts  acuminate,  longer  than  the  flowers ;  lip  oblong,  2-toothed  toward  the 
base,  and  a  single  tubercle  in  the  middle,  about  half  as  long  as  the  clavate 
spur.     Orchis  Jlava  Linn.  Ofuscecens  Pursh.    Habenaria  herbiola  Br&ion. 
H.  virescens  Spreng.  (according  to  Gray,  Sill.  Jour,  xxxviii.) 

Wet  banks  of  streams.  Can  to  Car.  Ij.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  with 
3 — 5  long  clasping  leaves.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  loose  spike  ;  outer  segments 
greenish;  the  inner  ones  greenish-yellow.  Small  Pale-ydlow  Platanthera. 

5.  P.  hyperborea  Lind. :  leaves  lanceolate,  erect ;  outer  segments  of  the 
perianth  ovate,  the  upper  one  shorter  and  broader ;  inner  segments  and 
lip  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal;    spur  thick   and  obtuse,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  ovary.    D.  dilatata  Beck  Dot.  1st.  Ed.    Habenaria  hyperborea 
Brawn  and  H.  Huranensis  Spreng.    Orchis  hyperborea  Pursh.  (Gray,  I.  c.) 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Canvas  far  N.  as  Hudson's  Bay.  N.  H.  N.  Y.  W.  to 
Ark.  June,  July.  1).. — Stem  8 — 20  inches  high.  Leaves  3 — 8  inches  long. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  a  loose  or  close  spike,  greenish-yellow. 

Northern  Platanthera. 

6.  P.  dilatata  Lind. :  leaves  lanceolate ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  the 
lower  ones  about  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth 
ovate,  obtuse ;  lip  lanceolate-linear,  entire,  dilated  at  the  base,  about  as  long 
as  the  thick  obtuse  spur.    Orchis  dilalata  Pursh. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  N.  Y.  Torr.  June,  July.  1\.. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
angled.  Leaves  4 — 6  inches  long.  Flowers  white,  in  a  long  cylindric  spike. 

Small  White-flowered  Orch  z".«. 

**  Lip  incised. 

7.  P.  blephariglottis  Lind. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute ;  outer  segments  of 
the  perianth  roundish-oblong,  the  lateral  ones  reflexed ;   inner  segments 
spatulate,  slightly  incised  at  the  apex;  lip  oblong,  flat,  fimbriate;  spur  fili- 
form, incurved,   much  longer  than  the  ovary.    Habenaria  blephariglottis 
Hook.     Orchis  bkpharigloUis  Willd. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1\.—Stem  1^—2  feet  high.  Lower 
leaves  6 — 8  inches  long,  the  upper  gradually  smaller.  Floicers  pure  white,  in  a 


348  O  R  C  HI  D  AC  E  m . 

dense  oblong  spike.    Spur  nearly  an  inch  long.    The  inner  segments  of  the  peri 
anth  are  sometimes  entire,  when  it  constitutes  the  var.  holopetala  of  Torrey. 

Fringed  White  Orchis, 

8.  P.  ciliaris  Lind :  leaves  kmceolate,  acute ;  outer  segments  of  the 
perianth  roundish-ovate,  the  lateral  ones  reflexed ;   inner  segments  linear, 
incised ;  lip  oblong,  deeply  and  finely  cut  and  fringed,  twice  as  long  as  the 
segments  ;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary.    Habenaria  ciliaris  Brown.    Orchis 
ciliaris  Linn. 

Swamps.  Can  to  Car.  June,  July.  1]..— Stem  12—18  inches  high.  Flowers 
bright  orange-yellow,  in  a  dense  terminal  spike.  Lip  larger  and  more  pinnately 
ciliate  than  in  the  preceding.  I  have  seen  hundreds  of  specimens  of  this  beau- 
tiful plant  in  a  sandy  swamp  about  two  miles  west  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Fringed  Yellow  Orchis. 

9.  P.psycodes  Gray:  leaves  oblong;  outer  segmentsof the  perianth  ovate, 
obtuse,  the  lateral  ones  deflexed ;  inner  segments  fimbriate-toothed,  cuneate, 
oblong,  obtuse,  incised ;  lip  clawed,  roundish,  3-parted,  the  segments  cuneate 
and  incisely  toothed,  the   intermediate   one  larger ;    spur  incurved,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  lip.  Habenaria  psycodes  Spreng.    H.  fimbriata  Brown. 
H.  incisa  andjissa  Spreng.    H.  grandijlora  Torr.  Comp.   Beck  Bot.  1st.  Ed. 
(Gray,  I.  c.) 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Tj.. — Stem  1 — 2 
(sometimes  3)  feet  high,  stout,  angular.  Leaves  long.  Flowers  bright-purple,  in 
a  spike  which  is  2 — G  inches  long.  Var.  grandijlora  of  Gray  has  the  flowers 
larger  than  the  common  form,  and  the  segments  of  the  lip  fimbriate. — Gray,  in 
Sill.  Jour,  xxxyiii.  Purple  Suximp  Orchis. 

10.  P.  la-cera  Gray :  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate ;  inner  ones  ob- 
long-linear, obtuse,  entire  ;  lip  clawed,  slender,  3-parted,  the  lobes  cut  into 
capillary  segments;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  ascending,  somewhat  longer  than 
the  ovary.    Habenaria  psycodes  Spreng.    Orchis  lacera  Mich. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  lo  Virg.  June,  July.  11.— Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet 
high,  somewhat  slender,  angular.  Leaves  3 — 3  inches  long,  mostly  acute. 
Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow,  in  a  long  somewhat  loose  terminal  spike. 

Ragged  Yellow  Orchis. 

11.  P.  bracteata  Torr. :  bracts  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  flowers ; 
inner  Segments  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  erect ;  lip  oblong-linear, 
obscurely  3-toothed  at  the  apex ;  spur  obtuse,  very  short,  somewhat  inflated 
and  didymous.    Habenaria  bracteata  Brown. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  July.  1\.. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  smooth, 
leafy  at^ase^  Leaves  about  3,  an  inch  and  a  half  to  near  3  inches  long,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  one  sometimes  spatulate-obovate  and  obtuse.  Flow- 
ers green,  small,  in  a  terminal  bracteate  spike  which  is  2 — 3  inches  long. 

Green-jlowered  Orchis. 

12.  P.  Integra  Gray :  bracts  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  lip  oblong  or  ovate, 
entire,  partly  crenulate,  longer  than  the  inner  segments  of  the  perianth ; 
spur  subulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary.     Habenaria  Integra  Spreng. 
and  H.  Elliottii  Beck.    Orchis  Integra  and  Jlava  Null.    O.  flava  Ell.  ? 

Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  July.  rl}-. — Stem  1£ — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  small, 
bright  orange-yellow,  in  a  short  crowded  spike.  I  follow  Dr.  Gray  in  uniting 
Habenaria  Elliottii  with  this  species,  although  1  am  still  doubtful  of  their  identity. 

Small  Orange-flowered  Orchis. 

13.  P.  cristata  Lind ;  segments  of  the  perianth  roundish ;  the  two  lateral 


OttCH  1  DACE.E.  349 

ones  toothed  ;  lip  oblong,  pinnately  ciliate  ;  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary. 
Habenaria  cristata  Drown.    Orchis  cristata  Mick. 

Swamps.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  ^.  —  Stem  1  —  2  feet  high.  Flowers 
vellow,  in  a  somewhat  crowded  terminal  spike.  Distinguished  from  the  former 
by  its  smaller  flowers  and  more  dense  spike.  Cristate  Platanthera. 

IV.  ARETHUSEJE.  Pollen  powdery,  granular  or  seclile.  Anther 
terminal,  opercular. 

10.  POGONIA.  Brown.  —  Pogonia. 
(From  the  Greek  wwywi',  a  beard  ;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  lip  of  the  flower.) 

Perianth  with  the  segments  distinct  and  nearly  equal.  Lip 
sessile  or  unguiculate,  cucullate,  mostly  with  a  beard-like  crest 
on  the  inner  or  upper  side.  Column  wingless.  Pollen  powdery. 

1.  P.  ophioglossoides  Drown.  :  scape  mostly  1-flowered,  with  an  oval-lan- 
ceolate leaf  near  the  middle  and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  the  flower  ;  lip 
spatulate-oblong,  crested  and  fimbriate.     Arethusa  optiioglossoides  Linn. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ala.  June,  July.  —  Root  fasciculate. 
Scape  9  —  12  inches  high.  Flower  mos.tly  solitary,  large,  pale-purple,  somewhat 
nodding.  Single-leaved  Pogonia. 

2.  P.  xeriicillaia  Nutt.  :  scape  with  a  whorl  of  5  elliptic-obovate  leaves 
at  the  summit,  1  —  2-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  unequal,  the  3 
outer  ones  very  long  and  nearly  linear  ;  the  2  inner  small,  lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse ;  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  dilated  and  undulate.     Arethusa  verticil- 
lata  Willd. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  1\..  —  Root  fasciculate.  Scape  about 
a  foot  high.  Leaves  5  in  a  whorl  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  Flower  mostly  solitary  ; 
outer  segments  brown,  2  inches  long  ;  inner  ones  short,  paler  and  obtuse. 

Whorled  Pogonia. 


11.  TRIPHORA.  AfaW.—  Triphora. 

(Abbreviated  from  the  Greek  rpia,  avQos,  and  0cpw,  literally,  bearing  three 
flowers.) 

Perianth  with  the  segments  distinct  equal  and  connivent. 
Lip  unguiculate,  not  crested.  Column  spatulate,  flat,  without 
wings.  Pollen  powdery. 

T.  pendula  Nutt.     Arethusa  pendula  Willd.     Pogonia  pendula  L/ind. 

Fertile  woods,  about  roots  of  trees.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  Ala.  Sept.  ^.  — 
Root  bearing  tubers.  Stems  6  —  3  inches  high,  angular,  often  in  clusters,  mostly 
purplish.  Leaves  3  —  7,  remote,  very  short,  ovate  and  rather  acute.  Flowers 
1  —  4,  pale-  purple,  on  axillary  pedicels,  pendulous.  Lip  about  as  long  as  the 
segments  of  the  perianth,  a  little  rough  but  not  crested. 

Pendulous  Triphora 

12.  ARETHUSA.   Linn.—  Arethusa. 
(From  Arethusa,  a  nymph  of  Diana.) 

Perianth  somewhat  ringent  ;  the  segments  cohering  at  base, 
connivent  and  cucullate  above.  Lip  united  at  the  base  with 


350  ORCHIDACE^:. 

the  column,  deflected  at  the  apex,  bearded  inside.  Pollen 
angular. 

A.  bulbosa  Linn. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  '2J.. — Scape  6 — 10  inches 
high,  with  a  globose  tuber  at  the  base,  the  lower  part  bearing  3 — 4  loosely 
sheathing  scales,  from  the  upper  of  which  there  is  often  a  linear-lanceolate 
nerved  leaf.  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  (rarely  2,)  terminal,  large,  bright-purple. 
Lip  curled,  crenulate  on  the  margin,  yellow  and  white,  bearded  in  the  middle. 

Bulbous  Arethusa. 

13.  CALOPOGON.  Brown.— Calopogon. 

(From  the  Greek  «caXo$- ,  beautiful,  and  7rwywi>,  a  beard  ;  in  allusion  to  the  beard 
of  the  flower.) 

Flowers  resupinate.  Perianth  with  the  segments  distinct 
and  spreading.  Lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  erect,  un- 
guiculate,  bearded  in  front.  Column  free.  Pollen  angular. 

C.  pulchellus  Brown.     Cymbidium  pulchellum  Willd. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Lake  Superior.  June,  July.  7J..— Root  tu- 
berous. Scape  12—18  inches  high,  slender.  Leaf  generally  solitary,  8—10 
inches  long,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem.  Flowers  3 — 4,  in  a  terminal  brac- 
teate  spike,  large,  bright-purple.  Calopogon. 

V.  NEOTTE-E.    Pollen  powdery,  granular  or  sectile.    Anther  dorsal. 

14.  LISTERA.  Brown.— Twayblade. 
(In  honor  of  Martin  Lister,  an  eminent  British  naturalist.) 
Perianth  irregular.     Lip  2-lobed  or  2-cleft,  without  callous 
processes.     Column  wingless,  (minute.)     Anther  fixed  by  its 
base.     Pollen  powdery. 

1.  L.  cor  data  Brown :  stem  with  only  2  opposite  roundish  cordate  leaves ; 
raceme  loose;  column  without  any  appendage  behind;    lip  elongated,  2- 
toothed  at  base,  deeply  bifid,  the  segments  divaricate  and  acute.     Ophrys 
cordata  Mich. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  N.  J.  May.  Q}.. — Stem  4 — 8  inches  high. 
Leaves  roundish,  cordate,  veined,  smooth,  mucronate.  Raceme  7 — 15-flowered. 
Flowers  distant,  minute,  green  and  purple.  Heart-leaved  Twayblade. 

2.  L.  convallarioides  Nutt. :   stem  with  only  2  opposite  oval-roundish 
leaves,  pubescent  above  ;  raceme  few-flowered,  (4 — 6)  ;  column  porrected  ; 
lip  oblong,  dilated  and  obtusely  2-lobed  at  the  extremity.     Epipactis  con- 
vattarioidcs  Pursh. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  1J-. — Stem  6  inches  high  and  very  slender. 
flowers  dark-brown  and  green,  larger  than  in  the  preceding. 

Large-flowered  Twayblade. 

15.  SPIRANTHES.  Rich.— Ladies'  Tresses. 

(From  the  Greek  (urcipa,  a  cord,  and  avOos,  a/oiter  ;  the  flowers  being  spiral 
like  the  strands  of  a  rope.) 

Spike  spiral ;  inner  segments  of  the  perianth  connivent.  Lip 
unguiculate.  parallel  with  the  column,  with  2  callous  processes 


ORCHIDACE^E.  351 

at  the  base.     Column  curved.     Stigma  ovate,  mostly  rostrate. 
Ovary  oblique.     Pollen  powdery. 

1.  S.  tortilis  Rich. :  radical  leaves  lance-linear ;  scape  sheathed;  flowers 
spirally  secund ;  lip  trifid ;  the  middle  lobe  larger  and  crenulate.     Neottia 
tortilis  Pursh.     Ophrys  cestivalis  Mich. 

Low  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  1{.. — Scape  about  a  foot  high. 
Flowers  white,  spirally  twisted  in  a  terminal  spike  which  is  2 — 4  inches  long. 
Perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  next.  Three-lobed  Ladies'  Tresses. 

2.  S.  gracilis  Big. :  radical  leaves  ovate  ;  scape  sheathing ;  flowers  in  a 
spiral  row ;  lip  obovate,  curled. 

Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  July.  \i. — Scape  8 — 12  inches  high,  erect, 
with  a  few  sheathing  scales  or  leafets.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  sometimes  fall- 
ing off  before  the  plant  flowers.  Flowers  white,  in  a  twisted  spike. 

Slender  Ladies'  Tresses. 

3.  S.  cernua  Rich. :  leaves  nearly  radical,  lance-linear ;  scape  sheathed, 
the  lower  sheaths  bearing  short  leaves ;  flowers  in  a  dense  spike,  obliquely 
recurved  and  cernuous ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  crisped  and  crenate.     Neottia 
cernua  Willd. 

Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  Ij.. — Scape  6 — 18  inches  high, 
(rarely  2 — 3  feet.)  Leaves  radical  or  near  the  base  of  the  scape,  3 — 10  inches 
long.  Flowers  greenish- white,  sometimes  a  little  yellowish,  larger  than  in  the 
preceding.  It  is  liable  to  considerable  variation  in  the  number,  and  somewhat 
in  the  form  of  the  leaves.  Nodding  Ladies'  Tresses. 

4.  S.  plantaginea  Torr. :  entirely  smooth ;  leaves  mostly  radical,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  3 — 7-nerved  ;  scape  somewhat  succulent,  with  2 — 3  nearly  leaf- 
less sheaths ;  spike  loosely  spiral ;  flowers  slender  and  recurved-cernuous  ; 
lip  oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate  on  the  margin,  about  5-nerved.     S.  (gstivalis 
Oakes,  not  of  Rich.     Neottia  plantaginea  Raf. 

Moist  woods.  Ver.  and  N.  Y.  Torr.  June.  '^j-. — Root  consisting  of  oblong 
fascicled  tubers.  Scape  5 — 10  inches  high,  with  2  or  3  sheaths  which  are  pro- 
duced into  short  linear  leaves.  Flowers  white,  the  lip  pale-yellow,  in  a  spike 
which  is  about  2  inches  long.  Ladies'  Tresses. 

16.  GOODYERA.  Brawn.— Goodyera. 
(In  honor  of  John  Goodyer,  an  old  English  botanist.) 

Perianth  ringent ;  the  outer  segments  herbaceous,  the  upper 
one  vaulted,  the  2  lateral  ones  placed  beneath  the  saccate  en- 
tire lip.  Column  free.  Pollen  angular.  Stigma  roundish  or 
rostrate. 

1 .  G.  pubesccns  Brown :  radical  leaves  ovate,  petiolate,  reticulate  ;  scapo 
with  the  flowers  and  sheathing  scales  pubescent ;  outer  lateral  segments 
of  the  perianth  ovate :  lip  roundish-ovate,  acuminate.     Neottia  pubesc.en.s 
Willd. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Scape  6 — 10  inches  high. 
Leaves  radical,  dark-green,  veined  with  white.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  an 
oblong  spike.  Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

2.  G.  repens  Brown :  radical  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate,  somewhat 
reticulate ;  flowers  unilateral  and  with  the  scales  slightly  pubescent ;  outer 
segments  of  the  perianth  and  lip  lanceolate.     Neoltia  re-pens  Wittd. 


ORCHlDACEyE. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  1|.. — Rhizoma  creeping.  Scap 
6—8  inches  high.  Leaves  less  distinctly  veined  than  in  the  preceding.  Flowert 
greenish-white.  Smaller  Goodyera. 

VI.  CYPRIPEDEJE.  Anthers  2,  with  a  large  dilated  lobe  or  abortive 
stamen  between  them. 

17.  CYPRIPEDIUM.  Linn.— Ladies'  Slipper. 
(From  the  Greek  Kvrotj,  Venus,  and  nodcuv,  a  shoe.} 

Perianth  with  the  two  outer  lateral  (or  lower)  segments  mostly 
united  nearly  to  the  apex.  Lip  large  and  inflated.  Column 
short,  cernuous,  3-lobed;  the  middle  lobe  (sterile  stamen) 
dilated  and  petaloid. 

1.  C.  candidum  Willd:  stem  leafy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  lip  com- 
pressed, shorter  than  the  lanceolate  segments  of  the  perianth  ;  sterile  stamen 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse. 

Penn.  Muhl.  May.  ^.—Resembles  C.  Cakeolus  ;  but  the  flowers  are  white 
and  not  half  the  size ;  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  of  the  sterile  stamen  distinguish 
it  sufficiently.  Pursh.  A  doubtful  species.  White  Ladies'  Slipper. 

2.  C.  parviflorum  Willd. :  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate-oblong, 
acuminate ;  inner  ones  lance-linear,  contorted ;  lip  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth ;  sterile  stamen  triangular,  acute.    C.  Calceolus  Mich. 

Woods  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  TJ..— Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  ovate,  clasping  at  base,  pubescent.  Flowers  soli- 
tary or  in  pairs.  Outer  segments  of  the  perianth  green  with  purple  stains  ;  lip 
yellow,  spotted,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  inflated.  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 

3.  C.  pubescens  Swartz :  stem  leafy;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate ;  inner  ones  very  long,  linear  and  contorted  ;  lip  laterally 
compressed,  shorter  than  the  inner  segments;  sterile  stamen  triangular, 
obtuse,  (acute,  Hook.) 

Woods.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  %..— Stem  1—2  feet 
high.  Leaves  large,  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  greenish-yellow,  spotted  with  purple  ;  lip  yellow, 
1 — li  inches  long,  much  inflated.  Closely  resembles  the  preceding,  but  prob- 
ably distinct.  Large  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 

4.  C.  spectabile  Swartz:    stem  leafy;  outer  segments   of  the   perianth 
ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  flat  lanceolate  inner  ones :  lip  longer  than  the 
inner  segments ;  sterile  stamen  cordate-ovate,  obtuse.    C.  Canadense  Mich. 

Swam  s  and  bogs.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1\. — Stem  1—2  feet  high. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  plaited,  resembling  those  of  Veratmm  viride.  Flowers 
2 — 3,  very  large.  Segments  of  the  perianth  white ;  Zip  variegated  with  stripes 
of  purple  and  white,  an  inch  or  more  long,  much  inflated. 

Showy  Ladies'.  Slipper. 

5.  C.  acaule  Ait :  scape  leafless,  1-flowered  ;  radical  leaves  2,  oblong, 
obtuse;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate-lanceolate;  lip  cleft  in  front; 
sterile  stamen  roundish-rhomboid,  acuminate,  deflected.    C.  humik  Salistt. 

Shady  woods.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  May,  June.  *2j.. — Scape  6 — 10  inches 
high,  with  two  oval  or  elliptic-lanceolate  leaves  near  the  base.  Flower  solitaf 


IRIDACI5.E.  353 

large,  terminal.    Segments  of  the  perianth  yellowish-green,  spotted  with  purple 
Up  purple,  veined.  Stemless  Ladies'  Slipper. 

6.  C.  arielinum  Brmcn:  stem  leafy;  upper  segment  of  the  perianth 
ovate-lanceolate,  the  rest  linear ;  lip  as  long  as  the  segments,  acute,  conic 
below ;  sterile  stamen  orbicular-spatulate.  Cryosanthes  borecdis  Raf.  Arieti- 
num,  Americanum  Beck  Dot.  1st.  Ed. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Montreal,  Can.  Hallowell,  Maine.  Fairhaven,  Ver. 
Oneida  and  Montgomery  counties,  N.  Y. ;  rare.  '4-— Stem  6 — 8  inches  high, 
with  a  few  alternate  lanceolate  leaves.  Flower  solitary,  much  smaller  than  in 
any  of  the  preceding  species.  Segments  of  the  perianth  greenish-brown ;  lip 
small,  red  and  white,  reticulated,  the  lower  part  ending  in  a  conical  point  or 
short  obtuse  spur.  Ram's  Head. 

ORDER  CXXYI.     IRIDACE^E.— IRIDS. 

Perianth  with  the  limb  6-parted,  in  a  double  series,  sometimes 
irregular,  the  3  inner  segments  being  occasionally  very  short. 
Stamens  3,  from  the  base  of  the  sepals ;  filaments  distinct  or 
connate.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  style  single ;  stigmas  3,  often  dilated 
and  petaloid.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds 
Avith  hard  albumen. — Mostly  herbaceous  plants,  with  tuberous 
or  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  equitant.  Flowers  spathaceous,  usu- 
ally large  and  showy. 

1.  IRIS.  Linn. — Iris.     Flower  de  Luce. 
(So  named  from  the  varied  hues  of  the  flowers.) 
Perianth  6 -cleft ;  3  of  the  segments  larger  and  reflexed,  the 
others  erect.     Stamens  distinct.    Style  short  or  none.    Stigmas 
3,  petaloid,  covering  the  stamens. 

1.  /.  versicolor  Linn.:   stem  terete  or  slightly  compressed,  more  or  less 
flexuous ;  leaves  ensiform ;  perianth  beardless ;  ovary  obtusely  triangular, 
with  the  sides  flat ;  capsule  oblong,  turgid,  with  rounded  angles.    /.    Vir- 
ginica  Pursh,  not  of  Linn. 

Margins  of  ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  1J-. — Root  large, 
fleshy,  creeping.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  rarely  branched.  Flowers  2 — 6  at  the 
summit  of  the  stem,  blue  variegated  with  green  and  yellow.  Blue  Flag. 

2.  /.  Virginica  Linn. :   stem  round,   slender,   smooth ;  leaves  narrow- 
linear,  long ;  perianth  beardless ;  ovary  3-sided,  each  side  twice  grooved ; 
capsule  triangular,  acute  at  each  end.  (Tbrr.)  I.prismatica  Pursh.    I.  gra- 
cilis  Big. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June  1l~ — Root  tuberous,  creeping.  Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  a  little  flexuous,  round.  Flowers  2 — 6  at  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
blue  and  yellow,  more  delicate  than  in  the  preceding  Very  common  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  Brunswick.  N.  J.  Slender  Blue  Flag. 

3.  I.  lacustris  Nutt. :  leaves  ensiform,  shorter  than  the  1-flowered  scape ; 
perianth  without  a  bearded  crest ;  segments  nearly  equal,  attenuated  or 
the  tube;  capsule  turbinate,  3-sided,  margined. 


354  AMARYLLIDACE/E. 

Gravelly  shores  of  Lake  Huron.  Nutt.  June.  '4- — Root  tuberous,  creeping. 
Scape  compressed,  scarcely  an  inch  long.  Leaves  3 — 5  inches  long  and  1-4  of 
an  inch  broad.  Torr.  Comp.  Lake  Iris. 

2.  SISYRINCHIUM.  Linn.— Blue-eyed  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  avs ,  a  hog,  and  (n>y%of,  a  snout ;  hogs  being  supposed  to  be 
fond  of  rooting  it  up.) 

Spathe  2 -leaved,  bract-like.  Perianth  colored ;  limb  flat, 
6-cleft ;  the  lobes  equal ;  tube  short.  Stamens  3,  the  filaments 
mostly  united  below.  Style  short.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule  pe- 
dicellate, roundish-triangular. 

1.  S.  mucronatum  Mich. :  scape  simple,  narrowly  winged;  valves  of  the 
spathe  unequal,  colored ;  the  outer  one  longer  than  the  peduncles,  tapering 
to  a  rigid  point.    S.  Bermudiana  var.  Torr. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  W.  to  the  Platte  River.  May,  June.  '2J-. — 
Scape  6 — 10  inches  high,  slender.  Leaves  narrow-linear,  grass-like.  Flowers 
3—4  from  each  spathe,  blue.  Mucronate  Blue-eyed  Grass. 

2.  S.  anceps  Linn. :  scape  simple,  broadly  winged;  valves  of  the  spathe 
nearly  equal,  shorter  than  the  peduncles.    S.  gramineum  Lam.    S.  Bermu- 
diana var.  Torr. 

Pastures,  &c.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  %. — Scape  12 — 18  inches  high,  some- 
what branching  above.  Spathe  with  the  valves  nearly  equal,  not  colored. 
Flowers  2 — 5  from  each  spathe,  blue.  Common  Blue-eyed  Grass. 

ORDER  CXXVII.     AMARYLLIDACE^E.-— AMARYLLIDS. 

Perianth  petaloid,  regular,  6-cleft ;  the  outer  segments  over- 
lapping the  inner.  Stamens  6,  sometimes  cohering  below. 
Ovary  3-celled ;  style  1 ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  3-celled  3- 
valved  capsule,  or  a  1 — 3 -seeded  berry.  Seeds  with  fleshy  or 
corneous  albumen. — Mostly  bulbous,  sometimes  fibrous  rooted, 
plants.  Leaves  ensiform,  with  parallel  veins.  Flowers  usually 
spathaceous. 

1.  AMARYLLIS.  Linn. — Amaryllis. 
(From  the  nymph  Amaryllis,  mentioned  in  Virgil.   Eat.  Man.) 

Perianth  6 -parted,  petaloid,  unequal.  Stamens  6,  arising 
from  the  orifice  of  the  tube,  declined  or  straight,  unequal.  Style 
1.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved. 

A.  Atamasco  Linn. :  spathe  bifid,  acute ;  flower  pedicellate ;  perianth 
subcampanulate,  subequal,  erect,  short  and  tubular  at  the  base ;  stamens 
declined,  equal. 

Shady  woods.  Penn.  Muhl.  S.  to  Geor.  June.  7J. Scape  6  inches  high. 

Leaves  a  foot  long,  linear,  concave,  smooth.  Flower  solitary,  large,  white  aud 
pink.  Atamasco  Lily. 


DIOSCOREACE.E.  355 

2.  AGAVE.  Linn. — Agave. 

(From  the  Greek  ayauo?,  admirable ;  in  allusion  to  its  beautiful  appearance.) 
Perianth  tubular,   6-cleft.     Stamens  6,  exserted.      Anthers 
versatile.     Capsule  ovate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  obtusely  tri- 
angular, 3-celled,  many-seeded. 

A.  Virginica  Linn. :  scape  simple;  leaves  with  cartilaginous  serratures; 
flowers  sessile. 

Rocky  Banks.  Penn.  ?  to  Car.  Sept.  1\..— Sca^  6  feet  high.  Flowers 
greenish-yellow,  very  fragrant.  Virginian  Agave  or  False  Aloe. 

ORDER  CXXVIII.     HYPOXIDACE^E.— STAR  GRASSES. 

Perianth  petaloid,  regular,  6-parted.  Stamens  6.  Ovary 
adherent,  3-celled ;  style  single ;  stigmas  3,  or  united.  Fruit 
indehiscent,  dry  or  berried,  1 — 3-celled.  Seeds  numerous, 
roundish,  with  a  lateral  hilum  ;  embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants,  with  tuberous  or  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  usually  radical,  plaited. 

HYPOXIS.  Linn.— Star  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  viro,  beneath,  and  o,"t>?,  sharp  ;  in  allusion  to  the  acute  base 
of  the  capsule.) 

Perianth  superior,  6-parted,  persistent.  Capsule  elongated, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  roundish, 
naked. 

H.  ereda  Linn. :  hairy  ;  leaves  all  radical,  linear  and  grass- like ;  scape 
3— 4-flowered,  somewhat  umbelled,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.  H.  erecta 
and  graminea  Pursh.  H.  Caroliniensia  Mich. 

Meadows  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April — June.  Q. — Root 
bulbous.  Scape  4 — 6  inches  high,  with  the  leaves  narrow  and  often  double  the 
length.  Flowers  usually  4,  yellow  within,  greenish  and  hairy  outside. 

Common  Star-grass. 

ORDER  CXXIX.     DIOSCOREACE^.— YAMS. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  6-parted,  equal.  Stamens  6. 
Ovary  adherent,  3-celled;  styles  3,  united  below  or  distinct. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  often  3 -winged,  with  two  of  its  cells  sometimes 
abortive.  Seeds  compressed,  sometimes  winged ;  embryo  small, 
lying  in  a  cavity  of  the  cartilaginous  albumen. — Twining  herbs 
or  under  shrubs.  Leaves  with  reticulated  veins.  Flowers 
small,  spiked. 


356 


SMILACE^E. 


DIOSCOREA.  Linn. — Yam. 
(In  honor  of  the  celebrated  Greek  naturalist,  Dioscorides.) 

Dioecious.  Perianth  6-parted.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  6, 
3  sometimes  barren.  Filaments  subulate.  FERTILE  FL.  Styles 
distinct  nearly  to  the  base.  Capsule  3 -celled,  triangular  ;  the 
angles  winged.  Seeds  membranaceously  winged. 

1.  D.  vittosa  Linn.:  leaves  alternate,  opposite  and  verticillate,  cordate, 
acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  9 — 11-nerved;  lateral  nerves  simple.     D, 
paniculata  Mich. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  1\.. — Stem  climbing,  sometimes  10  or  12 
feet  long.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  sometimes  subopposite,  rarely  in  whorls  of 
4.  Flowers  minute,  pale  greenish-yellow ;  the  sterile  ones  in  pendulous  pani- 
cles ;  fertile  ones  in  pendulous  simple  racemes.  Hairy  Yam. 

2.  D.  quaternata  Walt. :  leaves  verticillate  in  fours,  or  alternate,  cordate, 
acuminate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  7-nerved  ;  lateral  nerves  bifid.    D.glauca 
Muhl. 

Old  fields.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  1J-. — Stem  climbing.  Leaves  more  tapering 
at  the  summit  than  in  the  preceding,  of  which,  however,  it  may  be  only  a 
variety.  Smooth  Yam. 

ORDER  CXXX.     SMILACE^E. — SARSAPARILLAS. 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious.  Perianth  petaloid,  6-  (rarely  4-) 
parted  or  6-leaved  in  a  double  series.  Stamens  6,  (rarely  4,) 
inserted  into  the  perianth,  rarely  hypogynous.  Ovary  3-celled ; 
styles  3,  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  a  roundish  berry.  Seeds 
with  horny  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants  or  under  shrubs, 
usually  climbing.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  entire,  reticulated. 

1.  SMILAX.  Linn.— Green  Brier. 

(Greek  <r/«Xa£,  from  o-pA*?,  a  knife  or  scraper ;  most  of  the  species  being  armed 
with  prickles.) 

Dioecious.  Perianth  campanulate,  spreading,  of  6  leaves  hi 
a  double  series,  somewhat  petaloid.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens 
mostly  6.  Filaments  short.  FERTILE  FL.  Style  very  short 
Stigmas  3,  thick.  Berry  3-  (or  by  abortion  1 — 2-)  celled. 
Seeds  1 — 3,  globose. 

*  Stem  shrubby. 

1.  £  quadrangularis  WiUd.:  prickly;  stem  4-angled,  unarmed  above; 
leaves  unarmed,  ovate,  subcordate,  acute,  5-nerved. 

Dry  woods.    Penn.  to  Car.    June,  July.    \i. — Berry  black.    Pursh. 

Square-stalked  Greenbrier. 

2.  &  spinidosa  Smith :  stem  terete,  very  prickly,  with  slightly  recurved 


SMILACE/E.  357 

and  rigid  but  rather  slender  prickles ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  (on  young 
plants  often  somewhat  panduriform,)  smooth  on  both  sides,  glaucous  be- 
neath, 3 — 5  nerved.  (  Torr.  N.  Y.  PL}  S.  Sarsaparilla  Linn,  (in  part.)  7 

Sandy  woods.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Torr.  }^—Slem  3—6  feet  long,  trailing  or 
climbing.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  often  dilated  at  base,  cuspidate. 

Spinulose  Greenbrier. 

3.  S.  rotundifolia  Linn. :  stem  prickly,  nearly  round ;  leaves  unarmed, 
roundish-ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  cordate,  5-nerved;  common  peduncles 
scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  fy- — Stem  climbing  upon  trees  and 
bushes,  with  strong  tendrils.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  in  small  globose  axillary 
umbels.  Berry  bluish-black,  spherical.  Common  Greenbrier. 

4.  (S.  hispida  Muhl. :  stem  round,  the  lower  part  very  hispid ;  branchlets 
angular ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  mostly  cordate  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  smooth 
and  green  on  both  sides,  margins  crenulate ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as 
the  petioles.    (  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.} 

Woods.  N.  Y.  Penn.  and  Mich.  June.  \i . — Stem  climbing.  Flowers  4 — 6 
in  an  umbel.  Berry  black.  Hispid  Greenbrier. 

5.  £.  caduca  Linn. :  stem  prickly ;  leaves  ovate,  mucronate,  5-nerved ; 
common  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  ^3. — Stem  8 — 10  feet  long,  flexuous, 
leaning  or  climbing,  somewhat  angled.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  in  small  axil- 
lary umbels.  Berry  bluish-black.  Caducous  Greenbrier. 

6.  <S.  laurifolia  Linn. :  stem  prickly ;  branches  unarmed ;  leaves  coria- 
ceous, oval-lanceolate,  slightly  acuminate,  3-nerved  ;  umbels  on  very  short 
peduncles. 

Boggy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  June — Aug.  T^. — Stem  climbing  to  a  great 
height.  Leaves  somewhat  crowded,  coriaceous  and  perennial.  Peduncles 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  Laurel-leaved  Greenbrier. 

7.  /S.  pandurata  Pursh :   stem  prickly ;  leaves  ovate-panduriform,  acu- 
minate, 3-nerved;  common  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles.     S. 
iamnoides  Ell.  not  of  Linn.  ? 

Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  17. — Stem  twining,  round.  Leaves 
emooth  and  shining  on  both  sides.  Berry  black. 

Panduriform-leaved  Greenbrier. 

**  Stem  herbaceous,  unarmed. 

y.  S.  herbacea  Linn. :  stem  erect  or  climbing,  nearly  simple,  angular ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  cordate,  acuminate,  (sometimes  obtuse  ;)  peduncles 
very  long,  compressed.  S.  peduncularis  Muhl. 

Meadows  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  1\.. — Stem  3 — 5  feet 
long,  climbing  or  leaning  on  other  plants.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  fetid,  nu- 
merous, in  globose  axillary  umbels  of  about  an  inch  in  diameter.  Berry  bluish- 
black.  Carrion  Flower. 

2.  SM1LACINA.  Desf.— Smilacina. 

(The  diminutive  of  ffpXa|,  to  which  thii  genus,  however,  has  little  resemblance  N 

Perianth  6-  (rarely  4-)  parted,  spreading.     Stamens  as  man) 

as  the  segments  of  the  perianth  and  inserted  at  their  base. 


358 

Style  thick,  short.    Stigma  obscurely  2 — 3-lobed.     Berry  glo- 
bose, pulpy,  1 — 3-seeded. 

*  Segments  of  the  perianth  and  stamens  6. 

1.  S.  stellata  Desf. :  leaves  numerous,  alternate,  oval-lanceolate,  acute, 
somewhat  clasping ;  raceme  simple,  terminal,  few-flowered.     Convallaria 
stellata  Linn. 

River  banks.  Can.  to  Penn.  May,  June.  1J.. — Stem  a  foot  high.  Leaves 
7 — 9,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  roughish'on  the  nerves  beneath.  Flowers  4—9,  in 
an  erect  terminal  raceme,  small,  white.  Star-flowered  Smilacina. 

2.  S.  trifolia  Desf. :  stem  smooth,  angular,  pubescent,  about  3-leaved ; 
leaves  alternate,  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  contracted  at  the  base  and  some- 
what clasping ;  raceme  simple,  terminal,  few-flowered.    Convallaria  trifolia 
Linn. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Penn.  May,  June.  1\.. — Stem  6  inches  high.  Leaves  2 
or  3,  smooth  on  the  margin.  Flowers  small,  white,  4 — 6  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
with  the  segments  spreading.  Three-leaved  Smilacina. 

3.  S.  racemosa  Desf. :  stem  a  little  flexuous  ;  leaves  numerous,  alternate, 
sessile,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  nerved,  pubescent ;  flowers  in  a  terminal 
racemose  panicle,  very  small.     Convallaria  racemosa  Linn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  l^.. — Root  thick  and  fleshy. 
Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet  high.  Flowers  very  small,  greenish- white,  in  a  com- 
pound terminal  panicle  or  raceme.  Wild  Spikenard. 

**  Segments  of  the  perianlh  and  stamens  4. 

4.  S.   bifolia  SchulLes:   stem  mostly  2-leaved;    leaves  cordate-oblong, 
nearly  sessile  or  petiolate,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  raceme  simple,  terminal. 
S.  Canadensis  Pursh.     Convallaria  bifolia  Linn.     Styrandra  bifolia  Raf. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Mich.  May.  Tj.  .—Stem  4—6  inches 
high,  with  2  or  sometimes  3  leaves  near  the  summit,  and  often  a  larger  radical 
leaf  on  a  long  petiole.  Flowers  white,  small,  sweet-scented,  in  an  oblong  ra- 
ceme. Two-leaved  Smilacina. 

3.  CLINTONIA.  Raf.— Clintonia. 
(In  honor  of  the  late  Governor  De  Witt  Clinton.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  campanulate.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the 
base.  Style  compressed.  Stigma  2-lobed,  cpmpressed.  Berry 
2-celled ;  cells  many-seeded. 

1.  C.borealis  Raf.:  leaves  oblong  or  obovate.  with  the  margin  ciliate ; 
umbel  2 — 5-flowered ;  pedicels  nodding,  without  bracts.     Draccena  borealis 
Ait.     Smilacina  borealis  Pursh. 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  May,  June.  1|_. — Scape  6 — 8  inches  high. 
Leaves  radical  or  nearly  so,  6  inches  or  more  in  length.  Flowers  yellowish- 
green,  large,  campanulate.  Berry  globose-oblong,  blue. 

Large-flowered  Clintonia. 

2.  C.  umbellata  Torr. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the  margin  and  keel 
ciliate ;  umbel  many-flowered ;  cells  of  the  berry  2-seeded.     C.  parviflora, 
<tioratd-,&e.  Raf.    Smilacina  umbettata  Desf .    Convallaria,  wnbellata  Mick. 


TRILLIACE^E.  359 

Swamps.  Jamestown,  Chatauque  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  Can.  to  Car.  ? 
May,  June.  1J.. — Leaves  2 — 5,  radical  or  nearly  so,  6 — 9  inches  long.  Scape 
usually  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  15 — 30,  in  an  umbel  or  .a  corymo, 
white,  odorous,  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species. 

Small-flowered  Clintonia. 

4.  POLYGONATUM.  Desf.— Solomon's  Seal. 

(From  the  Greek  iroXvs,  many,  and  yow,  a  knee  ;  in  allusion  to  its  many-jointed 
rhizoma.) 

Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft.  Stamens  6,  inserted  near  the  sum- 
mit of  the  tube.  Ovary  superior.  Berry  subglobose,  3 -celled ; 
cells  2-seeded. 

P.  muUiflorum  AIL :  stem  nearly  terete ;  leaves  ovate-elliptic  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  clasping ;  peduncles  1 — 6-flowered ;  filaments  smooth  or  slightly 
pubescent ;  ovules  3 — 6  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  (  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.)  P. 
biflorum  Ell.  P.  pubescens,  canaliculatum,  latifolium,  hirsutum  and  midti- 
florum  Pursh. 

Rocky  woods,  banks  of  streams,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  9J.. — Khi~ 
zoma  thick  and  fleshy.  Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  simple,  slightly  curved,  round  or  a 
little  angular  and  channelled.  Leaves  variable  in  size  and  form.  Flowers  green- 
ish-white, usually  2 — 4,  sometimes  5—6,  rarely  1,  on  recurved  peduncles.  I 
adopt  the  views  of  Darlington  and  Torrey  in  regard  to  the  identity  of  several 
supposed  distinct  species  of  this  genus.  Common  Solomon's  Seal. 

ORDER  CXXXI.     TRILLIACE^E. — PARIDS. 

Perianth  6-parted  ;  3  inner  segments  larger,  colored  or  her- 
baceous. Stamens  6 — 10  ;  filaments  subulate  ;  anthers  linear. 
Ovary  free,  3 — 5-celled  ;  styles  as  many,  distinct ;  stigmas  in- 
conspicuous. Fruit  succulent,  3 — 5-celled.  Seeds  numerous, 
with  fleshy  albumen. — Herbaceous  plants,  with  simple  stems, 
verticillate  leaves  and  large  terminal  solitary  flowers. 

1.  MEDEOLA.  Linn. — Indian  Cucumber. 

(From  Mijdeo,  the  name  of  a  sorceress ;  on  account  of  the  reputed  virtues  of 
the  plant.) 

Perianth  petaloid.  G-parted,  revolute.  Stamens  6,  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Styles  3,  filiform,  elongated,  di- 
varicate. Berry  3-celled  ;  cells  1 — 3-seeded. 

M.  Virginica  Linn.     Gyromia  Virginica  Nutt. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  %..— Stem  12—18  inches  high, 
erect.  Leaves  in  2  whorls  ;  one  about  the  middle  of  the  stem,  of  6 — 8  oblong- 
lanceolate  acuminate  leaves ;  the  other  near  the  top,  of  2 — 3  smaller  ovate  ones. 
Flowers  3 — 6,  on  pedicels  arising  from  the  upper  whorl,  greenish-yellow,  re- 
flexed.  Cucumber  Root 


360 

2.  TRILLIUM.  Z/wu.-Trillmiil. 

(From  the  Latin  trilix,  triple;  several  parts  of  the  plant  being  in  threes.) 
Perianth  deeply  6 -parted ;  3  outer  segments  (sepals)  spread- 
ing; 3  inner  petaloid,  (petals.)  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  segments,  nearly  equal.  Anthers  linear.  Styles  3, 
distinct  or  united  at  base,  stigmatose  on  the  inside.  Berry 
ovoid,  3 -celled  ;  cells  many-seeded. 

*  Flowers  sessile. 

1.  T.  sessile  Linn. :  leaves  sessile,  broad-ovate,   acute ;  flower  closely 
sessile,  erect ;  petals  lanceolate,  erect,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Fertile  hills.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  April,  May.  1\..—Stem  8  inches i  high, 
smooth.  Petals  dark-purple.  Common  Sessile  Trillium. 

2.  T.  recurvdtum  Beck  :  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  subpetiolate,  nerved , 
flower  closely  sessile ;  petals  lanceolate-ovate,  very  acute,  attenuate  at  base, 
erect,  as  long  as  the  recurved  calyx. 

Shady  woods.  Miss.  May. — Stem  8 — 10  inches  high,  smooth.  Leaves 
smooth,  clouded  with  dark-green.  Petals  purple.  Filaments  very  short.  I 
have  been  led  to  introduce  this  and  the  next  species,  described  some  years  since, 
(Sill.  Jour.  xi.  178,)  from  the  fact  that  under  the  name  T.  sessile,  several  distinct 
species  have  heretofore  been  included.  Recurved  Sessile  Trillium. 

3.  T.  viride  Beck:  leaves  ovate,   acute,   closely  sessile,   3 — 5-nerved; 
flower  erect,  closely  sessile ;  petals  fleshy,  narrow,  somewhat  spatulate,  a 
little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or  ovate  obtuse  erect  calyx. 

Shady  woods.  Miss.  April.  1|~ — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  with 
whitish  spots  on  the  upper  surface.  Petals  dark-green.  Sepals  variable. 

Green  Sessile  Trillium. 

**  Flowers  pedunculate. 

4.  T.  erythrocarpum  Mich.:  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole ;  peduncle  somewhat  erect ; 
petals  from  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  recurved,  nearly  twice  as  long 
as  the  sepals.     T.  pidum  Pursh.     T.  undulatum  WiUd.     N 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  TJ..— Stem  6—10  inches  high. 
Flower  on  a  peduncle  about  an  inch  long.  Petals  white  with  purple  veins 
near  the  base.  Berry  scarlet.  Red-berried  Trillium. 

5.  T.  pusillum  Mick. :  leaves  oval,  oblong,   obtuse,   sessile ;  peduncle 
erect ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals.     T.  pumilum  Pursh. 

Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Muhl.  May.  Tj..— Plant  small.  Petals  flesh- 
colored.  Dwarf  Trillium. 

6.  T.  cernuum  Linn.:  leaves  dilated-rhomboid,  abruptly  acuminate,  on 
short  petioles  ;  peduncle  short,  recurved  ;  petals  ovate,  acuminate,  flat,  <*s 
long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  %.— Stem  12—18  inches  high.  Flower 
small,  on  a  recurved  peduncle,  partly  concealed  by  the  leaves.  Petals  white. 
Perry  targe,  ovoid,  dark-purple.  Nodding  Trilliwm. 

7.  T   erectum  Linn. :  leaves  broad-rhomboid,  acuminate,  sessile ;  p«- 


LILIACE2E.  361 

duncle  inclined,  the  flower  a  little  nodding  ;  petals  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, flat,  spreading,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals.  T. 
rhomboideum  var.  atropurpureum  and  alburn  Mich. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  Ij-.—Stem  12—15  inches 
high.  Flower  on  a  peduncle  1  —  3  inches  long.  Petals  dark-purple  or  white. 

Erect  Trillium.     Fahe  Wake-robin. 

8.  T.  pendulum    Willd.:  leaves  roundish-rhomboid,  acuminate,  nearly 
sessile  ;  peduncle  inclined,  the  flower  pendulous  ;  petals  ovate,  acuminate, 
rather  larger  than  the  sepals. 

Muist  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  %.  —  Stem  about  a  foot  high.  Flower 
on  a  peduncle  recurved  between  the  leaves.  Petals  white  with  pink  veins. 
Berry  roundish,dark  purple.  Pendulous  Trillium. 

9.  T.  grandiftorum  Salisb.  :  leaves  broadly  rhomboid-ovate,  sessile,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate;  peduncle  a  little  inclined,  with  the  flower  nearly  erect; 
petals  spatulate-lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the  sepals.     T.  rhomboideum 
var.  grandiftorum  Mich. 

Woods  and  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  ;  rare.  May.  %.  —  Stem  about 
a  foot  high.  Flower  on  a  slightly  inclined  peduncle  which  is  2—3  inches  long. 
Petals  large,  white.  Large-lowered  Trillium. 

ORDER  CXXXII.     LILIACEJE.—  LILIES. 

Perianth  6  -parted  or  6  -leaved,  regular  or  nearly  so,  some- 
times cohering  in  a  tube.  Stamens  6,  inserted  into  the  peri- 
anth ;  anthers  opening  inwards.  Ovary  free,  3-celled  ;  style 
1  ;  stigma  simple  or  3-lobed.  Fruit  succulent  or  dry  and  cap- 
sular,  3-celled.  Seeds  in  one  or  two  rows  ;  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen.  —  Herbaceous  plants  shrubs  or  trees,  with  bulbs,  tu- 
bers, rhizomes  or  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  with  parallel  veins, 
usually  narrow.  Flowers  large  and  showy. 

J.  TULIPJE. 
1.  LILIUM.  Linn.—  Lily. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  li,  white  ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of 
one  of  the  species.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  deeply  6  -par  ted  ;  segments  straight 
or  reflexed,  with  a  longitudinal  furrow  at  the  base.  Stamens 
6,  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Style  elongated. 
Stigma  thick,  slightly  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  3-celled,  with 
numerous  seeds. 

1.  L.  Catesbai  Walt.  :  leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute  ; 
stem  1  -flowered  ;  perianth  erect  ;  segments  with  long  claws,  undulate  on 
the  margin,  reflexed  at  the  summit. 

Sandy  meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June  —  Aug.  *2J..  —  Stem  18 
inches  high.  Flower  large,  scarlet,  spotted  with  yellow  and  brown. 


Lily. 
16 


362  LILIACE^E. 

3.  L.  Philadelphicum  Linn.:  leaves  whorled,  linear-lanceolate;  stem 
1 — 3-flowered ;  perianth  erect,  campanulate,  spreading,  the  segments  with 
claws. 

Woods  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1J-. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high, 
terete,  smooth.  Ffoicers  large,  dark  orange,  spotted  at  base,  on  a  peduncle  1 — 3 
inches  long.  Red  Lily. 

3.  L.   Canadense  Linn. :    leaves  mostly  whorled,  lanceolate,  distinctly 
nerved,  the  nerves  hairy  beneath ;  peduncles  2 — 3,  terminal,  elongated ; 
perianth  nodding,   campanulate,   the    segments    lanceolate    and  slightly 
re  volute. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  QJ..— i Stem  2—3  feet 
high.  Flowers  mostly  about  3,  (sometimes  solitary.)  yellow,  spotted  on  the  in- 
side. Common  Yellow  Lily. 

4.  L.  superbum  Linn. :  leaves  whorled  below,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
smooth,  the  upper  ones  scattered ;  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  raceme ;  perianth 
campanulate,  nodding,  the  segments  revolute. 

Wet  meadows.     Can.  to  Car.     July.    7|_. Stem  4 — 6  feet  high.     Flowers 

3 — 20  or  more  in  a  large  pyramidal  raceme,  orange,  with  dark  spots.  The  char- 
acters of  this  plant  seem  (6  be  constant,  and  both  Torrey  and  Darlington  con- 
eider  it  distinct.  Superb  Lily. 

a.  ERYTHRONIUM.   Linn.— Dog-tooth  Violet. 

(From  the  Greek  spvOpos,  red ;  supposed  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  purple  spots  on 
the  leaves.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  6 -parted;  segments  reflexed;  the  3 
inner  ones  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base,  and  a 
nectariferous  pore.  Stamens  6.  Style  elongated.  Stigma  trian- 
gular. Capsule  narrowed  at  base,  or  substipitate,  3-celled. 
Seeds  ovoid. 

1.  E.  Americanum  Smith:  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  punctate;  segments 
of  the  perianth  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  point ;  inner  ones  bidentate 
near  the  base ;  style  clavate ;  stigma  entire.    E.  lanccoMum  Pursh.    E. 
Dens-canis  Mich. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  Ij.. — Scape  6 — 8  inches  high. 
Leaves  2,  radical,  spotted  with  purple.  Flower  solitary,  terminal,  yellow,  spotted 
near  the  base.  American  Dog-tooth  Violet. 

2.  E.  albidum  Null. :  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  not  punctate ;  segments 
of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse;  inner  ones  without  dentures,  sub- 
unguiculate  ;  style  clavate  ;  stigma  3-cleft. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  %.— Scape  6—8 
inches  high.  Flovier  white,  segments  thick  and  somewhat  obtuse.  Very  abun- 
dant near  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  also  found  near  the  Clyde  river,  Wayne  county, 
N.  Y. ,  and  in  Canada,  by  D.  Thomas,  Esq.  I  have  observed  a  plant  at  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  which  agrees  with  this  in  the  absence  of  dentures  and  in  the 
trifid  stigma,  but  the  perianth  is  yellow.  It  is  probably  the  same  which  is 
alluded  to  by  Mr.  Nuttall,  (Gen.  PL  i.  223,)  and  may  prove  distinct. 

White  Dog-tooth  Violet. 

3.  E.  bracteatoim  Big. :  leaves  lanceolate,  unequal ;  scape  bracted 


LILIACE^E.  363 

High  mountains,  Ver.  Boott.  June.  1\.. — Leaves  very  unequal,  one  being 
two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  other.  Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves,  with  a 
narrow  lanceolate  bract  1 — 2  inches  below  the  flower,  which  is  yellow,  half  as 
large  as  in  E.  Americanum,  and  has  the  segments  gibbous  at  base. 

Bracted  Dog-tooth  Violet. 

II.    HEMEROCALLE.E. 

3.  HEMEROCALLIS.   Linn.— Day  Lily. 

(From  the  Greek  fyiepa,  a  day,  and  /caXXoj,  beauty;  its  flower  lasting  but  a  day.) 
Perianth  tubular,  6-parted ;  tube  cylindric ;  limb  campanulate, 
marcescent.     Stamens  6,  declined.     Ovary  superior.     Capsule 
3-sided,  3-celled,  3-valved.     Seeds  numerous,  roundish. 

H.  fulva  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  keeled ;  inner  segments  of  the  perianth 
obtuse,  undulate. 

Wet  meadows.  Penn.  July.  '2J- — Root  fasciculate.  Scape  3 — 4  feet  high. 
Leaves  about  2  feet  long  and  an  inch  wide,  acute,  smooth.  Flowers  large,  taw- 
ny or  reddish-yellow.  A  foreigner  beginning  to  be  naturalized  in  various  parts 
of  Chester  county,  Penn.  Darlington.  Copper-colored  Day  Lily. 

III.     SCILLE.E. 

4.  ALLIUM.  Linn. — Garlic.    Onion. 
(From  the  Celtic  All,  signifying  acrid  or  burning.") 

Flowers  umbellate,  arising  from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Perianth 
inferior,  petaloid,  6-leaved  or  deeply  6-parted,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 6  ;  the  filaments  sometimes  tricuspidate.  Capsule  3-celled, 
3-valved,  few-seeded.  Seeds  black  and  rough. 

1.  A.  vineale  Linn. :  stem  slender,  somewhat  leafy ;  leaves  terete,  fistu- 
lous,  channelled  above ;  umbel  often  bulbiferous ;  filaments  alternately  cus- 
pidate, the  middle  cusp  bearing  an  anther. 

Meadows  and  pastures.  N.  S.  June,  July.  1J-. — Bulb  ovoid,  small.  Stem 
about  2  feet  high.  Flowers  rose-colored.  A  pernicious  weed,  introduced  from 
Europe.  Field  or  Crow  Garlic. 

2.  A.  triflorum  Pursh :   scape  naked,  terete,  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  nerved ;  umbel  few-flowered. 

Shady  woods  on  the  high  mountains  of  Penn.    May,  June.    Q]-.    Pursh. 

Mountain  Leeks. 

3.  A.  cernuum  Roth  :  scape  elongated,  angular ;  leaves  linear,  acutely 
keeled;   umbel  nodding,  many-flowered;   leafets  of  the  perianth  oblong- 
ovate,  acute ;  filaments  simple. 

Meadows.  N.  Y.  Penn.  July.  7J.. — Bulb  ovoid,  large.  Scape  1 — 2  feet 
high,  marked  with  lines  giving  it  an  angular  appearance.  Flowers  rose-colored, 
about  20  in  an  umbel.  Wild  Onion. 

4.  A.  Canadense  Linn. :   stem  terete,  leafy  at  the  base ;  leaves  linear, 
flat,  smooth ;  umbel  few-flowered,  bulbiferous ;  filaments  simple,  about  as 
long  as  the  perianth. 


364  LILIACE^E. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  ^.—Bulh  ovoid,  small.  Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  very  long  and  narrow.  Flowers  rose-colored. 

Canadian  Garlic. 

5.  A.  Iricoccum  Ait. :  leaves  lance-oblong,  flat,  smooth ;  umbel  somewhat 
crowded;  leafets  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  sta- 
mens ;  filaments  simple,  dilated  downwards. 

Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  Ij.. — Bulb  oblong-ovoid,  rather 
large.  Scape  about  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white,  in  a  globose  umbel.  Capsule 
with  the  cells  1-seeded.  Three-seeded  Garlic. 

5.  ORNITHOGALUM.  Linn.— Star  of  Bethlehem. 
(From  the  Greek  opvts ,  opuSoc,  a  bird,  and  yaXa,  milk ;  application  unknown.) 
Perianth  deeply  6 -parted,  spreading  above.     Stamens  6,  hy- 
pogynous  ;  the  filaments  dilated  at  base.    Ovary  superior.    Cap- 
sule roundish-angular,  3 -celled.    Seeds  few,  roundish  or  angular, 
black  and  rough. 

C.  umbellatum  Linn. :  corymb  few-flowered ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
bracts ;  filaments  subulate. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  May,  June.  fl|-. — Bulb  small,  ovoid.  Scape 
6—10  inches  high,  smooth.  Leaves  radical,  linear,  smooth.  Flowers  white  in- 
side, green  with  a  white  margin  outside.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Star  of  Bethlehem. 

IV.    WACHENDORFEJE. 

6.  LOPHIOLA.  Ker.— Lophiola. 
(From  the  Greek  Xo^ta,  a  crest ;  in  allusion  to  its  woolly  perianth.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  woolly,  bearded  within.  Stamens  6.  Fil- 
aments naked.  Anthers  erect.  Stigma  simple.  Capsule  open- 
ing at  the  summit. 

L.  aurea  Ker.    Conostylis  Americana  Pursh. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  %.— Root  creeping.  Leaves  radical, 
grass-like,  ensiform,  shorter  than  the  erect  scape  which  has  1  or  2  short  leaves. 
Flowers  yellow,  in  a  crowded  corymb.  Golden-crested  Lophiola. 

V.    ASPARAGE.E. 

7.  ASPARAGUS.  Linn. — Asparagus. 
(From  the  Greek  amrapayos ,  an  esculent  vegetable.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  subcampanulate,  the  segments  spreading 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  6.  Anthers  peltate.  Style  very  short. 
Berry  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded. 

A.  officinalis  Linn. :  unarmed ;  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  rounded,  much 
branched ;  leaves  setaceous,  fasciculate  and  flexible ;  peduncles  jointed  in 
the  middle. 

Gravelly  shores,  near  salt  water,  N.  Y.    June.    T\..—Stem  1—3  feet  high. 


MELANTHACE^E.  365 

Fhnoers  small,  greenish- white,  subaxillary.  solitary,  drooping.  Berry  globose, 
red.  Introduced  and  naturalized  in  some  places  on  Long  Island  and  near  the 
city  of  New  York.  Common  Asparagus. 

ORDER  CXXXIII.     MELANTHACE^E.— MELANTHS. 

Flowers  often  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Perianth  petaloid, 
6 -leaved  or  deeply  6 -parted.  Stamens  6  ;  anthers  turned  out- 
wards. Ovary  3-celled  :  styles  3,  distinct,  (sometimes  1,  nearly 
entire  or  3-cleft.)  Fruit  a  capsule,  generally  divisible  into  three 
pieces,  or  a  3-celled  berry.  Seeds  with  a  membranous  integu- 
ment and  dense  fleshy  albumen. — Bulbous  tuberous  or  fibrous- 
rooted  plants,  with  sessile  more  or  less  clasping  or  sheathing 
leaves. 

I.  VERATRE^E. 

I.  ZYGADENUS.  Mich.— Zygadenus. 

(From  the  Greek  gvyos,  a  yoke,  and  a J»jv,  a  gland ;  the  glands  of  the  perianth 
being  in  pairs.; 

Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  polygamous.  Perianth  deeply  6- 
parted ;  segments  spreading,  without  claws,  with  two  glands  at 
the  base  of  each.  Stamens  6.  Filaments  dilated  at  base.  An- 
thers cordate.  Style  3-parted.  Stigmas  somewhat  capitate. 
Capsule  ovoid-conic,  3-celled ;  cells  6 — 10-seeded. 

Z.  glaucus  Nutt. :  bulb  tunicated ;  leaves  very  smooth,  shorter  than  the 
stem ;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  segments  of  the  perianth 
oval  or  obovate,  obtuse  ;  glands  obcordate.  (Nutt.  Jour.  Ph.  Acad.  vii.  56.) 
Melanthium  glaucum  Nutt.  Gen. 

Gravelly  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Shores  of  Lake  Erie.  Can.  W-  to 
Miss.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  slender.  Leaves  mostly  radical, 
2—4  lines  wide.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  a  panicle  or  a  nearly  simple  ra- 
ceme, sometimes  polygamous.  Torr.  Smooth-leaved  Zygadenus. 

2.  MELANTHIUM.  Linn.— Melanthium. 

(From  the  Greek  p£\as,  Uack,  and  av0oj,  a  flower  ;  the  flowers  becoming  of  a 
dark  color.) 

Polygamous.  Perianth  petaloid,  rotate,  deeply  6 -parted ; 
segments  unguiculate,  with  two  glands  at  the  base.  Stamens 
6,  on  the  claws  of  the  perianth.  Styles  short,  subulate.  Stig- 
mas simple,  minute.  Capsule  ovoid-conic,  3-celled.  Seeds 
numerous. 

1.  M.  Virginicum  Linn. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long ;  panicle  very 
large,  pyramidal,  with  simple  racemose  branches ;  segments  of  the  perianth 
ovate,  somewhat  hastate  or  auriculate ;  glands  approximated. 

Rocky  woods.  Staten  Island  and  Orange  county,  N.  Y.  Torr.  and  Dr.  W. 
Horton.  S.  to  Car.  July.  %.—Stem  3—4  feet  high,  leafy.  Leaves  9—15  inches 


366  MELANTHACE^. 

long,  somewhat  clasping  at  base.    Flowers  greenish-  white,  in  a  panicle  which  is 
a  foot  or  more  in  length,  perfect  and  sterile  ones  mixed. 

Virginian  Melanthium. 

2.  M.  hybridum  Walt.  :  leaves  long-linear,  nearly  smooth,  clasping  the 
stem  ;  panicle  long,  composed  of  simple  racemes  ;  segments  of  the  perianth 
orbicular,  plaited,  with  long  claws  ;  glands  united.  M.  raccmosum  Mich. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  ^.—Stem  2  feet 
high,  leafy.  Flowers  in  a  long  panicle  which  is  composed  of  simple  racemes. 

Hybrid  Melanthium. 

3.  TOFIELDIA.  Huds.—  Tofieldia. 
(In  honor  of  Mr.  Tofield,  an  English  botanist.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  with  a  small  3-parted  involucre.  Stamens 
6,  smooth.  Capsule  3  —  6  -celled  ;  cells  united  at  base,  many- 
seeded. 

T.  pubescens  Pursh.  :  leaves  subradical,  narrow-ensiform,  smooth  ;  rachis 
and  pedicels  rough  ;  flowers  in  an  oblong  interrupted  spike  ;  capsule  glo- 
bose, scarcely  longer  than  the  involucre.  Narthecium  pubens  Mich. 

Swamps.  Del.  to  Car.  July.  rtir.  —  Scape  18  inches  high.  Leaves  a  foot 
long.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  a  racemed  spike.  Downy  Tofieldia. 

4.  XEROPHYLLUM.  Mich.—  Xerophyllum. 


(From  the  Greek  £>?p<>?,  dry,  and  dnAXoy,  a  haf;  its  leaves  appearing  as  if 
withered.) 

Perianth  subrotate,  deeply  6-parted.  Stamens  6,  contiguous 
at  base.  Stigmas  3,  revolute,  partly  united  below.  Capsule 
subglobose,  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded,  opening  at  the  summit. 

X.  setifolium  Mich.  :  leaves  subulate-setaceous  ;  flowers  in  a  crowded 
oblong  raceme  ;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  perianth.  He- 
Ionian  asphflflclaidcs  Linn. 

Sandy  plains.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  Ij..  —  Scape  3  —  5  feet  high.  Radical 
leaves  forming  large  tufts,  a  foot  long  and  very  narrow.  Flowers  white,  in  a 
large  terminal  raceme.  Grass-leaved  Xerophyllum. 

5.  HELONIAS.  Linn.—  Helonias. 
(From  the  Greek  *X«f,  a  marsh  ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.) 

Flowers-  sometimes  dioacious.  Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted, 
spreading  ;  segments  sessile  and  without  glands.  Stamens  6, 
hypogynous  and  at  length  exceeding  the  perianth.  Styles  3, 
distinct.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-hornea  ;  cells  mostly  few-seeded. 

1.  H.  latifolia  Mich.  :  scape  leafless  ;  spike  ovate,  crowded  ;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  mucronate,  nerved.     H.  bullata  Linn. 

Sandv  swamp?.  N.  J.  to  Virg.  Pursh.  May.  7J..  —  Flovxrs  pale-purple. 
Anthers  blue.  Broad-leaved  Helonias. 

2.  H.  erythrosperma  Mich.  •  stem  simple,  leafy  ;  leaves  linear,  very  long  ; 
raceme  oblong;  bracts  short;   capsule  shortened,  with  divaricate  horns; 
seeds  ovoid,  with  a  purple  fleshy  coat.     Melanthium  leetum  Ait. 


M  K 1 .  A  N T  H  A C  K 7E.  367 

Shady  woods.  Pemi.  10  Car.  June,  July.  '7J.. — &le//i  2  feel  high,  obtusely 
angular.  Leaves  slightly  channelled  above.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  a  sim- 
ple terminal  raceme  which  is  sometimes  9  inches  long,  but  mostly  shorter.  The 
root  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  Purple-seeded  Heloniis. 

3.  H.  dioica  Pursh. :  stem  leafy :  leaves  lanceolate ;  racemes  dioecious, 
the  sterile  nodding  at  first,  the  fertile  mostly  erect ;  segments  of  the  perianth 
linear ;  stamens  exserted.  //  lutca  Ait.  Veratrum  luteum  Linn. 

Damp  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Conn,  to  Gcor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  fy. — Ste- 
rile plant  1 — 2  feet,  the  fertile  one  often  3  feet  high.  Leaves  becoming  broader 
near  the  root,  and  often  spatulate  and  somewhat  obtuse.  Flowers  white,  in  a 
spike-like,  raceme  which  is  6 — 12  inches  long.  The  root  is  a  popular  tonic. 

Unicorn  Plant. 

6.  VERATRUM.  Linn.— Veratrum. 
(From  the  Latin  vere  alntm,  truly  black  :  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  root.) 

Polygamous.  Perianth  calyx-like,  deeply  6-parted,  spread- 
ing, persistent;  segments  sessile  and  without  glands.  Stamens 
6,  inserted  upon  the  receptacle.  Styles  3,  short,  subulate. 
Capsule  ovoid,  membranaceous,  3-lobed ;  the  carpels  distinct  at 
the  summit.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  broad  membranaceous 
margin. 

V.  viride  Ait. :  leaves  broad-ovate,  plaited  ;  panicle  pyramidal,  with  com- 
pound racemose  branches  ;  bracts  of  the  branches  oblong-lanceolate ;  par- 
tial bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels.  V.  album  Mich. 

Meadows  arid  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  ri\.. — Stem  3 — 1  feet 
high.  Leaves  large,  sheathing  the  stem  at  base.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  in  a 
large  terminal  panicle.  Medicinal  and  poisonous. 

Poke  Root.     American  Hellebore. 

II.    UVULARI.E. 
7.  UVULARIA.  Linn.— Bellwort. 

(From  the  Latin  diminutive  of  uva,  a  cluster,  or  uvula,  iJie  appendage  to  the 
palate ;  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  inflorescence.) 

Perianth  inferior,  deeply  6-parted,  erect ;  segments  with  a 
nectariferous  cavity  at  base.  Stamens  6.  Filaments  very  short, 
growing  to  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3,  reflexed.  Capsule  3-an- 
gled,  3-celled.  Seeds  nearly  globose,  arillate  at  the  hilum. 

1.  U.  perfoliafa  Linn. :  leaves  perfoliate,  elliptic-lanceolate,  mostly  acute; 
perianth  subcampanulate,  tuberculate,  rough  within;  anthers  awned.     U. 
perfoliata,  var.  minor  Mich. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  1\.. — Stem  8 — 12 
inches  high,  forked  near  the  top.  Flowers  pale-yellow,  mostly  solitary,  from 
one  of  the  forks  of  the  stem.  Perfoliate  Bellwort. 

2.  U.  flava  Smith. :  leaves  perfoliate,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  undulate  at 
base  ;  perianth  tapering  at  base,  rough  within ;  anthers  awned. 

Sandy  soils.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May,  June.  1^-. — Flowers  larger  and  of  a  deeper 
yellow  than  in  the  preceding.  Pursh.  Perhaps  onh  ;<  \arietv. 

Yellow  Bellwort. 


368  MELANTHACE^E. 

3.  U.  grandiflora  Smith  :  leaves  perfoliate,  elliptic  or  ovate-elliptic,  acute , 
perianth  smooth  within ;  anthers  without  awns.     U.  perfoliata}\aT.  major 
Mich.     U.  lanceolata  Willd. 

Woods  and  hill  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  %.— Stem 
12 — 15  inches  high,  with  one  or  two  forks  near  the  summit.  Flowers  much 
larger  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  and  of  a  brighter  yellow. 

Large-flowered  Bellwort. 

4.  U.  scssilifolia  Linn. :  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  glau- 
cous beneath ;  segments  of  the  perianth  flat,  smooth  inside ;  anthers  obtuse. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Tj.. — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high,  forked 
near  the  summit.  Flowers  1 — 2  on  a  slender  axillary  peduncle,  pale-yellow. 

Sessile-leaved  Bettwort. 

8.  PROSARTES.  Don.— Prosartes. 
(From  the  Greek  Trpoo-apraw,  to  hang  upon ;  in  allusion  to  the  suspended  ovules.) 

Perianth  6 -leaved,  campanulate-spreading  ;  the  leafets  with  a 
nectariferous  pit,  or  saccate  at  base.  Stamens  6 ;  the  filaments 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  3 -celled,  with  2 
ovules  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Style  single. 
Stigmas  3,  short,  recurved.  Berry  ovoid,  3-celled. 

P.  lanuginosa  Don. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  clasping,  ciliolate, 
minutely  pubescent  beneath ;  pedicels  in  pairs ;  leafets  of  the  perianth 
linear-lanceolate ;  style  smooth.  Sireptopus  lanuginosus  Mich.  Uvularia 
lanuginosa  Pers. 

Woods.  Western  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  1±.—Stem  12—18  inches  high,  witb 
2 — 3  forks  near  the  summit.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  on  pubescent  pedicels. 

Pale-flowered  Prosartes. 

9.  STREPTOPUS.  Mich.— Twisted  Stalk. 

(From  the  Greek  CTOE-TOS,  twisted,  and  noi:s,foot ;  in  allusion  to  a  twist  in  the 
pedicels.) 

Perianth  6 -leaved,  campanulate  at  base ;  the  three  inner 
leaves  carinate.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  leaves. 
Anthers  sagittate,  longer  than  the  filaments.  Style  single,  ta- 
pering. Stigmas  simple,  obtuse.  Berry  globose,  3-celled. 

1.  &  roseus  Mich. :    leaves  ovate-oblong,  clasping,  serrulate-ciliate  on 
the  margin,  green  on  both  sides ;  pedicels  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the 
flower,  slightly  geniculate  near  the  middle ;  anthers  2-cleft  at  the  summit. 
Uvularia  rosea  Pers. 

Woods  and  swamps,  on  mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  May,  June. 
Ij.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  di-  or  tri-chotomous  at  the  upper  part.  Flowers 
rose-eolored .  1 — 2  on  filiform  nodding  axillary  pedicels.  Rose  Twisted  Stalk. 

2.  S.  amplcxifolius  D.  C. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  closely  clasping,  glau- 
cous beneath,  the  margin  naked  ;  pedicels  elongated,  distorted  and  genicu- 
late above  the  middle ;  anthers  acuminate,  entire.     S.  distortus  Mich.    Uvits- 
laria  amplcxifolia  Linn. 

Shady  woods  and  swamps.    Can.  to  Penn.    May,  June.     l^.—Stem  about  2 


PONTEDERACE^:.  369 

feet  high,  forked.     Flowers  greenish-white,  on  filiform  axillary  pedicels  which 
are  longer  than  in  the  preceding.  Smooth  Twisted  Stalk. 

ORDER  CXXXIV.     PONTEDERACE^E.— PONTEDERADS. 

Perianth  tubular,  colored,  6 -parted,  more  or  less  irregular ; 
aestivation  circinate.  Stamens  3 — 6,  unequal,  perigynous. 
Ovary  free,  more  or  less  completely  3-celled  ;  style  1 ;  stigma 
3 — 6-cleft.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, with  somewhat  mealy  albumen. — Aquatic  or  marsh 
plants.  Leaves  sheathing  at  the  base,  with  parallel  veins. 

1.  PONTEDERIA.  Linn.— Pickerel  Weed. 
(In  honor  of  Julius  Pontedera,  professor  of  botany  at  Padua.) 
Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft,  2 -lipped ;  under  side  of  the  tube 
perforated  with  3  longitudinal  foramina;  the  lower  part  per- 
sistent, calycine.     Stamens   6,  unequally  inserted,  3  near  the 
base  and  3  near  the  summit  of  the  tube.     Utricle  muricate, 
1-seeded. 

1.  P.   cm-data  Linn. :   leaves  subradical,   oblong-cordate ;    flowers  in 
crowded  spikes ;  segments  of  the  perianth  oblong. 

Ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.  7J.. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  long,  bearing 
a  single  leaf  with  the  base  of  the  petiole  sheathing.  Flowers  aggregated  by 
twos  and  threes,  sessile,  bright-blue.  Common  Pickerel  Weed. 

2.  P.  angustifolia  Pursh. :  leaves   elongated-triangular,   truncate   and 
subcordate  at  the  base  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate.     P. 
cor -data  ,var.  angustifolia  Torr.     P.  mucronata  Raf. 

Beach  pond,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.  Dr.  S.  B.  Mead.  Mountain  lakes. 
N.  Y.  to  Car.  Pursh.  July.  ^. — Flowers  blue,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding 
species,  of  which,  however,  it  may  be  only  a  variety. 

Narrow-leaved  Pickerel  Weed. 

2.  HETERANTHERA.   R.  <$•  P.— Heteranthera. 

(From  the  Greek  erfpn? ,  different,  and  avvp,  anther  ;  the  anthers  in  the  same 
flower  being  dissimilar.) 

Flowers  in  a  spathe.  Perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube  ; 
border  6 -parted,  equal.  Stamens  3.  Anthers  of  2  forms. 
Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  angles  ;  dissepi- 
ment contrary. 

H.  reniformis  R.  <$•  P. :  leaves  orbicular-reniform ;  spathe  oblong,  acumi- 
nate, 3 — 5-flowered.  H.  acuta  Pursh.  Leptanthus  reniformis  Mich. 

Overflowed  bunks.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  %. — Stem  prostrate  and 
rooting  in  the  mud,  partly  floating,  6 — 18  inches  long.  Leaves  semicircularly 
nerved,  on  petioles  2 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  white,  3 — 5  in  a  spathe. 

16* 


370  ERIOCAULACEjE. 

3.  SCHOLLERA.  Schreb.— Schollera. 
(Dedicated  to  Frederick  Adam  Scholler,  a  German  botanist.) 

Spathe  1 -flowered.  Perianth  with  a  long  slender  tube ;  limb 
deeply  6-parted.  Stamens  nearly  equal.  Anthers  similar,  ob- 
long-sagittate. Stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  1-celled. 

S.  graminea  Vahl.  Leptanthm  gramrneus  Mick.  Heteranthera  graminea 
Pursh. 

In  flowing  streams.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  slender,  much  branched, 
rooting  at  the  lower  joints.  Leaves  sessile,  narrow-linear.  Flowers  small,  pale- 
yellow,  solitary.  Stamens  usually  3,  but  sometimes  4,  unequal. 

Grass-leaved  Schollera. 

ORDER  CXXXV.     ERIOCAULACEJE.— PIPEWORTS. 

Flowers  bracteate,  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Perianth  2 — 6 
parted,  in  two  rows ;  the  outer  glumaceous ;  inner  somewhat 
petaloid.  Stamens  3 — 6.  Ovary  superior,  2 — 3-celled ;  style 
very  short ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Capsule 
2 — 3-celled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  solitary,  coated  with  wings  or 
rows  of  hairs. — Perennial  marsh  plants,  with  linear  cellular 
spongy  leaves,  and  minute  flowers  which  are  collected  into  a 
head  at  the  summit  of  the  scape. 

ERIOCATJLON.  Linn.— Pipewort. 

(From  the  Greek  cpiov,  wool,  and  icavXos,  a  stem ;  in  allusion  to  the  woolly 
scapes  of  the  species  first  described.) 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  collected  into  a  com- 
pact scaly  head.  STERILE  FL.  in  the  disk.  Perianth  4 — 6- 
cleft,  the  inner  segments  united  nearly  to  their  summit.  Stamens 
3 — 6.  FERTILE  FL.  in  the  margin.  Perianth  deeply  4-parted. 
Capsule  2 — 3-celled. 

1.  E.  septangularc  With. :  scape  slender,  6 — 7-furrowed,  smooth;  leaves 
subulate-ensfform,  cellular  and  transversely  reticulated ;  head  small,  hemi- 
spheric ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obovate,  and  with  the  flowers  hairy  at  the 
summit.    E.  pellucidutn  Mich. 

Ponds  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Penn.  Aug.  1|-. — Scape  varying  in  length 
from  2  or  3  inches  to  6  feet,.  (Tarr.)  and  like  the  leaves  pellucid  and  cellular. 
Flowers  minute,  in  a  compact  head,  4-cleft.  Perianth  with  the  outer  segments 
purplish,  the  inner  ones  white.  Stamens  4.  Jointed  Pipewort. 

2.  E.  decangulare  Mich. :  scape  10-furrowed  ;  leaves  ensiform,  smooth ; 
head  large,  depressed-globose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  acute,  of  the 
receptacle  mucronate. 

Ponds.    N.  J.  to  Car.    Aug.   1}-.— Scape  2— 3  feet  high.    Flowers  very  white. 

Ten-angled  Pipewort. 


JUNCACEJE.  371 


ORDER  CXXXVI.    XYRIDACEA— XYRIDS. 

Perianth  6-parted,  in  2  rows  ;  outer  glumaceous  ;  inner  peta- 
loid,  unguiculate.  Stamens  6,  3  fertile,  inserted  upon  the  claws 
of  the  inner  segments  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  single ;  style 
trifid.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded,  with  parietal 
placentae. — Herbaceous  rush-like  plants,  with  fibrous  roots, 
ensiform  or  filiform  radical  leaves  and  flowers  in  terminal  im- 
bricate scaly  heads. 

XYRIS.   Linn.— Yellow-eyed  Grass. 
(From  the  Greek  £upoj,  sharp,  in  allusion  to  the  pointed  leaves.) 
Perianth  in  2  rows  ;  outer  row  glumaceous,  2  of  the  segments 
somewhat  boat-shaped  ;  inner  row  petaloid  ;  the  segments  with 
long  nearly  distinct  claws  and  dilated  laminae.     Stamens  6 ;  3 
fertile,  the  rest  abortive.     Capsule  1 -celled. 

1.  X.  Carolinians,   Walt, :    scape  somewhat  2-edged ;    leaves    linear, 
grass-like,  much  shorter  than  the  scape;    head   roundish-ovoid;   bracts 
orbicular-obdvate.    X.  Jupacai  Mich.   X.jlexuosa  Ell. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July.  %. — Stem  a  foot  high,  somewhat  bul- 
bous at  the  base,  often  spirally  twisted.  Leaves  sheathing  at  base,  flat  or  twisted. 
Flowers  yellow,  in  a  head  3 — 1  lines  long.  Common  YeUow-eyed  Grass. 

2.  X.  brevifolia  Mich. :   leaves  subulate,  ensiform.  short ;  head  globose ; 
inner  segments  of  the  perianth  shorter  than  the  outer  one,  slightly  notched. 

Wet  meadows.  Penn.  to  Geor.  July.  %. — Scape  12 — 18  inches  high,  com- 
pressed near  the  summit.  Leaves  much  twisted.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  globose 
head.  Short-leaved  Yellow-eyed  Grass. 

3.  X.  fimbriata  Ell. :  leaves  long,  ensiform ;  heads  loosely  imbricate, 
oblong ;  segments  of  the  perianth  fimbriate. 

Meadows.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  June.  7J..— Stem  2  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow. 
Found  in  New  Jersey  by  Dr.  Darlington.  Fl.  Cest. 

Fimbriate  YeUow-eyed  Grass. 

ORDER  C  XXXVII.     JUNCACEJE.— RUSHES. 

Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Perianth  6-leaved,  in  a  double  row, 
more  or  less  glumaceous.  Stamens  6,  rarely  3,  inserted  into 
the  base  of  the  segments.  Ovary  1-  or  3 -celled  ;  stigmas  gen- 
erally 3.  Fruit  capsular,  with  3  valves.  Seeds  with  a  thin 
skin  and  firm  albumen. — Mostly  grass-like  plants.  Flowers 
small,  generally  brown  or  green,  in  cymes  or  heads. 


372  JUNCACE^E. 

1.  LU-ZTJLA.  D.  C.— Wood  Rush. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Italian  lucciola,  a  glow-worm ;  because  its  flowers, 
•when  moistened  with  dew,  sparkle  by  moonlight.) 

Perianth  spreading,  glumaceous.  Stamens  6.  Filaments 
smooth.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  3, 
sometimes  with  an  appendage  at  one  end. 

1.  L.  pilosa  Wittd.:  leaves  broad -linear,  hairy;  peduncles  in  an  umbel- 
late corymb,  1-flowered,  at  length  bent  downward  ;  leafets  of  the  perianth 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  capsule ;  seeds  with  a  curved  appendage 
at  the  top.     Juncus  pilosus  Lsinn. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  April,  May.  %.— Stem  6— 12  inches  high,  cespitose. 
Flowers  dark-brown,  8 — 12  in  an  umbel,  on  filiform  peduncles  6 — 8  lines  in 
length.  Hairy  Wood  Rush. 

2.  L,  campestris  D.  C. :  leaves  hairy ;    spikes  sessile  and  peduncled  ; 
leafets  of  the  perianth  acuminate,  awned,  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule  ; 
seeds  with  ah  appendage  at  the  base.    Juncus  campestris  Linn. 

Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  April,  May.  1J-. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  cespi- 
tose at  base.  Flowers  reddish- brown,  in  ovoid  or  oblong  nearly  erect  spikes 
forming  a  sort  of  umbel.  Common  Wood  Rush. 

3.  L.  parviftora  Desv.:  smooth;  stem  elongated;  leaves   broad-linear; 
flowers  in  a  decompound  loose  corymb,  the  peduncles  elongated  and  capil- 
lary ;  pedicels  1-flowered ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  ovate,  acute,  about  the 
length  of  the  oval  obtuse  apiculate  capsule ;  seeds  without  an  appendage. 
L.  melanocarpa  Desv.    Juncus  mclanocarpus  Mich. 

Mountains.  Northern  N.  Y.  Torr.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Big.  Can. 
Mich.  July.  '!}.. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  slender.  Flowers  in  a  loose  corym- 
bose panicle,  nodding.  Seeds  brown.  SmaU-Jlowered  Wood  Rush. 

4.  L.  spicata  D.  C. :  leaves  narrow,  channelled,  hairy  at  the  throat; 
spike  solitary,  drooping,  compound  ;  spikelets  shorter  than  the  diaphanous 
mucronate  bracts ;   leafets  of  the  perianth  acuminate-mucronate,  about  as 
long  as  the  rounded  capsule.    Juncus  spicatus  Wtild. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Big.  Aug.  1\..— Stem  6 — 8  inches  high,  slender. 
SpiKe  dark-colored,  interrupted  near  the  base,  drooping. 

Sptfie-Jlowered  Wood  Rush. 

2.  JUNCUS.    Linn.— Rush. 

(From  the  Latin  jungo,  to  join ;  the  leaves  and  stems  having  been  used  as 
cordage.) 

Perianth  spreading,  glumaceous.  Stamens  6,  or  sometimes 
3.  Filaments  smooth.  Stigmas  3,  subsessile.  Capsule  3-celled, 
many-seeded. 

*  Leaves  none. 

1.  J.  acutus  Linn.:  barren  scapes  and  outer  bracts  pungent;  panicle 
very  compound,  mostly  compact;  leafets  of  the  perianth  equal;  inner  ones 
with  a  broad  membranaceous  margin  at  the  apex,  shorter  than  the  broad- 
ovate  abruptly  acuminate  capsule. 


JUNCACE.E.  373 

Sandy  sea-coasts.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  Ij..— Scape  2—3  feet  high.  Panicle 
2 — 3  inches  long,  appearing  as  if  lateral,  though  really  terminal. 

Great  Sharp  Sea  Rush. 

2.  J.  effusus  Linn. :  scape  not  rigid,  finely  striate ;  panicle  loose,  very 
much  branched,  spreading ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  spreading, 
very  acute,  as  long  as  the  obovoid  obtuse  capsule ;  stamens  3. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  %.—  Scape  2—3  feet  high,  erect, 
terminating  in  a  long  Tapering  point.  Panicle  bursting  from  a  fissure  in  the 
side  of  the  scape  above  the  middle,  sessile.  Flowers  greenish.  Sometimes  used 
for  making  mats.  Soft  Rush. 

3.  J.  filiformis  Linn. :    scape  filiform,   smooth ;    panicle  few-flowered ; 
leafets  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly  equal,  larger  than  the 
obovoid  apiculate  capsule  ;  stamens  6. 

Borders  of  ponds.  Northern  and  Western  N.  Y.  Torr.  White  Mountains, 
N.  H.  Biff.  July.  1]-.— Scape.  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  very  slender.  Panicle 
bursting  from  the  side  of  the  scape  above  the  middle.  Flowers  greenish. 

Slender  Rush. 

4.  J.  Balticus  Willd. :  scape  obscurely  striate ;  panicle  erect,  branched ; 
leafets  of  the  perianth  nearly  equal,  very  acute,  as  long  as  the  elliptic  mu- 
cronate  capsule ;  stamens  6 ;  style  conspicuous. 

Gravelly  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  of  Lake  Ontario.  Torr.  July.  %. — 
Scape  2 — 4  feet  high,  often  flexuous  or  twisted.  Panicle  with  the  branches 
slender  and  flexuous.  Flowers  dark  brown.  Baltic  Rush. 

**  Stem  kafy.     Leaves  terete,  nodose. 

5.  J.  no'dosus  Linn. :  stem  nearly  round ;  leaves  distinctly  nodose,  terete ; 
inflorescence  terminal ;  heads  few,  globose,  many-flowered ;  leafets  of  the 
perianth  linear-lanceolate,  with  a  long  subulate  point ;  stamens  3 ;   capsule 
triquetrous,  attenuated  at  the  summit,  about  as  long  as  the  perianth ;  seeds 
oblong. 

Sandy  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  'l\..—Stem  8  inches  to  2  feet 
high.  Heads  in  a  loose  more  or  less  compound  panicle,  or  in  a  dense  cluster. 
Flowers  brownish  or  greenish.  Stamens  3 — 6.  A  very  variable  plant ;  which, 
however,  according  to  Dr.  Torrey,  can  always  be  distinguished  from  J.  polyceph- 
alus,  by  its  attenuated  capsule,  arid  by  its  oblong  (not  tailed)  seeds. 

Knotty  Rush. 

6.  J.  polycephalus Mich. :  stem  erect;  leaves  compressed,  nodose;  panicle 
terminal,  compound ;  heads  many-flowered,  globose ;  leafets  of  the  perianth 
lanceolate,  somewhat  awned ;  stamens  3 ;  capsule  oblong-triangular,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  perianth ;  seeds  tailed  at  each 
end.    J.  echinatus  Muhl. 

Boggy  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  %..—Stem  1—3  feet  high. 
Panicle  more  or  less  compound.  Flowers  greenish.  Seeds  with  a  subulate  ap- 
pendage or  tail  at  each  end.  (Torr.)  A  variable  species. 

Many-headed  Rush. 

7-  J.  subverticillatus  Willd:  stem  compressed;  leaves  few,  subulate,  no- 
dose ;  panicle  corymbose ;  heads  about  5-flowered,  fasciculate-verticillate ; 
leafets  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  striate,  as  long  as  the  obtuse  cap- 
sule. J.  verticillatus  Pursh. 

Swamps.    Can.    N.  Y.  and  Penn.    July,  Aug.    %.— Stem  lfc-2  feet  high, 


374  JUNCACE^E. 

slender,  about  2-leaved.    Panicle  4—8  inches  long,  the  branches  subverticillate 
and  diverging.     Flowers  greenish,  in  somewhat  hemispherical  heads. 

Whorled  Rush. 

8.  J.  acuminatus  Mich. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  somewhat  compressed,  no- 
dose ;  panicle  terminal,  compound ;  heads  3 — 6-flowered,  pedunculate  and 
sessile ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  shorter  than 
the  acutely  triangular  capsule ;  stamens  3 ;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end.     J. 
sylvaticus  Muhl. 

Boggy  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  '2J-. — Stem  12 — 15  inches  high.  Leaves 
distantly  jointed.  Panicle  more  or  less  compound,  rather  erect,  spreading. 
Flowers  pale-green  or  purplish,  mostly  3  in  a  head.  Sharp-fruited  Rush. 

9.  J.  pelocarpus  Meyer :  stem  erect,  bearing  a  single  leaf,  compressed ; 
leaves  setaceous,  compressed,  obscurely  nodose  ;  panicle  pyramidal,  spread- 
ing ;  heads  about  2-flowefed ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse,  the 
inner  ones  a  little  longer,  shorter  than  the  triquetrous  ovate  capsule.  (  Torr. 
N.  Y.  Fl.) 

Ver.  and  N.  Y.  ?  1\.. — Stem  15 — 18  inches  high.  Panicle  loose  and  elon- 
gated. Heads  3 — 6-flowered.  Stamens  6.  Brownish  Rush. 

10.  J.  Conradi  Tucker  man :  stem  erect,  leafy;  leaves  erect,  compressed, 
slightly  nodose ;  inflorescence  terminal,  decompound,  divaricate ;   flowers 
solitary ;   leafets  of  the  perianth  lanceolate-acute,  shorter  than  the  oblong 
acuminate-rostrate  capsule.    ( Torr.  N.  Y.  M.)   J.  -viviparus  Conrad. 

Borders  of  ponds  in  sandy  soils.  N.  H.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  July,  Aug. 
(T). — Stem  cespitose,  6 — 10  inches  high,  slender.  Leaves  few.  Inflorescence 
spreading,  with  the  branches  slender.  Flowers  often  viviparous  or  abortive, 
red  dish-  brown.  Stamens  6.  Torr.  Conrad's  Rush. 

***  Leaves  flat  or  channelled  on  the  upper  side. 

11.  J.  tennis  Wittd.:  stems  cespitose,  slender,  leafy  at  the  base,  erect, 
somewhat  compressed  ;  leaves  setaceous-linear,  channelled ;  panicle  termi- 
nal, more  or  less  compound ;  flowers  solitary,  unilateral ;  leafets  of  the  per- 
ianth lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule.   J.  bicornis  Mich. 

Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1]-. — Stems  cespitose,  10 or  12  inches 
high.  Panicle  cymose ;  the  peduncles  unequal.  Flowers  solitary,  greenish, 
somewhat  racemose  or  unilateral  on  the  branchlets.  Slender  Rush. 

12.  J.  Grecnei  Tiickerm.  d>  Oakes :  stem  erect,  leafy  at  the  base,  terete, 
rigid ;  leaves  setaceous-linear,  channelled   above,  rounded  on  the  back ; 
panicle  terminal,  compound,  cymose ;  flowers  solitary,  erect,  unilateral ; 
leafets  of  the  perianth  shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  rather  obtuse  capsule. 

Sandy  borders  of  salt  marshes.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  July.  7}.. — Stems  cespi- 
tose, 12 — 18  inches  high,striate.  Panicle  consisting  of  several  much  contracted 
cymes.  Flowers  unilateral,  greenish.  Greene's  Rush. 

13.  J.   Gerardi  Loisel. :  stem  simple,  leafy,  compressed ;  leaves  linear- 
setaceous,  channelled :  panicle  terminal,  compound,  cymose,  longer  than 
the  bracteal  leaves ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  oblong,  somewhat  obtuse,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  obovoid  obtuse  triangular  capsule ;  stamens  6 ;  seeds  ob- 
long-ovoid, strongly  ribbed.     J.  bulbosus  Pursh. 

Borders  of  salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  %. — Stem  8—12  inches  high, 
slender.  Panicle  rather  crowded,  the  branches  unequal.  Flon-^rs  and  capsules 
dark-hrown.  Black  Gras*. 


JtWCACE/E.  375 

14.  J.  bufonius  Linn. :  stem  diffuse,  leafy,  dichotomous  above  ;  leaves  fili- 
form-setaceous, channelled ;  panicle  loose ;  flowers  subsolitary,  remote,  uni- 
lateral ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  very  acuminate,  much  longei 
than  the  oblong  obtuse  capsule. 

Moist  places.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  (I). — Steins  cespitose,  3 — 6  inches 
high,  divided  towards  the  top.  Panicle  loose,  spreading,  few-flowered,  pale- 
green.  Toad  Rush. 

15.  J.  marginal-us  Rostk. :  stem  leafy,  jointed ;  leaves  flat  and  grass-like  ; 
panicle  corymbose,  compound ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  about  as  long  as  the 
obtuse  capsule,  the  outer  ones  and  the  bracts  subaristate ;  stamens  3.     J. 
aristulatus  Mich. 

Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  11.— Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  tuberous  at 
base.  Panicle  often  very  compound  and  proliferous.  Flowers  3 — 6  in  a  head. 

Grass-leaved  Rush. 

1 G.  J.  stijgius  Linn. :  stem  filiform,  erect,  rigid,  leafy ;  leaves  setaceous, 
slightly  flattened ;  flowers  about  3,  in  a  terminal  head ;  leafets  of  the  peri- 
anth shorter  than  the  oblong-elliptic  acute  capsule ;  stamens  3  ;  seeds  with 
an  appendage  at  each  end. 

Sphagnous  swamps,  on  Perch  Lake,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Gray. 
%.  ? — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  simple.  Flowers  larger  than  in  any  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  with  2 — 3  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  heads. 

Large-fruited  Rush. 

17.  J.  bifidus  Linn.:  leaf  mostly  solitary,  near  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
linear-setaceous ;  sheaths  ciliate ;  heads  about  3-flowered,  terminal ;  bracts 
foliaceous,  very  long,  grooved. 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Big.  Summit  of  Mount  Marcy,  Essex  county,  N. 
Y.  July,  Aug.  '4-. — Stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  rather  rigid.  Flouiers  mostly  in 
a  single  head,  supported  bv  2  long  setaceous  bracts  or  terminal  leaves. 

Trifid  Rush. 

18.  J.  militaris  Dig. :  leaf  solitary,  jointed,  longer  than  the  stem;  pani- 
cle terminal,  proliferous,  with  sheathing  lanceolate  bracts  at  base ;  heads 
about  5-flowered. 

Ponds,  near  Boston,  Mass.  Big.  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  vyith  a  long  sheath 
or  two  at  base  and  commonly  another  above  the  leaf.  Panicle  terminal,  erect, 
with  proliferous  branches.  Bayonet  Rush. 

3.  NARTHECIUM.  jDiw/t.— Narthecium. 

tFrom  the  Greek  vapOos,  a  rod ;  probably  from  the  elongated  straight  raceme 
of  flowers.) 

Perianth  petaloid,  of  6  linear-lanceolate  spreading  pieces. 
Stamens  6.  Filaments  hairy.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds 
with  an  appendage  at  each  extremity. 

N.  Americanum  Ker  •  raceme  sometimes  interruptedly  spiked,  lax ;  pedi- 
cels with  a  setaceous  bract  below  the  flower,  and  another  embracing  its 
base ;  filaments  with  very  short  hair.  Phalangium  ossifragum,  Muhl. 

Sandy  swarnps.  N.  J.  to  Ala.  June,  July.  1\. — Scape  a,  foot  high.  Leaves 
narrow-ensiform.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  terminal  spike.  Closely  resembles  N. 
ossifragum  of  Eujope.  American  Narthecium.  . 


376  COMMELYNACE^E. 


ORDER  CXXXVIII.     H^EMODORACE^E.— BLOOD  ROOTS. 

Perianth  petaloid,  6-cleft,  usually  more  or  less  woolly.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  perianth,  either  3  and  opposite  the  inner 
segments,  or  6  ;  anthers  bursting  inwardly.  Stigma  undivided. 
Fruit  capsular,  somewhat  nucamentaceous. — Herbaceous  plants, 
with  fibrous  perennial  roots  and  permanent  ensiform  equitant 
leaves. 

1.  LACHNANTHES.  Ell.— Lachnanthes. 

Perianth  superior,  6-cleft ;  segments  unequal.  Stamens  3. 
Style  declining.  Stigma  minutely  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-celled, 
truncate,  many-seeded. 

L.  tinctoria  Ell.    Dilatris  tinctoria  Pursh. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  July.  '2J..— Stem  erect,  2  feet  high,  hairy  at 
the  top.  Leaves  ensiform,  shorter  than  the  stem.  Flowers  in  a  corymbose  pan- 
icle, woolly,  yellow  within.  The  root  yields  a  red  color,  which  is  used  for  dye- 
ing. Red  Root. 

2. 1  ALETRIS.  Linn—  Star  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  oXc«ap,  meal ;  in  allusion  to  the  mealy  appearance  of  the 
flowers.) 

Perianth  tubular  or  tubular-campanulate,  rugose,  6-cleft. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  orifice  of  the  tube.  Style  triquetrous, 
finally  3 -parted.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at 
the  summit. 

1.  A.  farinosa  Linn. :  leaves  radical,   lanceolate,   acuminate,   smooth ; 
flowers  pedicellate,   oblong-tubular;   perianth    rugose-muricate.      A.  alba 
Mich. 

Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  1\.. — Scape  2  feet  high,  with  several 
bract-like  leaves.  Flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  raceme  which  is  sometimes  a 
foot  in  length.  Perianth  appearing  as  if  covered  with  a  rough  powder.  The 
root  is  intensely  bitter.  Star-grass.  Colic  Root. 

2.  A.  aurea  Walt. :  leaves  radical,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  flowers  sub- 
sessile,  short ;  perianth  rugose  and  very  rough. 

Pine  Barrens.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  QJ..— Scape  2—3  feet  high.  Flowers 
yellow,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  less  numerous  than  in  the  preceding. 

Yellow  Star-grass 

ORDER  CXXXIX.     COMMELYNACE^E.— SPIDERWORTS. 

Perianth  in  2  rows ;  outer  row  herbaceous,  3 -leaved;  inner 
petaloid,  3 -leaved  or  3 -cleft.  Stamens  6  or  fewer,  some  of 
them  deformed  or  abortive.  Ovary  3-celled;  stigma  1.  Car 


ALISMACE/E.  377 

sule  2 — 3-celled.     Seeds  often  twin  ;  albumen  fleshy. — Herba- 
ceous plants,  with  flat  narrow  mostly  sheathing  leaves. 

1.  COMMELYNA.   Linn.— Day  Flower. 
(In  honor  of  two  Dutch  botanists,  John  and  Gaspar  Commelyn.) 

Perianth  in  2  rows ;  outer  one  3 -leaved,  calycine ;  inner  3- 
leaved,  petaloid.  Stamens  6,  3 — 4  sterile  and  furnished  with 
cruciform  glands.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved ;  one  of  the  valves 
often  abortive. 

1.  C.  angustifolia  Mich.:  assurgent,  slender,  weak,  somewhat  smooth; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  flat,  smooth ;  sheaths  subciliate ;  inner 
segments  of  the  perianth  unequal,  one  very  minute ;   bracts  peduncled, 
broad-cordate.    C.  erecta  Wiild. 

Borders  of  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  %. — Stem  a  foot  high,  somewhat 
branching  from  the  base.  Flowers  blue.  Fertile  stamens  2. 

Narrow-leaved  Day-flower. 

2.  C.  Virginica  Linn. :  stem  stiffly  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  long-lance- 
olate, somewhat  petiolate,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  inner  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  nearly  equal ;  bracts  subsessile.    C.  longifolia  Mich. 

Woods.  Penn.  Muhl.  S.  to  Car.  July.  %.— Stem  2  feet  high.  Flowers 
blue,  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  Fertile  stamens  3. 

Broad-leaved  Day-flower. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA.  Linn.— Spiderwort. 
(In  honor  otJohn  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  I.    Torr.) 

Perianth  in  2  rows  ;  the  outer  one  3 -leaved,  calycine  ;  inner 
one  3-leaved,  petaloid.  Stamens  6,  all  fertile.  Filaments  villous. 
Stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  2 — 3-celled,. 3-valved,  few-seeded. 

1.  T.  Virginica  Linn. :  stem  erect,  sometimes  branching,  smooth  ;  leaves 
long,   lanceolate,   smooth ;  flowers  in  an  imperfect  umbel,  sessile ;  calyx 
pubescent.     T.  cristata  Walt. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  Tj..— Stems  about  a  foot 
high,  often  several  from  the  same  root.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  terminal  cluster  or 
umbel,  with  a  large  2-leaved  involucre  at  base.'  Virginian  Spiderwort. 

2.  T.  rosea  Mich. :  erect,  simple ;  leaves  linear,  long,  smooth ;  peduncles 
elongated ;  calyx  smooth.     T.  Virginica  Walt. 

Moist  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  May.  fZJ-. — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers 
smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  with  the  inner  segments  rose-colored,  and  three 
times  as  long  as  the  outer  ones.  Rose-colored  Spidenvort. 

ORDER  CXL.     ALISMACEJ3.— ALISMADS. 

Perianth  6 -leaved,  in  two  rows  ;  outer  row  herbaceous,  inner 
petaloid.  Stamens  definite  or  indefinite.  Ovaries  several,  1- 
celled ;  styles  and  stigmas  as  many  as  the  ovaries.  Fruit  not 


378  ALISMACE.E. 

opening,  1  or  2 -seeded.  Seeds  without  albumen ;  embryo 
shaped  like  a  horse-shoe. — Floating  or  swamp  plants,  with  fas- 
ciculate roots.  Leaves  with  parallel  veins. 

1.  SAGITTARIA.  Linn.—  Arrowhead. 
(From  the  Latin  sagitta,  an  arrow ;  in  allusion  to  the  general  form  of  the  leaves.) 

Monoecious.  Perianth  6-leaved;  3  outer  leaves  persistent, 
calycine ;  3  inner  colored,  petaloid.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  nu- 
merous. FERTILE  FL.  Ovaries  numerous,  collected  into  a  head. 
Carpels  compressed,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent 
style. 

1.  £  sagiUifolia   Willd.:  scape  simple;  leaves  sagittate  or  sometimes 
entire. 

var.  1.  vulgaris  Hook. :  leaves  ovate,  acute ;  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate, 
straight,  acuminate.  &  sagittifolia  Mick. 

var.  2.  latifolia  Torr. :  leaves  very  large  and  broad,  more  or  less  obtuse ; 
the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  spreading.  S.  latifolia  Pursh. 

var.  3.  hastata  Torr. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  ;  the  lobes  divari- 
cate, lanceolate,  elongated :  flowers  mostly  dioecious.  S.  hastata  Pursh. 

var.  4.  gracilis  Torr.:  leaves  lance-linear;  the  lobes  much  divaricate, 
linear,  very  long  and  acute,  sometimes  wanting.  S.  gracilis  and  hetero- 
phylla  Pursh. 

var.  5.  pubescens  Torr. :  leaves  and  stem  pubescent ;  bracts  and  outer 
leaves  of  the  perianth  very  pubescent.  S.  pubescens  Pursh. 

var.  6.  simplex  Hook. :  leaves  with  the  lamina  linear-lanceolate  and  with- 
out lobes.  S1.  simpkx,  graminea  and  acutifolia  Pursh. 

var.  7.  rigida  Torr. :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  very  acute  at  each  end, 
carinate  below.  £.  rigida  Pursh. 

Ditches,  ponds,  and  moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Platte  River. 
July,  Aug.  %. — Scape  6  inches  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  very  variable.  Flowers 
white.  I  follow  Dr.  Torrey  (N.  Y.  FL)  in  reducing  all  the  above  forms  to  one 
species.  There  seems  to  be  more  doubt  concerning  S.  rigida,  than  any  of  the 
rest.  But  they  all  pass  into  each  other  by  almost  imperceptible  gradations. 
Perhaps  the  following  will  hereafter  also  be  found  to  be  mere  varieties  of  this 
polymorphous  plant.  According  to  Nuttall  it  exudes  a  milky  sap  which  hardens 
into  a  white  and  hyaline  gum.  Common  Arrowhead. 

2.  S.  obtusa   Willd. :  leaves  sagittate,  dilated-ovate,  rounded  at  the  ex- 
tremity,  mucronate;    lobes    approximate,    oblong,   obliquely    acuminate, 
straight ;  flowers  dioecious ;  sterile  scape  branched  at  base. 

Ditches  and  ponds.  Penn.  toVirg.  July.  ^[-. — Lea ves  about  as  large  as  those 
of  Catta  paluslris.  Flowers  white.  Obtuse-leaved  Arrowhead. 

3.  S1.  pusilla  Nutt. :  leaves  linear,  obtuse  and  short,  the  summits  folia- 
ceous ;  scape  simple,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  monrecious, 
few,  the  fertile  one  usually  solitary.     Alisma  subulata  Pursh. 

Muddy  Banks.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.  7J_.  1— Scape  2 — 4  inches  high.  Leaves 
rarely  ever  subulate,  scarcely  a  line  wide  and  obtuse.  Flowers  3 — 6,  only  one 
of  them  usually  fertile.  Dwarf  Arrowhead. 


JUNCAGINACE/E.  379 

4.  £?.  "Mtans  Mich.  -.  leaves  floating,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-nerved, 
attenuate  at  base  ;  lower  ones  subcordate  ;  scape  simple,  few-flowered  ; 
lower  peduncles  elongated. 

In  water.  Penn.  Muld.  S.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1\..  —  Scape  mostly  erect, 
3  —  6  inches  long.  Leaves  generally  floating,  1  —  2  inches  long.  Flowers  few, 
small,  the  upper  sterile.  Ell.  Floating  Arrowhead. 

2.  ALISMA.  Linn.—W&ter  Plantain. 
(From  the  Celtic  aZis,  water  ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.) 

Perianth  6  -leaved  ;  3  outer  leaves  persistent,  calycine  ;  3 
inner  colored,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Stamens  6.  Ovaries  and 
styles  numerous.  Carpels  numerous,  distinct,  1  -seeded,  crowned 
with  the  persistent  style. 

A.  Plantago  Linn.  :  stemless  ;  leaves  ovate-cordate,  acute,  nerved  ;  flow- 
ers in  a  compound  verticillate  panicle  ;  fruit  obtusely  triangular.  A.  trim- 
alls  and  parviflora  Pursh. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Platte  River.  July,  Aug.  9|.— 
Scape  1  —  2  feet  high,  triangular.  Leaves  all  radical,  on  long  petioles,  mostly 
9-nerved.  Panicle  much  decompounded  in  a  verticillate  manner.  Flowers 
white,  tinged  with  purple.  Fruit  consisting  of  numerous  carpels  verticillately 
arranged.  Common  Water  Plantain. 

ORDER  CXLI.     JUNCAGINACE^E.  —  ARROW  GRASSES. 

Perianth  6  -leaved  ;  the  3  inner  leaves  narrower.  Stamens  6. 
Carpels  3  —  6,  free,  united  or  distinct.  Fruit  dry,  1  or  2-seeded. 
Seeds  without  albumen  ;  embryo  with  a  lateral  cleft.  —  Herba- 
ceous aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  ensiform  leaves  and  the 
flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN.  Linn.  —  Arrow  Grass. 


(From  the  Greek  rpeis,  three,  and  y^w^is,  a  point  ;  in  allusion  to  the  three 
points  of  the  capsules.) 

Perianth  somewhat  colored,  deciduous  ;  leaves  concave.  Sta- 
mens 6  ;  anthers  subsessile.  Capsules  3  —  6,  united  by  a  lon- 
gitudinal receptacle  from  which  they  usually  separate  at  the 
base,  1  -seeded. 

1.  T.  palustre  Linn.  :  fruit  of  3  united  carpels,  nearly  linear,  subulate  at 
the  base. 

Marshes.  Salina  and  elsewhere  in  Western  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  July. 
1J-.  —  Scape  about  a  foot  high,  very  slender.  Leaves  very  numerous,  all  radical 
or  nearly  so,  linear,  fleshy,  slightly  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  scape.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  a  terminal  lax  spike  or  raceme.  The 
leaves,  when  bruised,  give  out  a  very  fetid  odor.  Marsh  Arrow  Grass. 

2.  T.  maritimum  Linn.  :  fruit  ovoid,  of  6  united  oblong  carpels.     T. 
datum  Nutt. 

Salt  marshes.    Can.  to  Penn.    W.  to  Mich.    July.    %.—  Scape  18  inches 


380  TYPHACE^E. 

high  and  stouter  than  in  the  preceding.  Leaves  all  radical,  narrow,  sheathing 
at  base,  shorter  than  the  scape.  Flowers  very  small,  greenish,  in  a  long  termi- 
nal spike.  Sea-side  Arrow  Grass. 

2.  SCHEUCHZERIA.  Linn.— Scheuchzeria. 
(In  honor  of  the  three  Scheuchzers,  Swiss  botanists.) 

Perianth  of  6  somewhat  petaloid  persistent  leaves ;  the  3 
inner  ones  narrower.  Stamens  6.  Anthers  on  slender  filaments. 
Capsules  3,  inflated,  united  at  base,  1 — 2  seeded. 

S.  palitstris  Linn. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Virg. ;  rare.  July.  Tj.. — Stem  8 — 12  inches 
high,  angular.  Leaves  linear,  roundish,  sheathing  at  base.  Flmvers  greenish- 
yellow,  in  a  small  terminal  raceme.  Marsh  Scheuchzeria. 

ORDER  CXLII.    TYPHACE^E.— CAT  TAILS. 

Flowers  monoecious,  arranged  upon  a  naked  spadix.  Perianth 
consisting  of  3  or  more  scales  or  bristles.  STERILE  FL.  Sta- 
mens numerous  ;  the  filaments  distinct  or  united  below  ;  anthers 
erect,  2-celled.  FERTILE  FL.  Ovary  single,  1 -celled ;  style 
short ;  stigmas  1 — 2,  linear.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent.  Seed  1 ; 
albumen  mealy. — Aquatic  or  marsh  plants.  Stem  without 
nodes.  Leaves  rigid,  ensiform,  with  parallel  veins. 

1.  SPARGANIUM.   Linn.— Bur  Reed. 

(From  the  Greek  <nrapyavovt  a  little  band  ;  in  allusion  to  its  long  and  narrow 
leaves.) 

Monoecious.  Flowers  in  dense  spherical  heads,  the  sterile 
ones  above.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  numerous,  intermixed  with 
membranous  scales.  FERTILE  FL.  Pistils  numerous,  sessile, 
each  surrounded  with  3 — 6  scales.  Style  short.  Fruit  sessile. 

1 .  S.  ramosum  Smith :  leaves  triangular .  at  base,  their  sides  concave ; 
common  peduncle  branched  ;  stigma  linear.     S.  erectum  Linn. 

Stagnant  waters.  Can.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  %.. — Stem  2  feet  high,  round, 
flexuous,  with  2  or  3  short  axillary  branches  at  the  top.  Lower  leaves  very  long, 
linear-ensiform.  Heads  distantly  placed  ;  the  sterile  above  more  numerous  and 
smaller  than  the  fertile.  Branching  Bur-reed. 

2.  iS1.  simplex  Huds. :  stem  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  triangular  at  base,  the 
sides  flat ;  stigma  linear.     /S.  Americanum  Nutt. 

Ponds  and  lakes.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Smaller  than  the  last. 
Stem  simple  or  rarely  a  little  branched.  Fertile  heads  2 — 3,  mostly  sessile. 
Flowers  pale-yellow.  Smaller  Bur-reed. 

3.  S.  natans  Smith :  stem  simple ;  leaves  floating,  very  narrow,  flat ;  stig- 
ma linear,  short;  heads  of  sterile  flowers  subsolitary.     S.  angitstifolmm 
Mick. 


ARACE^E.  381 

Lakes,  &c.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  long  and  slender.  Leave* 
very  long,  linear,  pellucid.  It  may  be  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

Floating  Bur-reed. 

2.  TYPHA.  Linn.— Cat-Tail. 

(From  the  Greek  rt^os,  a  marsh ;  on  account  of  its  place  of  growth.) 
Flowers  collected  into  a  long  dense  cylindric  spike.  STE- 
RILE FL.  above.  Stamens  numerous,  intermixed  with  simple 
hairs  inserted  directly  on  the  axis.  Flaments  slender,  2 — 4 
forked.  FERTILE  FL.  below  the  sterile  on  the  same  axis.  Ova- 
ries numerous,  surrounded  at  base  with  numerous  clavate  bris- 
tles. Fruit  oblong,  very  small,  stipitate. 

1.  T.  latifolia  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  nearly  flat;  sterile  and  fertile  spikes 
close  together  or  almost  continuous. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  '2J-. — Stems  clus- 
tered, 4—5  feet  high,  simple,  round,  leafy  at  base.  Leaves  very  long.  Flowers 
in  a  cylindric  spike,  the  sterile  yellowish,  the  fertile  brownish. 

Broad-leaved  Cat-tail.     Reed-mace. 

2.  T.  angustifolia  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  channelled  near  the  base ;  ste- 
rile and  fertile  spikes  a  little  distant  from  each  other. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  T^.. — Stems  and 
epikes  more  slender,  and  the  leaves  narrower,  than  in  the  preceding. 

Narrow-leaved  Cat-tail. 

ORDER  CXLIII.     ARACE^E. — ARUMS. 

Flowers  mostly  monoecious,  arranged  on  a  spadix  within  a 
spathe.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  very  short ;  anthers  turned  out- 
wards. FERTILE  FL.  at  the  base  of  the  spadix.  Ovary  free, 
1 — 3-  or  more-celled  ;  stigma  sessile.  Fruit  succulent.  Seeds 
pulpy. — Herbaceous  plants  frequently  with  a  fleshy  cormus,  or 
shrubs.  Leaves  sheathing  at  the  base,  sometimes  compound. 

1.  ARIS^MA.  Mart.  Tarr. — Dragon  Arum. 
(Origin  of  the  name  unknown.) 

Spathe  convolute  below,  the  limb  arched  or  flattish.  Spa- 
dix naked  above,  the  lower  part  covered  with  flowers,  of  which 
the  upper  are  sterile  and  the  lower  fertile,  or  in  some  plants 
all  sterile.  Anthers  somewhat  verticillate  and  distinct.  Fila- 
ments very  short.  Ovaries  1 -celled,  numerous.  Stigma  capi- 
tate-peltate, almost  sessile.  Berry  1-  several-seeded. 

I.  A.  triphyllum  Tarr.:   leaves   ternate ;   leafets  elliptic-ovate,  sessile 
acuminate,  entire;  spadix  clavate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  spathe.    A» 
a&rorubens  Blume.     Arum  friphyttum,  Linn,    A.  a&rorubens  Ait. 


382  ARACE^E. 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss .  April,  May,  7J.. — Scape  6 — 12  inches 
or  more  high,  with  a  fleshy  corraus  at  the  base.  Leaves  1  or  2,  on  long  petioles ; 
the  leafets  variable  in  breadth.  Spathe  ovate ;  the  upper  portion  arched  over 
at  the  top,  greenish,  dark  purple,  or  variegated.  Berries  forming  a  dense  ovoid 
head.  The  recent  tuber  is  very  acrid,  and  almost  caustic,  but  it  becomes  mild 
by  boiling  or  drying.  Big.  Med.  Bot.,  i.  52.  Indian  Turnip. 

2.  A.  Dracontium  Scholt:  leaf  mostly  solitary,  pedate;  the  leafets  lance- 
oblong,  acuminate,  entire ;  spadix  subulate,  much  longer  than  the  oblong 
acuminate  convolute  spathe,  (Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.)  Arum  Dracontium 
Linn. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  7L. — Scape  about  a  foot 
long,  with  roundish  corms,  often  clustered.  Leaf  on  a  petiole  8 — 15  inches 
long.  Spadix  greenish;  the  upper  part  tapering  into  a  slender  point,  which 
rises  2 — 4  inches  above  the  top  of  the  spathe.  Berries  reddish-orange  when  ripe, 
forming  an  ovoid  cluster.  Darlington.  Green  Dragon, 

2.  PELTANDRA.  Raf.— Arrow  Arum. 

(From  the  Greek  TreArrj,  a  shield;  and  avtjp,  a  stamen  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form 
of  the  sterile  organs.) 

Spathe  elongated,  convolute,  undulate  on  the  margin,  curved 
at  the  apex.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  none. 
Anthers  sessile,  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  spadix  in  a  tes- 
selated  manner.  Ovaries  1 -celled,  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
spadix.  Berries  ovoid,  forming  a  dense  cluster. 

P.  Virginica  Raf.  Arum  Virginicum  Linn.  Calla  Virginica  Mich. 
Lecontia  Virginica  Torr.  Camp.  Rensselaeria  Viginica  Beck  Bot.  1st.  Ed. 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  9}.. — Scapes,  several  from  one  root, 
12 — 18  inches  long.  Leaves  all  radical,  and  with  the  petiole  about  as  long  as 
the  scape,  oblong,  hastate- sagittate,  acuminate,  the  lobes  spreading  and  usually 
obtuse.  Spathe  3 — 5  inches  long,  narrow  and  somewhat  fleshy.  Spadix  nearly 
as  long  as  the  spathe.  Berries  1 — 3-seeded,  green  when  ripe. 

Arrow-leaved  Arum. 

3.  CALLA.  Linn.— Water  Arum. 
(An  ancient  name  of  some  plant  allied  to  Arum.) 

Spathe  ovate,  somewhat  flattened.      Spadix  covered  with 
flowers,  which  are  destitute  of  a  perianth,  and  consist  of  pistils 
surrounded  by  stamens.     Anthers  with  slender  filaments.     Ber- 
ries distinct,  depressed,  few-seeded. 
C.  palustris  Linn. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  the  southern  part  of  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  Ij.. — 
Rhizoma  thick,  jointed.  Scape  6 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  cor- 
date, abruptly  acuminate,  with  an  involute  point.  Spathe  oval,  green  on  the 
outside,  white  within.  Spadix  oblong,  covered  with  crowded  flowers.  The 
root  is  acrid,  but  the  pungency  disappears  in  drying.  Linnaeus  states  that  the 
Laplanders  use  it  for  bread.  Common  Water  Arum 


ARACE^E.  383 


4.  SYMPLOCARPUS.  Salisb.— Skunk  Cabbage. 

(From  the  Greek  ffufurXo*??,  connection,  and  *ap7ruj,  //•«*< ,•  the  berries  being 
united.) 

Spathe  ventricose-ovate,  acuminate.  Spadix  roundish,  cov- 
ered with  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  deeply  4-parted,  persist- 
ent ;  segments  cucullate,  truncate,  becoming  thick  and  spongy. 
Stamens  4.  Style  pyramidal,  4-sided.  Stigma  simple,  minute. 
Berries  numerous,  globular,  imbedded  in  the  spadix. 

S.  fatidus  Salisb. :  leaves  cordate-ovate ;  spadix  oval,  much  shorter  than 
the  spathe.  Ictodes  fcetidus  Dig.  Pothos  fcetida  Mich. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  Feb. — April.  1}.. — Rhizoma  large,  with  nu- 
merous thick  fibres.  Leaves  appearing  after  the  spathe,  very  large,  petiolate, 
cordate-ovate,  smooth.  Spathe  ovate-convolute,  purple,  spotted  with  green  and 
yellow,  bent  over  at  the  summit.  Spadix  about  an  inch  long,  peduncled,  densely 
covered  with  purplish  flowers.  Whole  plant  very  fetid.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med. 
Bot.  ii.  41.  Common  Skunk  Cabbage. 

5.  ACORUS.  Linn.— Sweet  Flag. 

(From  the  Greek  a»  without,  and  icoprj,  the  pupil  of  the  eye ;  a  supposed  remedy 
for  sore  eyes.) 

Spathe  leaf-like,  continuous  with  the  scape.  Spadix  cylin- 
dric,  covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  glumaceous,  6-leaved. 
Stamens  6.  Ovary  1.  Stigma  minute,  sessile.  Fruit  baccate 
or  capsular. 

A.  Calamus  Linn. :  scape  ancipital,  with  an  ensiform  point  rising  above 
the  spadix. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  %. — Rhizoma  horizontal,  creeping,  aromatic. 
Leaves  2—3  feet  long,  and  6 — 10  lines  wide.  -Scope  similar  to  the  leaves,  some- 
what triangular  below  the  spadix.  Spadix  sessile  on  the  side  of  the  scape,  2 — 3 
inches  long,  terete,  covered  with  minute  greenish  flowers. 

Common  Sweet  Flag. 

G.  ORONTIUM.  Linn.— Orontium. 
(An  ancient  name,  supposed  to  refer  to  the  river  Orontes.*) 

Spathe  none.  Spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  flowers.  Per- 
ianth of  4 — 6  truncate  concave  sepals.  Stamens  4 — 6.  Ovary 
superior.  Stigma  sessile,  subumbilicate.  Utricle  1 -seeded. 

O.  aquaticum  Linn. 

Ponds  and  marshes.  Can.  to  Flor.  31ay.  Q^..— Scape  8—18  inches  long,  cla- 
vate.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  floating,  the  lamina  varying  from  oblong-lance- 
olate to  elliptic-lanceolate,  deep-green  above,  paler  beneath.  Spadix  1 — 2  inches 
long,  yellow,  somewhat  taperiner ;  the  flowers  crowded  and  sessile. 

Water  Orontmm.     Golden  Club. 


384  NAIADACE^E. 


ORDER  CXLIV.     PISTI  ACE  JE.— DUCKWEEDS. 

Flowers  2 — 3,  appearing  from  the  margin  of  a  flat  frond,  en- 
closed in  a  spathe  but  without  a  spadix,  monoecious  ;  the  sterile 
consisting  of  1 — 2  stamens;  the  fertile  of  a  1 -celled  ovary,  a 
short  style  and  a  simple  stigma.  Fruit  membranous  or  cap- 
sular,  not  opening. — Floating  or  land  plants,  with  very  cellular, 
lenticular  or  lobed  fronds,  destitute  of  proper  stems  and  leaves. 

LEMNA.  Linn.— Duckweed. 
(From  the  Greek  A£/*/I<I,  bark  or  scale  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  fronds.) 

Spathe  membranous,  urceolate,  with  2  sterile  flowers.  Sta- 
mens 2,  rarely  wanting.  Filaments  longer  than  the  style,  curved. 
Style  usually  elongated.  Stigma  flat.  Fruit  an  utricle. 

1.  L.  trisulca  Linn. :  fronds  thin,  elliptic-lanceolate,  cordate  at  one  ex- 
tremity, at  the  other  serrate ;  root  solitary. 

Ditches  and  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Virg. ;  rarely  in  flower.  July.  (T). — Fronds 
half  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  thin,  margin  pellucid  ;  young  fronds  produced 
from  lateral  clefts,  of  the  same  shape  as  the  parent  plant,  and  again  proliferous 
before  they  are  detached.  Flowers  very  minute.  Root  a  single  fibre. 

Star  Duckweed. 

2.  L.  minor  Linn.:  fronds  nearly  ovate,  compressed;  root  solitary. 
Stagnant  waters.     N.  Y.  to  Car.    June,  July.    (I). — Fronds  a  line  and  a  half 

long,  slightly  convex  beneath,  somewhat  fleshy,  increasing  rapidly  by  gemma 
(young  fronds)  so  as  often  completely  to  cover  the  surface  of  stagnant  water. 

Lesser  Duckweed. 

3.  L.  gibba  Linn. :  fronds  obovate,  almost  flat  above,  hemispheric  and 
pale  beneath ;  root  subsolitary. 

Stagnant  waters,  near  Liverpool,  Onondaga  county,  N.  Y.  Pursh.  Brad- 
dock's  Bay,  Lake  Ontario.  Torr.  June,  July.  (T). — Distinguished  from  the 
former  by  its  being  pale  and  hemispheric  beneath,  and  appearing  reticulated. 

Gibbous  Duckweed. 

4.  L.  perpusdla,  Torr. :  fronds  obovate,  thin ;  root  solitary ;  seed  erect. 
Ponds  on  Staten  Island,  IN.  Y.     Aug.     0.  ? — Fronds  a  line  and  a  half  long, 

bright-green  on  both  sides.     Flowers  bursting  from  a  cleft  in  the  side  of  the 
frond.     Spathe  cyathiform.     Seed  oblong,  erect.  Smallest  Duckweed. 

5.  L.  polyrhiza  Linn. :    fronds   roundish-obovate,   compressed ;   roots 
numerous,  fascicled. 

Stagnant  waters.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  ®.— Fronds  3—4  lines  long, 
succulent,  of  a  firm  texture,  distinctly  nerved  above  and  often  dark  purple  be- 
neath. Pool  a  bundle  of  8  or  10  simple  fibres  in  the  middle  of  the  frond.  The 
largest  of  all  the  species.  It  is  said  never  to  have  been  seen  in  flower  either  in 
North  America  or  in  Great  Britain.  Larger  Duckweed. 

ORDER  CXLV.    NAIADACE^E.— PONDWEEDS. 

Flowers  mostly  diclinous.  Perianth  of  2  or  4  pieces,  rarely 
wanting.  Stariiens  definite.  Ovaries  1  or  more,  superior.  Stigma 


NAIADACE^E.  385 

simple.  Fruit  a  little  nut  or  indehiscent  capsule.  Seed  with- 
out albumen. — Water  plants,  with  simple  cellular  leaves  and 
membranous  stipules.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  often  in  termi- 
nal spikes. 

1.  ZOSTERA.  Linn.— Grasswrack. 

(From  the  Greek  £&><"•»/{>,  a  girdle  or  ribbon,  which  the  leaves  sometimes  re- 
semble.) 

Stamens  and  pistils  separated,  seated  in  2  rows  upon  one 
side  of  a  flat  spadix.  Anthers  ovate,  sessile.  Pistils  alterna- 
ting with  the  anthers,  ovate.  Style  subulate.  Stigmas  2.  Utri- 
cle with  1  seed,  bursting  irregularly. 

Z.  marina  Linn. :  stem  roundish ;  leaves  entire,  somewhat  3-nerved. 

Muddy  shores.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  '4-. — Stem  terete,  flexuous, 
throwing  out  roots  from  the  joints.  Leaves  very  long  and  narrow.  Spadix 
linear,  arising  from  a  sheathing  portion  of  the  leaf.  Flowers  green ;  pistils  and 
anthers  alternate.  This  plant  is  used  in  Europe  for  packing  glass  and  earthen- 
ware. Beds  are  also  sometimes  made  of  it.  Common  Grasswrack. 

2.  CAULINIA.   Wild.— Caulinia. 
(In  honor  of  F.  Cavolini ;  a  Neapolitan  botanist.) 
Monoecious.     Perianth  none.     STERILE  FL.     Anther  nearly 
sessile.    FERTILE  FL.    Style  filiform.    Stigmas  2.    Fruit  capsu- 
lar,  1 -seeded. 

1.  C.  fragilis    Willd.:  leaves  ternate  or  opposite,   linear-subulate,  re- 
curved, aculeate-dentate,  rigid. 

In  water.    Penn.    Aug.    ®. — Stem  long,  submerged.    Flowers  small. 

Brittle  Caulinia. 

2.  C.flexilis  Willd.:  leaves  whorled  in  sixes,  linear,  denticulate  near 
the  apex,  spreading.     Najas  Canadensis  Mich. 

Ponds  and  ditches.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  ©.—Stem  6—18  inches  long, 
submerged,  dichotomously  branched,  jointed.  Flower  solitary,  axillary,  sessile. 

Bending  Caulinia. 

3.  ZANNICHELLIA.  Linn.— Horned  Pondweed. 
(In  honor  of  John  Jerome  Zannichelli ;  a  Venetian  apothecary  and  botanist.) 

Monoecious.  STERILE  FL.  Perianth  none.  Stamen  1.  Fila- 
ment slender.  FERTILE  FL.  Perianth  cup-shaped.  Pistils 
2 — 4,  tapering  into  a  short  style.  Stigma  large  and  peltate. 
Fruit  on  a  short  stipe,  coriaceous. 

Z.  paluslris  Linn.    Z.  intermedia  Torr.  Comp. 

Ditches  and  stagnant  waters.  Can.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  (T). — Stem  long, 
filiform,  much  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  linear,  entire.  Flowers  axillary, 
from  a  membranaceous  cup-shaped  perianth  or  involucre,  small.  Stamen 
longer  than  the  pistils.  Anther  large,  4-celled,  (Hook.)  2-celled,  (Torr.')  Stig- 
ma entire.  Fruit  a  little  incurved,  sometimes  toothed  on  the  back. 

Horn  Pondweed. 
1Y 


386  NAIADACE^E. 

4.  RUPPIA.  Linn. — Ruppk.  " 
(In  honor  of  Henry  Bernard  Ruppius ;  a  German  botanist.) 

Flowers  2,  perfect,  naked,  on  a  spadix  arising  from  the  sheath- 
ing base  of  the  leaves.  Stamens  2  or  4,  sessile.  Anthers  large, 
peltate.  Ovaries  mostly  4.  Stigmas  sessile,  peltate.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  pedicellate. 

R.  maritima  Linn. 

Salt  marshes.  Can.  to  Geor.  July.  %. — Stem  long,  filiform,  branched, 
floating.  Leaves  linear,  setaceous,  with  inflated  sheaths.  Spadix  with  2  naked 

freen  flowers,  at  first  very  short,  but  gradually  increasing  to  the  length  of  5  or 
inches.     Anthers  large,  sessile,  bursting  horizontally.     Drupes  olive-green, 
smooth,  crowned  with  a  short  oblique  beak.  Sea  Ruppia. 

5.  POTAMOGETON.  Linn.— Pondweed. 

(From  the  Greek  Tora//oj,  a  river,  and  ysmov,  a  neighbor  ;  in  reference  to  its 
place  of  growth.) 

Flowers  perfect,  on  a  spadix  arising  from  a  spathe.  Perianth 
single,  4-leaved.  Anthers  4,  nearly  sessile,  alternating  with 
the  divisions  of  the  perianth.  Ovaries  4,  becoming  4  com- 
pressed and  somewhat  cochleate  nuts. 

*  Upper  leaves  floating. 

1 .  P.  natans  Linn. :  upper  leaves  floating,  coriaceous,  on  long  petioles, 
oblong-ovate ;    lower  membranous,   linear-lanceolate,   gradually  tapering 
into  a  petiole.     P.  natans  (3.  Mich. 

Ponds  and  lakes.  Mass,  to  Virg.  W.  to  the  Platte  river.  July,  Aug.  rl\..— 
Stem  varying  in  length.  Leaves  sometimes  cordate.  Spadix  1 — 2  inches  long, 
rising  above  the  water.  Broad-leaved  Pondweed. 

2.  P.  fluitans  Linn. :  upper  leaves  floating,  subcoriaceous,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  tapering  into  a  rather  short  petiole ;  lower  very  long,  lan- 
ceolate, membranous  and  sessile.     P.  nalans  var.  fluitans  Torr. 

Ponds  and  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Platte  river.  July,  Aug.  1]-. 
— Stem  varying  in  length.  Leaves  reddish,  less  coriaceous  than  in  the  prece- 
ding. Spadix  an  inch  long,  almost  submersed.  Floating  Pondweed. 

3.  P.  heterophyllum,  Schreb. :  upper  leaves  floating,  coriaceous,  elliptic, 
petiolate ;    lower  membranous,    linear-lanceolate,   sessile.      P.    hybridum 
Mich. 

Stagnant  water.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  7J.. — Smaller  than  the  former.  In 
flowing  water  the  leaves  are  very  long  and  narrow. 

Various-leaved  Pondweed. 

4.  P.  diver  si  folium  Bart.  :  upper  leaves  floating,  elliptic,  petiolate,  5- 
nerved ;  lower  filiform  ;  spadix  axillary,  almost  sessile,  few-flowered.     P; 
seia-ceum  Pursh.     P.  hybridum,  Torr. 

Ponds  and  small  streams.  Can.  to  Virg.  June.  1\.. — Stems  numerous, 
branched,  filiform.  Upper  leaves  scarcely  an  inch  long.  Spadix  4 — 6-flowered. 

Small  Floating  Pondweed. 


CYPKRACEvE.  387 

**  Leaves  all  submersed. 

5.  P.  perfoliaium  Linn. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  somewhat  cordate 
at  the  base,  sessile  and  clasping.    P.  densum  Schw.  not  of  Linn.     P.  cris- 
pum  Pursh. 

Lakes,  &c.  Can.  toPenn.  Aug.  1\.. — Stem  slender,  dichotomously  branched. 
Leaves  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  appearing  perfoliate,  slightly  waved  on  the 
margin,  subpellucid.  Spadix  few-flowered,  on  a  peduncle  of  about  an  inch  in 
length.  Perfoliate  Pondweed. 

6.  P.  lucens  Linn. :  leaves  elliptic  and  elliptic-lanceolate ;  upper  some- 
times petiolate,  coarsely  reticulate  and  mucronate. 

Rivers  and  lakes.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  7J.. — Stem  long., 
branched.  Leaves  large,  very  pellucid  and  finely  veined.  Spadix  cylindric, 
many-flowered,  on  a  thick  peduncle  which  is  sometimes  shorter  and  at  others 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.  A  very  variable  species.  Shining  Pondweed. 

7.  P.  zosterifolium  Schumach. :  leaves  all  linear  and  grass-like,  pellucid, 
with  three  primary  and  many  smaller  nerves,  acuminate ;  spadix  cylindric, 
on  longish  thick  peduncles.     P.  compressum,  Torr.  Fl. 

In  water.  Can.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  T+. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  long,  much  com- 
pressed ,  almost  winged.  Leaves  3 — 6  inches  long,  very  narrow.  Spadix  6 — 9 
lines  long,  on  short  peduncles.  Grass-leaved  Pondweed. 

8.  P.  pusillum  Linn. :  leaves  narrow-linear,  3 — 5-nerved,  rather  obtuse, 
pellucid  ;  spadix  oblong,  few-flowered,  somewhat  interrupted,  much  shorter 
than  the  peduncles. 

Crooked  Lake,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwett.  Aug.  1\..— Stem  branching,  slender, 
fleruous.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  very  narrow,  mostly  5-nerved.  Spadix 
about  6-flowered,  on  a  thick  peduncle  which  is  about  an  inch  in  length. 

Small  Pondweed. 

9.  P.  pauciflorum  Pursh. :  leaves  sessile,  narrow-linear,  flat ;  lower  al- 
ternate;   uppermost  subverticillate ;    spadix  capitate,   4 — 6-flowered.     P. 
gramineum  Mich. 

Ponds  and  rivers.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  %.—Slem  al- 
most filiform,  much  branched,  compressed.  ^Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  not  more 
than  half  a  line  broad.  Spadix  small,  on  a  clavate  peduncle  about  half  an 
inch  long.  Few-flowered  Pondweed. 

10.  P.  pectinatum  Linn. :  leaves  distichous,  setaceous,  alternate,  sheath- 
ing; stipules  scarcely  any ;  spadix  few-flowered,  interrupted.    P.marinum 
Mich. 

Ponds.  Can.  to  Virg.  June.  1\- — Stem  filiform,  much  branched.  Leaves 
very  numerous,  giving  to  the  plant  a  pectinated  appearance.  Spadix  inter- 
rupted, on  an  elongated  peduncle.  Fennel-leaved  Pondweed 

SUBCLASS  II.— GLUMACEALS. 

Flowers  destitute  of  a  true  perianth,  but  consisting  of  imbri- 
cate colorless  or  herbaceous  scales. 

ORDER  CXLVI.     CYPERACE^E.— SEDGES. 

Flowers  often  monoecious  or  dicecious,  consisting  of  imbri- 
cated solitary  bracts,  (scales,)  rarely  enclosing  other  opposite 


388 

bracts  at  right  angles  with  the  first,  and  called  glumes.  Perianth 
none,  or  consisting  of  hypogynous  bristles.  Stamens  1 — 12,  but 
mostly  3.  Style  single,  2 — 3 -cleft.  Fruit  an  acheuium  or 
crustaceous  nut.  Embryo  lenticular,  within  the  base  of  tho 
albumen. — Grass-like  herbs,  growing  in  tufts.  Culms  solid, 
seldom  with  joints,  often  3-cornered.  Leaves  with  their  sheaths 
entire. 

I.  CYPEREJE.  Flowers  perfect.  Spikelets  imbricate  in  two  rows. 
Perigynium  none  or  setaceous. 

1.  DULICH1UM.  Rich.— Dulichium. 

(From  the  Greek  Svo,  two,  and  \ti^r]v:  a  scab  or  scale  ;  in  allusion  to  the  two- 
rowed  scales.  Eat.  Man.) 

Spikelets  elongated,  compressed,  many-flowered.  Scales 
2-ranked.  Bristles  6 — 9,  rigid,  retrorsely  hispid.  Stamens  3. 
Style  very  long,  2-cleft,  persistent.  Achenium  compressed, 
linear-oblong. 

D.  spathaceum  Pers.  Scrimnus  spathaceus  Linn.  Cyperus  spathaceus 
MuJd. 

Swamps  and  margins  of  ponds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July,  Aug.  7J.. — 
Culm  about  18  inches  high,  round  below,  obscurely  triangular  above.  Leaves 
linear,  flat,  spreading  almost  horizontally  in  three  directions.  Spikelets  6 — 10- 
flowered,  on  a  flexuous  rachis.  Scales  rusty-yellow,  lanceolate,  acute. 

Dulichium. 

2.  CYPERUS.  Linn.— Galingale. 

(From  the  Greek  /cvneipos ;  a  name  supposed  to  have  been  given  to  one  of  this 
genus.) 

Spikelets  2-ranked,  many-flowered.  Scales  mostly  all  fertile, 
equal.  Stamens  2  or  3,  rarely  solitary,  deciduous.  Style  2 — 3- 
cleft,  deciduous.  Achenium  compressed  or  triangular. 

*  Style  -2-cleft.     Achenium  compressed-lenticular. 

1.  C.  flavescens  Linn. :  umbel  of  2 — 4  short  rays;  involucre  3-leaved; 
spikelets  linear,  14 — 20-flowered,  at  the  end  of  the  rays,  rather  obtuse; 
scales  obtuse,  1-nerved. 

Wet  grounds.  N.Y.  toFlor.  W.  to  Ken.  Aug.,  Sept.  11— Culm  4— 10 
inches  high.  Leaves  narrow,  as  long  as  the  culm.  Spikelets  in  fascicles  of  3 — 4 
on  the  rachis,  5—8  lines  long,  yellowish,  sometimes  30-flowered. 

Yettawish  Dwarf  Galingale. 

2.  C.  Nuttalii  Torr. :  rays  few,  short  or  nearly  sessile,  loose ;  involucre 
4-leaved,  2  of  the  leaves  very  long ;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  much  com- 
pressed, acute ;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft.    C.  caspitosus  Spreng.    C.tenuis 
Mutt. 


CYPFRACE^E.  389 

Salt  marshes.  N.Y.  to  Car.  and  Louis.  Aug.,  Sept.  ft\..— Culms  5—12 
inches  high,  cespitose,  triangular.  Leaves  nearly  as  tall  as  the  culm.  Spikeletg 
very  acute,  sometimes  compound,  green  and  brown.  NuttdWs  Galingale. 

3.  C.  diandrus  Torr. :  umbel   of  2 — 5  short  rays ;  involucre  3-leavedT 
two  of  the  leaves  much  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikelets  lance-oblong, 
much-compressed,  14 — 24-flowered ;  scales  oblong,  rather  obtuse,  1-nerved  ; 
stamens  2 ;  style  2-cleft,  much  exserted. 

var.  castaneus  Torr.:  scales  oblong-lanceolate;  style  scarcely  exserted 
C.  castaneus  Dig. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Del.  W.  to  Ohio.  Aug.  Ij..— Culms  6—12  inches 
high,  often  weak  and  somewhat  decumbent,  cespitose,  obtusely  triangular. 
Umbel  sometimes  without  rays.  Scales  with  a  light-brown  margin,  the  sides 
yellowish  and  the  keel  green  ;  in  the  var.  of  a  dark  chestnut-color  and  firmer 
texture.  Stamens  sometimes  3  in  the  upper  flowers.  Diandrous  Galingale. 

•* 
**  Style  3-clefi.    Achenium  triangular.    Inner  scales  adnate  to  the  rachis. 

f  Culm  subteretc,  nodose. 

4.  C.  lenellus  Linn. :  culm  and  leaves  setaceous ;  spikelet  solitary,  lance- 
linear,  10 — 12-flowered ;  involucre  mostly  1-leaved.     C.  minimus  Nutt.  ? 

N.  J.  and  Penn.,  near  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Cleaver.  Culm  about  4  inches  high, 
bristle-like,  triangular.  Spikelet  half  an  inch  long  and  a  line  broad,  much  com- 
pressed. It  may  be  a  distinct  species.  Delicate  Galingale. 

ff  Culm  triangular.     Umbel  simple  or  compound. 

5.  C.  Michauxianus  Schultes:  culm  acutely  triangular ;  umbel  compound, 
the  rays  short ;  involucre  5 — 6-leaved,  much  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spike- 
lets  linear,  somewhat  terete,  6 — 8-flowered ;   scales  ovate,  rather  obtuse. 
C.  erythrorhizus  Torr.  Fl 

Borders  of  marshes.  N.Y.  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  Aug.,  Sept.  (1)? — Culm 
about  a  foot  high,  reddish  near  the  root.  Leaves  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm. 
Spikelets  much  crowded,  the  lower  ones  compound.  Michaux's  Galingale. 

6.  C.  strigosus  Linn. :  umbel  simple  or  compound  ;  rays  numerous,  elon- 
gated ;  involucre  5 — 9-leaved,  very  long ;  spikelets  8 — 10-flowered,  linear- 
lanceolate,  flattened,  much  crowded,  spreading  horizontally  ;  scales  oblong- 
lanceolate,  nerved,  rather  acute. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Louis.  W.  to  Ohio.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.— 
Culm  2—3  feet  high,  somewhat  tumid  at  the  base.  Spikes  1 — 2  inches  long, 
consisting  of  20—80  spikelets.  Scales  loosely  imbricate,  yellowish  on  the  sides. 
In  sterile  soils  it  is  much  smaller.  Tall  Galingale. 

7.  C.  repens  Ell. :  rhizoma  creeping,  tuberiferous ;  umbel  simple,  4 — G- 
rayed ;  involucre  3 — 9-leaved,  much  longer  than  the  rays  ;  spikelets  linear, 
compressed,  somewhat  spreading,  12 — 20-flowered;  scales  oblong,  rather 
acute,  scarious  on  the  margin.    C.  phymatodes  MuU.    C.  tuberosus  Pursh. 

Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  7J.. — Rhizoma 
creeping  extensively,  with  roundish  tubers  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Culm 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  radical,  broad,  yellowish-green.  Scales  yellowish, 
at  length  spreading.  Creeping  Galingale. 

8.  C.  Jiliculmis  Vahl :  culm  triangular,  often  inclined ;  umbel  simple,  of 
1 — 2  divaricate  rays  or  wanting;  spikelets  collected  into  globose  heads, 


390  CVPF.RACEvE. 

linear-lanceolate,  6 — 10-flowered ;  scales  loose,  ovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate. 
C.  mariscoides  Ell. 

Dry  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Texas.  Aug.  1}..— Culms  about  a 
foot  high,  cespitose,  often  diverging,  tuberous  at  base.  Leaves  linear,  dull-green. 
Spikelets  acute.  Scales  yellowish-green,  with  a  scarious  margin. 

Slender-stalked  Galingale. 

9.  C.  Grayi  Torr. :   culm  filiform ;  umbel  4 — 6-rayed,  somewhat  erect  ; 
heads  composed  of  5 — 10  spikelets,  loose  ;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, 5 — 7-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  rather  obtuse  when  old,  loosely  im- 
bricate. 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  R.I.  Mass.  N.  J.  Aug.  Q.— Culms  8— 12  inches  high, 
cespitose,  tough  and  rigid.  Leaves  all  radical,  setaceous,  scarcely  half  a  line 
wide.  Involucre  setaceous.  Spikelets  chestnut-colored,  slightly  convex.  Diners 
from  the  preceding  in  its  very  slender  culm  and  leaves,  and  in  its  many-rayed 
umbel.  Gray's  Galingale. 

10.  C.dentaius  Torr.:  rhizoma creeping, tuberiferous ;  umbel  compound, 
of  4 — 7  somewhat  erect  rays ;  involucre  3-leaved,  longer  than  the  umbel ; 
spikelets  3 — 6  on  each  partial  ray,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  much  com- 
pressed, 6 — 30-flowered ;  scales  very  acute  or  mucronate,  keeled.     C.  par- 

vi/lorus  Muhl. 

Swamps  and  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.  1\.. — Rhizoma  extensively  creep- 
ing. Culm  6 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  somewhat  rigid,  pale  yellowish -green. 
Scales  with  the  sides  reddish  brown,  the  keel  green.  Toothed  Galingale. 

11.  C.  inflexus  Muhl. :  umbel  contracted,  1 — 3-rayed;  involucre  3-leaved, 
very  long  ;  spikelets  collected  into  ovoid  heads,  oblong-linear,  about  8-flow- 
ered ;    scales  cuspidate,  squarrose  at  the  tip :    stamen  1.     C.   uncinatia, 
Pursh. 

Banks  of  streams.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  N.  to  lat.  52°.  Aug.,  Sept.  @? 
— Culms  2 — 3  inches  high,  densely  cespitose.  Leaves  linear,  as  long  as  the 
culm.  Umbel  often  sessile.  Spikefets  yellowish,  in  heads  of  8 — 16  or  more.  It 
has  a  strong  and  durable  odor  like  that  of  Trifolium  cceruleum. 

Dwarf  Odorous  Galingale. 

12.  C.  Schweinitzii  Torr.:  culm  triquetrous,  with  rough  angles;  umbel 
simple,  the  rays  elongated  ;  spikelets  G — 8,  lanceolate,   alternate,  approxi- 
mate, 6 — 8-flowered,  with  a  setaceous  bract  at  the  base  of  each ;  scales 
ovate,  acuminate,  mucronate,  keeled. 

Dry  sandy  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  near  Braddock's  Bay.  W.  to  St.  Peters 
River  and*  Ark.  Aug. — Culm  8 — 18  inches  high,  slender,  the  upper  part  rongh 
on  the  angles.  Leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm.  Spikelets  irregu- 
larly arranged,  forming  a  loose  oblong  head.  Scales  rather  rigid,  yellowish. 

Schweinitz's  Galingale. 

***  fowier  scales  herbaceous,  free. 

13.  C.  erythrorhizos  MuM.:  umbel  compound,  many-rayed;  involucre 
4 — 5-leaved,  very  long ;  spikes  cylindric-oblong,  nearly  sessile ;  spikelets 
very  numerous,  spreading  horizontally,  terete-compressed,  many-flowered; 
scales  lanceolate,  mucronate.     C.  tenuifiorns  Ell. 

Wet  places.  Penn.  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  (!)• — Culm  2—3  feet  high,  obtusely 
triangular,  smooth.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm.  Spikelets  linear,  10 — 18- 
flowered.  Scales  chestnut  colored,  shining.  Red-rooted  Galingale. 


CYPERACEA:.  391 


3.  MARISCUS.   Vahl.— Mariscus. 

(From  the  Celtic  mar,  a  marsh  ;  in  allusion  to  the  place  of  growth  of  some 
species.) 

Spikelets  few-flowered,  clustered  in  heads.  Scales  somewhat 
imbricate  iii  two  rows ;  the  lower  ones  short  and  empty. 
Stamens  sometimes  2.  Style  trifid.  Achenium  triquetrous. 

1.  M.  ovularis  Vahl:  umbel  simple,  of  1 — 6  short  rays;  involucre  3—4- 
leaved ;  heads  globose,  compact ;  spikelets  terete,  2 — 4  flowered,  radiated ; 
scales  ovate,  rather  obtuse.     Scirpus  ovularis  Linn.     Kyllingia  orularis 
Mich.     Cyperus  ovularis  Torr. 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  July,  Aug.  rt\..— Rkizoma  short  and 
tuberous.  Culm  6—18  inches  high,  triangular,  nearly  naked.  Leaves  keeled, 
nearly  smooth.  Spikelets  very  numerous,  2 — 4-flovvered,  usually  only  one  or  two 
fertile,  short  and  thick.  Egg-shaped  Mariscus. 

2.  M.  retrofractus  Vahl :  umbel  simple,  of  numerous  elongated  rays  ;  in- 
volucre 3-leaved ;    heads  obovate,  retrorsely  imbricate ;    spikelets  nearly 
terete,  subulate,  1-flowered ;  two  lowest  scales  very  short,  the  uppermost 
one  very  narrow  and  involute.     Scirpus  retrofractus  Linn.     Cyperus  retro- 
fractus Torr. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  July,  Aug.  Tj..— Culm  2— 3  feet 
high,  obtusely  triangular.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  half  as  long  as  the  culm. 
Spikelets  very  numerous,  slender,  the  uppermost  ones  spreading  horizontally, 
the  rest  bent  backwards  against  the  peduncle.  Bent-flowered  Mariscus. 

4.  KYLLINGIA.  Linn.— Kyllingia. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

Spikelets  distinct,  disposed  in  a  roundish  sessile  subimbri- 
cate  spike.  Scales  2-valved,  1-flowered.  Paleae  2,  longer 
than  the  scales. 

K.  monocephala  Linn.:  stem  filiform, triangular;  involucre 3-leaved ;  one 
of  the  leaves  erect,  the  others  horizontal ;  head  globose,  compact ;  spikelets 
1-flowered,  ovoid,  acuminate  ;  scales  ciliate,  nerved. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  June.  1\.. — Root  creeping,  etoloniferous- 
Culm  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm.  Head  always 
single,  mostly  inclining  to  one  side.  Supposed  to  be  distinct  from  the  foreign 
plant.  One-headed  Kyttingia. 

II.  SCIRPE^E.  Flowers  perfect.  Scales  mostly  imbricate  on  all 
sides.  Perigynium  composed  of  bristles  hairs  or  scales,  sometimes, 
wanting. 

5.  ELEOCHARIS.  Brown.— Spike  Rush. 

(From  the  Greek  E\'>S,  £>£'>?,  a  marsh  ;  and  %««pw,  to  delight  in;  in  allusion  to 
the  place  of  growth.) 

Scales  imbricate  on  all  sides,  or  imperfectly  bifarious.  Bris- 
tles 3 — 12,  (rarely  wanting.)  rigid  and  persistent,  usually  rough 


392  CYPERACEJS. 

or  hispid.     Style  2 — 3 -cleft,  bulbous  at  the  base.     Achenium 
lenticular  or  obtusely  triangular. 

*  Spike  cylindric.     Scales  rigid,  spirally  arranged.     Style  3-cleft. 

1.  E.  equisetoides  Torr. :  culm  terete,  remotely  nodose,  papillose;  scales 
suborbicular-ovate,  very  obtuse  or  slightly  pointed ;   bristles  6,  as  long  as 
the  obovate  biconvex  achenium ;  tubercle  conic-rostrate,  acute.     Scirpus 
equisetoides  Ell. 

Bogs  and  in  water.  Near  Lewiston,  Del.  S.  to  Geor.  July.  %. — Culm 
18 — 24  inches  high,  slightly  roughened  with  minute  papillae.  Spike  about  an 
inch  long,  rather  acute.  Scales  with  a  narrow  scarious  margin. 

Equisetum-like  Spike  Rush. 

2.  E.  quadrangulala  Brown :  culm  acutely  and  unequally  quadrangular, 
three  of  the  sides  concave,  the  other  wider  and  flat ;  scales  broad-ovate, 
very  obtuse ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  obovate  striate  achenium ;  tubercle 
conic,  compressed.     Scirpus  quadrangulatus  Mich. 

Swamps  and  margins  of  rivers.  Penn.  to  Car.  and  Louis.  June.  rA-  — 
Rhizoma  creeping.  Culm  2 — 4  feet  high,  with  purple  sheaths  at  base.  Spike 
12 — 16  lines  in  length.  Scales  with  a  scarious  margin,  doited  with  purple. 

Square-stalked  Spike  Rush. 

**  Spike  ovoid  or  oblong.    Scales  membranaceous,  very  numerous,  irregularly 
imbricated.     Style  mostly  deleft. 

3.  E.  palustris  Brown :  culm  terete,  striate,  spongy  ;  spike  oblong-lance- 
olate ;  scales  somewhat  obtuse,  the  two  lowest  large  and  empty ;  bristles 
3 — 6,  hispid,  longer  than  the  lenticular  smooth  achenium.     Scirpus  palus- 
tris Linn. 

Marshes  and  low  meadows.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
July,  Aug.  rl\.. — Rhizoma  creeping.  Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect,  with  three 
sheaths  at  base.  Spike  3 — 5  lines  long,  many-flowered.  Scales  fuscous  in  the 
middle.  Common  Spike  Rush. 

4.  E.  olivacea  Torr. :   culm  filiform,  compressed,  sulcate,  soft ;  spike 
ovoid,  mostly  somewhat  obtuse,  many-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  mem- 
branaceous ;  bristles  6 — 8,  retrorsely  hispid,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
obovoid  lenticular  achenium.     Scirpus  intermedius  Gray. 

Wei  sandy  places.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Aug.  1\..— Culms  6—8  inches 
long,  cespitose,  erect  or  decumbent,  often  dwarfish  and  slender.  Spikes  3  lines 
long,  20 — 30-liowered.  Achenium  smooth,  dark  olive  when  ripe. 

«  Olive-fruited  Spike  Rush. 

5.  E.  rostellata  Torr. :  culm  compressed,  sulcate ;  spike  ovoid-lanceolate, 
acute;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  loose,  with  a  scarious  margin ;  bristles  4 — 6, 
longer  than  the  biconvex  shining  achenium ;  tubercle  conic-rostrate.  (  Torr. 
N.  Y.  Fl.}     Scirpus  rostellatus  Torr.  Cyp. 

Penn-Yan,  Yates  County,  N.  Y.  Torr.  T^.—Culm  12—18  inches  high, 
firm  and  tough,  compressed,  sulcate.  Spike  12 — 15-flowered.  Scales  light  brown. 
Bristles  hispid  downward.  Beaked  Spike  Rush. 

6.  E.  intermedia  Schultes :  culm  setaceous,  diffuse,  compressed,  angulai 
and  sulcate ;  spike  ovoid-lanceolate,  acute ;  scales  somewhat  acute ;  bris- 
tles 6,  longer  than  the  obovoid  compressed  achenium  ;  style  3-cleft ;  tubercle 
distinct.     Sci?~pus  interinedius  Muhl. 


O  i  PE  RACEME.  393 

Marshes  and  swamps.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  lo  Geor.  July.  1±. — Culms  very 
numerous,  slender,  diffuse  or  recurved,  prostrate.  Scales  membranaceous,  red- 
dish-brown on  the  sides.  Achenium  light  brown.  Intermediate  Spike  Rush. 

7.  E.  obtusa  Schultes :  culm  terete  or  slightly  compressed,  spongy  ;  spike 
globose-ovoid,  many-flowered ;  scales  very  obtuse ;  bristles  6,  longer  than 
the  obovate  lenticular  achenium ;  tubercle  dilated  at  base.    Scirpus  capitatus 
Linn. 

Bogs  and  low  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ohio.  June,  July.  1\.. — 
Culms  8 — 15  inches  high,  cespitose,  erect.  Spike  thick  and  obtuse,  50—80- 
flowered.  Scales  with  a  green  midrib.  Obtuse  Spike  Rush. 

***  Spike  ovoid.     Scales  coriaceous.     Bristles  6,  rigid.     Style  3-cleft. 
Tubercle  nearly  as  large  as  the  achenium. 

8.  E.  tuberculosa  Brown :  culm  terete,   filiform,  striate ;   spike  globose- 
ovoid,  somewhat  acute  ;  scales  broad-ovate,  very  obtuse,  loosely  appressed ; 
bristles  6,  longer  than  the  oblong  and  striate  achenium ;  tubercle  large, 
ovoid,  obtuse.     Scirpus  tuberculosus  Mich. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  Aug.  1\.. — Culm  8 — 12 
inches  high,  clothed  at  base  with  1  or  2  sheaths.  Spike  12 — 16-flowered.  Scales 
pale  green,  or  whitish  mixed  with  brown.  Large-tubercled  Spike  Rush. 

****  Spike  ovoid  or  elongated.     Scales  membranaceous.     Bristles  1 — 4, 
slender,  rarely  none.     Achenium  roundish  or  triangular. 

9.  E.  acicularis  Drown:  culm  setaceous,  angular;  spike  ovoid,  acute, 
few-flowered ;  scales  oblong,  rather  obtuse  ;  bristles  4,  slender,  shorter  than 
the  obovate  achenium  ;  tubercle  minute.    Scirpus  acicularis  Linn.    S.  cap- 
•illaceus  Mich. 

Margins  of  ponds.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  June,  July.  QJ.? — Culm  2 — 8 
inches  long,  cespitose,  slender.  Spike  3 — 8-flowered.  Scales  greenish  with  a 
purple  stripe.  Capillary  Spike  Rush. 

10.  E.  tenuis  Schulies :  culm  filiform,  angular,  the  sides  concave ;  spike 
elliptic,  acute  at  each  end ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse ;  bristles  2,  3,  or  none ; 
achenium  obovoid-triangular,  rugose  ;  tubercle  minute,  triangular.    Scirpus 
tenuis  Willd. 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  July.  7J.. — Culm 
8 — 12  inches  long,  very  slender,  w'ith  one  or  two  purple  sheaths  at  base.  Spike 
when  young  somewhat  obtuse.  Scales  dark  chestnut  color,  with  the  margins 
white.  Slender  Spike  Rush. 

11.  E.  melanocarpa  Torr. :  culm  compressed,  sulcate;  spike  oblong  or 
cylindric-oblong ;   scales    ovate,    obtuse,    membranaceous ;    bristles   3 — 4, 
slender,  mostly  as  long  as  the  somewhat  turbinate  and  obtusely  triangular 
achenium ;  tubercle  broad,  triangular,  short-acuminate. 

Borders  of  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  7|.. — Culm  12 — 18  inches 
high,  tough,  sulcate.  Spikes  4— 6-lines  long,  thick,  many-flowered.  Bristles 
sometimes  very  short.  Black-fruited  Spike  Rush. 

*****  Spike  compressed,  often  somewhat  distichous.     Scales  membranaceous. 
Bristles  slender.     Style  3-cleft.     Achenium  triangular. 

12.  E.  pigmcea  Torr. :  culm  setaceous  or  acicular,  much  compressed  and 
sulcate ;  spike  ovate-compressed,    few-flowered ;  scales  ovate ;  bristles  6 

17* 


394  CYPERACEvE. 

slender,  mostly  longer  than  the  ovoid  acutely  triangular  achenium  ;  tubercle 
very  minute  or  almost  wanting.     Scirpus  pusillus  Pursh,  not  of  Vakl. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  July,  Aug.  %. — Culm  1 — 2  inches  high, 
often  destitute  of  spikes.  Spikes  3 — 8-flowered,  only  1  or  2  flowers  perfect. 
Bristles  sometimes  wanting.  Dwarf  Spike  Rush. 

13.  E.  microcarpa,  var.  filiculmis  Torr. :  culms  cespitose,  capillary  or 
filiform,  quadrangular,  wiry  ;  spikes  oblong ;  bristles  nearly  as  long  as  the 
obovate-oblong  achenium  ;  tubercle  very  minute,  closely  sessile. 

Wet  places  in  the  Pine  Barrens  of  N.  J.  %.. — Culms  3 — 4  inches  high,  not 
thicker  than  a  hair.  Spike  about  2  lines  long.  Scales  dark  chestnut  color. 

Wiry-stalkpd  Spike  Rush. 

6.  SCIRPUS.   Linn.— Club  Rush. 
(An  ancient  Latin  name  for  the  Bulrush,  which  belongs  to  this  genus.) 

Spikes  many-flowered,  the  scales  imbricate  on  all  sides. 
Bristles  3 — 6,  rigid,  persistent.  Style  2 — 3-cleft,  simple  at 
base,  deciduous.  Achenium  biconvex  or  triangular* 

*  Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

1.  S.  caspitosus  Linn. :  culms  cespitose,  filiform,  terete;  the  sheaths  with 
rudiments  of  leaves ;    spike  ovoid,  few-flowered ;    the  two  lowest  scales 
bract-like,  as  long  as  the  spike ;  bristles  smooth ;  style  3-cleft ;  achenium 
obtusely  triangular. 

Wet  places.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  Biff.  High  mountains  of  Essex  county, 
N.  Y.  Torr.  N.  to  Arct.  Amer.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  July.  %.— 
Culm  2 — 10  inches  high,  rather  rigid,  finely  striate,  with  imbricate  sheaths  at 
base.  Spike  4 — 5-flowered,  a  little  compressed.  Scales  yellowish-brown. 

Scaly-stalked  Club  Rush. 

2.  S.  planifoliv.s  Muhl. :  culm  triangular ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  about  as 
long  as  the  culm  ;  spike  oblong,  compressed ;  scales  carinate,  cuspidate, 
the  lowest  one  longer  than  tffe  spike  ;  achenium  triangular. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Del.  June.  (i|..— Culms  6—12  inches 
long,  cespitose,  rough  on  the  angles.  Leaves  subradical,  grass-like,  rough  ort 
the  margin.  Scales  yellowish,  with  a  green  keel.  Bristles  4 — 6,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  achenium.  Flat-leaved  Club  Rush. 

3.  S.  sublenninalis  Torr. :   culm  floating,  sulcate,   leafy  at  the  base ; 
spike  oblong-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  bract  at  the  base ;  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  style  3-cleft  ;  achenium  triangular. 

Slow  flowing  streams.  N.  Y.  Mass,  and  N.  J.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Aug.  1\.. — Culm  3  feet  long,  growing  under  water.  Leaves  long,  filiform, 
channelled.  Spike  emersed,  with  a  narrow  bract  at  base.  Bristles  6,  rigid, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  achenium.  Floating  Club  Rush. 

**  Culm  many-spiked. 
•f  Spikes  lateral. 

4.  &  dcbilis  Pursh. :  culm  terete,  with  a  few  subulate  leaves  at  base, 
striate  ;  spikes  3 — 5,  ovoid,  closely  sessile,  below  the  top  of  the  culm ;  scales 
broad-ovate,  obtuse,  mucronulate ;  style  2— 3-cleft ;  achenium  plano-convex, 
toroad-obovate. 


CYPKRACKJE.  395 

Along  streams  and  in  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %.. — Culms  9 — 18 
inches  high,  growing  in  tufts.  Spikelets  1 — 6,  bursting  in  a  cluster  from  the 
side  of  the  culm  two\>r  three  inches  from  the  top.  Scales  pale  geeen.  Bristles 
4 — 6,  retrorsely  hispid.  Weak-stalked  Club  Rush. 

5.  (S.  triqueter  Linn. :  culm  nearly  naked,  triangular  or  slightly  winged, 
two  of  the  sides  concave ;   spikes   1 — 6,  ovoid,   aggregated  and  sessile ; 
scales    round-ovate,   mucronate ;    achenium    doubly   convex,    acuminate. 
*S.  Americanus  Pursh.    S.  mucron&tus  Pursh. 

Ponds  and  marshes.  Throughout  N.  Amer.  to  the  Arctic  regions.  July,  Aug. 
1J-. — Culm  3—5  feet  high,  slender,  mucronate,  very  acutely  triangular,  some- 
times winged.  Spikes  in  a  dense  cluster  usually  near  the  top.  Scales  rusty 
colored.  Bristles  3—5,  slender,  retrorsely  hispid.  Used  for' the  bottoms  of 
chairs.  Chairmakcr's  Rush. 

6.  S.  miicronatus  Linn. :  culm  leafy  at  base,  triangular,  the  sides  con- 
cave ;    spikes  2 — 4,   oblong-lanceolate,  sessile ;  scales   ovate,  mucronate, 
smooth ;  anthers  acute,  (not  fringed) ;    achenium  angular-convex  exter- 
nally, mucronate. 

Margins  of  ponds.  Boston,  Mass.  West  Point.  N.  Y.  W.  to  Mich. ;  rare. 
Torr.  July.  TJ-. — Culm  about  2  feet  high,  with  one  or  two  leaves  at  base  which 
are  sometimes  more  than  a  foot  long.  Spikes  clustered,  more  elongated  and  of  a 
lighter  color  than  in  the  preceding.  Bristles  6,  rather  slender,  longer  than  the 
achenium.  Mucronate  Club  Rush. 

7.  S.  lacustris  Linn. :   culm   terete,  attenuate  above,  leafless ;    panicle 
growing  from  the  side  of  the  culm  near  the  top ;  spikes  ovoid,  mostly  pe- 
dunculate ;  scales  ovate,  mucronulate,  ciliate ;  achenium  obovate.  convex 
on  the  back.    *S.  acutns  Muhl.    S,  validus  Pursh. 

Ponds  and  swamps.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Flor.  W.  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
June,  July.  7L — Culm  3 — 8  feet  high,  round  and  tapering  upwards,  terminating 
in  a  cusp,  which  projects  1 — 2  inches  above  the  panicle.  Spikes  in  an  unequal 
subdivided  cymose  panicle  or  umbel.  Scales  brown,  minutely  pubescent. 
Bristles  4—6,  stout,  hispid.  Tall  Club  Rush.  Bulrush. 

-f-f  Spikes  terminal. 

8.  S.  maritimus  Linn. :  culm  triangular,  leafy ;  corymb  clustered,  shorter 
than  the  3-leaved  involucre ;  spikes  ovoid-oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  scales 
ovate,  3-cleft  or  3-toothed,  the  middle   segment  subulate  and   reflexed ; 
style  3-cleft ;  achenium  broad-obovate,  lenticular.     S.  robuslus  Pursh.     S. 
macrostachi/os  Muhl.  (in  part.) 

Salt  marshes  and  ditches.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  rZj-. — Culm 
1 — 4  feet  high,  thick,  smooth,  leafy  below.  Spikes  usually  forming  somewhat 
compound  corymbs.  Scales  chestnut-colored,  membranaceous.  Bristles  3 — 4, 
very  slender,  hispid.  A  variety  of  this  species  occurs  in  fresh-water  marshes, 
and  is  common  in  Western  N.  Y.  It  has  the  corymb  somewhat  compound,  the 
spikes  ovoid  and  acute,  and  the  involucre  3 — 5-lobed.  Torr. 

Marsh  Club  Rush. 

9.  S.  atrovirens  MM. :  culm  triangular,  leafy ;  cyme  compound,  pro- 
liferous ;  involucre  3-leaved ;  spikes  ovoid,  acute,   densely  glomerated  in 
heads  of  10 — 20 ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  pubescent ;  style  3-cleft ;  ache- 
nium compressed-triangular,  sharply  acuminate. 

Wet  meadows  and  swamps.  Mass,  to  Penn.  W.  to  Ken.  June,  July.  *Z|.. 
-  Culm  about  2  feet  high,  leafy  nearly  to  the  top,  smooth.  Spikes  many-flow- 
ered, in  an  unequal  cyme  or  umbel.  Scales  dark  green,  at  length  becoming 
brownish.  Bristles  6.  slender,  hispid  downwards.  Dark-green  Club  Rush. 


396  CYPERACE^E. 

10.  S.  brunneus  Mukl. :  culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafy  ;  cyme  decom- 
pound ;  involucre  3 — 4-leaved  ;  spikes  round-ovoid,  clustered  in  heads  of  3 
to  6  or  8 ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  mucronate  ;  style  3-cleft ;  acheniuna 
minute,  plano-convex,  short-acuminate. 

Swamps  and  margins  of  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Car. ;  rare.  July,  Aug.  Tj.. — Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high,  obtusely  triangular  below.  Leaves  broad,  as  tall  as  the  cyme. 
Spikes  longer  than  in  the  preceding.  Scales  at  first  yellowish-green,  at  length 
reddish-brown.  Bristles  4 — 6,  slender,  pubescent.  Brown  Club  Rush. 

11.  S.  Eriophorum  Mich. :  culm  leafy,  obtusely  triangular  above,  nearly 
terete  below  ;  panicle  decompound,  large,  loose,  somewhat  nodding ;  invo- 
lucre many-leaved,  very  long ;  scales  lanceolate ;  bristles  6,  much  exserted, 
capillary,  tortuous.    Trichoph&rum  Cyperinum  Pers.     Eriophorum  Cyperi- 
num  Linn. 

Wet  grounds.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ohio  and  Ken.  July,  Aug. 
1J-. — Culm  2 — 5  feet  high,  leafy  nearly  to  the  top.  Leaves  1 — 2  feet  long,  flat 
above,  rough  on  the  margin.  Panicle  usually  very  large,  the  spikes  distinct  and 
pedunculate,  or  in  small  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  rays.  Scales  with  the  sides 
brown  and  the  keel  green.  Bristles  at  length  so  much  extended  as  to  give  the 
whole  panicle  a  woolly  appearance.  Brown  Wool-grass. 

12.  »S.  lineatus  Mich. :  culm  triangular ;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral, 
at  length  nodding ;  involucre    1 — 2-leaved  ;  spikes   oblong,   pedunculate ; 
scales  ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  carinate.    Trichophorum  lineaium  Pers. 

Boggy  places.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Texas.  Aug.  ^.—Culm 
1 — 3  feet  high,  very  leafy,  distinctly  triangular.  Leaves  rough  on  the  margin. 
Panicles  somewhat  umbellate,  the  terminal  one  largest,  the  lateral  ones  some- 
times wanting.  Scales  rusty  colored.  Bristles  crisped,  somewhat  exserted.  A 
smaller  plant  than  the  preceding.  Loose-flowered  Wool-grass. 

7.  ERIOPHORUM.  Linn.— Cotton- Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  epiov,  wool,  and  ^row,  to  bear ;  the  fruit  being  covered  with 
wool-like  hairs.) 

Scales  of  the  spike  imbricate  on  all  sides.  Achenium  densely 
invested  with  long  soft  woolly  or  cottony  hairs.  Stamens  3. 
Style  3-cleft. 

*  Spike  solitary. 

1.  E.  alpinum  Linn. :  culm  triangular,  somewhat  rough,  with  short  sub- 
ulate leaves-  at  the  base;  spike  oblong;  scales  keeled;  hairs  6,  crisped. 
E.  Hudsonianum  Mich.     Trichophorum  alpinum  Pursh. 

Sphagnous  swamps,  often  on  mountains.  N.  H.  Ver.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  W. 
to  Mich.  June.  '4- — Culm  8 — 10  inches  high,  with  a  few  short  leaves  and 
sheaths  at  base.  Spike  somewhat  compressed.  Scales  yellowish-brown.  Hairs 
white,  very  long.  •  Alpine  Cotton-grass. 

2.  E.  vaginatum  Linn. :  cujm  terete  below,  ohtusely  triangular  above, 
somewhat  rigid  ;  sheaths  inflated  ;    spike   ohlong-ovdid  ;    scales  scarious ; 
hairs  straight,  dense.     E.  ccspitosum  Pursh. 

Swamps,  especially  on  mountains.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  July.  '2J.. — Culms 
about  a  foot  high,  cespitose.  Leaves  longer  than  the  culm ,  very  narrow.  Scales 
dark-colored  when  in  fruit.  Hairs  very  numerous,  white,  2 — 3  times  the  length 
of  the  scale.  Hare's-tail  Cotton-gra**. 


CYPERACE.E.  397 

:•».-•  **  Spikes  numerous. 

3.  E.  polystachyum  Linn. :  culm  nearly  terete  ;  leaves  flat,  triangular  at 
the  extremity;  involucre  about  2-leaved;  spikes  on  scabrous  peduncles, 
nodding;   scales  ovate,  acute.      E.  polystachium  0.  Mich.     E.  vulgare. 
Pars. 

Bogs  and  marshes.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June.  ty. 
— Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  smooth.  Spikes  4 — 12,  on  long  filiform  peduncles. 
Scales  green,  at  length  brown.  Hairs  very  numerous,  long,  white  with  a  red- 
dish tinge.  Broad-leaved  Cotton-grass. 

4.  E.  Virginicum  Linn. :    culm  nearly  terete  below,  obtusely  triangular 
above;  leaves  flat,  very  long;   involucre  2— 3-leaved;    spikes  clustered, 
erect,  nearly  sessile. 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  1J-. — Culm  2—4  feet  high,  leafy.  Peduncles  somewhat  umbellate.  Scales 
with  pale  sides  and  a  green  keel.  Hairs  very  numerous,  tawny. 

Rusty  Cotton-grasg. 

5.  E.  angustifolium  Roth. :  culm  somewhat  triangular,  roughish  above ; 
leaves  triangular,  channelled ;  involucre  mostly  1-leaved;  peduncles  smooth, 
nodding  ;  scales  broad-ovate,  obtuse.     E.  tenettum  Nutt. 

Wet  meadows.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Del.  June.  %..— Culm  12—18  inches  high, 
leafy.  Spikes  4 — 10,  ovoid ;  1  or  2  nearly  sessile,  the  others  on  peduncles.  Hairs 
very  numerous,  long,  white  and  cottony.  Narrow-leaved  Cotton-grass. 

8.  FIMBRISTYLIS.   Vahl.— Fimbristylis. 
(From  the  Latin  fimbria,  a.  fringe,  and  stylus,  a  style.) 
Scales  imbricate  on  all  sides.     Bristles  none.     Style  com- 
pressed, 2-cleft,  more  or  less  bulbous  at  the  base,  wholly  de- 
ciduous, mostly  ciliate  on  the  margin. 

1.  F.  spadicea  Vahl:  culm  compressed,   nearly  naked;    leaves  semi- 
terete,  filiform,  channelled ;  involucre  rigid,  2-leaved ;  umbel  of  few  rays, 
simple  or  compound ;  spikes  ovoid-oblong ;  scales  rigid,  broad-ovate,  ob- 
tuse.    Scirpus  spadiceus  Linn. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Texas.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\..—Culm  1—2 
feet  high,  compressed  above,  rigid,  smooth.  Leaves  nearly  radical,  rough  on 
the  margin.  Scales  chestnut  colored  when  old.  Tall  brown  Fimbristylis. 

2.  F.  Baldwiniana  Torr. :  culm  somewhat  compressed,  deeply  striate, 
leafy  at  base  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  striate,  serrulate ;  involucre  subulate  ; 
umbel  subcompound;    spikes  ovoid-lanceolate,   acute;    scales   smoothish, 
ovate,  mucronate.     Scirpus  Baldwinianus  Schultes. 

Moist  places.  Penn.  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  QJ.?-— Culm 
4 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm.  Umbel  small,  some  of 
the  rays  divided.  Scales  with  the  keel  greenish  and  the  sides  chestnut  brown. 

Baldwin's  Fimbristylis. 

3.  F.  cylindrica  Vahl :  involucre  about  1-leaved,  rigid,  as  long  as  the 
simple  umbel ;  spikes  cylindric,  very  obtuse. 

Quaker's  Bridge,  N.  J.     Schweinitz.     1L — An  obscure  species. 

Cylindrical  Fimbnstyli*. 


398  CYPERAORv*:. 

9.  ISOLEPIS.  Drown.— Isolepis. 
(From  the  Greek  «<™j,  equal,  and  ASTTI?,  a  scale.} 

Scales  imbricate  on  all  sides.  Bristles  none.  Style  3 -cleft, 
simple  at  the  base,  or  with  a  minute  bulb  from  which  it  sepa- 
rates. Achenium  triangular,  often  crowned  with  the  base  of 
the  style. 

/.  capUlaris  JR.  fy  S. :  culm  capillary,  angular  and  sulcate,  nearly  naked; 
leaves  setaceous,  much  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  umbelled,  usually 
4,  terminal,  on  short  rays,  ovoid-oblong ;  scales  somewhat  4-rowed,  oblong, 
obtuse.  Scirpus  capillaris  Linn. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  Aug.,  Sept.  CD— 
Culms  4 — 8  inches  high,  densely  cespitose.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  setaceous. 
Spikes  umbelled,  somewhat  quadrangular.  Scales  rusty  brown  with  a  green 
keel.  Hair-like  Isolepis. 

10.  TRICHELOSTYLIS.  Lestil.— Trichelostylis. 

(From  the  Greek  rptytwy,  hairy,  and  ffrvXos,  a  style ;  the  style  being  often 
hairy.  Torr.  N.  Y.  FL) 

Scales  mostly  4 — 8-ranked,  keeled.  Bristles  none.  Style 
3 -cleft,  more  or  less  bulbous  at  the  base,  deciduous  below  the 
bulb.  Achenium  triangular. 

T.  mucronulata  Torr. :  culm  compressed,  ancipital ;  involucre  2 — 3- 
leaved,  shorter  than  the  compound  spreading  umbel;  spikes  oblong,  acute  ; 
scales  about  4-rowed,  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  with  the  points  some- 
what spreading.  Scirpus  autumnalis  Pursh.  S.  mucronulatus  Mich. 

Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  7|.. — 
Culms  8 — 12  inches  high,  cespitose,  often  spreading  or  decumbent.  Leaves  very 
acute.  Spikes  solitary  or  2 — 3  at  the  extremity  of  the  rays.  Scales  rusty  col- 
ored, keeled.  Common  Trichelostylis. 

III.  FuiRENE^E.  Spikelets  perfect.  Scales  imbricate  on  all  sides. 
Achenium  until  three  scales  or  leaflets  often  alternating  with  three  bris- 
tles. Stamens  3.  Style  Z-cleft. 

11.  FUIRENA.  Rottb.— Fuirena. 
(Named  in  honor  of  G.  Fuiren  ;  a  Danish  botanist.) 

Character  same  as  that  above  given, 

F.  squarrosa  Mich. :  culm  obtusely  triangular,  sulcate ;  leaves  ciliate  ; 
sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  3 — 12,  clustered,  ovoid  ;  bristles  none  ;  scales  cordate 
or  ovate,  unguiculate.  F.  squarrosa  and  Torretfana  Beck  Bot.  1st  Ed, 
F.  pumila  Spreng. 

Sandy  swamps  and  bogs.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Geor.  and  Louis.  Aug.  % 
• — Culm  varying  in  height  from  2 — 18  inches.  Leaves  smoothish  or  somewhat 
hairy.  Spikes  4 — 12  inches  long,  forming  an  irregular  terminal  umbel.  Scales 
hairy,  with  a  long  Blender  recurved  bristle.  Squarrose  Fuirena. 


CYPERACE^E.  399 

IV.  HYPOLYTRE.E.     Flowers  perfect.    Scales  of  the  spikes  imbri- 
cate on  all  sides,  each  l-Jlowered ;  the  flowers  with  a  1 — 4-vahed  (not 
bristle-form)  perygynium. 

12.  HEMICARPHA.  Nees.— Hemicarpha. 

(From  the  Greek  i?/«swj,  half,  and  icapfyos,  straw;  the  flowers  having  a  valve 
only  on  one  side.) 

Spikes  ovoid.  Scales  very  numerous,  deciduous.  Flowers 
with  a  single  valve,  which  is  opposite  the  scale.  Stamen  1. 
Style  2 -cleft.  Achenium  oblong. 

H.  subsquarrosa  Nees:  culm  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcate;  involucre 
2-leaved,  long,  unequal;  spikes  2 — 3,  ovoid,  sessile,  lateral ;  scales rhombic- 
obovate,  with  a  short  mucronate  recurved  point ;  achenium  obovate-oblong, 
somewhat  compressed.  (  Torr.  N.  Y.  jFV.)  Scirpus  subsquarrosus  Muhl. 

Sandy  shores.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July,  (f).— Culms  about  2  inches  high,  in 
dense  tufts,  leafy  at  base.  Leaves  setaceous.  Spikes  sometimes  solitary. 
Scales  very  numerous.  Dwarf  Hemicarpha. 

V.  GLADES.     Flowers  perfect,  rarely  diclinous.     Spikelets  1 — 3- 
flowered.     Scales  imbricate  in  a  somewhat  three  or  four-rowed  order ; 
the  lowest  empty.     Perigynium  none.     Stamens  2 — 12.     Styles  2 — 3- 
cleft.     Achenium  smooth  or  irregularly  wrinkled. 

13.  CLADIUM.  Browne.— Twig  Rush. 

(From  the  Greek  K\O. Jo? ,  a  twig ;  but  the  application  is  not  understood.) 
Spikelets  1 — 2-flowered.     Scales  few,  imbricate  in  a  some- 
what trifarious  manner ;    the  lowest   empty.     Bristles   none. 
Stamens  mostly  2.    Style  2 — 3-cleft.    Achenium  globose-ovoid. 
C.   mariscoides    Torr. :   culm   obscurely  triangular ;    cymes  compound, 
2 — 4-rayed,  nearly  naked,  the  rays  elongated  ;  spikelets  in  heads  of  3 — 8 
together ;  style  3-cleft.     Schcenus  mariscoides  Muhl. 

Bogs  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Del.  July.  %.^-Culm  2  feet  high,  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  channelled,  with  a  long  compressed  point,  nearly  smooth  on  the  margin. 
Scales  about  6,  brown  ;  4  lower  ones  usually  empty.  Smooth  Twig  Rush. 

VI.  KHYNCHOSPORE^:.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Spikelets 
mostly  few-flowered.  Scales  irregularly  imbricate,  obscurely  two-  or 
three-rowed.  Perigynium  of  several  rough  or  plumose  bristles,  rarely 
wanting.  Achenium  beaked. 

14.  RHYNCHOSPORA.    VahL— Beak  Rush. 
(From  the  Greek  pfy^o?,  a  beak,  and  o-jropa,  a  seed.) 

Spikelets  few-flowered.  Scales  loosely  imbricate  ;  the  lower 
ones  smaller  and  empty.  Bristles  6,  rarely  10 — 12.  Stamens 


400  CYPERACE^:. 

3,  rarely  2,  6  or  12.     Style  2-cleft.     Achenium  crustaceous, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style. 

*  Achenium  smooth,  mostly  lenticular. 

1.  R.  alba  Vahl :  culm  triangular  above ;  spikelets  in  corymbose  fascicles ; 
bristles  usually  10,  retrorsely  hispid,  longer  than  the  ovoid-lenticular  ache- 
nium.    Schosnus  aUnis  Linn. 

Swamps  and  bogs.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  July,  Aug.  %.— Culm  12—18 
inches  high,  smooth.  Leaves  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  culm.  Spikelets  about 
2-flowered.  Scales  lanceolate,  whitish,  when  old  brownish. 

White  Beak  Rush. 

2.  JR.  gracilenta  Gray :  culm  and  leaves  very  slender ;  clusters  of  spike- 
lets  2 — 4,  small,  somewhat  crowded,  the  terminal  one  nearly  sessile ;  bristles 
6,  longer  than  the  smooth  ovoid-lenticular  achenium ;  tubercle  long,  sub- 
ulate. 

Sandy  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  N.  Car.  Culm  1—2  feet  high,  almost 
capillary.  Leaves  linear,  setaceous.  Spikelets  few-flowered,  ovoid.  Scales 
ovate,  fuscous.  Tall  Slender  Beak  Rush. 

3.  R.  Kneiskernii  Carey :  culm  triangular,  slender;  spikes  numerous,  in 
4 — 6  distant  clusters ;  bristles  5,  retrorsely  hispid,  about  as  long  as  the  obo- 
vate  somewhat  stiped  achenium;   tubercle  triangular,  compressed,  broad 
at  the  base.    (Carey,  Sill.  Jour.  July,  1847.) 

Pine  Barrens,  N.  J.  Dr.  Kneiskem.  Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  branching 
from  the  base.  Leaves  short  and  narrow.  Spikes  small,  setaceously  bracteate, 
forming  small  distant  clusters  throughout  the  whole  length  of  the  culm.  It  re- 
sembles the  preceding,  but  differs  in  its  achenium  and  bristles. 

Kneiskern's  Beak  Rush. 

4.  JR.  glomerata  Vahl :  culm  obtusely  triangular ;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong, 
in  corymbose  clusters,  distant,  mostly  in  pairs ;   bristles  6,  hispid,  as  long 
as  the  obovoid-lenticular  achenium;  tubercle  lanceolate.    Schcenus  glom- 
eratus  Linn. 

Swamps  and  bogs.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  1J-. — Culm  12 — 18  inches 
high,  smooth.  Leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm.  Scales  lanceolate,  brownish. 

Clustered  Beak  Rush. 

5.  R.:capillacea  Torr.:  culm,  triangular,  slender;  spikelets  3 — 6,  nearly 
terminal ;   bristles  6,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong-ovate  compressed 
achenium  ;  'tubercle  lanceolate,  rostrate.    Schcenus  setaceus  Muhl. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Penn.  July.  fl\. — Culm  6 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  seta- 
ceous ;  radical  ones  short.  Spikelets  aboilt  1 — 3-flowered.  Scales  light  brown, 
oblong,  mucronate.  Capillary  Beak  Rush. 

6.  JR.  fusca  R.  <f-  S. :  culm  obscurely  triangular ;  clusters  of  spikelets  1 — 3} 
somewhat  capitate;  bristles  6,  slender,  minutely  hispid,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  obovate  achenium  ;  tubercles  slender,  acute.    Schcenus  fuscus 
Linn. 

Swamps.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  July,  Aug.  7J..— CulmS— 12  inches  high, 
very  slender.  Leaver  L-liaost  filiform ;  radical  ones  elongated.  Scales  dark- 
brown  and  shining.  Brown  Beak  Rush. 

7.  /?.  cephalantha  Gray :  heads  somewhat  globose,  dense,  many-flowered, 


CYPERACE*:.  401 

axillary  and  terminal,  often  in  pairs  ;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate  ;  bristles 
hispid,  twice  as  long  as  the  orbicular-obovate  margined  achenium. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  Aug.  '2J-. — Culm  obtusely  trian- 
gular, stout.  Leaves  narrow-linear,  flat.  Scales  dark  brown,  oblong,  acute  or 
acuminate.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  has  the  heads  larger  and  compact. 

Round-headed  Beak  Rush. 

8.  R.  macrostachya  Torr. :   culm  triangular ;  axillary  corymbs  simple, 
terminal  ones  compound ;   upper  spikelets  densely  fascicled ;   bristles  6, 
hispid  upward,  twice  as  long — and  the  persistent  style  four  times  as  long — 
as  the  obovate  achenium. 

Ponds.  Mass.  Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  1 — 2  feet  long,  smooth ; 
the  upper  scabrous  on  the  margin.  Corymbs  about  4.  Scales  fuscous,  acute. 
Subsequently  referred  by  Dr.  Torrey,  with  some  doubt,  to  the  genus  Ceratoschce- 
nus  Nees. — Torr.  Cyp.  Long-headed  Beak  Rush. 

9.  R.  corniculata  Gray :  culm  triangular ;  corymbs  decompound,  diffuse ; 
spikelets  loosely  fasciculate,  subulate ;  bristles  mostly  6 ;  achenium  obovate, 
pointed  with  the  long  persistent  style.    R.  longirostris  Ell.     Sch&nus  cor- 
niculatus  Lam. 

Wet  places.  Del.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ohio.  July.  'ty.—Culm  3—6  feet  high. 
Leaves  1 — 2  feet  long,  smooth,  rough  on  the  margin.  Corymbs  subumbellate, 
axillary  and  terminal.  Scales  fuscous.  Referred  by  Dr.  Torrey  to  the  genus 
Ceratoschomus  Nees.  Long-styled  Beak  Rush. 

**  Achenium  transversely  rugose. 

10.  R.  cymosa  NvM. :  culm  acutely  triangular ;  corymbs  somewhat  cymose, 
terminal  and  axillary ;  spikelets  clustered,  ovoid ;  bristles  6,  shorter  than 
the  obovate  subcompressed  achenium  :  tubercle  depressed-conic.    Schaznus 
cymosus  Willd. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  Louis.  July.  %. — Culm  12 — 18  inches 
high,  slender.  Leaves  linear,  smooth.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  3 — 5  at  the  end 
of  the  peduncle.  Scales  fuscous,  ovate ;  the  lower  ones  obcordate,  mucronate. 

Tufted  Beak  Rush. 

11.  R.  Torreyana  Gray:  culm  slender,  somewhat  terete;  panicle  corym- 
bose, rather  loose ;  spikelets  ovoid,  mostly  pedicellate :  bristles  6,  a  little  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  oblong-ovate  compressed  achenium ;  tubercle 
compressed-conic. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  J.  Torr.  July,  Aug.  QJ.. — Culms  1 — 3  feet  high,  cespi- 
pitose.  Radical  leaves  long  and  rigid ;  those  of  the  culm  shorter.  Scales  ovate, 
fuscous.  Torrey's  Beak  Rush. 

15.  PSILOCARYA.  Torr.— Psilocarya. 

(From  the  Greek  ^iXas,  naked,  and  Kapva,  a  nut ;  the  achenium  being  desti- 
tute of  bristles.) 

Scales  imbricate  on  all  sides,  membranaceous  or  chartaceous, 
all  fertile.  Perigynium  none.  Stamens  2.  Filaments  long  and 
persistent.  Style  2 -cleft,  compressed,  dilated  at  base.  Ache- 
nium biconvex,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  tubercle  or 
rostrate  with  the  persistent  style. 

P.  scirpoides  Torr. :  spikes  oblong-ovate,  many-flowered ;   scales  lance- 


402  CYPERACE*:. 

ovate,  acute,  membraftaceous ;  style  long,  rostrate,  persistent,  much  dilated 
at  the  base,  and  decurrent  at  the  edges  of  the  tumid  rugose  achenium. 
(Torr.Cyp.) 

Borders  of  a  pond  near  North  Providence,  R.  I.  Near  Boston  and  New  Bed- 
ford, Mass.  T.  A.  Greene  and  Dr.  H.  Little.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  smooth, 
leafy.  Leaves  6 — 8  inches  long,  grassy.  Cymes  pedunculate,  one  terminal  and 
one  from  the  sheath  of  each  leaf,  spreading.  Spikes  3—4  lines  long,  20 — 30- 
flowered.  Bristles  entirely  wanting.  Scirpus-like  PsUocarpa. 

VII.  SCLERE.E.  Flowers  diclinous.  Fertile  spikelets  1-  or  rarely 
^-flowered.  Scales  fasciculate  ;  the  lower  ones  empty,  often  seated  in 
a  cup  or  torus.  Perigynium  of  3  scales,  often  wanting.  Achenium 
nut-like. 

16.  SCLERIA.  Linn.— Nut  Rush. 

(From  the  Greek  cr/fA^of,  Jiard ;  in  allusion  to  the  hard  bone-like  achenium.) 
Monoecious.     Fertile  spikelets  1 -flowered  ;  the  sterile  seve- 
ral-flowered.    Scales  2 — 6.     Disk  shallow,  saucer-like  or  lobed. 
Perigynium   coriaceous   or   crustaceous,    sometimes   wanting. 
Achenium  globose  or  ovoid. 

*   With  a  perigynium. 

1 .  S.  reticularis  Mich. :  culm  erect,  rough  on  the  angles  below ;  fascicles 
lateral  and  terminal,  remote,  loose;    achenium  globose,   reticulated   and 
deeply  pitted  between  the  lines  ;  perigynium  3-lobed. 

Sandy  swamps.  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  Torr.  S.  to  Flor.  Aug.  1\-.— Culm 
12 — 15  inches  high,  triangular.  Leaves  smooth,  flat.  Spikelets  in  pairs.  Scales 
smooth  ;  the  sterile  lanceolate ;  the  fertile  ovate  mucronate. 

Reticulated  Nut  Rush. 

2.  S.  laxa  Torr. :  culm  weak,  somewhat  diffuse,  nearly  smooth ;  fasci- 
cles lateral  and  terminal,  remote,  on  long  slender  peduncles,  loosely  flow- 
ered ;  scales  and  bracts  smooth ;  achenium  globose,  pitted  and  marked  in  a 
somewhat  spiral  manner  with  transverse  hairy  wrinkles ;  perigynium  3- 
lobed.     S.  reticularis  Muhl. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.  %.— Culm  12—18  inches  high, 
acutely  triangular.  Leaves  flat,  smooth.  '  Spikelets  in  pairs,  distant. 

Loose-flowered  Nut  Rush. 

3.  S.  triglomerata  Mich. :  culm  acutely  triangular,  rough  ;  leaves  broad- 
linear,  somewhat  hairy ;  Fascicles  lateral  and  terminal,  triglomerate ;  bracts 
ciliate ;  scales  cuspidate ;  achenium  ovoid-globose,  smooth  and  polished ; 
perigynium  annular. 

Swamps  and  moist  grounds.  Ver.  to  Flor.  W,  to  Ark.  June,  July.  fy. — 
Culm  3 — 4  feet  high,  leafy.  Leaves  2 — 3  lines  wide,  rough  on  the  margin,  hairy 
beneath.  Scales  purplish.  Achenium  large  and  white. 

Three-clustered  Nut  Rush. 

4.  S.  pauciflora  Muhl. :  culm  triangular,  slender,  smoothish ;  leaves  nar- 
row-linear, with  pubescent  sheaths ;  fascicles  lateral  and  terminal,  few- 
flowered,  the  lateral  on  long  peduncles;  bracts  ciliate;  scales  smoothish; 
achenium  globose-ovoid,  warty ;  perigynium  of  6  tooth-like  processes. 


CYPERACR/F..  403 

Low  meadows.  N.  H.  to  Car.  -  W.  to  Ohio.  June.  ^.—Culm  9  —  18  inches 
high,  roughish  above.  Fascicles  2  —  3  ;  2  lateral  ones  on  long  slender  peduncles. 
Achenium  white,  rough  with  elevated  points.  Few-flowered  Nut  Rush. 

**  Perigynium  none. 

5.  S.  vcrlicillata  Muhl.  :  culm  filiform,  triangular  and  with  the  leaves 
smooth  ;  fascicles  4  —  6,  alternate,  sessile,  distant;  bracts  minute,  setaceous; 
scales  smooth  ;  achenium  globose,  mucronate,  rugose-  verrucose.  Hypopo- 
rum  verticillalum  Nees. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  1J-.  —  Culm  6  —  12  inches  high,  very 
slender.  Leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm.  Fascicles  appearing  as 
if  whorled.  Scales  purple.  Whorled  Nut  Rush. 

VIII.  CARICEJE.     Flowers  diclinous.     Scales  of  the  spikes  imbri- 
cate on  all  sides.     Achenium  entirely  enclosed  in  an  urceolate 
which  is  often  2-toothed  or  2-lobed  at  the  orifice. 


17.  CAREX.  Linn.—  Sedge. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  Kcipw,  to  shear  or  cut  ;  in  allusion  tc 
its  sharp  leaves  and  stems.) 

Spikes  one  or  several,  androgynous,  monoecious  or  rarely  dio3- 
cious.  STERILE  FL.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2  or  1.  FERFILE  FL. 
Perigynium  membranaceous  or  somewhat  coriaceous,  2-toothed, 
emarginate  or  truncate  at  the  apex.  Style  single,  included. 
Stigmas  2  —  3,  elongated,  exserted.  Achenium  lenticular,  plano- 
convex or  triangular,  crowned  with  the  lower  portion  of  the 
style.  (Torr.) 

A.   Spike  single. 
*  Monoecious.     Stigmas  2. 

1.  C.  capiiata  Linn.  :  spike  capitate  or  nearly  globose,  staminate  at  the 
summit  ;   perigynium  roundish-ovoid,  close,  compressed,  convex-concave, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  ovate  and  somewhat  obtuse  scale. 

Alpine  regions  of  the  Wliite  Mountains,  N.  H.  Dr.  Robbins.  —  Culm  trian- 
gular. Leaves  filiform.  Capitate  Sedge. 

**   Dioecious. 

•j-  Stigmas  2. 

2.  C.  dioica  Linn.  :  spike  simple,  oblong  ;  perigynium  somewhat  erect 
or  spreading,  oblong-ovoid,  nerved,  hispid  toward  the  summit  on  the  mar- 
gin.    C.  Davalliana  Dew. 

Swamps.  Yates  county,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwell  %.—Culm  6—8  inches  high, 
filiform.  Leaves  setaceous.  Scales  ovate.  Dioecious  Sedge. 

t  Stigmas  3. 

3.  C.  scirpoidca  Mich.:  spike  oblong-cylindric,  somewhat  acute;  peri 
gynium  ovoid  or  oval,  subrostrate,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate  some- 
what acute  scarious  scale. 


404  CYPERACE/E. 

White  Mountains,  N.  II.  Oakes. — Culm.  4 — 10  inches  high,  erect.  Leaves 
flat  and  long.  Scirpus-like  Sedge. 

***  Spike  androgynous. 
•f  Stigmas  2. 

4.  C.  exilis  Dew. :  fertile  spike  staminate  below,  ovoid,  rather  densely 
flowered ;    perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,   convex    on    both  sides,   finally 
spreading  or  recurved,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Lakes  and  meadows.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  June.  1J-. — Culm  12 — 20 
inches  high,  very  slender.  Leaves  setaceous.  Spike  from  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  long.  Slender  Sedge. 

ft  Stigmas  3. 

5.  C.  pauciflora  Light/. :   spike  simple,   about   4-flowered ;    staminate 
flower  subsolitary,  terminal ;  perigynium  lanceolate,  terete,  reflexed  ;  scales 
caducous.     C.  leucoglochin  Linn. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  May,  June.  %. — Culm  3 — 8  inches 
high.  Perigynium  large,  pale  yellow,  caducous.  Few-jloivered  Sedge. 

6.  C.  Fraseri  Sims :  spike  simple,  ovoid ;  perigynium  ovoid-subglobose, 
entire  at  the  point,  striate,  longer  than  the  oblong  scale.     C.  lagopus  Muhl. 

Mountains.  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  April.  %. — Culm  about  a  foot  high,  sheathed 
nt  base.  Leaves  radical,  broad,  undulate.  Fraser's  Sedge. 

7.  C.  polytrichoides  Muhl. :   spike  simple,  oblong-linear,  few-flowered ; 
perigynium  oblong-lanceolate,  compressed,  triquetrous,  obtuse,  emarginate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  scale. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Penn. ;  common.  May.  %. — Culm  a  foot  high,  very 
slender.  Leaves  subradical,  very  narrow.  Fertile  flowers  3 — 8. 

Brittle-stalked  Sedge. 

8.  C.  Wittdenovii  Schk.  -•  spike  simple ;  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  about 
6 ;  perigynium  ovoid-oblong,  acuminate-rostrate ;  scales  ovate,  acuminate, 
the  inferior  ones  foliaceous  and  often  longer  than  the  spike. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  May,  June.  %.— Culm  8—12 
inches  high,  slender.  Leaves  flat,  longer  than  the  culm. 

Wittdenow's  Sedge. 

9.  C.  Backii  Boott :  spike  simple ;  sterile  flowers  above,  about  3,  the 
fertile  2 — 4 ;  fertile  scales  foliaceous,  the  lower  one  much  longer  than  the 
spike ;  perigynium  globose-ovoid,  acuminated,  with  a  conical  smooth  beak, 
entire  at  the  point.     ( Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.}     C.  Wittdenovii  Gray. 

Arct.  Airier,  to  N.  Y. — Culms  cespitose.  Leaves  grass-like,  longer  than  the 
culms.  Achenium  globose-pyriform,  nearly  smooth.  Sack's  Sedge. 

B.   Spikelets  aggregated,  androgynous,  sessile.     Stigmas  2. 

*  SpikeUls  sterile  at  the  summit. 

10.  C.  disperma  Dew. :  spikelets  about  3,  rather  remote,  mostly  2-flow- 
ered,  somewhat  erect,  the  lowest  one  bracteate ;  perigynium  ovate,  rather 
obtuse,  nerved,  plano-convex,  smooth,  with  a  scabrous  margin,  entire  at  the 
point,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  submucronate  scale. 

Swamps;  often  on  mountains.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y,  W.  to  Mich.  May, 
June.  Ti. — Culm  6 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  narrow  and  linear.  Spikelets 
2—4.  Two -seeded  Sedge. 


CYPERACE^:.  405 

11.  C.  chordorhiza Linn. :  spikelets  3 — 5,  in  an  ovoid  head;  perigynium 
ovate,   acuminate,  subrostrate,  convex  above,  equalling   the  broad-ovate 
acute  scale. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Mich.  May.  1J-. — Culm  branching  at  the 
base,  and  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  of  the  culm  short,  of  the  sterile  shoots 
longer.  Rooting  Sedge. 

12.  C.  cephalfiphora  Muhl. :  spikelets  collected  into  an  oval  head ;  peri- 
gynium ovate,  scabrous  on  the  margin  above,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  sub- 
aristate  scale. 

Fields  and  woods.  Can  to  Car. ;  common.  May.  '2\.. — Culm  I — 2  feet  high, 
wiry,  leafy  at  base.  Whole  plant  green.  Oval-headed  Sedge. 

13.  C.  Muhlenbergii  Schk. :  spikelets  5—7,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the 
culm,  bracteate  at  the  base  ;  perigynium  broad-ovate,  compressed,  nerved, 
bifid,  somewhat  diverging,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  rather  shorter  than  the 
ovate  mucronate  scale. 

1     Rocky  woods.    Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.    May,  June.     Q\..—Culm  1—2  feet 
high,  thick.     Leaves  broad-linear.     Plant  dark  green.      Muhlenberg's  Sedge. 

14.  C.  siccata  Dew. :  spikelets  4 — 8,  staminate  above,  often  wholly  stam- 
inate,  ovoid,  close,  or  approximate ;  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
compressed,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  bifid,  nerved,  nearly  equal  to  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  scale. 

Sandy  plains.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  June.  '21. — Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  slen- 
der, rough.  Plant  light  green,  and  of  a  dried  appearance. 

Dry-spiked  Sedge. 

15.  C.  rosea  Schk. :  spikelets  4 — 6,  remote,  about  9-flowered,  the  lowest 
one  with  a  setaceous  bract  exceeding  the  spike ;  perigynium  oblong-lance- 
olate, acuminate,  diverging  and  radiate,  rough  on  the  margin,  twice  as  long 
as  the  ovate  obtuse  scale. 

Moist  woods.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ohio ;  common.  May.  1\ . — Culm  a 
foot  high.  Sptitelets  mostly  about  5,  yellowish-green  ;  lower  ones  distant.  It  is 
sometimes  dwarfish,  when  it  forms  the  var.  radiata  of  Dewey.  Rose  Sedge. 

16.  C.  retroflexa  Muhl. :  spikelets  about  4,  subapproximate,  the  lower 
ones  with  a  short  bract ;  perigynium  ovate,  acutish,  2-toothed,  smooth  on 
the  margin,  spreading  or  reflexed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Meadows  and  pastures.  N.  S.  May.  7|_. — Culm  about  a  foot  high,  slender. 
Spikelets  mostly  4,  the  two  lower  ones  a  little  distant,  5 — 8-flowered. 

Retroflexed  Sedge. 

17.  C.  stipata  Muhl. :  spike  compound,   oblong ;    spikelets   numerous, 
10 — 15,  oblong,  aggregated,  bracteate;    perigynium  lanceolate,   subterete 
and  smooth  below,  spreading,  with  a  long  tapering  beak  which  is  rough 
on  the  margin,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  scale. 

Wet  meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  April,  May.  Ij..— Culm  1—3  feet 
high,  thick  and  succulent,  smooth  except  at  the  summit.  Spike  2  inches  long, 
straw-color.  Beaked  Sedge. 

18.  C.  muricata  Linn. :  spikelets  about  5,   ovoid,  sessile,  approximate, 
bracteate,  lower  ones   sometimes  remotish ;  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate, 
plano-convex,  2-toothed,  horizontal,  scabrous  on   the  margin,  sometimes 
longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  scale.     (Dew.) 

Fields  near  Boston,  Mass.    Arct.  Amer.  Muricate  Sedge. 


406  CYPE  RACEME. 

19.  C.  sparganoides  Muld, :  spikelets  6—10,  ovoid ;  the  upper  approxi- 
mate ;  lower  somewhat  distant,  bracteate ;  perigynium  ovate,  compressed, 
acute,  diverging,  rough  on  the  narrowly  winged  margin,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  ovate  mucronate  scale. 

Swampy  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  May.  7L. — Culm 
2  feet  or  more  high,  rough  on  the  angles  above.  Leaves  broad-linear,  pale- 
green.  Bur-reed  Sedge. 

20.  C.  Tulpinoidea  Mick. :  spike  oblong,  decompound,  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted, bracteate ;  spikelets  glomerate,   ovoid,   obtuse ;    perigynium  com- 
pressed, ovate,  acuminate,  bifid,  3-nerved,  diverging,  rather  shorter  than  the 
ovate  cuspidate  scale.     C.  multiftora  MuhL. 

Low  grounds.  Nk  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Car. ;  common.  May,  June.  1\.. — 
Culm  ij — 2  feet  high,  obtusely  triangular  above,  leafy.  Spike  consisting  of 
8 — 10  clusters  of  spikelets.  Fox  Sedge. 

21.  C.  setacea   Dew. :  spike  oblong,  decompound,   bracteate ;  spikelets 
glomerate,  ovoid,   obtuse ;  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  com-* 
pressed,  bifid,  somewhat  diverging,  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned 
scale. 

Wet  meadows.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Del.  June,  July.  1\. — Culm  about  2 
feet  high,  acutely  triangular,  striate,  rough  above  Resembles  the  preceding, 
but  it  has  a  more  compact  spike,  and  the  perigynia  are  narrower  and  more 
compressed.  Setaceous  Sedge. 

22.  C.  bromoides  Schk. :  spikes  4 — 6,  alternate,  oblong,  erect,  uppermost 
one  fertile  above,  the  rest  pistilliferous  or  androgynous,  with  staminate  and 
fertile  flowers  both  above  and  below ;  perigynium  erect,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, scabrous,  nerved,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale. 

Swampy  grounds.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ohio ;  common.  May.  1\.. — 
Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  slender,  rough  above.  Scales  light  brown. 

JBrome-like  Sedge. 

23.  C.  alopccoidea  Tackerman :  spike  compound,  oblong ;  spikelets  8 — 10. 
ovoid,   aggregated,   staminate    above ;    perigynium   ovate,   plano-convex, 
nearly  nerveless,  about   as  long  as  the  ovate  mucronate  scale ;  the  beak 
acuminate,   serrulate-scabrous  on  the   margin.     (Torr.   N.    Y.  jP/.)     C. 
cepkalophora  var.  maxima  Dew. 

Woods.  Penn-Yan,  N.  Y.  %.— Culm  2 — 4  feet  high,  rough  on  the  angles. 
Spike  yellowish-green.  Fox-tail  Sedge. 

24.  C.  Sartwellii  Dew. :  spike  compound ;  spikelets   12 — 20,  ovoid,  ses- 
sile, compa6t,  bracteate ;  lower  ones  fertile ;  upper  often  staminate ;  peri- 
gynium ovate-lanceolate,  convex-concave,  subulate,  somewhat  2-toothed, 
about  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Junius,  Seneca  County,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwell.  ^..—Culm  1£— 2  feet  high, 
somewhat  rigid,  rough  on  the  angles,  leafy  below.  Leaves  flat,  linear,  shorter 
than  the  culm.  Closely  allied  to  C.  disficha  of  Europe. 

Sartwell' s  Sedge. 

25.  C.  tzretiuscula  Good. :  spike  decompound,  oblong,  dense,  at  length 
brown ;  spikelets  ovoid,  acute,  sessile ;  perigynium  ovate,  acuminate,  convex 
and  gibbous,  ciliate-serrulate  on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Marshes  and  bogs.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  May.  %.~Culm  2  feet  or  more 
high,  rough  on  the  angles,  leafy  below.  Scales  brownish. 

Smalfer-panided  Sedge. 


CYPERACEyE.  407 

26.  C.  decomposita  MiM. :  spike  decompound  and  paniculate  ;  spikelets 
very  numerous,  ovoid,  alternate,  at  length  brown ;  perigynium  ovate,  sessile, 
convex  on  both  sides,  acute  or  short-rostrate,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate 
acuminate  scale. 

Swamps.  Yates  County,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwell.  W.  to  Mich.  %.— Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high,  obtusely  triangular,  leafy.  Leaves  broad-linear,  rough. 

Large-panicled  Sedge. 

**  Spikelets  staminate  at  the  base. 

27.  C.  trisperma  Dew. :  spikelets  mostly  3,  about  3-flowered,  remote,  al- 
ternate, sessile,  ovoid,  uppermost  one  without  a  bract ;  perigynium  oblong, 
acute  or  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the  point,  nerved,  subscabrous  above,  some- 
what diverging,  longer  than  the  oblong  acute  whitish  scale. 

Marshes  and  wet  woods.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  June.  1|~— Culm  1 — 2  feet 
high,  triangular,  slender  and  weak,  leafy.  Leaves  very  narrow. 

Three-seeded  Sedge. 

28.  C.  Deweyana  Schw. :  spikelets  about  3,  sessile,  ovoid-lanceolate,  alter- 
nate, rather  distant,  the  uppermost  with  a  bract ;  perigynium  oblong-lance- 
olate, acuminate-rostrate,  2-toothed,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  margin,  rather 
longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  hyaline  scale. 

Woods.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  June.  '2J..— Culm  1—4  feet  high,  weak  and 
slender,  subprocumbent.  Leaves  yellowish-green,  mostly  radical,  narrow. 

Dewey's  Sedge. 

29.  C.  steltulata  Good. :  spikelets  3 — 4,  roundish  or  ovoid,  rather  remote  ; 
perigynium  ovate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  at  length  spreading 
horizontally,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  somewhat  obtuse  scale.     C.  ster- 
ilis  WiUd. 

Wet  grounds.  Mass,  to  Car.  May.  7J..— Culm  8— 18  inches  high,  stiff,  leafy 
below.  Perigynium  broad-ovate,  almost  cordate  when  mature. 

Star-like  Sedge. 

30.  C.  scirpoides  Schk. :  spikelets  about  4,  ovoid,  obtuse,  approximate, 
sessile,  lowest  bracteate  ;  perigynium  ovate,  cordate,  compressed,  lanceolate 
or  rostrate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  diverging  or  horizontal,  longer  than  the 
ovate-lanceolate  acute  scale. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  May.  1\.. — Culm  6 — 12  inches  high,  leafy 
at  base.  Perigynium  erect,  or  spreading  horizontally.  Perhaps  only  a  variety 
of  the  preceding.  Sdrpus-like  Sedge. 

31.  C.  caneseens  Linn. :  spikelets  about  6,  rather  remote,  cylindric-ovoid, 
with  minute  bracts  at  base  ;  perigynium  broad-ovate,  plano-convex,  rather 
acute,  somewhat  rough  on  the  margin,  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  about  as 
long  as  the  scale.    C.  curta  Good.     C.  sph&rostachya  Dew. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  May,  June.  1J-. — Culms  about 
2  feet  high,  clustered,  triangular,  rough  above.  Spikelels  silvery  white  when 
mature.  Canescent  Sedge. 

32.  C.  tenuiflora  WahL:  spikelets  2— 3,  roundish-elliptic,  approximate, 
the  lowest  bracteate  at  base ;  perigynium  elliptic,  obtuse,  compressed,  erect, 
about  as  long  as  the  broad-ovate  somewhat  obtuse  scale. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  Ver.  Mass.  N.  Y. ;  rare.  June.  3J..— Culms  cespitose, 
8—12  inches  long,  very  slender,  often  prostrate.  Leaves  light  green,  narrow- 
linear,  shorter  than  the  culm.  Slender-spiked  Sedge. 


408  CYPERACEA:. 

33.  C.  scoparia  Schk :  spikelets  ovoid,  sessile,  approximate,  aggregate, 
lowest  bracteate ;  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  margined,  nerved,  smooth, 
bifid,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  scale. 

Swamps.  Mass,  to  Car.  May.  Q. — Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  triangular,  rough 
above.  Leaves  long  a*i  narrow.  Fruit  tawny  when  mature,  not  winged, 
9-nerved.  Broom-like  Sedge. 

34.  C.  lagopodioides    Schk. :    spikelets    8 — 20,   cylindric-ovoid,    rather 
crowded,  alternate  and  sessile;  bract  beneath  the  lowest  overtopping  the 
culm ;  perigynium  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  nerved,  bidentate,  with 
a  narrow  serrulate  margin,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  scale. 

Wet  meadows.  Mass,  to  Car.  May.  1J-. — Culm  1 — 2  or  more  feet  high,  fur- 
rowed. Spikes  large,  subcylindric  when  young.  Dr.  Torrey  considers  it  a 
variety  of  the  preceding.  Hare  'sfoot-like  Sedge. 

35.  C.  straminea  Schk. :  spikelets  3 — 15,  ovoid,  roundish-ovoid  or  ovoid 
globose ;   perigynium  ovate  or  broad-ovate,  much  compressed,  acuminate, 
with  a  broad-winged  ciliolate-scabrous  margin,  a  little  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  scale. 

Wet  meadows  and  swamps.  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Ohio.  May,  June. 
7J.. — A  very  variable  species,  including,  according  to  Dr.  Torrey,  C.  fcenea 
Muhl.  C.  festucacea,  mirabilis,  cristata  and  tenera  Dew.  Strain-colored  Sedge* 

C.  Spikes  several,  (rarely  solitary,')  all  androgynous.     Stigmas  3. 

*  Staminate  at  the  summit. 

36.  C.  pedunculata  MM.:  spikes   about  4,  on  long  peduncles,  very 
remote;  perigynium  obovoid,  triquetrous,  entire,  a  little  longer  than  the 
oblong  cuspidate  scale. 

Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Penn. ;  rare  April.  7J-. — Culms  4 — 12  inches  high, 
cespitose,  slender.  Peduncles  mostly  radical.  Peduncled  Sedge. 

**  Staminate  at  the  base. 

37.  C.  squarrosa  Linn. :  spikes  1 — 3,  very  thick,  oblong-cylindric ;  peri- 
gynium ovate,  subglobose,  long-rostrate,  smooth,  squarrose,  2-toothed  at  the 
summit,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale.    C.  typhina  Mich. 

Bogs.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  %.— Culm  2  feet  high,  tri- 
angular, rough,  leafy.  Spike  1 — 2  inches  long,  and  from  half  to  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Squarrose  Sedge. 

D.  Spikes  several :  terminal  one  androgynous ;  the  others  fertile. 

Stigmas  3. 

38.  C.  Duxbaumii  Wahl. :  spikes  about  4,  obovoid  or  oblong,  rather  re- 
mote ;  upper  one  androgynous  and  pedunculate ;  the  rest  sessile,  with  very 
long  bracts ;    perigynium  elliptic,  obtuse,   rather   compressed,  slightly  2- 
lobed,  shorter  than  the  ovate  cuspidate  scale. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  Mich. ;  rare.  May.  '4.— Culm 
1 — 2  feet  high,  leafy  at  base.  Scales  chestnut  brown.  Buxbaum's  Sedge. 

39.  C.  hirsula  Wittd. :  spikes  3,  oblong,  approximate ;  upper  one  pedun- 
culate ;  the  others  nearly  sessile  and  bracteate ;  perigynium  obovate,  obtuse, 
nerved,  smooth  when  mature,  entire  at  the  orifice,  about  as  long  as  the 
ovate  acuminate  scale.     C.  triceps  Mich. 


CYPERACE^E.  409 

Woods  and  meadows.    Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Mich.   May.    Q.—Culm  12—18 
inches  high,  triangular,  rough,  leafy.    Leaves  and  sheaths  retrorsely  pubescent. 

Pubescent  Sedge. 

40.  C.  virescens  MM. :  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  erect ;  upper  one  peduncu- 
late, sterile  below ;  the  rest  fertile,  subsessile  and  bracteate ;  perigynium 
ovoid,  obtuse,  costate,  pubescent,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  mucronate 
scale.    C.  costata  Schw. 

Dry  woods.    Can.  to  Car.    May.    rl\-. — Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  rather  slender, 
triangular,  leafy.    Leaves  and  sheaths  pale  green,  pubescent. 

Greenish  Sedge. 

41.  C.  gracilima  Schw.:  spikes  mostly  4,  distant,  slender,  pedunculate, 
loosely-flowered,  nodding ;  uppermost  androgynous,  fertile  above ;  the  rest 
all  fertile ;  peryginium  oblong,  triangular,  obtuse,  smooth,  longer  than  the 
oblong-mucronate  scale.    C.  digitalis  Schw.  fy  Torr. 

Wet  meadows.     Mass,  to  Del.  W.  to  Mich.  June.  Q.—Culm  18  inches  high, 
nearly  smooth,  leafy.    Leaves  short,  pale  green.    Spikes  linear  and  filiform. 

Slender-nodding  Sedge. 

42.  C.formosa  Dew. :  spikes  3 — 4,  oblong,  thick,  distant,  on  exsert  pe- 
duncles, nodding,  uppermost  one  sterile  at  the  base ;  perigynium  oblong, 
triquetrous,  somewhat  inflated,  rather  acute  at  each  end,  nearly  entire  or 
2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Wet  meadows.     Mass,  and  N.  Y. ;  rare.     May.     1|_. — Culm  12 — 18  inches 
high,  triangular,  smooth.    Leaves  sometimes  pubescent,  pale  green. 

Shovjy  Sedge. 

43.  C.  Davis-ii  Schw.  fy  Torr. :  spikes  mostly  4,  somewhat  distant,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  few-flowered,  pedunculate  and  somewhat  nodding ;    peri- 
gynium oblong,  somewhat  inflated,  acute,  smooth,  slightly  2-toothed,  about 
as  long  as  the  awned  scale.     C.  aristata  and  Torreyana  Dew. 

Wet  meadows.    Mass,  and  N.  Y.    May.     'H-.—Culm  1—2  feet  high,  trian- 
gular, leafy,  rough  above.     Leaves  sometimes  pubescent,  rough  on  the  margin. 

Davis's  Sedge. 

E.  Spikes  several ;  one  or  more  of  the  terminal  ones  entirely  stami- 

nate ;  the  rest  pistillate. 

*  Stigmas  2. 

44.  C.  rigida  Good. :  sterile  spike  mostly  solitary,  erect ;  fertile  spikes 
2 — 4,  oblong-cylindric,  subremote,  erect,  loose-flowered,  on  short  peduncles ; 
perigynium  oval,  acute  at  each  end,  compressed,  shortly  beaked,  smooth, 
about  equalling  the  ovate-oblong  acutish  scale.     C.  Washingtoniana  Dew. 
C.  nigra  Schw.  <$*  Torr. 

Damp  grounds.    White  Mountains,  N.  H.    Mount  Marcy,  N.  Y.    July.     7|.. 
— Culm  a  foot  high,  subscabrous  above.     Leaves  light  green,  somewhat  rigid. 

Rigid  Sedge. 

45.  C.  acuta  Linn. :  sterile  spikes  1 — 3 ;  fertile  mostly  3,  subpeduncu- 
late,  somewhat  nodding,  cylindric,  remote ;  perigynium  oval  or  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, short-rostrate,  about  as  long  as  the  oblong  acute  scale.     C.  stricta 
Lam.     C.  angustata  Boott. 

Wet  grounds.    Can.  to  Car.    W.  to  Ohio.    May.     ri\..—Culm  2  feet  high, 
acutely  triquetrous.    Leaves  subglaucous.    Scales  blackish  brown. 

Large  Bog  Sedge. 
18 


410 


CYPERACE^E. 


46.  C.  cespitosa  Linn. :  sterile  spikes  solitary  or  sometimes  2,  cylindric- 
oblong ;  fertile  mostly  3,  cylindric,  obtuse,  distant,  the  lower  on  a  short 
exsert  peduncle  ;  perigynium  ovoid  or  oval,  somewhat  acute,  smooth,  mostly 
longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  blackish  scale.     C.  concolor  Brown, 

Mountain  bogs.  Can.  to  Penn.  May.  Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  slightly 
rough  above.  Leaves  light  green,  flat.  Fertile  scales  nearly  black. 

Smaller  Bog  Sedge. 

47.  C.  aqualilis  Wahl. :  sterile  spikes  1 — 4,  erect,  oblong ;  fertile  mostly 
3,  on  short  peduncles,  cylindric,  thick-clavate  above,  dense-flowered,  sub- 
erect,   sometimes  sterile  at  the  apex ;    perigynium  elliptic,   sublenticular, 
smooth,  with  the  orifice  entire  and  protruded,  about  equal  to  the  ovate 
acutish  scale. 

Marshes  and  wet  places.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  June.  1J-. — Culm  20 — 30  inches 
high,  triangular,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  smoothish,  pale  green  and  glaucous. 

Water  Sedge. 

48.  C.  aurca  Nutt. :    sterile  spike  solitary,  pedunculate ;  fertile  spikes 
3 — 4,  oblong,  loose-flowered,  subpendulous,  rather  approximate,  lower  ones 
pedunculate ;  perigynium  obovoid  or  pyriforrn,  obtuse,  nerved,  entire  at  the 
orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Wet  rocks.  Can.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  W  to  Mich.  May,  June.  1J-—  Culm 
4 — 10  inches  high,  subprocumbent,  slender.  Perigynium  orange-yellow  when 
mature.  Golden  Sedge. 

49.  C.  criniia  Lam. :  sterile  spikes  one  or  more,  lax  oblong,  sometimes 
with  a  few  fertile  flowers ;  fertile  spikes  4— -5,  dense,  distant ;  perigynium 
roundish-ovoid,  ventricose,   slightly  rostrate,   entire   at  the  orifice,  much 
shorter  than  the  oblong  scabrous  awned  scale.     C.  paleacea  Wahl. 

Swamps  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  7J.. — Culm  2 — 4  feet  lu'gh, 
triangular,  rough.  Leaves  pale  green.  Fertile  spikes  2 — 3  inches  long. 

Fringed  Sedge. 

**  Stigmas  3. 
j-  Perigynium  inflated^  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  beak. 

50.  C.  oligosperma  Mick.:  sterile  spike  mostly  solitary,  slender,  peduncu- 
late; fertile  spikes  1 — 3,  ovoid,  sessile,  distant,  bracteate,  few-flowered; 
perigynium  ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,  acute,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  entire 
at  the  orifice,  smooth,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale.     C.  Oake- 
friana  Dew,. 

Borders  of  lakes.  Arct.  Amer.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  June.  P4-— Culm  1—2 
feet  high,  triangular,  rough  above.  Leaves  linear,  light  green,  at  length  in- 
volute. Few-fruited  Sedge. 

51.  C.  bullala  Schk. :  sterile  spikes  2—3;  fertile  mostly  2,  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  rather  loose,  exsertly  pedunculate  and  somewhat  nodding,  distant; 
perigynium  globose-ovoid,  inflated,  erect,  smooth,  costate,  rostrate-acumi- 
nate, twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  scale.     C.  monile  Dew. 

Wet  grounds.  Mass.  N.  Y.  Penn.  and  Ohio.  May.  7]..— Culm  li— 2£  feet 
hi<*h,  triangular,  rough  above,  leafy.  Leaves  longer  than  the  culm. 

Inflated  Sedge. 

52.  C.  cylindrica  Tuckerm. :  sterile  spikes  2 — 3 ;  fertile  1 — 3,  remote, 
cylindric,  on  short  peduncles,  erect  or  inclined  ;  perigynium  ovoid,  inflated, 


CYPERACE^E.  411 

conic-rostrate,  2-forked,  smooth,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate 
«cale.     C.  Tuckermani  Dew. 

Wet  grounds.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  May  ?  fl\.. — Culm  about  2  feet  high,  tri- 
angular, leafy,  rough  above.  Leaves  narrow,  longer  than  the  culm. 

Cylindrical  Sedge. 

53.  C.  vesicaria  Linn. :  sterile  spikes   about  3,   erect,   oblong ;  fertile 
mostly  2,  cylindric,  erect,  long-bracteate  ;  perigynium  oblong-conic,  inflated, 
rostrate,  nerved,  bicuspidate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong-lanceolate 
scale.     C.  utriculata  Boott. 

Meadows.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Del.  W.  to  Mich.  May.  Culm  2  feet  high, 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  acutely  triangular.  Plant  bright  green. 

Bladder  Sedge. 

54.  C.  amputtacea :  sterile  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  erect ;  fertile 
2 — 3,  cylindric,  erect,  close-flowered,  short-pedunculate ;  perigynium  sub- 
globose,  inflated,  diverging,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
scale. 

Marshes.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  'Ij.. — Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  ob- 
tusely triangular.  Leaves  light  green.  Perhaps  identical  with  the  preceding. 

Bottle-like  Sedge. 

55.  C.  subulata  Mich. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  short-pedunculate ;  fertile 
spikes  mostly  3 — 4,  sessile,  or  with  included  peduncles,  very  remote,  few- 
flowered,  sparingly  staminate  at  the  top ;  perigynium  subulate,  reflexed, 
bifid  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  lanceolate   scale.     C.  CoUinsii  and 
Michauxii  Dew. 

Cedar  swamps.  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  June.  1\.. — Culm  1 — 2  feet 
high,  almost  filiform,  leafy.  Leaves  deep  green.  Awl-fruited  Sedge. 

56.  C.  follicvlata  Linn. :  sterile  spike  solitary;  fertile  spikes 2 — 4,  ovoid, 
distant,  few-flowered,  pedunculate;  peryginium  oblong-conic,  somewhat  in- 
flated, tapering  to  a  long  point,  horizontal  or  diverging,  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovate  mucronate  scale.     C.  xanthophysa  WoM. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  ri\- — Culm  2 — 4  feet  high,  obtusely  triangu- 
lar, leafy.  Leaves  flat,  smooth. "  Plant  pale  green,  at  length  yellow. 

Tall  Yellow  Sedge. 

57.  C.  intumescens  Rudge :  sterile   spike  oblong,   pedunculate;  fertile 
spikes  1 — 3,  roundish,  approximate,  few-flowered,  upper  one  sessile,  lower 
on  a  short  peduncle  ;  perigynium  ovoid,  acuminate-rostrate,  much  inflated, 
diverging,  three  tunes  as  long  as  the  ovate  cuspidate  scale.     C.folliculata 
ScJA. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  Mass.  Penn.  and  Ohio.  June.  7J.. —  Culm  18  inches 
high,  triangular,  smooth.  Leaves  broad-linear,  rough  on  the  margin. 

Swollen  Sedge. 

58.  C.  lupulina  MuJd. :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  peduncle ;  fertile  spikes  3, 
ovoid-oblong,  approximate  ;  bracts  very  long  and  leafy ;  perigynium  ovoid, 
inflexed,  nerved,  long-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  much  longer  than  the  ovate  or 
lanceolate  scale. 

var.  1.  polystachya  Torr.:  fertile  spikes  5,  oblong-cylrndrio ;  lowest  one 
remote,  on  a  long  peduncle. 

var.  2.  pedunculate,  Gray :  fertile  spikes  all  pedunculate ;  the  lower  long- 
pedunculate,  distant ;  the  3  upper  subumbellate. 


412  CYVE.RA.CEM. 

Swamps.  Hudson's!  Bay  to  Geor.  June,  July.  1\.. — Culm  'Z — 3  feet  high, 
very  thick,  triangular,  smooth.  Leaves  longer  than  ihe  culm,  bright  green. 
Var.  1.  is  found  in  Putnam  County,  N.  Y. ;  var.  2.  in  Chester  County,  Penn., 
and  on  the  shores  of  lake  Erie.  Hop-like  Sedge. 

59.  C.  scabrata  Schic. :  fertile  spikes  about  5,  rather  remote,  cylindric, 
nearly  erect ;  lower  ones  long-pedunculate ;  perigynium  ovoid,  acuminate- 
rostrate,  subventricose,  scabrous,  orifice  oblique  and  somewhat  bifid,  longer 
than  the  ovate-lanceolate  ciliate  scale. 

Swamps.  N.  H.  to  Penn.  May.  7J.. — Culm  18  inches  high,  rather  slender, 
triangular.  leaves  long,  very  rough,  dark  green.  Rough  Sedge. 

60.  C.  Sckweinitzii  Dew. :  sterile  spikes  2,.  the  lower  one  often  pistillate 
at  the  base  ;  fertile  about  3,  oblong-cylindric,  somewhat  pendulous,  loose- 
flowered,  rather  remote,  lowest  often  long-pedunculate ;  perigynium  oblong- 
ovoid,  inflated,  rostrate,  bicuspidate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate-subulate 
scale. 

Wet  sandy  soils.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  June. — Culm  about  a  foot  high, 
rough  above,  very  leafy,  leaves  taller  than  the  culm,  yellowish-green. 

Schweintz's  Sedge. 

61.  C.  retrorsa  Schw. :  sterile  spikes  about  3,  lower  one  often  fertile  at 
the  base;  fertile  about  5,  oblong-cylindric,  approximate,  dense-flowered,  the 
lowest  often  remote  and  long-pedunculate  ;  perigynium  'ovoid,  inflated,  re- 
flexed,  rostrate,  bicuspidate,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale. 

Near  ponds.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  May. — Culm  2  feet  high,  slightly  rough  on 
the  edges.  Fertile  spikes  thick.  Retrorse  Sedge. 

62.  C.  tentaculata  Muhl. :  sterile  spike  solitary  ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  ovoid 
or  ovoid-cylindric,  bracteate,  mostly  approximate,  spreading,  the  peduncles 
included ;     perigynia  crowded,  ovoid,   ventricose,   very  long-rostrate,  2- 
toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  lanceolate-subulate  scale. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  7J-. — Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  trian- 
gular, rough  on  the  angles.  Leaves  longer  than  the  culm,  bright  green. 

Long-pointed  Sedge. 

63.  C.  rostrata  Mich. :  sterile  spike  short  and  small ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3, 
subglobose  or  capitate,  bracteate ;  perigynia  crowded,  erect,  or  diverging, 
very  long-rostrate,  oblong-conic,  slightly  inflated,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate- 
oblong  acutish  scale. 

Can.  Mich.  Base  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Oakes.  ^.—Culm 
8 — 16  inched  high,  erect,  stiff,  few-leaved.  Plant  pale  yellow. 

Beaked  Sedge. 

64.  C.  hystericina  Wtild. :  sterile  spike  solitary  ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 4,  thick, 
at  length  cernuous,  upper  one  nearly  included,  the  rest  on  exsert  peduncles ; 
perigynium  ovoid,  inflated,  spreading,  many-nerved,  rostrate,  bifid,  twice  as 
long  as  the  oblong  awned  scale. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ohio,  f  July.  Aug.  Tj.. — Culm  1 — 2  feet 
high,  triangular,  rough  above.  Leavss  tyiig,  Ji$ear-lan«eolate,  yellowish-green. 

Porcupine  Sedge. 

65.  C.  Pseudo-Cyperus  Linn. :  stejile  spike  solitary,  long  and  slender; 
fertile  spikes  2 — 5,  cylindric,  thick,   pendulous,   pedunculate,   upper  ones 
somewhat  geminate ;  perigynium  ovoid-lanceolate,  rostrate,  reflexed>  many- 


CYPERACE^E.  413 

nerved,  divaricately  bifid  at  the  summit,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
awned  scale. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  7J.. — Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  thick,  rough  on 
the  angles.  Leaves  broad,  rough.  Cyperus-like  Sedge. 

66.  C.  longirostris  Torr. :  sterile  spikes  mostly  3,  short ;  fertile  2 — 3, 
cylindric,  loose,  at  length  pendulous,  long-pedunculate,  rather  distant ;  peri- 
gynium  globose-ovoid,  smooth,  with  a  very  long  beak,  bifid,  a  little  longef 
than  the  lanceolate  scale. 

Shady  places.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  Mich.  Gray.  June.  l^.—Culm 
about  2  feet  high,  slender,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  bright  green  and  shining. 

Long-beaked  Sedge. 

67.  C.  trichocarpa  Muhl. :  sterile  spikes  2—4 ;  fertile  2—3,  distant,  pe- 
dunculate, erect,  oblong-cylindric  ;  perigynium  ovoid-conic,  acuminate,  bi- 
cuspidate,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate  acuminate  scale. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  1J-. — Culm  2  feet  high,  rough  above. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  pubescent.  Hairy-fruited  Sedge. 

68.  C.  aristata  Brown :  sterile  spikes  2 — 4 ;  fertile  2 — 4,  distant,  close- 
flowered,  erect ;  perigynium  ovoid-oblong,  somewhat  inflated,  smooth,  long- 
rostrate,  many-nerved,  deeply  bifid,  longer  than  the  oblong  awned  scale.    C. 
mirata  Dew. 

Watertown,  Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.  British  Amer. ;  rare.  Torr.  Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth,  leafy.  Leaves  on  the  under  side,  and  the  sheaths  pubes- 
cent. Closely  allied  to  the  preceding.  Awned  Sedge. 

j~j*  Perigynium  vittous,  not  inflated. 

69.  C.  umbellata  Schk. :  cespitose ;  sterile  spike  short,  erect ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  4,  ovoid,  few-flowered ;  one  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  culm ;  the 
rest  on  radical  peduncles,  subumbellate ;  perigynium  ovoid,  acuminate,  ros- 
trate, subpubescent,  as  long  as  the  ovate  acuminate  scale. 

Rocky  grounds.  N.  Eng.  IN.  Y.  and  Penn.  May.  1\.. — Culms  in  dense 
tufts,  1—6  inches  high.  Leaves  radical,  narrow,  rough,  longer  than  the  culm. 

Umbelled  Sedge. 

70.  C.  varia  Muhl. :  sterile  spike  erect,  sessile  or  on  a  short  peduncle  ; 
fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  ovoid,  sessile,  approximate,  few-flowered ;  perigynium 
ovoid  or  subglobose,  acuminate-rostrate,  bifid,  obtusely  triangular,  hispidly 
pubescent,  as  long  as  the  ovate  acuminate  scale.     C.  Emmonsii  and  col- 
lecta  Dew. 

Dry  woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Geor.  April.  1\-. — Culm  8 — 12  inches  high, 
erect,  filiform.  Leaves  pale  green.  Torrey  considers  it  a  variety  of  the  next. 

Variable  Sedge. 

71.  C.  Pennsylvanica  Lam.:  sterile  spike  erect,  pedunculate,  somewhat 
triangular ;  fertile  spikes  1 — 3,  ovoid,  subsessile,  subapproximate,  few-flow- 
ered ;  perigynium  ovoid-globose,  short-rostrate,  bifid,  about  as  long  as  the 
ovate  mucronate  or  acuminate  scale.    C.  marginata  Muhl. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car. ;  common.  April.  r^-. — Culms  growing  in  tufts, 
4 — 12  inches  high,  slender,  rough  above.  Leaves  short,  somewhat  glaucous. 

Pennsylvanian  Sedge. 

72.  C.  NovcB^AnglifB  Schw. :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  peduncle ;  fertile 
spikes  2 — 3,  sessile,  ovoid,  few-flowered,  rather  remote ;  perigynium  oblong- 


414  .          CYPE  RACEME. 

ovoid,  subtriquetrous,  rostrate,  minutely  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate- 
mucronate  scale.     C.  collecia  Dew. 

Mountains.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  June.  rl\.. — Culm  6 — 3  inches  high,  filiform, 
nearly  decumbent.  Leaves  smoothish,  pale  green.  New  England  Sedge. 

13.  C.  filiformis  Linn. :  sterile  spikes  2 — 3;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  ovoid- 
oblong,  close-flowered,  somewhat  remote;  perigynium ovoid,  short-rostrate, 
bifurcate,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Marshes.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  W.  to  Mich.  June.  %.— Culm  2—3 
feet  high,  obtusely  triangular,  rigid.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  in  a  tuft,  with  a  long 
filiform  point,  pale  green.  Filiform  Sedge. 

74.  C.  lanuginosa  Mich. :  Sterile  spikes  2 ;  fertile  2 — 3,  ovoid-cylindric, 
remote,   erect,   nearly  sessile;   perigynium    ovoid,   somewhat    triangular, 
woolly,  short-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate 
awned  glume.     C.  pellita  Muhl. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Del.  W.  to  Ohio.  May.  %. — Culm  about  2  feet 
high,  nearly  round  below.  Leaves  flat,  linear-lanceolate,  rough  on  the  margin. 

Woolly  Sedge. 

75.  C.  vestita  Willd. :   sterile   spikes   1 — 2.   cylindric-oblong ;    fertile   2, 
ovoid-oblong,  sessile,  subapproximate,  often  staminate  at  the  summit ;  peri- 
gynium ovoid,  triangular,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  pubescent,  rather  longer 
than  the  ovate  mucronate  scale. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Geo. ;  rather  rare.  May.  Q. — Culm 
about  2  feet  high,  acutely  triangular,  leafy  below.  Leaves  rough. 

Short  Woolly  Sedge. 

76.  C.  puAescens  Muhl. :  sterile  spike  sessile ;  fertile  spikes   3,   oblong, 
erect,  rather  loosely  flowered,  the  lowest  on  a  short  peduncle  ;  perigynium 
obovoid-triaagular,  rostrate,  pubescent,  nearly  entire  at  the  orifice,  a  little 
longer  than  tho  ovate-oblong  mucronate  scale. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Del.  W.  to  Ohio.  May.  7J..— Culm  12—18  inches 
high,  slender,  leafy  below.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,  very  pubescent. 

Pubescent  Sedge. 

77.  C.  prcecox  Jacq. :  sterile  spike  single,  erect,  subclavate ;  fertile  spikes 
1 — 3,  eroid,  bracteate,  approximate,  the  lower  one  short-pedunculate ;  peri- 
gyniup*  globose-ovoid,  triangular,  short-rostrate,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate 
mucroaate  scale. 

Rocky  hills.     Mass.    Dewey. — Culm  2 — 6  inches  high,  leafy  at  the  base. 

Early  Dwarf  Sedge. 

fff  Pengrtnium  smooth,  short,  not  inflated.    Spikes  dark  purple  or  black. 

78.  C.  limasa  Linn. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  pedunculate ;  fertile  spikes 
1 — 3,  ovoid  or  oblong,  pedunculate,  somewhat  distant,  pendulous;  peri- 
gyni»>rn  roundish-elliptic,  compressed,  very  short-rostrate,  about  as  long  as 
the  oblong  or  ovate  cuspidate  scale.     C.  lenticularis  and  irrigua  Dew. 

Swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Del.  June.  1J-. — Culm  9 — 24  inches  high,  ob- 
tusely triangular,  very  smooth,  leafy  below.  Leaves  flat,  narrow,  somewhat 
glaucous.  Mud  Sedge. 

79.  C.  rarijlora  Smith  :  sterile  spike  single ;  fertile  spikes  about  2,  linear, 
looae-flowered,  long-pedunculate,  nodding ;  perigynium  ovoid-oblong,  trian- 

,  depressed,  as  long  as  the  ovate  subcircinate  (brown)  scale. 


CYPKRACE.S.  415 

White  Mountains,  N.  H.    Dewey. — Culm  10  inches  high,  glaucous. 

Few-flowered  Mountain  Sedge. 

80.  C.  Grayana  Dew. :  sterile  spike  oblong ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong- 
cylindric,  rather  loosely  flowered;  perigynium  ovoid-oblong,  subtriangula^ 
subinflated,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong 
obtuse  scale. 

Sphagnous  swamps.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  June.  rL\.. — Culm  6 — 16  inches  high, 
erect,  triangular.  Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm,  glaucous.  Torrey  thinks 
it  identical  with  C.  livida  Willd.,  but  according  to  Dewey  it  differs  in  several 
respects.  Gray's  Sedge. 

fftt  Spikes  green. 

81 .  C.flava  Linn. :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  peduncle ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 4, 
ovoid-oblong,   rather  distant,   sometimes    androgynous;   perigynia  ovoid, 
densely  imbricate,  bidentate,  with  a  curved  and  reflexed  beak,  shorter  than 
the  ovate-lanceolate  scale. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  N^  Y.  June,  fZJ.. — Culm  10 — 20  inches  high,  ob- 
tusely triangular,  leafy.  Whole  plant  yellowish  green. 

Large  Yellow  Sedge. 

82.  C.  (Edcri  Ehrh. :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  peduncle ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 4, 
ovoid-oblong,  nearly  sessile,  densely  flowered ;  perigynium  ovoid-globose, 
horizontal,  with  a  subulate  beak,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  scale. 

Rocky  banks,  Hudson's  Bay  to  N.  J.  June.  1|..— Culm  3—12  inches  high, 
obtusely  triangular,  leafy.  Resembles  C.flava,  but  differs  in  having  fhe  spikes 
more  densely  flowered  and  the  perigynium  much  smaller.  CEder's  Sedge. 

83.  C.  palescens  Linn. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  on  a  short  peduncle ;  fertile 
spikes  2 — 3,  ovoid-cylindric,  on  exserted  peduncles,  densely  flowered,  at 
length  somewhat  nodding ;  perigynium   obovoid-oblong,   obtuse,   smooth, 
about  as  long  as  the  ovate  scale. 

Wet  grounds.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  May.  %. — Culm  a  foot  high,  erect,  slender, 
and  with  the  leaves  light  green  and  slightly  pubescent.  Pale  Sedge.  . 

84.  C.  Torreyi  Tuckerman :  sterile  spike  solitary,  oblong,  on  a  short  pe- 
duncle ;  fertile  spikes,  2—3,  short,  subsessile,  erect;  perigynium  obovoid, 
obtuse,  smooth,  somewhat  triangular,  entire  at  the  orifice,  subrostrate,  a 
little  longer  than  the  acute  scale. 

N.  Y.  Tuckennan. — Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect,  triangular.  Plant  pale 
green  and  pubescent.  Torrey' s  Sedge. 

85.  C.  striata  Mich. :  sterile  spikes  1—2 ;  fertile  mostly  solitary,  rarely  2 
and  distant,  cylindric-oblong,  puncticulate,  erect,  loose ;  perigynium  oblong- 
ovoid,  subtriangular,  nerved,  rough-puncticulate,  erect,  with   an  oblique 
conical  beak,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate  acutish  scale.    C.  Halseiiana 
Dew. 

Swamps.  Ma^-s.  and  N.  Y.  May.  7J.  —Culm  12— 18  inches  high,  triangular, 
roughish.  Leaves  linear- lanceolate,  dark  green.  Sfnaled  Sedge. 

86.  C.  granular  is  Muhl. :  sterile  spike  sessile  or  short-pedunculate  ;  fertile 
spikes  mostly  3,  oblong-cylindric,  remote,  dense,  the  two  lowest  peduncled ; 
perigynium  globose-ovoid,  nerved,  entire  at  the  orifice,  with  a  very  short 
recurved  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  acuminate  scale. 


416  CYPERACE^E. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Del.  W.  to  Ohio.  May.  1\.. — Culm  a  foot  high, 
erect  or  somewhat  decumbent.  Leaves  subglaucous.  Round-fruited  Sedge. 

87.  C.  laxijlora  Lam. :  sterile  spike   solitary,  subsessile ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  3,  rather  loose,  remote,  pedunculate,  erect ;  perigynium  ovoid-oblong, 
ventricose,   obtuse,   somewhat   shining,  longer  than  the  ovate  cuspidate 
scale. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  9| — Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect, 
smooth.  Leaves  deep  green,  longer  than  the  culm.  Loose-jloivered  Sedge, 

88.  C.  conoidea  Schk. :  sterile  spike  pedunculate ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  ob- 
long, remote,  rather  loose,  uppermost  sessile,  the  lower  on  a  long  peduncle ; 
perigynium  oblong-conic,  obtuse,  smooth,  nerved,  subdiverging,  entire  at  the 
orifice,  as  long  as  the  ovate  subulate  scale.    C.  granular  aides  Schw. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May. — Culm  6 — 12  inches  high,  angles  sca- 
brous. Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,  bright  green.  Conical-fruited  Sedge. 

89.  C.  telanica  Schk. :  sterile  spike  long-pedunculate  ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3, 
obi ong-cylind ric, loose,  the  lowest  on  a  long  peduncle;  perigynium  obovoid, 
smooth,  nerved,  recurved  and  entire  at  the  apex,  shorter  than  the  ovate 
acute  or  mucronate  scale. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car. ;  rare.  May.  %. — Culm  6 — 10  inches  high, 
slender,  erect.  Leaves  linear- lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  culm,  light  green. 

Crooked-necked  Sedge. 

90.  C.  oligocarpa  Sclik. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  pedunculate  ;  fertile  spikes 
2—3,  erect,  3 — 4-fiowered,  on  exserted  peduncles ;  perigynium  roundish- 
triangular,  short-rostrate,  longer  than  the  ovate  mucronate  scale. 

Rocky  woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Penn.  W.  to  Ken.  May.  '2|. — Culm 
6 — 12  inches  high,  erect.  Leaves  longer  than  the  culm,  dark  green.  C.  Hitch- 
cockiana  Dew.  is  a  taller  variety,  with  the  culm  and  leaves  minutely  pubescent. 
Torr.  Few-fruited  Sedge. 

9lT  C.  digitalis  Willd. :  sterile  spike  solitary ;  fertile  spikes  mostly  3. 
few-flowered  and  loose,  remote,  slender,  on  long  and  somewhat  cernuous 
peduncles ;  perigynium  oblong,  triangular,  nerved,  smooth,  short-rostrate, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate  mucronate  scale.  C.  retrocurra 
Dew.  ? 

Rocky  woods.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  j  rare.  May.  Q. — Culm  6 — 15  inches 
high,  slender,  sharply  triangular.  Leaves  mostly  narrow,  (sometimes  very 
wide,)  light  green  and  subglaucous.  Slender  Wood  Sedge. 

92.  C.  anccps  Muhl. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  pedunculate  ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  3,  remote,  subcylindric,  loosely  flowered,  lower  ones  pedunculate ; 
perigynium  oval,  triangular,  acute,  striate,  recurved  at  the  apex,  nearly  en- 
tire at  the  orifice,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate  cuspidate  scale.     C.  planta- 
ginea  Muhl. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  .  May.  %..— Culm  9—18  inches  high,  somewhat  2- 
edged  above.  Leaves  very  variable  ;  the  radical  ones  sometimes  nearly  an  inch 
wide ;  those  of  the  culm  much  narrower.  Two-edged  Sedge. 

93.  C.  blanda  Dew. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  triangular ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 4, 
oblong-cylindric,  sparse-flowered,  the  lowest  on  a  long  2-edged  peduncle ; 
perigynium  ovoid,  somewhat  triangular,  nerved,  recurved  and  entire  at  the 
apex,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  mucronate  scale.     C.  conoidea  Muhl. 


CYPERACE^E.  417 

Dry  woods.  Mass,  to  Penn. ;  common.  May.  1\-. — Culm  6 — 12  inches 
high,  triangular,  leafy  near  the  base.  Leaves  as  long  as  the  stem,  pale  green 
and  somewhat  glaucous.  Resembles  the  preceding.  Pale  Sedge. 

94.  C,  Crawei  Dew. :  sterile  spike  single,  oblong ;  fertile  2 — 3,  oblong- 
cylindric.  distant,  erect,  rather  closely  flowered,  the  lowest  on  a  longish 
peduncle ;  perigynium  ovoid-oblong,  with  a  short  beak,  slightly  nerved, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  scale.     (  Torr.  N.  Y.  M.) 

Banks  of  Black  River,  near  Watertovvn,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Crawe.  Culm  4—3 
inches  high,  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  smooth,  as  long  as  the  culm,  light  green. 

Crawe's  Sedge. 

95.  C.  planta&inea  Lam. :    sterile   spike   solitary,   pedunculate ;  fertile 
spikes  3 — 4,  arising  from  included  or  exserted  peduncles ;  the  lower  ones 
with  subulate  bracts,  loose-flowered ;  perigynium  oblong,  triangular-ellip- 
tic or  cuneiform,  acute  at  each  end,  recurved  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the 
ovate  cuspidate  scale.     C.  Latifolia  Schk. 

Shady  woods.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  April,  May.  <1\-.— CulmS— 20 inches 
high,  erect,  with  purplish-brown  sheaths.  Leaves  radical,  broad,  strongly  3- 
nerved.  Plantain-like  Sedge. 

96.  C.  Carey  ana  Torr.:  sterile  spike  solitary;  fertile  spike  2—3,  oblong, 
few-flowered,  loose,  lower  ones  on  exserted  peduncles ;  perigynium  ovoid, 
triangular,  smooth,  nerved,  acuminate,   tapering   at  base,   entire   at  the 
orifice,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  mucronate  scale. 

Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Ohio.  May.  %. — Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect, 
leafy  near  the  base.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  strongly  nerved,  dark  green. 
Closely  allied  to  the  preceding.  Carey's  Sedge. 

97.  C.  eburnea  Baott:   sterile  spike  solitary;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  erect, 
3 — 6-flowered,  ovoid,  with  white  leafless  sheaths  and  the  upper  higher  than 
the  sterile  spike;  perigynium  obovoid,  triangular,  short-rostrate,  shining, 
twice  as  long  as  the  white  ovate  hyaline  scale.     C.  alba  Dew. 

Rocky  banks.  N.  H.  Ver.  and  N.  Y.  May.  '2J..— Culms  4—12  inches  high, 
densely  cespilose,  erect,  setaceous,  naked.  Leaves  in  a  radical  tuft,  shorter  than 
the  culm,  setaceous.  Bristly  White  Sedge. 

98.  C.  flexilis  Pudge :  sterile  spike  solitary,  oblong,  pedunculate ;  fer- 
tile spikes  2 — 4,  oblong-cylindric,  on   nodding  naked  peduncles ;  perigy- 
nium ovoid,  rostrate,  bidentate,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate  ciliolate  scale. 
C.  blepharoptiora  Gray. 

Moist  shady  places.  N.  Y.  June.  ^.—Culm  12—18  inches  high,  erect, 
striate.  Leaves  narrow,  short,  pale  green,  and  with  the  bracts  ciliate. 

Fringed  Sedge. 

99.  C.  debilis  Mich. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  pedunculate ;  fertile  spikes 
3 — 4,  on  long  nodding  peduncles,  filiform,   remote,  loose-flowered ;  peri- 
gynium oblong,  subtriangular,  alternate,  rostrate,  bifid,  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovate-lanceolate  scale.     C.  Jlexiwsa  MM, 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  ^.—Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  weak  and 
slender,  sometimes  procumbent,  leafy.  Leaves  narrow.  Weak  Sedge, 

100.  C.  arctaia  Boott :  sterile  spike  cylindric ;    fertile  spikes  3 — 4,  re- 
mote, on  long   nodding  peduncles,   slender,   loose-flowered;    perigynium 
ovoid-elliptic,  triangular,  nerved,  beaked,  bifid  at  the  orifice,  rather  longer 
than  the  ovate  membranaceous  mucronate  scale.     C.  sylvatica  Dew, 

18* 


418  GRAMINACE^E. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  and  N.  Y. ;  common.  May.  fi\-. — Culm  9 — 18  inches 
high,  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm,  pale  green. 

Narrow  Sedge. 

101.  C.  miliacea  MM. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  pedunculate  ;  fertile  spikes 
3,  slender,  cylindric,  on  filiform  nodding  peduncles ;  perigynium  ovoid,  tri- 
angular, nerveless,  slightly  rostrate,  entire  at  the  orifice,  as  long  as  the 
ovate-lanceolate  scale. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  Q\.. — Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  slender, 
leafy  below.  Leaves  narrow,  about  as  long  as  the  culm,  yellowish-green. 

Millet-like  Sedge. 

102.  C.  lacustris  Willd. :  sterile  spikes  2—4 ;  fertile  2—3,  erect,  oblong- 
cylindric,  short-pedunculate ;  perigynium  oblong,  many-nerved,  subrostrate, 
smooth,  bifurcate,  somewhat  longer  than  the   oblong  mucronate  scale. 
C.  riparia  Muhl. 

Marshes.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  1\..—Culm  3—5  feet  high,  stout,  acutely  tri- 
angular, rough  above,  leafy.  Leaves  long,  somewhat  glaucous,  green. 

Lake  Sedge. 

103.  C.  capillaris  Linn. :  sterile  spike  single,  small ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3, 
ovoid-oblong,  about  6-flowered,  loose,  on  long  and  recurved  peduncles; 
perigynium  oval,  short-rostrate,  oblong,  oblique,  longer  than  the  ovate-ob- 
long obtuse  scale. 

Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Dr.  Robbins.  Culms  2—7 
inches  high,  in  tufts,  leafy  at  base.  Leaves  long  and  narrow,  pale  green. 

Capillary  Sedge. 

104.  C.  panicea  Linn. :  sterile  spike  single ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  loose- 
flowered,  distant,  the  lowest  long-pedunculate ;    perigynium   subglobose, 
obtuse,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  larger  than  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Near  Boston,  Mass.  Dewey.  Culm  a  foot  high,  triangular,  leafy  at  base. 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,  light  green.  Farinaceous  Sedge. 

105.  C.  binervis  Smith  :  sterile  spike  single ;  fertile  spikes  3,  oblong-cy- 
lindric,  somewhat  dense-flowered;  perigynium  round-ovoid,  short-rostrate, 
bicuspidate,  smooth,  2-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  subacute  glume. 

Near  Boston,  Mass.  Dewey.  Culm  a  foot  or  more  high,  triangular,  leafy 
near  the  base,  pale  green.  Two-nerved  Sedge. 

106.  C.  Greeniana  Dew. :  sterile  spikes  1—2,  erect ;  fertile  2—3,  oblong, 
bracteate,  pedunculate ;  perigynium  ovoid-lanceolate,   triangular,  nerved, 
rostrate,  bifurcate,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate  cuspidate  scale. 

Near  Boston,  Mass. ;  rare.  Dewey.  Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  scabrous  above, 
leafy  towards  the  base,  light  green.  Greene's  Sedge. 

ORDER    CXLVII.     GRAMINACE^E.— GRASSES. 

Flowers  consisting  of  imbricated  bracts  ;  of  which  the  outer 
(usually  2)  are  called  glumes,  the  two  inner  immediately  enclos- 
ing the  stamens,  palea,  and  the  2  or  3  innermost  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  (sometimes  wanting),  scales.  Stamens  1 — 6  or  more, 
but  usually  3  ;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  simple ;  styles  2  or  3, 
rarely  united  into  1  ;  stigmas  feathery  or  hairy.  Pericarp  mem- 


GRAMINAOF^F.  419 

branous  ;  albumen  farinaceous.  Stem  (culm)  cylindric,  usually 
hollow  and  closed  at  the  joints,  sometimes  solid.  Leaves  nar- 
row and  undivided,  alternate,  with  a  split  sheath,  and  a  mem- 
branous expansion  (ligule)  at  the  junction  of  the  stalk  and  blade. 
Flowers  green,  in  small  spikelets,  arranged  in  a  spiked  racemed 
or  panicled  manner. 

I.  ORYZEJE.  Spikelets  either  one-floicered,  with  the  glumes  mostly 
abortive,  or  2 — 3-flowered,  one  or  loth  of  the  lower  flowers  with  a  single 
palea  and  neutral,  the  terminal  one  fertile.  Palea  somewhat  coriaceous. 
Stamens  1 — 6. 

1.  LEERSIA.  Swartz.— White  Grass. 
(Named  in  honor  of  J.  D.  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) 
Spikelets  1 -flowered,  compressed.     Glumes  none>     Palese  2, 
compressed-carinate,  awnless  ;  lower  one  much  broader.     Sta- 
mens 3 — 6,  rarely  solitary. — Panicle  simple  or  branched. 

1.  L.  Viginica  Willd. :  panicle  simple,  the  lower  branches  spreading ; 
flowers  appressed,  monandrous,  sparingly  ciliate  on  the  keel, 

Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  Aug.  Vl.—Culm  2 — i  feet  high, 
slender,  branched,  geniculate,  erect  or  decumbent.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
rough.  Panicle  terminal,  at  length  much  exserted  ;  branches  few  and  solitary. 

Virginian  White-grass. 

2.  L.  oryzoides  Swartz :  panicle  branched,  diffuse,  often  sheathed  at  base ; 
spikelets  rather  spreading ;  flowers  triandrous ;  palese  strongly  ciliate  on  the 
keel. 

Ditches  and  swamps.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.  Sept.  1\ . — Root  creep- 
ing. Culm  3 — 5  feet  high,  geniculate,  rough.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
very  rough,  with  hooked  prickles.  Panicle  with  many  widely  spreading  and 
flexuous  branches.  A  worthless  grass.  Cut-grass. 

2.  ZIZANIA.  Linn.^ Wild  Rice. 
(A  Greek  name,  supposed  to  have  been  originally  applied  to  Lolium  perenne.) 

Monoecious.  Spikelets  one-flowered.  STERILE.  FL.  Glumes 
none,  or  only  rudimentary.  Palese  2,  herbaceous,  concave, 
nearly  equal,  awnless.  Stamens  6.  PERFECT.  FL.  Glumes  none. 
Paleee  2,  herbaceous ;  lower  one  longer,  oblong,  keeled,  termi- 
nating in  a  straight  awn.  Styles  2,  short. — Pnnicle  large,  ter- 
minal. 

1.  Z.  aquafica  Linn.:  panicle  pyramidal;  lower  branches  spreading, 
sterile;  upper  branches  nearly  erect,  fertile;  spikelets  on  clavate  pedicels ; 
awns  long ;  caryopsis  slender,  linear.  Z.  clavidosa  Micfi. 

Swamps  and  overflowed  banks.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  % — 
Culm  4 — 8  feet  high,  stout,  terete,  smooth.  Leaves  very  long,  broad-linear. 
Panicle  terminal,  a  foot  or  more  long,  with  verticillate  branches. 

Wild  Rice.     Water  Oat*. 


420  GRAMINACEJ2. 

2.  Z.  miliacea  Mick. :  panicle  effuse,  pyramidal ;  sterile  and  fertile  flowers 
intermixed ;  style  1 ;  palese  with  short  awns ;  caryopsis  ovate,  smooth. 

Swamps,  &c.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.  1|~ — Culm  erect,  6 — 10 
feet  high.  Leaves  very  long,  narrow,  glaucous.  Panicle  terminal,  large. 

Millet-like  Zizania. 

II.  PHALARE-E.  Spikelets  perfect,  polygamous  or  rarely  monoe- 
cious; either  1-flowered,  with  or  without  a  rudimentary  stipe-like 
flower ;  or  2-flowered,  thejlowers  perfect  or  sterile ;  or  2 — 3-flowered, 
the  terminal  Jlowers  perfect,  the  rest  imperfect.  Glumes  mostly  equal. 
Palecc  often  shining  and  indurated  in  fruit. 

3.  CRYPSIS.  Ait.— Crypsis. 

(From  the  Greek  icpvtyis,  concealment ;  the  flowers  being  hidden  in  the  sheath 
of  the  leaf.) 

Glumes  2,  compressed,  unequal.  Palese  2,  unequal,  longer 
than  the  glumes.  Stamens  2 — 3.  Caryopsis  loose,  covered  by 
the  palese. — Panicle  spike-like,  oblong. 

C.  Virginica  Nutt. :  culm  procumbent  and  geniculate  ;  leaves  at  length 
involute,  rigid,  pungent ;  spike  oblong-cylindric,  thick  and  lobed.  Agros- 
tis  Virginica  Willd. 

Sandy  fields,  near  Philadelphia.  Aug.— Oct.  ®.—Culm  6—12  inches  long, 
branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  short,  filiform,  nearly  smooth  and  somewhat 
glaucous.  Spikes  closely  sheathed,  axillary  and  terminal.  Virginian  Crypsis. 

4.  ALOPECURUS.  Linn. — Fox-tail  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  aAwrn?!,  a  fox,  and  ovpa}  a  tail ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of 
the  spike.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered.  Glumes  2,  boat-shaped  and  keeled, 
•awnless,  nearly  equal,  united  at  base.  Lower  palea  membra- 
naceous,  compressed,  with  the  margins  united  below,  awned  on 
the  back  below  the  middle ;  upper  palea  wanting.  Styles  often 
connate  at  the  base. — Panicle  spiked,  cylindric,  terminal. 

1.  A.  pratensis  Linn.:   culm  erect,   smooth;    spike  cylindric,   obtuse; 
glumes  ciliate,  connate  below  the  middle,  as  long  as  the  palea. 

Fields  and  pastures.  N.  S. ;  rare.  May — Aug.  1|~ — Culm  simple,  2 — 4  feet 
high.  Leaves  flat,  smooth.  Spike  1  finches  long.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Common  Fox-tail-grass. 

2.  A.  geniculatus  Linn. :  culm   ascending,   geniculate   at  base ;  spike 
cylindric,  obtuse ;  glumes  cuneate  at  base,  obtuse,  hairy  on  the  back  and 
margin ;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  flower. 

var.  aristulatus  Torr. :  awn  scarcely  exserted.    A.  aristulalus  Mich. 

Wet  meadows.  Arct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Ohio ;  rare.  June.  %. — Culm 
12 — 18  inches  high,  knee-jointed  and  rooting  below,  terete,  smooth.  Leaves 
linear-laooceolate,  very  acute.  Spike  nearly  2  inches  long. 

Water  Fox-tati-grass. 


GRAMINACE.E.  421 


5.  PHLEUM.  Linn—  Cat-tail  Grass. 

(An  ancient  Greek  name ;  supposed  however  to  have  been  originally  applied 
to  a  different  plant.; 

Glumes  2,  much  longer  than  the  palese,  distinct,  equal,  boat- 
shaped,  beaked  or  mucronate.  Paleae  2,  included  in  the  glumes, 
awnless,  truncate. — Panicle  spiked,  dense,  cylindric. 

P.  pratense  Linn. :  culm  erect ;  spike  cylindric ;  glumes  truncate,  mucro- 
nate, with  a  ciliate  keel ;  awn  shorter  than  the  glume. 

Fields.  N.  S.  June— Aug.  1\.— Culm  2—3  feet  high,  simple,  smooth. 
Leaves  flat,  smooth  and  glaucous.  Spike  long,  cylindric,  green.  Introduced 
from  Europe.  Timothy.  Herd's-grass. 

&.  PHALARIS  Linn. — Canary  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  ^>aXos,  shining  ;  in  allusion  to  the  smooth  and  polished  paleae.; 
Spikelets  3 -flowered  ;  the  two  inferior  flowers  scale-like  and 
minute ;  upper  flowers  perfect.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  mem- 
branaceous,  gibbous  on  the  back,  keeled,  awnless.  Paleae  2, 
coriaceous,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  awnless ;  upper  one  sur- 
rounded by  the  lower. — Panicle  dense  and  spike-like. 

1.  P.  arundinacea  Linn.:  panicle  ovoid,  spiked;  glumes  boat-shaped, 
serrulate ;  palese  unequal ;  abortive  flowers  hairy.    Calamagrostis  colorata 
Nutt. 

Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  J.uly,  Aug.  7]..— Culm  2— 5  feet  high,  erect,  a  little 
branching.  Leaves  deep  green,  lanceolate.  Panicle  2—4  inches  long,  at  length 
a  little  spreading.  The  Ribbon-grass,  sometimes  cultivated  in  gardens,  is  a 
variety  of  this  species.  •  Reed  Canary-grass. 

2.  P.  Canariensis  Linn. :  panicle  spike-like,  oval ;  glumes  boat-shaped, 
entire  at  the  apex  ;  abortive  flowers  smooth. 

In  pastures  and  wet  places,  N.  Y.  July.  (T). — Culm  a  foot  and  a  half  high, 
simple.  Leaves  broad-linear,  pale  green.  Glumes  twice  the  length  of  the  paleae, 
yellowish-green.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Common  Canary-grass. 

7.  HOLCUS.  Linn.— Soft  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  6\Kos ,  derived  from  *X«u),  to  extract ;  because  of  its  supposed 
virtue  in  drawing  out  thorns  from  the  flesh.) 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  polygamous.  Glumes  herbaceous, 
somewhat  boat-shaped,  mucronate.  Lower  flower  perfect,  awn- 
less ;  upper  one  staminate  or  neutral,  pedicillate ;  the  lower 
palea  awned  on  the  back. — Panicle  more  or  less  contracted. 

H.  lanalus  Linn. :  panicle  oblong,  rather  contracted ;  flowers  shorter  than 
the  glumes,  the  upper  one  with  a  recurved  awn. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  Mass,  and  Penn.  W.  to  Mich.  July.  %.— Plant 
covered  with  a  soft  whitish  pubescence.  Root  fibrous.  Culm  18  inches  high, 
Leaves  2 — 5  inches  long,  flat.  Panicle  somewhat  dense.  Glumes  pubescent, 
whitish  or  tinged  with  purple.  A  grass  of  little  or  no  vaJue.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Meadow  Soft-gravs.  White  Timothy. 


422  GRAMINACE£S. 

III.  PAMCEJE.  Spikelets  2-Jlowered;  the  lower  flower  imperfect, 
usually  neutral,  rarely  staminale.  Glumes  of  a  thinner  texture  than 
the  palea  ;  the  lower  one  often  (rarely  both)  abortive.  Palea  more  or 
less  coriaceous?  mostly  awnless ;  the  lower  one  concave. 

8.  PASPALUM.  Linn.— Paspalum. 

(From  the  Greek  Tro^aXo? ,  millet ;  on  account  of  the  resemblance  of  its  grain.) 
Spikelets  2 -flowered.  Glume  single.  Lower  flower  neutral, 
of  a  single  palea,  membranaceous,  awnless,  as  long  as  the  glume. 
Perfect  flowers  with  2  coriaceous  awnless  palese ;  the  lower 
concave  and  embracing  the  upper.  Stamens  3. — Flowers  in 
unilateral  spikes. 

1 .  P.  setaceum,  Mich. :  culm  erect  or  decumbent,  slender ;  leaves  and 
sheaths  hairy  ;  spikes  mostly  2,  the  one  on  a  long,  the  other  on  a  short  pe- 
duncle from  the  same  sheath  ;  spikelets  in  2  rows.    P.  pubescent  MuM. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  ^.—Culm  prostrate  or  erect,  1—2 
feet  high.  Leaves  narrow,  mostly  very  hairy  and  ciliate  on  the  margin.  Ter- 
minal spike  on  a  peduncle  which  is  2 — 6  inches  long.  Hairy  Paspalum. 

2.  P.  ciliatifolium  Mich. :   culm  decumbent ;  leaves   hairy  and  ciliate ; 
sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  1 — 2,  rather  lax ;  spikelets  indistinctly  3-rowed.     P. 
ciliatum  Pursh. 

Sandy  fields.  Mass,  to  Car.  Sept.  1].. — Culm  18  inches  long,  slender  and 
simple.  Spike  mostly  solitary,  terminal.  Fringed  Paspalum. 

3.  P.  latve  Mich.:  culm  erect,  very  smooth,  rather  stout:  leaves  short, 
mostly  smooth,  hairy  at  base ;  spikes  3 — 6,  alternate  ;  spikelets  in  two 
rows,  ovoid-roundish,  smooth. 

Dry  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  fl\..— Culm  H— 3  feet  high.  Leaves 
broad-linear,  long.  Spikes  usually  3—4,  spreading ;  rachis  flexuous. 

Smooth  Paspalum. 

4.  P.  stoloniferum  Base. :  culm  prostrate  at  base ;  leaves  short,  subcor- 
date ;  spikes  in  elongated  racemes,  somewhat  verticillate,  spreading ;  flow- 
ers serrulate-ciliate,  transversely  rugose. 

Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  Aug.  1J-. — Culm  2  feet  long,  branched,  geniculate, 
stoloniferous.  Spikes  very  numerous  (30 — 50.)  Stoloniferous  Paspalum. 

9.  MILIUM.  Linn.— Millet  Grass. 

(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Latin  mule,  a  thousand ;  on  account  of  its 
fertility.) 

Spikelets  2-flowered.  Glume  single,  membranaceous,  con- 
cave. Lower  flower  neutral,  and  consisting  of  a  single  palea  re- 
sembling the  glume  ;  upper  flower  perfect,  the  paleee  awnless. 
Lower  palea  concave  and  embracing  the  upper.  Stamens  3. 
— Panicle  spreading. 

1.  M.  effusum  Linn.:  panicle  diffuse,  compound,  branches  horizontal; 
glumes  ovate,  very  obtuse ;  palese  awnless.  smooth  and  shining. 


GRAMINACE^.  423 

Woods  and  meadows.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  rl\..— Culm  3—6  feet 
high,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  broad-linear,  smooth  beneath,  roughish 
above.  Panicle  oblong,  6 — 10  inches  in  length.  Common  Millet-grass. 

2.  M.  amphicarpon  Pursh :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  hairy,  ciliate ;  pan- 
icle simple,  contracted,  bearing  staminate  flowers;  fertile  flowers  on  solitary 
elongated  radical  scapes,  at  length  subterraneous.  M.  ciliatum  Muhl. 

Sandy  Swamps.  N.  J.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\-. — Culms  numerous,  1 — 2  feet  high, 
assurgent.  Panicle  appressed.  Glumes  acuminate.  This  species  is  well 
figured  by  Pursh.  Fringed  Millet-grass. 

10.  DIGITARIA.  Scop.— Finger  Grass. 

(From  the  Latin  digitus,  a.  finger ;  the  spikes  being  digitate  or  finger-like.) 
Spikelets  unilateral,  in  pairs,  on  short  bifid  pedicels.    Glumes 

mostly  2-valved ;  lower  valve  very  small,  sometimes  wanting. 

Lower  flower  abortive  ;  paleae  single,  membranaceous.     Upper 

flower  perfect ;  paleae  2,  coriaceous,  nearly  equal,  lance-oblong. 

— Spikes  linear,  digitate  or  fasciculate. 

1.  D.  sanguinolis  Scop.:  leaves  and  sheaths  somewhat  hairy;  spikes 
numerous,  fascicled,  somewhat  spreading ;  spikelets  oblong,  in  pairs ;  flow- 
ers pubescent  on  the  margin.     Panicum  sanguinale  Linn. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  ®. — Culm  12 — 18  inches 
long,  decumbent  or  assurgent.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sometimes  undulate  on  the 
margin.  Spikes  usually  ^4 — 6,  sometimes  8 — 9,  becoming  purple ;  rachis  flex- 
uous.  Hairy  Finger-grass.  Crab-grass. 

2.  D.  glabra  R.  (f*  S. :  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  ;  spikes  digitate,  some- 
what alternate,  (3 — 4,)  spreading ;  spikelets  ovoid,  crowded ;  lower  glume 
almost  wanting,  upper  as  long  as  the  abortive  flower,  both  hairy.     Pani- 
cum glabrum  Gaud.  Torr.  (Torr.  N.Y.  Fl.} 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Aug.,  Sept.  (]j.—Culm  about  a  foot  long, 
mostly  decumbent.  Leaves  sometimes  very  slightly  hairy.  Spikes  mostly  3, 
about  2  inches  long.  Probably  introduced.  Smooth  Finger-grass. 

3.  D.filiformis  Beauv. :  culm  filiform,  erect ;  leaves  short;  lower  sheaths 
very  hairy;  spikes  2 — 4,  filiform,  alternate  and  opposite  ;  spikelets  in  twos 
and  threes,  all  pedicellate,  elliptic-oblong ;  glume  l-valved,  as  long  as  the 
abortive  flower,  pubescent.     Panicum  filiforme  Linn. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.  (£>.— Culm  1—2  feet  high,  very  slen- 
der. Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  sometimes  a  little  hairy.  Spikes  mostly  2, 
] — 2  inches  long  ;  rachis  rough,  flexuous.  Slender  Finger-grass. 

11.  PANICUM.  Linn.— Panic  Grass. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Latin panis,  bread;  the  grain  of  some  species 
being  used  for  food.; 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  naked.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  membrana- 
ceous, concave.  Lower  flower  of  one  or  two  paleae,  staminate  or 
neutral,  membranaceous.  Upper  flower  perfect ;  the  paleae  2, 
coriaceous,  nearly  equal,  concave.  Stamens  3. — Spikelets  in 
loose  or  somewhat  racemose  panicles. 


424  GRAMINACE^E. 

*  Spikekts  in  loose  panicles,       \ 

1.  P.  virgatum  Linn. :  whole  plant  very  smooth ;  panicle  diffuse,  very 
large  ;  spikelets  scattered ;  flowers  acuminate ;  the  lower  one  staminate, 
with  nearly  equal  palese. 

Wet  banks,  especially  near  salt  water.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  '2]-— - 
Culm  3 — 5  feet  high.  Leaves  very  long,  flat.  Panicle  virgate,  at  length  spread- 
ing, often  a  foot  long.  Tall  Smooth  Panic-grass. 

2.  P.  capillare  Linn. :  culm  erect,  straight ;  sheaths  very  hairy  ;  panicle 
large,  capillary,  expanding,  loose ;  spikelets  on  long  peduncles,  acuminate, 
smooth  ;  abortive  flower  without  an  upper  palea. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  (I). — Culm  1 — 2  feet  high, 
sometimes  branched.  Leaves  flat,  broad.  Panicle  pyramidal,  often  purplish. 

Hair-stalked  Panic-grass. 

3.  P.  depauperalum  Muhl. :  culms  cespitose ;  panicle  nearly  simple,  on  a 
long  peduncle,  few-flowered,  with  flex'uous  branches;  spikelets  obovoid,  al- 
ternate, pedicellate,  large  and  somewhat  turgid;  upper  palea  of  the  neutral 
flower  very  small.     P.  rectum  R.  fy  S.     P.  involutum.     Torr.  Fl. 

Dry  sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  May,  June.  fl\. — Culm  about  a  foot  high, 
mostly  simple.  Leaves  short,  becoming  longer  above,  narrow-linear,  hairy 
beneath,  at  length  involute.  Panicle  terminal,  on  a  slender  peduncle  ;  branches 
mostly  in  pairs,  the  lower  longer  and  bearing  2  spikelets. 

Few-flowered  Panic-grass. 

4.  P.  dicholomum  Linn. :  culm  at  first  nearly  simple,  with  a  single  pedun- 
culate terminal  compound  panicle,  but  at  length  more  or  less  branched  and 
fastigiate  with  small  lateral  nearly  simple  panicles ;  spikelets  minute,  on 
long  peduncles,  obovoid,   mostly  pubescent;   lower  glume  one-third  the 
length  of  the  upper;   lower  flower  neutral,  the  upper  palea  minute.  (Torr. 
N.  Y.  jPZ.)  P.  nitidum  Lam.     P.  barbulatum  and  ramulosum  Mich. 

Moist  meadows  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  rl\..— Culm  8—24 
inches  high,  mostly  erect,  but  sometimes  procumbent,  smooth  or  pubescent. 
Radical  leaves  short  and  very  broad,  often  purplish  ;  upper  ones  narrower  and 
much  longer,  Panicle  changing  its  form,  often  purplish.  A  very  variable 
species.  Variable  Panic-grass. 

5.  P.  verrucosum  Muhl. :    culm  slender,   decumbent  and  geniculate, 
branching  from  the  base,  and  with  the  leaves  smooth ;  panicle  capillary, 
widely  spreading,  few-flowered  ;  spikelets  ovoid ;  flowers  verrucose ;  neutral 
flowers  without  an  upper  palea. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  Qj..  Culm  1 — 2  feet  long, 
much  branched;  the  nodes  smooth  and  inflated.  Leaves  narrow,  spreading, 
smooth.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  loose ;  the  branches  flexuous. 

Warty -flowered  Panic-grass. 

6.  P.  dandestinum  Linn. :  culm  with  short  axillary  branches,  the  nodes 
smooth ;   leaves  broad-lanceolate,  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base ;  sheaths 
hispid,  enclosing  the  short  lateral  panicles  ;  spikelets  ovoid,  pubescent ;  the 
lower  flower  neutral,  with  2  pale®  ;  upper  valve  obtuse.  -  P.  lalifolium  var. 
clandsstinum  Pursh. 

var.  pedunculatum  Torr. :  sheaths  less  hispid;  terminal  panicle  on  a  long 
peduncle.  (N.  Y.  Fl.}  P.  pedunculalum  Torr.  FL 

Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  T\..—Culm  1—3  feet  high,  erect, 
rigid,  very  leafy.  Leaves  broad,  strongly  nerved.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral, 


G  R  A  M  I  N  A  C  K  JE.  425 

the  former  wholly  concealed  in  the  leaves,  exserted,  or  on  a  long  peduncle. 
Anthers  and  stigmas  purple.  Hidden-flowered  Panic-grass. 

7.  P.  latifolium  Linn. :  culm  mostly  simple,  bearded  at  the  joints;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  or  with  the  sheaths  somewhat  pubescent ;  pan- 
icle terminal,  a  little  exserted,  simple,  pubescent ;  spikelets  oblong-ovoid ; 
lower  flower  staminate,  of  2  paleae ;  upper  palea  somewhat  herbaceous, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  lower,  acute. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  HI.  June,  July.  %..—Culm  1—2  feet  high, 
simple  or  a  little  branched.  Leaves  cordate  and  clasping  at  base.  Panicle 
2  inches  long,  with  pubescent  downy  branches.  Broad-leaved  Panic-grass. 

8.  P.  scoparium  Lam. :  whole  plant  softly  villous ;  leaves  lanceolate ; 
panicle  erect,  compound,  setaceous,  much  branched ;  spikelets  turgid,  ovoid, 
pubescent. 

Wood.  N.  J.  to  Car.  7J.. — Culm  2  feet  high,  mostly  simple.  Flowers  larger 
than  in  any  of  our  species.  Scarcely  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

Broom-like  Panic-grass. 

9.  P.  nervosum  Muhl. :  culm  simple,  with  the  nodes  smooth ;  leaves 
broad-lanceolate,  smooth,  a  little  ciliate  on   the  margin ;    panicle  much 
branched,  smooth,  many-flowered ;  spikes  oblong ;  lower  flower  staminate  ; 
upper  palea  somewhat  herbaceous,  shorter  than  the  lower. 

Marshy  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  Tj.. — Culm  3 — 4  feet  high.  Panicle 
4 — 5  inches  long,  decompound.  Allied  to  P.  latifolium,  but  is  taller,  and  has 
the  joints  smooth  and  the  panicles  decompound  and  smooth. 

Nerved  Panic-grass. 

10.  P.  xanthophysum  Gray:  culm  erect,  simple  or  branching  from  the 
base  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  strongly  nerved,  ciliate  at  the  base ;  sheaths  hairy ; 
panicle  nearly  simple,  few-flowered,  the  branches  erect ;  spikelets  globose- 
obovate,  pubescent ;  lower  flower  staminate',  of  2  palese,  as  long  as  the 
obovate  perfect  flower. 

Dry  pine  plains.  Oneida,  Hamilton,  and  Madison  counties,  N.  Y.  July.  7J.. 
— Culm  12—15  inches  high,  slender,  smooth.  Leaves  very  acute.  Panicle 
on  a  long  naked  slender  peduncle.  Whole  plant  yellowish  when  dry. 

Yellow  Panic-grass. 

11.  P.  macrocarpon  Torr,'.  culm  erect,  simple;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
erect,  a  little  hairy  beneath  ;  joints  naked ;  sheaths  hispid  ;  panicle  rather 
compound,  smooth ;  spikelets  globose-ovoid ;  abortive  flower  neutral. 

Banks  of  streams.  Mass,  and  N.  J.  July.  1\.. — Culm  3  feet  high,  erect. 
Panicle  with  few  spreading  flexuous  branches.  Large-fruited  Panic-grass. 

12.  P.  pubescens  Linn.:  erect,  much  branched,  leafy,  softly  pubescent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate ;  panicle  small,  few-flowered,  free ;  spikelets  sub- 
globose-ovoid,  pubescent. 

Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  1\.. — Culm  18  inches  high.  Leaves  and 
nodes  hairy.  Panicle  with  horizontal  branches.  Hairy  Panic-grass. 

**  SpikeUts  in  somewhat  racemose  panicles. 

13.  P.  agrostoides  Muhl.:  culm  erect,  compressed,  smooth;  leaves  very 
long :  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  pyramidal,  spreading ;  the  spikelets 
ovoid-oblong,  acute,   appressed,   and   somewhat  racemose ;    lower  flower 
neutral,  with  2  nearly  equal  palese.    P.  elongatum  Pursh. 


426 

Moist  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July— Sept,  '^.— Culm  2—3  feet  high, 
smooth  at  the  joints.  Leaves  forming  a  tuft  at  the  base  of  the  culm.  Panicle 
mostly  dark  purple.  Agrostis-like  Panic-grass. 

14.  P.  anceps  Mich. :  culm  compressed ;  sheaths  ancipital.  hairy  near 
the  throat  and  on  the  margin ;  panicles  erect,  oblong,  with  simple  branches ; 
spikelets  interruptedly  racemose,  acuminate ;  neutral  flower  with  the  upper 
palea  oblong  obtuse  or  emarginate.    P.  rostratum  Muhl. 

Fields  and  meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  1|.. — Culm  2 — 4  feet  high,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  geniculate  at  base.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  hairy  above, 
roughish  on  the  margin.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  oblong,  the  branches 
erect.  A  variable  species.  Two-edged  Panic-grass. 

15.  P.  proliferum  Lam. :  smooth ;  culm  assurgent  or  procumbent,  branch- 
ing and  geniculate   at  base;   panicles  terminal   and   lateral,  compound; 
spikelets  somewhat  racemose;   abortive  flower  without  an  upper  palea. 
P.  dichotomiflorum,  Mich.    P.  genicuLatum  Muhl. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  (I). — Culm  1 — 3  feet  long,  stout 
and  somewhat  succulent.  Leaves  8 — 12  inches  or  more  in  length.  Panicles 
large  and  pyramidal.  Proliferous  Panic-grass. 

16.  P.  longifolium  Torr. :  very  smooth;  culm  compressed,  erect,  simple, 
slender ;  leaves  very  long  and  narrow  ;  panicle  simple,  elongated,  racemose ; 
spikelets  acuminate  ;  abortive  flower  with  2  paleae. 

Pine  Barrens.  N.  J.  Sept.,  Oct.  %,—CvJm  about  2  feet  high.  Leaves  a 
foot,  or  more  long,  very  narrow.  Panicle  few-flowered. 

Long-leaved  Panic-grass. 

17.  P.  Cms- Gcdli  Linn. :  spikes  alternate  and  in  pairs,  simple  or  com- 
pound :  spikelets  imbricate ;  glumes  and  outer  pales  of  the  neutral  flower 
hispid,   awned  or  mucronate ;    rachis  hispid,   about  5-angled  ;    sheaths 
smooth.     Oplismenus  Crus-Galli  Kunth. 

var.  hispidum  Torr. :  sheaths  hispid  ;  awns  very  long.    P.  hispidum  Muhl. 

Wet  places,  near  barn-yards,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug..  Sept.  (1).— Culm 
2 — 4  feet  high,  terete,  smooth.  Leaves  rather  broad,  flat,  serrulate  on  the  mar- 
gin. Panicle  dense,  pyramidal,  with  the  spikelets  in  dense  spike-form  racemes. 
The  rough  variety  is  often  found  near  salt  water.  Introduced  ? 

Cock's-foot  Panic-grass. 

12.  SETARIA.  JBeauv.— Bristle  Grass. 

(From  the  Latin  seta,  a  bristk ;  in  allusion  to  the  bristly  involucres  of  the 
spikelets.) 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  invested  with  an  involucre  of  2  or  more 
bristles.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  herbaceous.  Lower  flower  abor- 
tive ;  palese  1  or  2,  herbaceous.  Upper  flower  perfect ;  paleae 
cartilaginous. — Flowers  in  a  compound  cylindric  spike. 

1 .  £  riridis  Beauv. :  spike  cylindric  ;  involucre  of  4 — 1 0  fasciculate 
bristles,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  paleae  of  the  perfect  flower  longi- 
tudinally striate,  dotted  ;  margin  of  the  sheaths  hairy.  Panicum  viride 
Linn.  Pennisetum  viride  Brown. 

Cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  July,  Aug.  ®.«— 
Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  mostly  simple.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  roughish.  Spike 
terminal,  2 — 3  inches  long,  green;  the  rachis  hairy.  Probably  a  naturalized 
foreigner.  Green  Bristh-grast. 


GRAMINACE^:.  427 

2.  S.  glauca  Beauv. :  spike  cylinclric ;  involucre  of  6 — 10  fascicled  bris- 
tles, much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  glumes  smooth;  paleae  of  the  perfect 
flower  transversely  rugose.     Panicum  glaucum  Linn.     Pennisetum  glau- 
cum  Brawn. 

Cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Mass  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  July,  Aug.  (T).— 
Culm  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  hairy  at  base.  Spike  2 — 4  inches  long, 
tawny  or  orange-yellow ;  the  rachis  angular  and  hairy.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Glaucous  Bristle-grass. 

3.  (S1.  verticillata  Beauv. :  spike  subverticillate  ;  bristles  of  the  involucre 
in  pairs,  retrorsely  scabrous  ;  spikelets  solitary;  palese  of  the  perfect  flower 
roughish-punctate.     Panicum  verticiUatum  Linn.     Pennisetum  verticilla- 
tum  Nutt. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Mass,  to  Del.  July.  ®. — Culm  about  2  feet  high, 
smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough  on  the  margin.  Spike  2 — 3  inches 
long,  composed  of  interrupted  whorls;  rachis  angled  and  rough.  Introduced 
from  Europe.  Rough  Bristle-grass. 

4.  S.  Italica  Beauv. :  involucre  many  times  longer  than  the  flowers ; 
spike  compound,  interrupted  at  base,  nodding ;  spikelets  glomerate.    Pani- 
cum Italicum  Linn.     Pennisetum  Italicum  Nutt. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  (T). — Culm  4,  (at  the  South  sometimes 
10.)  feet  high.  Spike  or  panicle  6 — 8  inches  long.  A  naturalized  foreigner;  of 
little  value  as  a  grass.  Italian  Bristle- grass. 

13.  CENCHRUS.  Linn.— Bur  Grass. 

(From  a  Greek  word  signifying  millet  ;  supposed  to  have  been  originally  ap- 
plied to  some  other  plant.) 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  1-— 3,  enclosed  in  a  laciniate  spiny  or 
bristly  involucre  which  is  finally  hardened.  Glumes  2,  unequal, 
membranaceous.  Flowers  dissimilar ;  the  lower  staminate  or 
neutral ;  the  upper  perfect. — Inflorescence  racemose. 

C.  tribuloides  Linn. :  involucres  globose,  pubescent,  muricate-spinose, 
split  on  one  side,  enclosing  2 — 3  spikelets.  C.  echinatus  Muhl. 

Dry  sandy  soils.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.  (1). —  Culm  erect  or  decum- 
bent, 1 — 2  feet  long,  geniculate,  branching.  Leaves  rather  short,  flat.  Spikes 
about  2  inches  long,  consisting  of  8 — 10  sessile  bur-like  heads.  A  very  trouble- 
some weed.  Bur-grass.  Hedgehog-grass. 

IV.  STIPEJE.  Spikelets  \-flowered.  Lower palea  involute,  usually 
indurated  in  fruit,  awned  at  the  tip ;  the  awn  simple  or  3-cleft,  mostly 
twisted  and  articulated  at  the  base.  Ovary  more  or  less  slipitate. 
Scales  mostly  3. 

14.  ORYZOPSIS^  Mich.— Mountain  Rice. 
(From  the  Greek  op''£",  rice,  and  oil/is,  resemblance.} 

Glumes  herbaceo-membranaceous,  equal,  awnless.  Palese  2, 
elliptic,  nearly  equal,  coriaceous,  with  an  articulated  awn  at  the 
tip.  Scales  linear-elongated. — Inflorescence  panicled. 

1.  O.  asperi folia  Mich. :  radical  leaves  elongated;  sheaths  of  the  culm 


428 


GRAMINACE^E. 


nearly  leafless ;  panicle  racemose ;  awn   longer  than  the  flower ;  pales 
whitish  when  mature. 

Rocky  woods.  Subaret.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  April,  May.  7J.. — Culm  about  18 
inches  high,  simple,  smoothish,  purple  at  base.  Radical  leaves  as  long  as  the 
culm,  rough.  Panicle  very  simple  ;  the  branches  short  and  appressed. 

White  Mountain  Rice. 

2.  O.  melanocarpa  Muhl. :  culm  leafy ;  panicle  nearly  simple,  the  lower 
branches  more  or  less  spreading  ;    flowers  somewhat  racemose ;  glumes 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  palese  blackish  when  mature,  somewhat  hairy  ;  the  lower 
one  with  an  awn  2 — 3  times  as  long  as  the  flower.     Piptatherum,  nigrum 
Torr.  Ft. 

Rocky  woods.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  Aug.  1\.. — Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect, 
simple.  Leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate.  Panicle  sparingly  branched.  Awn 
nearly  an  inch  long.  Caryopsis  black.  Black-fruited  Mountain  Rice. 

3.  O.  Canadensis  Torr. :  leaves  very  short,  pungent ;  panicle  contracted, 
the  branches  usually  in  pairs,  ovoid ;  palese  hairy ;  awn  short,  often  decidu- 
ous or  wanting.     (  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.)    Milium  pungens  Torr.  Fl. 

Rocky  hills.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  7J..— Culm  8— 15  inches  high,  slender,  simple, 
rigid.  Radical  leaves  6 — 8  inches  long,  about  a  line  wide,  at  length  involute, 
pungent.  Panicle  oblong,  few-flowered.  Dwarf  Oryzopsis. 

15.  STIPA.  Linn.— Feather  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  OTWIJ,  a  feathery  substance ;  particularly  applicable  to  one 
of  the  species.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  the  flower  stipitate.  Glumes  2-valved, 
membranaceous.  Palese  2,  longer  than  the  glumes,  somewhat 
coriaceous,  cylindric-involute ;  the  lower  awned  at  the  summit. 
Awn  twisted  at  the  base.  Caryopsis  terete,  furrowed. — In- 
florescence panicled. 

S.  avenacca  Linn. :  leaves  setaceous ;  panicle  spreading,  somewhat  se- 
cund,  the  branches  mostly  in  pairs ;  glumes  as  long  as  the  paleae  ;  awn 
very  long,  naked.  S.  barbata  Mich. 

Sandy  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  toGeor.  June.  rH. — Culm  about  2  feet  high, 
slender,  simple.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  6 — S  inches  long.  Panicle  nodding,  at 
length  diffuse.  ,  Black  Oat-grass. 

16.  ARISTIDA.  Linn.— Three-awned  Grass. 
(From  the  Latin  arista,  an  awn  or  beard.") 

Flower  stipitate.  Glumes  membranaceous,  unequal.  Paleae 
mostly  2  ;  lower  one  coriaceous,  involute,  3 -awned  at  the  tip ; 
upper  very  minute  or  obsolete.  Scales  2,  entire,  smooth. — 
Spikelets  racemose  or  paniculate. " 

1.  A.  dichotoma  Mich. :  culm  cespitose,  dichotomously  branched;  panicle 
contracted,  racemose;  lateral  awns  very  short;  the  intermediate  one  nearly 
as  long  as  the  palese,  contorted. 

Sterile  soils.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  (1)  I— Culm  9—15  inches  long, 
slender,  branching  at  the  joints.  Leave*  flat,  very  slender,  smoothish.  Ra- 
cemes on  clavat*  peduncles.  Forked  Three-awned  Grass. 


GRAMINACE^E.  429 

2.  A.  gracilis  Ell. :  culm  very  slender,  erect ;  panicle  spiked,  the  flow- 
er* appressed ;  lateral  awns  rather  shorter  than  the  palese,  erect ;  middle 
one  longer,  bent,  not  twisted  ;  lower  palea  spinulose  on  the  keel.     ( Torr. 
N.  Y.  Fl.}     A.  stricta  Darlingl.  not  of  Mich. 

Sterile  sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.  (£).— Culm  4—15  inches  high, 
smooth.  Leaves  very  narrow,  convolute  when  dry.  Panicle  2 — 5  inches  long, 
slender.  A  stricta  Mich,  is  probably  confined  to  the  southern  states. 

Slender  Three-awned  Grass. 

3.  A.  purpurascens  Pair. :  culm  filiform,  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  very  nar- 
row, flat ;  flowers  in  a  long  spiked  panicle  ;  awns  nearly  equal,  twice  as 
long  as  the  palese,  divaricate. 

Sandy  fields  and  woods.  Mass,  to  Penn.  \  Sept.  %..— Culm  2—3  feet  high, 
Leaves  filiform  at  the  extremity.  Panicle  elongated,  loose,purple.  Introduced  ? 

Purple  Three-awned  Grass. 

V.  AGROSTE.E.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  rarely  with  the  subulate  rudi- 
ment of  an  upper  flower.  Glumes  and  palea  2,  membranaceoously 
herbaceous ;  lower  palea  often  awned.  Stigma  mostly  sessile. 

17.  MUHLENBERGIA.  Schreb.— Muhlenbergia. 

(In  honor  of  the  late  Henry  Muhlenberg,  D.D.,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
American  botanists.) 

Glumes  2,  very  minute,  unequal,  one  scarcely  perceptible. 
Paleae  much  longer  than  the  glumes,  linear-lanceolate,  nerved, 
hairy  at  base  ;  the  lower  one  terminating  in  a  long  slender  bris- 
tle.— Panicle  more  or  less  contracted. 

1 .  M.  diffusa  Schnb. :  culm  decumbent,  diffuse  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate ; 
panicle  slender,  branched,  the  branches  appressed ;  bristles  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  palea. 

Woods  and  pastures.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  1{-. — Culm  12 — 18  inches  long, 
compressed,  geniculate,  branched.  Leaves  rough.  Panicles  terminal  and  lat- 
eral, very  slender ;  bristle  purplish. 

SpreadingMuhlenbergia.     Drop-seed  Grass. 

2.  M.  erecta  Schreb. :  culm  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pubescent ; 
panicle  simple,  loose  ;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  palea ;  upper  palea  with 
an  awn  at  base  lodged  in  a  groove  on  the  back.    Drachyelytrum  aristatum 
Beauv. 

Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  %..— Root  creeping.  Culm  2—3  feet  high, 
erect,  slender.  Leaves  4 — 6  inches  long.  Panicle  simple,  racemose,  erect. 
Lower  palea  with  a  very  long  awn.  Erect  Muhlenbergia. 

18.  CINNA.  Linn.— Cinna. 
(From  the  Greek  Kiwa,  a  kind  of  grain.) 

Glumes  nearly  equal,  compressed,  the  upper  one  3 -nerved. 
Paleoe  2,  nearly  equal,  compressed,  shortly  stipitate,  naked  at 
the  base ;  the  lower  one  larger,  enclosing  the  upper,  with  a 
short  awn  near  the  summit.  Stamen  I,— Panicle  loose. 


430  GRAMlNACEJi. 

C.  arundinacea  Willd. :  culm  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ; 
panicle  large,  loose,  with  the  branches  somewhat  in  fours,  capillary. 
Muhlenbergia  Cinna  Trin.  Agrostis  Cinna  Pursh. 

Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  ^.—Culm  2—5  feet  high.  Leaves  a 
foot  or  more  in  length,  rough  on  the  margin.  Panicle  terminal,  8 — 12  inches 
long.  Flowers  green  or  purplish.  Reed-like  Cinna. 

19.  AGROSTIS.  Linn.— Bent  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  aypos,  afield ;  in  reference  to  the  place  of  growth.) 
Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  usually  longer  than  the  flower,  point- 
less.   Paleae  2 ;  the  lower  one  mostly  awned  on  the  back ;  upper 
often  minute  or  nearly  wanting. — Panicle  diffuse. 

1.  A.  stricta  Willd.:  culm  erect;  panicle  elongated;  the  branches  ver- 
ticillate,  nearly  erect ;  glumes  equal,   oblong    acute ;  palese  two,  smaller 
than  the  glumes,  unequal ;  the  lower  one  twice  as  long  as  the  upper,  with 
an  awn  at  the  base  about  twice  as  long  as  the  palea. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  June.  1\.. — Culm  about  a  foot  high, 
smooth,  with  black  nodes.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rough  on  the  margin. 
Panide  oblong,  the  primary  branches  whorled  in  fives.  Spikelels  somewhat 
crowded.  Upright-flowered  Bent-grass. 

2.  A.  vulgaris  With,:  culm  ascending;  panicle  oblong,  spreading,  the 
branches  smoothish  and  at  length  divaricate ;  paleae  unequal,  the  outer 
one  3-nerved.     A.  alba  Muhl.     A.  polymorpha  Gray. 

Pastures  and  meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July.  1\.. — Root  creeping, 
throwing  out  many  mostly  ascending  culms  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  flat,  scabrous,  the  ligule  very  short.  Panicle  4 — 6  inches  long,  pur- 
plish, the  branches  a  little  rough.  Introduced,  but  now  completely  naturalized. 

Herd's- grass.     Red-lop. 

3.  A.  alba  Linn.:  panicle  contracted,  at  length  spreading,  the  branches 
hispid  ;  lower  palea  5-nerved ;  ligule  oblong.     A.  stolonifera  Linn.     A.  de- 
cumbens  Muhl. 

Wet  meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June,  July.  %.. — Root  creeping. 
Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  ascending,  often  rooting  at  the  lower  joints.  Leaves 
roughish,  the  sheaths  smooth.  Panicle  pale  green  or  purplish.  Closely  allied 
to  the  preceding,  but  generally  stouter  and  taller.  Introduced,  but  everywhere 
naturalized.  Herd's-grass.  Fiorin-grass. 

4.  A.  later  ijlora  Mich. :  culm  erect,  branched  ;  panicles  lateral  and  termi- 
nal, contracted,  dense-flowered ;  glumes  acuminate ;  paleae  about  as  long 
as  the  glumes,  equal,  pubescent  at  base,  awnless.     A.  Mexicana  MuM. 
Muhlenbergia  Mexicana  Trin. 

Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\.. — Root  creeping.  Culm 
2  feet  or  more  high,  much  branched,  often  geniculate.  Leaves  broad-linear, 
flat.  Panicles  numerous,  terminating  the  branches,  pale  green  or  purplish. 

Lateral-jlowered  Bent-grass. 

5.  A.  sobolifera  Muhl.:  culm  erect,  branched;  panicle  contracted,  fili- 
form, simple,  with  appressed  alternate  branches ;  palese  equal,  longer  than 
the  glumes,  awnless,  hairy  at  base,  the  lower  one  mucronate  at  the  tip. 
Muhlenbergia  soboLifera  Trin. 

Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.— Culm  2  feet  high,  sobolif- 
«*>us,  sometimes  decumbent.  Leaves  pale  green,  somewhat  scabrous.  Pan- 
icle with  Ihe  flowers  rather  crowded.  Slender-branched  Bent-grass. 


G  R A M  J  N A C  E  A:  .  43  I 

6.  A  tenuiflvra,  Willd. :  culm  nearly  simple,  pubescent  about  the  joints ; 
branches  appressed ;  panicle  contracted,  filiform  ;  palese  twice  as  long  as 
the  glume,  hairy  at  base,  the  lower  one  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  the 
spikelet.     Muhlenbergia  Willdenovii  Trin. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %. — Root  creeping.  Culm  3  feet 
or  more  high,  with  swelling  and  pubescent  nodes.  Leaves  few,  spreading, 
strongly  nerved.  Panicle  elongated,  very  slender  and  contracted. 

Slender-flowered  Bent-grass. 

7.  A.  sylvatica  Torr. :  culm  ascending,  much  branched,  diffuse,  smooth ; 
panicle  slender,  rather  dense-flowered ;  pulese   longer  than  the  glumes ; 
awn  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  flower.     A.  diffusa  Muhl.    Muhlen- 
bergia sylvatica  Torr  ($•  Gr. 

Rocky  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Aug.  %.— Root  creeping.  Culm  2—3  feet 
high.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  differs  in  being  much  branched  and  dif- 
fuse. Spreading  Bent-grass. 

8.  A.  compressa  Torr. :  whole  plant  very  smooth  ;  culm  erect,  compressed, 
simple ;  panicle  oblong,  subcontracted ;  glumes  equal,   shorter  than  the 
paleae,  acute ;  paleae  rather  obtuse,  smooth  at  the  base. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  Sept.  1\.. — Root  creeping.  Culm  soboliferous. 
Leaves  linear,  long,  compressed,  with  carinate  sheaths.  Panicle  purple. 

Compressed  Bent-grass. 

9.  A.juncea  Mich. :  leaves  straight  and  erect,  con volutely  setaceous ;  pan- 
icle oblong-pyramidal,  verticillate  :  paleae  awnless,  twice  the  length  of  the 
unequal  glumes.     A.  Indica  Muhl. 

Sandy  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Oct.  %.— Culm  1—2  feet  high,  terete. 
Panicle  purple.  Rush-like  Bent-grass. 

10.  A.  canina  Linn. :  var.  1    tenetta  Torr. :   panicle  loose,   somewhat 
contracted  ;  the  branches  mostly  in  threes,  slightly  hispid ;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  lanceolate,  very  acute,  rough  on  the  keel ;  lower  palea  narrow-lan- 
ceolate, rather  acute,  with  a  geniculate  awn  a  little  below  the  middle  ;  the 
awn  about  twice  the  length  of  the  flower ;  upper  palea  nearly  wanting. 
(Torr.  N.Y.  FL) 

Mountains  in  Northern  N.  Y.  Aug.  f4- — Culm  about  a  foot  high,  slender, 
smooth.  Leaves  very  narrow,  flat.  Panicle  very  slender,  the  branches  some- 
what flexuous.  Differs  from  A.  canina  in  its  less  diffuse  panicle,  narrow  glumes 
and  flat  leaves.  Brown  Bent-grass. 

20.  TRICHODIUM.  Mich.— Thin  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  0pi£,  hair,  and  ei6os,form ;  in  allusion  to  the  hair-like  inflo- 
rescence.) 

Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  very  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel. 
Palea  1,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  sometimes  awned.  Gary  op- 
sis  loose,  covered  by  the  palea. — Flowers  in  loose  panicles. 

1.  T.  laxiflorum  Mich.:  culm  erect;  leaves  lance-linear,  short,  the 
sheaths  somewhat  rough;  panicle  diffuse,  capillary,  with  trichotomous 
branches ;  glumes  unequal,  aculeate-hispid  on  the  keel.  T.  montanum 
Torr.  FL  Agrostis  laziflora  Richardson.  A.  Michauxii  Trin. 

Dry  fields.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  May,  June.  fL\..—Culm  18  inches 
high,  very  slender.  Lower  leaves  3—6  inches  long,  becoming  involute  and  fili- 


432  GRAMINACE^E. 

form.  Panicle  purple,  very  loose,  the  lower  branches  in  fives  or  sixes,  the  upper 
ones  in  threes,  at  length  spreading.  Spikeleis  clustered  at  the  extremity  of  tho 
branchlets.  A  some  what  variable  species.  Loose-flowered  Thin-grass. 

2.  T.  scabrum  Muhl. :  culm  geniculate   at  base,  assurgent,  branched ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,   flat,  scabrous  on  the   margin ;  panicle  oblong ; 
branches  spreading  or  divaricate,  the  divisions  trichotomous ;  glumes  un- 
equal.    Agrostis  scabra  Willd.    A.  laxiflora  var.  scabra  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl. 

Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1J.. — Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  often 
somewhat  decumbent  and  branching.  Leaves  4 — 6  inches  long.  Panicle  pale 
green,  the  branches  slender,  but  shorter  than  in  the  preceding.  Spikelets  not 
clustered.  Rough  Thin-grass. 

3.  T.  elatum  Pursh. :  culm  stiffly  erect ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  flat,  sca- 
brous, the  sheaths  smooth ;  panicle  verticillate,  somewhat  spreading ;  glumes 
nearly  equal.     Agrostis  dispar  Mich.  1 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  %.— Culm  2—3  feet  high.  Panide 
purple,  exserted.  Tall  Thin-grass. 

21.  VILPA.    Adans.— Vilfa. 

(Origin  unknown.) 

Glumes  carinate;  the  lower  one  smaller.  Paleae  awnless; 
the  lower  one  rather  acute,  longer  than  the  glumes ;  the  upper 
2-keeled.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Caryopsis  deciduous. — 
Panicle  diffuse  or  contracted  and  spike-like. 

1.  V. vaginfeflora  Torr.:  culms  numerous,  assurgent;  leaves  distichous, 
involute,  rigid ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  spike-form  ;  the  lateral  ones 
concealed  in  the  sheaths  ;  glumes  equal,   about  as  large  as  the  palese. 
Agrostis  Virginica  Muhl.  \ 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Sept.,  Oct.  (p.— Culms  about  a  foot  high,  ces- 
pitose,  geniculate  at  base.  Leaves  with  a  slender  point,  the  sheaths  tumid. 
Panicle  oblong,  compressed,  few-flowered.  Antiiers  purple. 

Hidden-flowered  Vilfa. 

2.  V.  aspera  Beauv. :  leaves  very  long,  filiform  and  recurved  towards  the 
apex ;    panicle  contracted,   spiked,  partly  exserted  from  the  uppermost 
sheath ;  paleae  much  longer  than  the  glumes,  subequal,  smooth  or  hairy, 
without  awns.     Agroslis  aspera  Mich. 

Sandy  fields  and  hill  sides.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  %.—Culm 
2 — 4  feet  high,  simple,  terete.  Leaves  1 — 2  feet  long,  tapering  to  a  filiform  ex- 
tremity, rough  on  the  margin.  Panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  the  former  more 
or  less  exserted.  Rough-leaved  Vilfa. 

3.  V.  serolina   Torr.  <$•  Gr. :   culm  filiform,  much  compressed ;  leaves 
very  narrow,  keeled,  erect ;  panicle  elongated,  capillary,  somewhat  diffuse ; 
glumes  ovate,  unequal,  about  half  as  long  as  the  awnless  palese.     Agrostis 
serotina  Torr.  FL 

Sandy  swamps.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Sept.  1\..—Culm  12—18  inches  high. 
Leaves  short,  almost  filiform.  Panicle  slender,  with  the  branches  flexuous. 

Late-flowering  Vilfa. 

4.  V.  heterolepis  Gray:   leaves  setaceous;  panicle  pyramidal,  sparsely 
flowered;  lower  glume  subulate;  the  upper  one  ovate,  cuspidate,  about 


GiRAMINACE^E.  433 

twice  the  length  of  the  lower  ;  pale®  nearly  equal,  pointless,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  upper  glume.     (  Torr.  N.  Y.  F/.) 

On  rocks.  Watertown,  Jefierson  County,  N.  Y.  W.  to  Ohio.  %.—Culm 
1 — 2  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  convolute-setaceous,  the  lower  ones  equalling 
the  culm,  the  upper  shorter.  Panicle  spreading  or  somewhat  contracted,  pur- 
plish. It  is  said  to  emit  a  strong  odor,  resembling  that  of  Poa  Eragrostis. 

Strong-scented  Vilfa. 

5.  V.  cryptandra  Torr. .  panicle  pyramidal,  the  base  usually  enclosed  in 
the  upper  sheath,  with  spreading  mostly  alternate  branches,  which  are  hairy 
on  the  axils ;  spikelets  racemose  ;  flowers  awnless ;  lower  glume  very  short ; 
the  upper  one  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  lanceolate  acute  palese.  (  Torr. 
N.  Y.  FL) 

Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Aug.  Tj.. — 
Culm  li — 3  feet  high,  leafy,  smooth.  Leaves  short,  smooth ;  the  sheaths  densely 
bearded  at  the  throat.  Panicle  large,  bluish. 

Large-panided  Vilfa. 

22.  POLYPOGON.  Desf.— Beard  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  TroXvj,  many,  and  ituyut,  a  beard ;  in  reference  to  the  unusual 
number  of  awns.) 

Glumes  2-valved,  1 -flowered;  valves membranaceous,  awned. 
Faleae  2  ;  the  lower  one  with  a  long  awn  ;  the  upper  one  bifid, 
toothed. — Panicle  spike-form. 

1 .  P.  glomeralus    Wiltd. :   panicle  dense,   oblong,   interrupted  below ; 
glumes  linear,  acuminate,  nearly  equal,  armed  with  a  long  rough  bristle ; 
palese  unarmed,  hairy  at  base.     P.  racemosus  Nutt.    Muhlenbergia  glome- 
rata  Trin. 

Bogs  and  swamps.  Mass.  andN.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  %. — Culm  3 — 4 
feet  high,  a  little  compressed,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above.  Leaves  sca- 
brous and  somewhat  glaucous.  Panicle  crowded  and  spike-like,  the  lower  flowers 
remote.  Close-flowered  Beard-grass. 

2.  P.  sericeus  Spreng. :  leaves  convolute-filiform,  smooth ;  panicle  diffuse, 
capillary,  very  slender ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  awns  ;  awns  3 — 4  times 
as  long  as  the  palese.     Trichochloa  capillaris  D.  C.     Stipa  sericea  Mich. 
Agrostis  sericea  Muhl. 

Sandy  fields.  Mass,  to  Car.  June,  July.  7J.. — Culms  2  feet  high,  cespitose, 
Very  slender.  Panicle  8 — 10  inches  long,  glossy  and  purple. 

Silky  Beard-grass. 

VI.  ARUNDINE^E.  Spikelels  either  1-flowered,  with  or  without  an 
abortive  pedicel,  or  many-flowered.  Flowers  usually  with  long  soft  hairs 

at  the  base.     Glumes  and  palea  2,  membranaceously  herbaceous. 
\ 

23.  CALAMAGROSTIS.  Addns.— Small  Reed. 
(From  the  Greek  *aAa//o?,  a  reed,  and  Agrostis,  a  genus  of  grasses.) 
Spikelets  1-flowered.     Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  acute  or  acu- 
minate.    Palese  2,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glumes,  surrounded 
with  hairs  at  the  base  ;  lower  one  mucronate,  mostly  awned  be- 

19 


434  GRAMINACE.E. 

low  the  tip  ;  upper  with  a  stipitate  pencil-form  pappus  at  base. 
— Flowers  in  a  loose  panicle. 

1.  C.  Canadensis  Beauv.:  panicle  oblong,  loose ;  glumes  nearly  equal, 
serrulate  on  the  keel,  somewhat  rough  on  the  sides ;  palese  as  long  as  the 
glumes,  the  lower  with  an  awn  on  the  back.    Arundo  Canadensis  Mich. 
A.  cimwides  Muhl. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  'Z|_. — Culm  8 — 4  feet  high,  smooth. 
Leaves  a  foot  long,  narrow,  somewhat  scabrous.  Panicle  erect,  much  divided, 
at  length  spreading.  Canadian  Small-reed. 

2.  C.  coardata  Torr. :  panicle  contracted,  thick,  and  somewhat  spike- 
form;  glumes  narrow-lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  a  little  longer  than  the 
paleae,  keeled  ;  lower  palea  awned  a  little  below  the  summit ;  pappus  two- 
( birds  as  long  as  the  flower.    C.  Canadensis  Nutl.     Agrostis  glauca  Muhl. 

Wet  meadows  and  swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  Aug.  %. — Culm  3 — 5 
feet  high,  simple,  somewhat  glaucous.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous  and 
somewhat  hairy.  Panide  terminal,  erect,  with  short  aggregated  branches. 

Glaucous  Small-reed. 

3.  C.  inexpansa  Gray:  panicle  contracted,  elongated;  glumes  oblong- 
lanceolate  ;  palese  nearly  equal,  as  long  as  the  glumes,  the  lower  one  with 
a  scarcely  exserted  awn  inserted  below  the  middle ;  pappus  nearly  as  long 
as  the  flower.  (Twr.  N.  Y.  FL.) 

Swamps.  Northern  and  Western  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  1\-. — Culm  about  3  feet 
high,  erect,  simple.  Leaves  2 — 3  lines  wide,  smooth.  Panicle  4 — 6  inches 
long,  slender,  with  short  rough  appressed  branches.  Differs  from  the  preceding 
in  its  more  slender  panicle,  broader  and  less  acute  glumes,  and  the  awn  inserted 
near  the  base  of  the  paleaa.  Torr.  Close-Jlowered  Small-reed. 

24.  AMMOPHILA.  Host.—Se&  Reed. 

(From  the  Greek  d/</*oj,  sand,  and  $t Aoj,  a  lover ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of 
growth.) 

Glumes  nearly  equal,  keeled.  Paleae  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
surrounded  with  short  hairs  at  the  base,  'keeled,  awnless. 
Abortive  pedicel  plumose  above. — Panicle  spiked,  dense  and 
cylindric. 

A.  arundinacea  Host. :  glumes  acute;  hairs  or  pappus  about  one-third  as 
long  as  the  palese.  Arundo  arenaria  Linn.  Psamma  arenaria  R.  fy  S. 


extensive! 

smooth, 

The  roots  of  this  grass  form  a  mat,  which  prevenfs  the  motion  of  sand  ;  and  it  is 

sometimes  planted  on  shores  to  protect  them  from  the  inroads  of  the  sea.     It  is 

used  in  Massachusetts  for  the  manufacture  of  paper. 

Common  Sea-reed  or  Mat-weed. 

25.  PHRAGMITES.   Trin.— Reed. 

(From  the  Greek  </>pay//of ,  a  partition  or  hedge ;  in  allusion  to  the  use  said  to 
have  been  made  of  it.) 

Spikelets   3 — 7-flowered.      Glumes    2,  lanceolate,   unequal. 
The  lower  flower  staminate  and  naked  at  base  ;  the  others  per- 


GRAMINACE^E. 


435 


feet,  and  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  hairs.  Palese  very  unequal ; 
the  lower  one  elongated,  acuminate;  the  upper  2 -keeled. — 
Panicle  terminal,  very  large. 

P.  communis  Trin.i  panicle  loose,  1 -sided;  spikelets  3 — 5-flowered. 
Arundo  Phragmites  Linn. 

Margins  of  swamps  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  Ij.. — Culm 
9 — 12  feet  high,  very  leafy,  with  numerous  joints.  Leaves  1 — 2  feet  long,  linear- 
lanceolate,  flat,  glaucous,  rough  on  the  margin.  Panicle  terminal,  very  large, 
loose,  somewhat  nodding.  The  largest  grass  in  the  Northern  States  ;  and  at  a 
distance  somewhat  resembling  Broom-corn.  Common  Reed-grass. 

VII.  CHLOREJE.  Spikelets  arranged  in  unilateral  digitate  or  pan- 
iculate (rarely  solitary}  spikes,  1-  many-jlowered ;  upper  flowers  imper- 
fect. Glumes  and  palea  2,  membranaceously  herbaceous ;  the  latter 
often  awned.  Rachis  not  articulated. 

26.  CYNODON.  Rich.— Dog's-tooth  Grass. 
(From  the  Greek  KVOJV,  a  dog,  and  o<5ot>f,  a  tooth.) 

Spikelets  filiform,  unilateral,  with  one  perfect  flower  and  one 
abortive  rudiment.  Glumes  membranaceous,  persistent,  shorter 
than  the  flower  and  only  embracing  it  at  the  base.  Fertile 
flower  with  the  upper  palea  bifid- toothed.  Rudiment  minute, 
pedicellate.  Caryopsis  loose,  not  furrowed. — Spikes  digitate  or 
racemose. 

C.  Dactylon  Pers. :  culm  creeping ;  spikes  digitate,  3 — 5,  spreading ; 
glume  with  the  keel  scabrous ;  paleae  smooth,  longer  than  the  glume,  the 
lower  one  with  a  bristle  at  the  base.  Digitaria  Dactylon  Muhl. 

Sandy  soils.  Penn.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  7J.. — Culm  a  foot  or  more  long, 
prostrate.  Leaves  narrow,  somewhat  distichous,  hairy  on  the  margin  and  near 
the  base.  Stigmas  dark  purple.  Introduced.  Creeping  Dog's-tooth  Grass. 

27.  ELEUSINE.  Gcert.— Dog's-tail  Grass. 

(EAcwffivta  was  one  of  the  names  of  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  harvests ;  probably 
from  Eleusis,  where  she  was  worsliipped.) 

Spikelets  sessile,  2 — 6-flowered.  Glumes  unequal,  shorter 
than  the  flowers.  Palese  unequal,  awnless ;  the  lower  keeled ; 
upper  shorter,  channelled  on  the  back.  Caryopsis  triangular- 
ovoid,  transversely  rugose. — Spikes  digitate,  unilateral. 

E.  Indica  Gcert. :  culm  oblique,  compressed  ;  leaves  smooth  ;  spikes  2 — 4, 
linear,  straight  j  spikelets  closely  imbricate,  lanceolate,  about  5-flowered. 
Cynosufus  Indicus  Linn. 


disticho_, , r , 

ably  introduced.  Dog's-tail  Grass.     Wire-grass. 


436  GRAMINACE.*:, 

28    SPARTINA.  Sckrcb.— Marsh  Grass. 
(Said  to  be  named  on  account  of  its  similarity  to  Lygeum  Spartum.) 

Spikelets  imbricate,  one-flowered,  much  compressed.  Glumes 
and  paleae  unequal,  awnless.  Styles  mostly  united  below. — 
Spikes  unilateral. 

1.  £  cyiiosuroides  Willd. :  leaves  very  long,  filiform  at  the  end,  at  length 
convolute;    spikes  numerous,  (8 — 40,)  scattered,  pedunculate,  forming  a 
long  secund  panicle ;  glumes  serrulate  on  the  keel,  with  a  long  slender 
point;  style2-cleft  at  the  summit.  (Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.)    S. polystachya  MuM. 
Limnetis  cynosuroides  and  polystachya  Pers. 

Marshes  and  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Platte  River.  Aug. 
1\. — Culm  3 — 8  feet  high,  smooth,  terete.  Leaves  1 — 3  feet  long,  narrow. 
Spikes  linear,  about  3  inches  long,  on  scabrous  spreading  peduncles. 

Tatt  Marsh-grass. 

2.  S.  juncea  Willd. :  leaves  distichous,  convolute,  spreading  ;  spikes  few, 
(1 — 5,)  on  smooth  peduncles ;  palese  rather  obtuse  ;  styles  distinct  nearly  to 
the  base.    Limiietis  juncea  Pers. 

Salt  marshes  and  river  banks.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  '!}.. — Root  creep- 
ing, forming  thick  tufts.  Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  rigid,  smooth.  Leaves  6 — 10 
inches  long,  very  slender,  smooth.  Spikes  usually  3 ;  the  lowest  pedunculate. 
It  forms  a  part  of  salt  hay.  Rush-like  Marsh-grass. 

3.  S".   alternifolia  Loisel. :    leaves  channelled,  erect ;    spikes  numerous, 
(8 — 14),   elongated,  sessile,  erect,   appressed;  glumes   and  palese  nearly 
smooth ;  styles  distinct  nearly  to  the  base.     S.  glabra  MuM. 

Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  1\ . — Root  creeping  ex- 
tensively. Culm  3 — 5  feet  high,  smooth  and  somewhat  succulent.  Leaves 
broad  at  the  base,  tapering  to  a  long  point.  Spikes  unequal,  closely  appressed 
to  the  common  rachis.  For  thatching  it  is  said  to  be  preferable  to  wheat  straw. 
It  has  a  strong  rancid  smell,  which  renders  it  unfit  for  cattle. 

Smooth  Marsh-grass. 

29.  ATHEROPOGON.  MuM.— Atheropogon. 

(From  the  Greek  a0j?p,  a  bristle,  and  nwyuv,  a  beard ;  the  beards  being  bristle- 
like.) 

Spikelets  unilateral,  nearly  sessile,  alternate,  2 — 3-flowered ; 
the  terminal  flower  abortive.  Glumes  2,  membranaceous,  un- 
equal ;  the  lower  shorter,  setiform.  Perfect  flower,  subcoria- 
ceous.  Lower  palea  3-toothed  or  3-bristled;  upper  bifid. 
Abortive  flower  pedicellate,  neutral. — Spikes  short,  arranged  in 
a  raceme. 

A.  apludaidcs  Muhl. :  spikes  numerous,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  alternate, 
distant,  pendulous,  at  length  secund ;  spikelets  mostly  2-flowered ;  lower 
palea  of  the  perfect  flower  tricuspidate ;  abortive  flower  with  3  hristles. 
CMoris  curtipendula  Mich.  Boutdoua  racemosa  Lag.  Torr.  N.  Y.  FL 

Dry  rocky  banks.  N.  Y.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  W.  fo  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  rare. 
Aug.  'ty.— Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  geniculate  at  base,  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate, 


437 

attenuate  at  the  end,  involute  when  dry,  slightly  hairy  above.     Spikes 2Q~  40, 
on  short  flat  peduncles,  each  containing  6 — 8  spikelets.     Anthers  bright  red. 

Racemed  Atheropogon. 

30.  GYMNOPOGON.  Beauv.— Gymnopogon. 

(From  the  Greek  yv/^oj,  naked,  and  Trwywi/,  a  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  awn 
of  the  neutral  flower.) 

Glume  2-valved,  carinate,  nearly  equal.  Paleae  nearly  equal ; 
the  lower  one  with  a  long  and  straight  bristle  a  little  below  the 
tip.  Neutral  rudiment  pedicellate,  of  one  minute1  valve  pro- 
duced into  an  awn. — Flowers  in  a  compound  spike  or  panicle. 

G.  racemosus  Beauv.:  culm  ascending;  leaves  distichous,  ovate-lance- 
olate, nerved,  short ;  spikes  numerous,  arranged  in  a  somewhat  whorled  pan- 
icle; flowers  appressed.  Andropogon  ambiguus  Mich.  Anthopogon  lep- 
turoides  Nutt. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Aug.  %. — Culm  about  2  feet  high,  decum- 
bent at  base.  Leaves  2  inches  or  less  in  length,  very  acute.  Panicle  large, 
spreading.  Racemed  Gymnopogon. 

VIII.  AVENE^E.  Spikelets  % — many-flowered;  terminal  flower  com- 
monly imperfect.  Glumes  and  palea  2,  membranaceously  herbaceous ; 
lower  palea  usually  with  a  twisted  awn  on  the  back. 

31.  HIEROCHLOA.  Gmel— Holy  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  lews,  sacred,  and  x\oa,  a  grass ;  because  in  some  parts  of 
Prussia  it  is  used  on  festival  days.) 

Spikelets  3-flowered,  pedicellate.  Lateral  flowers  staminate, 
triandrous  and  mostly  awned  ;  terminal  or  central  one  perfect, 
diandrous,  awnless. — Flowers  in  a  contracted  panicle. 

1.  H.  borealis  JR.  <$•  S. :  panicle  somewhat  one-sided,  a  little  spreading; 
peduncles  smooth;   flowers  awnless;   lower  palea  ciliate  on  the  margin. 
IJolcus  odoratus  Linn. 

Wet  meadows.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Mich.  May.  1+. — Root 
creeping.  Culm  18  inches  high,  erect.  Leaves  linear-acuminate,  smooth  and 
shining.  Panicle  few-flowered,  pyramidal,  brown  and  purple.  Smell  resem- 
pling  that  of  Anthoxanihum  odoratum,  and  like  that  grass  used  to  scent  clothes 
and  apartments.  Northern  Holy-grass.  Vanilla- grass. 

2.  H.  alpina  R.  <$•  S.:  panicle  ovate,  contracted;  spikelets  compressed, 
longer  than  the  branches ;   glumes  lanceolate,  almost  nerveless ;    lateral 
flowers  triandrous,  obtuse,  awned  on  the  back.     Holcus  alpinus  Wahl. 

High  mountains.  Essex  County,  N.  Y.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  Arct. 
Amer. ;  rare.  June.  %.. — Culm  6 — 12  inches  high,  erect.  Leaves  2 — 3  lines 
wide.  Panicle  with  the  branches  in  pairs.  Spikelets  larger  than  in  the  preced- 
ing, shining  and  purplish-brown.  Alpine  Holy-grass. 

32.  ANTHOXANTHUM.  Linn.— Vernal  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  avdos,  a. flower >  and  ^avOos,  yellow ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of 
its  spikes.) 

Spikelets  3-flowered  ;  the  two  lower  flowers  neutral  and  each 


438  GRAM  IN  ACE,*:. 

consisting  of  a  single  awned  palea ;  the  upper  flower  perfect,  of 
2  paleae,  diandrous,  nearly  equal,  short,  awnless. — Panicle  con- 
tracted or  spike-like. 

A.  odoratum  Linn. :  panicle  spiked,  ovoid-oblong ;  flowers  pubescent, 
shorter  than  the  awns. 

Meadows  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June— Aug.  V\..—Culm  about  a  foot 
high,  erect,  rather  slender.  Leaves  short,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Panicle 
contracted  into  an  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong  spike,  yellow  when  mature.  When 
cut  and  partially  dry  it  gives  out  a  very  fragrant  odor.  Introduced  from  Europe, 
but  completely  naturalized.  Sweet-scented  Vernal-grass. 

33.  AIRA.  Linn. — Hair  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  aipw,  to  destroy  ;  a  name  originally  applied  to  a  poisonous 
plant,  Lolium  temulentum.) 

Spikelets  2 — 3 -flowered ;  the  flowers  without  an  abortive 
rudiment  between  them.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  about  as  long  as 
the  flowers.  PaleEe  thin  and  membranaceous,  the  lower  one 
awned  on  the  back  below  the  middle. — Flowers  usually  in  a 
compound  spreading  panicle. 

1.  A.flexuosa  Linn. :  leaves  setaceous,  smooth ;  panicle  loose,  spreading, 
trichotomously  branched ;  branches  smoothish,  flexuous ;  flowers  scarcely 
longer  than  the  glumes ;  awn  geniculate,  longer  than  the  paleae. 

Dry  rocky  banks.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  June.  TJ-. — Culm  1 — 2  feet 
high,  smooth.  Leaves  mostly  radical  or  near  the  base  of  the  culm,  involute, 
slender.  Panicle  capillary,  loose,  whitish,  the  lower  branches  somewhat 
whorled.  Common  Hair-grass. 

2.  A.  caspitosa  Linn. :  leaves  flat,  scabrous ;  panicle  at  length  diffuse ; 
glumes  about   as  long  as  the  paleae ;  awn   short,  straight.    A.  aristulata 
Torr.  Fl. 

Wet  places.  Can.  to  Penn.  June,  July.  ty. — Culms  2 — 3  feet  high,  cespi- 
tose,  smooth.  Leaves  narrow,  rough  above,  smooth  beneath.  Panicle  large, 
oblong  or  pyramidal,  capillary,  dull  purplish ;  the  branches  somewhat  whorled. 

Tufted  Hair-grass. 

3.  A.  atropurpurea  Wahl. :  leaves  flat ;  panicle  divaricate,  of  few  spike- 
lets  ;   flowers  much  shorter  than  the  glumes ;  paleae  a  little  hairy  at  the 
summit ;   awn  from  the  middle  of  the  back,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
flowers.     (  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.~) 

High  mountains  of  Essex  County,  N.  Y.  Aug.  1JL  ? — Culm  8 — 15  inches 
high,  erect,  slender.  Leaves  short,  smooth.  Panicle  loose,  purplish  or  yellow- 
ish-green ;  branches  mostly  in  pairs  and  flexuous. 

Purple  Alpine  Hair-grass. 

4.  A.  prtecox  Linn. :  leaves  setaceous ;  panicle  somewhat  spiked ;  flow- 
ers scarcely  villous  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  glumes  ;   awn  twisted, 
inserted  below  the  middle,  longer  than  the  flowers.     Avena  prtzcox  Beauv. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Virg.  June.  (!)• — Culms  3 — 4  inches  high,  cespitose, 
smooth,  leafy.  Leaves  short,  smooth.  Panicle  somewhat  compact,  few-flow- 
ered, greenish.  Introduced  ?  Early  Hair-grass. 


GRAMTNACEd'!.  439 


34.  ARRHENATHERUM.  Beauv.—Oat  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  appw ,  male,  and  uQnp,  an  awn ;  the  staminate  flower  being 
awned.) 

Spikelets  2-flowered.  Lower  flower  staminate ;  the  lower 
palea  with  a  long  twisted  awn  below  the  middle.  Upper  flower 
perfect ;  the  lower  palea  with  a  short  straight  bristle  below  the 
point. — Panicle  loose. 

A.  avenaceum  Beauv.     Avena  elatior  Linn. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  May,  June.  ^ . — Root  creep- 
ing. Culm  2—3  feet  high,  erect.  Leaves  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  upper 
surface.  Panicle  oblong,  at  first  contracted,  finally  spreading  and  somewhat 
nodding  ;  the  branches  short  and  semiverticillate.  Spikelets  brownish.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe,  but  naturalized  in  several  places. 

Common  Oat-grass.     Grass  of  the  Andes. 

35.  AVENA.  Linn.—O&t. 
(Name  of  doubtful  origin.) 

Spikelets  3 — many-flowered ;  flowers  rather  remote,  the  upper 
ones  often  imperfect.  Glumes  loose  and  membranaceous,  nearly 
equal.  Palese  2  ;  the  lower  one  bifid  at  the  summit,  with  a 
twisted  awn  above  the  base. — Panicle  compound,  loose. 

1.  A.  Pennsylvania  Linn.:    panicle   attenuated,   loose,   nodding,   the 
branches  somewhat  verticillate  ;  spikelets  2 — 3-flowered ;  flowers  smooth, 
lower  one  often  awnless,  upper  one  on  a  hairy  pedicel :  lower  palea  with  a 
slender  awn  below  the  bifid  tip,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  flower.     A. 
palustris  Mich.     Trisetum  Pennsylvanicum  Beauv.     T.  paluslre  Torr.  Fl. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June.  'l\..—Culm  2—3  feet  high,  slender, 
erect.  Leaves  flat,  narrow,  2 — 4  inches  long.  Panicle  oblong,  yellowish-green, 
often  somewhat  one-sided.  Pennsylvania  Wild  Oat. 

2.  A.  striata  Mich. :  panicle  nearly  simple,  loose,  few-flowered ;  spikelets 
3 — 5- flowered,  somewhat  terete,  the  flowers  bearded  at  the  base ;  lower 
palea  with  a  slender  nearly  straight  awn  below  the  tip.     Trisetum  purpu- 
rascens  Torr.  Fl. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  July.  %.— Culm  2—3  feet  high,  erect, 
smooth.  Leaves  narrow-linear.  Panicle  4 — 6  inches  long,  with  a  few  simple 
branches.  Glumes  reddish-purple.  Purple  Wild  Oat. 

36.  TRISETUM.  Pers.— Trisetum. 

(From  the  Latin,  in  allusion  to  the  three  bristles  of  the  flowers.) 
Spikelets  2 — 4-flowered.  Glumes  membranaceous,  keeled, 
ciwnless.  Palese  herbaceous ;  lower  one  with  2  long  cusps  at 
the  summit  and  a  twisted  awn  on  the  back ;  upper  2-keeled. 
Caryopsis  smooth,  with  a  longitudinal  groove. — Panicle  con- 
tracted. 

T.  molle  Kunth:  whole  plant  minutely  and  softly  pubescent;    panicle 


440  GRAMINACE^E. 

contracted  and  somewhat  spiked;  glumes  2-flowered,  the  flowers  not 
bearded ;  awn  about  the  length  of  the  palea,  not  twisted,  diverging  or  re- 
curved. ( Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.}  T.  subspicatum  Beck  Bot.  1st  Ed.  Avena 
mollis  Mich. 

Banks  of  streams  and  on  mountains.  Arct.  Amer.  Western  N.  Y.  White 
Mountains,  N.  H.  Rocky  Mountains.  June,  %. — Culm  about  a  foot  high, 
erect,  slender.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  narrow-linear.  Panicle  2—3  inches 
long,  with  appressed  branches.  Closely  allied  to  T.  subspicatum  and  perhaps 
identical  with  it.  Soft  Trisetum. 

37.  DANTHONIA.  D.  C.— Danthonia. 
(In  honor  of  M.  Danthoine,  a  French  botanist.) 

Spikelets  2 — 10-flowered  ;  the  upper  flowers  often  imperfect. 
Glumes  nearly  equal,  mostly  longer  than  the  flower.  Palese 
hairy  at  the  base ;  lower  one  2-toothed  at  the  summit,  with  a 
twisted  awn  between  the  teeth ;  upper  one  obtuse,  entire. — 
Flowers  in  a  spiked  panicle. 

D.  spicata  Beauv, :  leaves  subulate  ;  lower  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat ; 
panicle  spike-form,  simple ;  spikelets  7 — 9,  about  7-flowered ;  lower  palea 
hairy.  Avena  spicata' Linn. 

Woods  and  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  June — Aug.  1|-. — Culms 
1 — 2  feetliigh,  erect,  cespitose  at  base.  Leaves  very  narrow,  numerous  below. 
Panicle  1-sided,  short,  the  lower  branches  sometimes  divided.  Wild  Oats. 

38.  URALEPIS.  Nutt.— Uralepis. 

(From  the  Greek  ovpa,  a  tail,  and  ACTTI?,  a  scale ;  in  allusion  to  the  appearance 
of  the  lower  palea.) 

Spikelets  2 — 3-flowered,  somewhat  terete  ;  flowers  alternate, 
distinct,  longer  than  the  glumes.  Paleae  very  unequal,  dis- 
tinctly villous  on  the  margin  ;  lower  palea  tricuspidate,  the  cen- 
tral cusp  produced  into  a  short  bristle ;  upper  entire,  concave, 
incurved.  Caryopsis  gibbous. — Panicle  simple,  racemose. 

U.  aristutata  Nutt.:  lateral . panicles  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves,  terminal  one  more  or  less  exserted ;  spikelets  3-flowered ;  awn  as 
long  as  the  lateral  cusps. 

Sea  coast  and  sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.,  Sept.  (I), 
—  Calms  about  a  foot  high,  cespitose,  jointed.  Leaves  short,  subulate.  Ter- 
minal panicle,  when  exserted,  spreading.  Flowers  purplish. 

Short-awned  Uralepis. 

IX.  FESTUCE.E.  Spikelets  usually  many-flowered.  Glumes  and 
palecc  2,  of  nearly  similar  texture,  usually  keeled.  Lower  palea  often 
awned;  the  awn  not  twisted. 

39.  POA.  Linn. — Meadow  Grass. 

(Greek  noa,  grass,  or  pasturage;  applied  by  way  of  distinction  to  this  genus.) 

Spikelets  2-  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  distichous,  perfect. 


GRAM  IN  ACE  ;£.  441 

Glumes  2,  pointless,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Palese  nearly 
equal,  membranaceous,  awnless,  often  with  a  villous  web  at  the 
base ;  the  lower  one  keeled  or  concave ;  upper  one  2-keeled. 
Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Caryopsis  free. — Spikelets  in  diffuse 
or  contracted  panicles. 

*  Flowers  webbed  at  base. 

1.  P.  pungens  Nutt.:  culm  compressed;  leaves  very  short,  cuspidate ; 
panicle  somewhat  simple,  spreading  ;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  3— 4-flowered, 
crowded  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches ;  flowers  rather  obtuse.     P. 
flexuosa  Muhl. 

Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April,  May.  Tj..— Culm  1—2  feet  high,  com- 
pressed, smooth,  somewhat  cespitose.  Leaves  erect,  cuspidate  ;  the  radical  ones 
long,  linear ;  those  of  the  culm  usually  2,  very  short.  Panicle  small,  semiver- 
ticillate.  Sharp-leaved  Meadow-grass. 

2.  P.  pratensis  Linn.:  culm  terete,  smooth;  leaves  keeled,  linear,  ab- 
ruptly acute ;  ligule  short,  truncate ;  panicle   somewhat  crowded,  finally 
spreading ;    spikelets   oblong-ovate,  about  4-flowered ;    flowers  acute,  5- 
nerved.     P.  viridis  Mufd. 

Fields  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  May — July.  7J.. — Root  creeping.  Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  deep  green,  the  lower  very  long,  the  upper  much 
shorter.  Panicle  at  length  pyramidal,  spreading.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Smooth-stalked  Meadow-grass. 

3.  P.  trivialis  Linn. :  culm  and  sheaths  somewhat  rough ;  ligule  elon- 
gated, acuminate ;  panicle  equal,  diffuse ;    spikelets  oblong-ovate,  2 — 3- 
flowered ;  flowers  5-nerved.     P.  stolonifera  Muhl. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  lo  Del.  June— Aug.  rl\.— Root  fibrous.  Culm  2—3 
feet  high,  often  stoloniferous  at  base.  Leaves  very  narrow,  pale  green.  Pan 
icle  large,  pyramidal,  the  branches  somewhat  whorled. 

Rough  Meadow-grass. 

4.  P.  compressa  Linn. :  culm  decumbent  or  oblique,  much  compressed, 
smooth;    panicle  contracted,    somewhat  secund;    spikelets  ovate-oblong, 
4 — 8-flowered  ;  flowers  obscurely  nerved. 

var.  sylvestris  Torr. :  culm  slender,  nearly  erect ;  panicle  loose,  somewhat 
spreading ;  spikelets  2 — 3-flowered. 

Fields  and  pastures.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June,  July.  7}.. — Root 
creeping  extensively.  Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  often  decumbent  and  rooting 
at  base.  Leaves  short,  smooth,  and  with  the  culm  bluish-green.  Panicle  con- 
tracted, at  first  almost  spike-like,  finally  a  little  expanding.  Introduced  from 
Europe.  Blue-grass.  Wire-grass. 

5.  P.  serotina  Ehrh. :  culm  erect,  smooth ;  panicle  elongated,  diffuse,  at 
length  somewhat  nodding   at  the   top;  spikelets   ovate-lanceolate,   2 — 3- 
flowered ;  flowers  yellowish  at  the  tip,  obscurely  5-nerved.     P.  palustris 
Muhl. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  June.  °4 — Root  creeping.  Culm  2—? 
feet  high.  Leaves  flat,  smooth.  Panicle  6 — 10  inches  Ion?  ;  the  branches  mostly 
whorled  in  fives,  rough  and  flexuous.  Red-top. 

6.  P.  nemoralis  Linn. :  culm  and  leaves  smooth :  ligule  almps*  wanting; 
panicle  slender,  a  little  attenuated,  loose ;  the  branches  rougb  anJ  tlexuous; 

19* 


442  GRAMINACE^E. 

spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  about  3-flowered ;  flowers  rather  distant,  hairy, 
acute,  very  obscurely  nerved. 

Woods  and  thickets.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  June,  July.  rl\.. — Root  creeping. 
Culm  2  feet  high,  slender.  Leaves  narrow-linear,  acute.  Panicle  6 — 10  inches 
long,  the  branches  semiverticillate.  Wood  Meadow-grass.** 

7.  P.  laxa  Hcenke :  culms  cespitose  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  acute  ;  ligules 
all  lanceolate ;  panicle  contracted,  somewhat  nodding  at  the  apex ;  the 
branches  smooth,  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikelets  ovate,  about  3-flowered ;  flowers 
acute,  hairy.  (  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.) 

Summit  of  Mount  Marcy,  Essex  county,  N.  Y.    Aug.  %. — Culms  6 — 8  inches 
high,  cespitose,  very  slender.     Leaves  numerous,  glaucous,  smooth.    Panicle  . 
1 — 2  inches  long,  the  branches  flexuous.     Allied  to  P.  alpina. 

Wavy  Meadow-grass. 

S.  P.  debilis  Torr. :  culm  slender ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  ob- 
long, acute  ;  panicle  loose,  few-flowered,  somewhat  spreading ;  the  branches 
mostly  in  pairs,  flexuous,  a  little  rough ;  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse,  3-flowered  ; 
flowers  smoothish ;  lower  palea  oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  3-nerved. 

Rocky  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  May.  1\.. — Culm  about  2  feet  high,  erect, 
smooth.  Leaves  pale  green,  rough  on  the  margin.  Panicle  oblong,  somewhat 
contracted.  Weak  Meadow-grass. 

**  Flowers  free,  or  not  webbed  at  base. 

9.  P.  annua  Linn. :  culm  oblique,  compressed ;  panicle  somewhat  secund, 
at  length  divaricate;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  about 5-flowered. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  April — Sept. '  (I). — Root  fibrous.  Culms 
3 — 8  inches  long,  very  smooth,  cespitose,  often  nearly  procumbent.  Leaves  lance- 
linear,  bright  green.  Panicle  with  the  branches  mostly  solitary,  at  length 
spreading  horizontally.  Annual  Meadow-grass. 

10.  P.  capiUaris  Linn. :  culm  much  branched  at  base  ;  sheaths  hairy  at 
the  throat ;  panicle  very  large,  loose,  expanding ;  the  branches  capillary 
and  much  divided  ;  spikelets  about  3-flowered,  ovate,  acute. 

Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.  (I). — Culms  12 — 18  inches  high,  cespitose. 
Leaves  linear,  flat,  the  sheaths  fringed  with  long  hairs.  Panicle  8 — 12  inches 
long,  pyramidal,  much  branched.  Hair-panicled  Meadow-grass. 

11.  P.  Mrsuta  Mich. :  culm  erect,  simple,  compressed;   sheaths  hairy; 
panicle  very  large,   capillary ;    branches  expanding,   at  length  reflexed, 
bearded  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  oblong,  5 — 15-flowered  ;  upper  palea  ciliate 
on  the  double  keel.    P.  spectabilis  Pursh. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  Q)\—Culm  1—2  feet 
high,  stout,  mostly  simple.  Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  somewhat  hairy  near  the 
base.  Panicle  8 — 15  inches  long,  very  much  branched,  purplish. 

Hairy  Meadow-grass. 

12.  P.  pilosa  Linn. :  culm  oblique,  geniculate ;  leaves  hairy  at  the  base ; 
panicle  capillary,  pyramidal,  the  lower  branches  hairy  in  the  axils  ;  spike- 
lets  lance-linear,  5 — 12-flowered ;  glumes  very  unequal ;  upper  palea  per- 
eistent.    P.  pectinacea  Mich.    P.  tenella  Pursh. 

Sandy  soils,  road  sides,  &c.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  (J>— 
Culms  6 — 12  inches  high,  cespitose.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  fiat.  Panicle 
large,  loose,  often  purplish.  Slender  Meadow-grass. 

13.  P.  reptans  Mich. :  dioecious ;    culm  branched,   creeping ;   panicle 


GRAMINACE.E.  443 

somewhat  simple,  ovate ;  spikelets  approximated  on  the  short  branches, 
linear-lanceolate,  12 — 20-fiowered ;  flowers  acuminate,  smooth ;  lower  palea 
3-nerved. 

Swamps.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  (J). — Culm 
6 — 18  inches  long,  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  subulate,  flat, 
pubescent  above.  Panicle  1 — 2  inches  long,  with  the  spikelets  much  com- 
pressed. Creeping  Meadow-grass. 

14.  P.  dentata  Torr.:  culm  oblique  or  decumbent;  panicle  loose,  some- 
what spreading ;  branches  capillary,  flexuous ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  about 
5-flowered  ;  flowers  rather  distant ;  glumes  unequal,  the  upper  3-nerved  and 
obtuse ;  lower  palea  5-nerved,  at  length  5-toothed  at  the  apex. 

Wet  sandy  places.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  Ohio.  June,  July.  'JJ-.— • 
Culm  I — 3  feet  long,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints.  Leaves  flat,  pale  green.  Pan- 
icle large,  weak,  nodding  when  young.  Toothed  Meadow-grass. 

15.  P.  maritima  Huds. :  culm  somewhat  geniculate ;  leaves  convolute ; 
panicle  erect,  somewhat  crowded  ;  spikelets  linear,  about  5-flowered,  terete ; 
flowers  rather  obtuse,  indistinctly  5-nerved. 

Salt  marshes.  Near  Boston.  Mass.  June.  1}.. — Root  creeping.  Culm  8 — 12 
inches  high,  rigid.  Leaves  somewhat  pungent,  glaucous.  Panicle  rigidly  erect, 
sometimes  purplish.  Sea  Meadow-grass. 

16.  P.  brevifolia  MM. :  culm  oblique ;  leaves  very  short ;  ligule  acumi- 
nate ;  panicle  loose ;  branches  in  pairs,  horizontal ;  spikelets  3— 4-flowered ; 
palese  pubescent. 

Woods.  Penn.  Muhl.  April.  ^4-- — Culm  about  2  feet  high,  somewhat  an- 
gular. Panicle  loose,  flexuous.  Short-leaved  Meadow-grass. 

17.  P.  conferta  Ett. :  culm  erect,  geniculate  ;  panicles  terminal  and  ax- 
illary, erect;  spikelets  about  8-flowered,  compressed ;    flowers  clustered, 
smooth.    P.  glomeraia  Walt. 

Penn.  Schwcinitz.  S.  to  Car.  9J.. — Culm  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  smooth, 
flat,  serrulate  on  the  margin.  Panicles  4 — 8  inches  long. 

Clustered  Meadow-grass. 

18.  P.  Eragrostis  Linn. :  culm  oblique  ;  sheaths  smooth ;  panicle  spread- 
ing, pyramidal ;  the  lower  branches  hairy  in  the  axils  ;  spikelets  ovate-ob- 
long and  linear-lanceolate,  8 — 30-flowered ;  flowers  obtuse  ;  glumes  nearly 
equal.     Briza  Eragrostis  Linn.    Megastachya  Eragrostis  Beauv. 

Sandy  fields,  road  sides,  &c.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  (p.— 
Culm  12 — 18  inches  long,  geniculate  and  branching  at  base.  Leaves  narrow, 
roughish  above.  Panicle  pyramidal ;  the  branches  subdivided,  short  and  flex- 
uous. Introduced  from  Europe,  and  now  extensively  naturalized  ;  but  it  is  of 
little  or  no  value  for  pasturage.  Quake-grass. 

19.  P.  Michauxii  Kunth:   culms  cespitose,   erect;  leaves  distichous, 
spreading;  panicle  contracted,   spiked;   spikelets  ovate   or  ovate-oblong, 
5— 9-flowered,  smooth;  lower  palea  about  9-nerved.     (Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.) 
Uniola  spicata  Linn.     Festiica  distichophylla  Mich. 

Salt  marshes.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  North  West  Coast.  Aug., 
Sept.  ^|  .—Root  creeping  extensively.  Culms  12—18  inches  high,  branched  at 
base.  Leaves  numerous,  slightly  glaucous.  Panicle  contracted,  in  a  dense 
gpike.  Michaux's  Meadow-grass. 


444  GRAM  IN  ACE  jE. 

40.  jGrLYCERIA.  Brown. — Manna  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  y\vrvs ,  sweet ;  on  account  of  the  sweet  taste  of  the  grains.) 
Spikelets  long,  linear,  many-flowered ;  rachis  jointed.  Glumes 
2,  membranaceous,  nearly  equal,  pointless.  Palese  membrana- 
ceously  herbaceous,  nearly  equal,  awnless  ;  the  lower  one  usually 
obtuse,  7-nerved ;  the  upper  2-keeled.  Stigmas  decompound. 
— Panicle  nearly  simple. 

1.  G.  Jiuitans  Brown:  panicle  secund,  slightly  branched,  divaricate; 
spikelets   linear-terete,   appressed,   8 — 12-flowered;    flowers  very   obtuse. 
Festuca  jluitans  Linn. 

Wet  grounds.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Mich.  June,  July.  2J..— 
Root  creeping.  Culm  3 — 5  feet  high,  compressed,  erect  or  ascending.  Leaves 
long,  linear-lanceolate.  Panicle  12 — 15  inches  long,  slender,  partly  concealed 
in  the  upper  sheath ;  branches  mostly  simple.  Common  Manna-grass. 

2.  G.  acutiflora  Torr. :  panicle  simple,  elongated,  appressed ;  spikelets 
linear-terete,  4 — 12-flowered ;  flowers  attenuated,  acute,  indistinctly  nerved. 
Fesluca  acutiflora  Big. 

Overflowed  meadows.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Del.  W.  to  Ohio.  June.  1^.— 
Culm  about  18  inches  high.  Leaves  short,  erect,  attenuated  at  the  point.  Pan- 
icle long  and  slender,  somewhat  nodding.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  dis- 
tinguished by  its  acute  flowers  and  nerveless  paleae. 

Sharp-flowered  Manna-grass. 

3.  G.  aquatica  Smith :  panicle  equal,  diffuse,  much  branched ;  spikelets 
linear-oblong,  5 — 9-flowered ;  flowers  free,  oblong,  obtuse,  prominently  7- 
nerved.     Poa  aquatica  Linn. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  1\.. — Root  creeping.  Culm  3 — 5 
feet  high,  thick.  Leaves  broad-linear,  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Panicle  very 
large,  often  purplish.  Reed  Manna-grass. 

4.  G.  nervaia  Trin. :  panicle  diffuse,  loose  ;  the  branches  slender  and  at 
length  pendulous ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  about  5-flowered ;    flowers  ob- 
tuse, conspicuously  7-nerved.     Poa  nervata  Wdld.     P.  striata  Mich.     P. 
parviflora  Pursh. 

Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ohio.  June.  l\..—Culm  3—4  feet 
high.  Leaves  narrow-linear,  flat,  smooth  ;  ligule  ovate.  Panicle  large,  capillary, 
often  purplish.  Nerved  Manna-grass. 

5.  G.  elongata   Trin. :  panicle   elongated,   racemose ;  branches  mostly 
solitary,   appressed ;  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse,  somewhat  tumid,  3 — 4-flow- 
ered ;  lower  palea  rather  acute ;  stamens  2.     Poa  elongata  Torr.  Fl. 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Penn.  June,  July.  7J.. — Culm  3—4 
feet  high,  simple.  Leaves  long,  nearly  smooth  ;  ligule  nearly  wanting.  Panicle 
8 — 12  inches  long,  somewhat  nodding.  Long-panlcled  Manna-grass. 

6.  G.  Canadensis  Trin. :  panicle  large,  effuse  ;  branches  semiverticillate, 
at  length  pendulous ;  spikelets  broad-ovate,  tumid,  5 — 8-flowered ;  lower 
palea  somewhat  acute,  7-nerved ;  upper  shorter  and  very  obtuse  ;  stamens 
2.     Briza  Canadensis  Mich. 

Swamps.  Can.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  Tj..— Culm  2—3  feet  high, 
erect,  terete.  Leaves  linear,  long,  roughish ;  ligule  obtuse,  lacerate.  Panicle 
6  — S  inches  long,  the  branches  at  length  spreading.  Canadian  Manna-grass. 


GRAMINACE^E.  445 

7.  G.  obfaisa :  panicle  dense,  ovate  ;  spikelets  ovate,  tumid,  5 — 7-flow- 
ered ;  glumes  scarious ;  palese  ovate,  smooth,  obtuse ;  lower  one  indis- 
tinctly 7-nerved.  Poa  obtusa  Muhl. 

Swamps.  N.  Eng.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  Muhl.  Aug.,  Sept.  Ij..— Culm  3 — 4 
feet  high.  Leaves  linear,  as  long  as  the  culm,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth. 
Panicle  3 — 4  inches  long,  many-flowered.  Obtuse-floioered  Manna-grass. 

41.  BRIZA.  Linn. — Quaking  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  (tpiQu,  to  balance ;  the  spikelets  being  delicately  suspended.) 
Spikelets   cordate-ovate,    many-flowered.      Glumes   shorter 
than  the  lower  flowers.     Paleae  ventricose ;  lower  one  cordate 
at  base,  embracing  the  upper,  which  is  nearly  round  and  much 
shorter.     Caryopsis  beaked. — Panicle  loose. 

D.  media  Linn. :  panicle  erect,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  broad-ovate, 
about  7-flowered ;  glume  smaller  than  the  flowers. 

Meadows.  Near  Boston,  Mass.  Big.  Penn.  Muhl.  June.  Tj.. — Culm 
12—18  inches  high,  slender.  Leaves  short,  linear,  acuminate.  Panicle  with 
filiform  spreading  purple  branches.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  naturalized 
in  a  few  places.  Common  Quaking-grass. 

42.  MELICA.  Linn.— Melic  Grass. 

(A  name  given  in  Italy  to  the  Sorghum  vulgare,  on  account  of  the  sweet  fla- 
vor of  its  stem,  from  mel,  honey,  and  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  genus.  Hook. 
Br.  FZ.) 

Spikelets  2 — 4-flowered,  one  or  more  of  the  upper  flowers  in- 
complete and  abortive.  Glumes  2-valved,  unequal.  Paleae 
membranaceous,  unarmed.  Caryopsis  loose,  not  furrowed. — 
Panicle  loose. 

M.  speciosa  Muhl. :  smooth ;  panicle  loose,  erect,  few-flowered  ;  branches 
simple  ;  flowers  obtuse.  M.  glabra  Mich. 

Mountains.  Penn.  to  Flor.  June.  %.— Culm  3 — 4  feet  high.  Panicle  sub- 
secund,  with  solitary  branches.  Showy  Melic-grass. 

43.  KCELERIA.  Pers.— Koeleria. 
(In  honor  of  M.  Kceler,  a  German  botanist.) 

Spikelets  compressed,  2 — 4-flowered.  Glumes  2,  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  the  lower  much  narrower,  keeled.  Paleae 
membranaceous,  unequal ;  the  lower  acute  or  obtuse,  unawned 
or  with  a  short  awn  below  the  tip ;  the  upper  2 -keeled.  Styles 
very  short. — Panicle  contracted  or  spike-like. 

1.  K.  Pennsylvamca  D.  C. :  lower  leaves  and  sheaths  softly  pubescent; 
panicle  long,  very  slender,  rather  loose  ;  spikelets  mostly  2-flowered ;  upper 
glume  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  slightly  pointed ;  lower  palea  rough.  Aira 
mottis  Muhl. 


446  GRAMINACE,E. 

var.  major  Torr. :  taller ;  leaves  broad-linear,  and  with  the  sheaths 
smooth ;  panicle  more  dense. 

Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May,  June.  ^l\ . — Culm  about  2  feet  high, 
simple.  Leaves  short,  flat.  Panicle  4—8  inches  long,  very  slender,  with  yel- 
lowish-green spikelets.  Pennsylvanian  Kcderia. 

2.  K.  truncata  Torr. :  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  or  pubescent ;  panicle 
oblong,  contracted ;  branches  short,  racemose ;  spikelets  somewhat  cluster- 
ed, 2-flowered  ;  upper  glume  broad-obovate,  very  obtuse  or  truncate  ;  upper 
palea  smoothish.  Holcus  stritutus  Linn.  Aira  truncata  MiM. 

Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  June.  7J-. — Culm  about  2  feet  high, 
slender.  Leaves  lance-linear,  flat.  Panicle  3—5  inches  long,  rather  dense,  nar- 
row. Perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  preceding.  Truncated  Koderia. 

44.  DACTYLIS.  Linn.— Orchard  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  (JuKruAoj,  &jinger ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  spike.) 
Spikelets   2 — 7-flowered,  aggregated,  subsecund.      Glumes 
unequal ;    the  larger  keeled,   mucronate.     Paleae   herbaceous, 
mucronate  ;  the   lower  5-nerved,  with  a  fringed  keel ;    upper 
bifid.     Stigmas  plumose. — Panicle  contracted,  glomerate. 

D.  glomerata  Linn. :  panicle  distantly  branched,  somewhat  secund ; 
spikelets  3 — 4-flowered,  in  dense  unilateral  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches. 

Fields  and  meadows.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  June.  %.— Culm  2— 3  feet 
high.  Leaves  broad-linear,  acuminate,  rough.  Panicle  glaucous,  contracted, 
somewhat  secund  ;  the  clusters  ovate,  or  lance-oblong.  Introduced  from  Europe, 
where  it  is  sometimes  cultivated  for  cattle.  -It  is  thought,  however,  to  be  infe- 
rior to  Timothy.  Rough  Orchard-grass. 

45.  TRICUSPIS.  Beauv.— Tricuspis. 

(From  the  Latin  ires,  three,  and  cuspis,  a  point ;  in  allusion  to  the  lower  palea.) 
Spikelets  nearly  terete,  many-flowered.  Glumes  shorter 
than  the  flowers.  Lower  palea  bifid  at  the  apex,  and  tricuspi- 
date  by  the  projecting  keel  and  marginal  nerves,  the  base  and 
sides  villous ;  upper  palea  slightly  bicuspidate. — Panicle  com- 
pound, spreading. 

T.  seslerioides  Torr. :  panicle  loose,  spreading ;  branches  flexuous, 
smooth;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  5 — G-flowered,  nearly  terete,  shining. 
Poa  seslerioides  Mich.  P.  quinqueftda  Pursk.  Windsoria  poceformis  Nutt. 

Sandy- fields.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  rl\..— Culm  3—5  feet  high, 
erect,  smooth-  Leaves  long,  flat,  nerved,  the  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat. 
Panicle  very  large,  at  length  spreading  and  pendulous,  usually  purple.  It  is  a 
harsh  grass,  but  is  sometimes  cut  for  hay.  Tall  Red-t^p. 

46.  FESTUCA.  Linn. — Fescue  Grass. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  fest,  signifying/corf,  pasturage.) 
Spikelets  oblong,  3 — many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  distichous, 


GRAMINACE^E.  447 

free.  Glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled.  Palese  herbaceous ; 
the  lower  somewhat  rounded  on  the  back,  acute,  mucronate  or 
awned  at  the  summit.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Caryopsis 
compressed,  somewhat  adhering  to  the  upper  palea. — Panicle 
usually  compound. 

1.  F.  Myurus  Linn.:  culm  leafy  in  the  upper  part;  panicle  secund, 
elongated,  contracted  ;  spikelets  about  4-flowered ;  flowers  shorter  than  the 
awn,  hairy,  monandrous. 

Dry  fields.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  June.  (£).— Culm  8—12  inches  high.  Leaves 
linear,  setaceous.  Panicle  4  or  5  inches  long.  Introduced  ? 

Wall  Fescue-grass. 

2.  F.  tenella   Willd. :  culm  filiform ;  leaves  setaceous ;  panicle  simple, 
spike-form,  rather  secund ;  spikelets  about  7-flowered ;  awns  shorter  than 
the  subulate  flowers.     F.  bromoides  Mick. 

Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  June.  (I)- — Culms  often  clustered, 
6 — 12  inches  high,  geniculate  at  base.  Leaves  linear,  short.  Panicle  2 — 4 
inches  long,  the  spikelets  brownish  when  old.  Slender  Fescue-grass. 

3.  F.  duriuscula  Linn. :  root  fibrous ;  culm  leaves  flat,  radical  ones  seta- 
ceous ;  panicle  somewhat  contracted,  subsecund ;  spikelets  oblong,  5 — 6- 
flowered,  nearly  terete  ;  flowers  with  short  awns. 

Fields  and  pastures.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  1\..— Culm  12—18 
inches  high,  erect,  slender.  Leaves  smooth,  those  of  the  culm  involute.  Pani- 
cle 2 — 3  inches  long,  with  the  branches  mostly  in  pairs.  Probably  introduced 
from  Europe.  Hard  Fescue-grass. 

4.  F.  rubra  Linn. :  root  creeping ;  leaves  pubescent  on  the  upper  side ; 
panicle  secund,  erect,  spreading ;  spikelets  somewhat  terete ;  flowers  longer 
than  their  awns. 

Dry  soils.  Penn.  Muhl.  June.  %. — Root  extensively  creeping.  Culm 
18  inches  high,  erect.  Leaves  long.  Panicle  contracted.  Differs  from  the 
preceding  chiefly  in  its  creeping  root.  Introduced  ? 

Creeping  Fescue-grass. 

5.  F.  elatior  Linn. :  root  creeping ;  panicle  much  branched,  rather  loose 
and   spreading ;    spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  4 — 6-flowered ;  flowers  cylin- 
dric,  acuminate  or  mucronate. 

Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  June.  Ij.. — Culm  3 — 5  feet  high. 
Leaves  broad-linear,  9 — 15  inches  long.  Panicle  6 — 8  or  10  inches  long,  mostly 
nodding,  the  branches  usually  in  pairs.  Introduced,  but  extensively  natural- 
ized. Tall  Fescue-grass. 

G.  F.  pratensis  Huds. :  root  fibrous ;  leaves  linear ;  panicle  spreading, 
branched,  erect;  spikelets  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  many-flowered; 
flowers  cylindric,  awnless  ;  outer  palea  acute. 

Meadows  and  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Del.  W.  to  Ohio.  June,  July. 
7J-. — Culm2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  broad-linear,  nerved,  smooth,  rough  on  the 
margin.  Panicle  4 — 8  inches  long,  somewhat  secund.  Introduced,  but  exten- 
sively naturalized.  It  is  said  to  be  a  much  more  valuable  grass  than  tbe  pre- 
ceding. Meadow  Fescue-grass. 

7.  F.  nutans  Willd.:  panicle  slender,  diffuse,  at  length  nodding;  branches 
long,  in  pairs,  naked  below  ;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  2 — 5-flowered ;  flowers 
smooth,  awnless,  very  obscurely  nerved. 


448  GRAMINACE^E. 

Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  June.  It.-— Culm  about 
3  feet  high,  erect,  rather  slender,  simple.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat 
rough.  Panicle  very  loose,  few-flowered.  Nodding  Fescue-grass. 

47.  DIPLACHNE.  Beauv.— Diplachne. 

vFrom  the  Greek  JurAooj,  double,  and  «%*'>?,  chaff;  in  allusion  to  the  division 
of  the  outer  palea.) 

Spikelets  at  first  terete,  7 — 9-flowered.  Palese  unequal,  mu- 
cronate,  villous  on  the  margins  ;  lower  one  slightly  bifid  at  the 
tip,  with  a  straight  bristle  between  the  teeth,  3-nerved  ;  upper 
bifid,  flat  on  the  back.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Pericarp 
loose. — Panicle  somewhat  secund. 

D.  fascicularis  Beauv.  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.  Festuca  fascicutaris  Lam.  F. 
procumbens  Muhl. 

Brackish  meadows.  N.Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  (J). — Culm  8 — 15  inches  long, 
branched  from  the  base,  procumbent.  Leaves  longer  than  the  culm,  narrow, 
pointed  at  the  end  ;  ligule  lacerate.  Panicle  erect,  with  spreading  spike-like 
branches.  Spikelets  one-sided,  on  short  peduncles. 

Cluster-flowered  Diplachne. 

4S.  BROMUS.  Linn.— Brome  Grass. 
(From  Ppopos ,  a  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  a  kind  of  oats.) 
Spikelets  oblong,   3-   many-flowered ;    the   flowers   in   two 
raws.     Glumes   unequal,   shorter   than   the   flowers.      Lower 
palea  bifid  at  the  apex,  and  usually  awned  a  little  belov^  the  tip ; 
upper  2-keeled,  the  keels  pectinate-ciliate.      Stigm»i  simply 
plumose. — Panicle  diffuse  or  contracted. 

1.  B.sterilis  Linn. :  panicle  drooping,  slightly  branched  ;  spik/.ets  linear- 
lanceolate,  at  length  oblong ;  flowers  remote,  lanceolate-subtei^te ;  paleae 
shorter  than  the  straight  awn. 

Waste  grounds.  Penn-Yan,  Yates  county,  N.  Y.  Dr.  SartwelL  June,  July. 
(1). — Culm  about  2  feet  high,  slender,  smooth.  Leaves  pubescent  above,  smooth 
beneath.  Panicle  nearly  simple,  slender.  Spikelets  about  6-flowered.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe.  Barren  Brome-grass. 

2.  B.  secalinus  Linn. :  panicle  spreading,  the  peduncles  but  Jittle  branched ; 
spikelets  ovate-oblong,  compressed,  8 — 10-flowered  ;  flowers  rather  remote  ; 
paleae  longer  than  the  flexuous  awns. 

Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  June,  (p.— Culm  2 — 3  feet 
high  ;  the  nodes  swollen  and  pubescent.  Leaves  broad-lin«ar,  hairy  above. 
Panicle  4 — 6  inches  long ;  branches  semiverticillate,  scabrouR  and  pubescent. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  It  is  very  common  in  wheat  fields,  especially  when 
the  giain  has  been  injured  by  frost.  This  has  given  rise  to  the  corr/non,  but 
mistaken,  idea  that  wheat  is  changed  into  this  plant.  Chess.  Cheat. 

3.  B.  mollis  Linn. :   panicle  erect,  contracted ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate, 
Bomewhat  compressed,  pubescent ;  flowers  imbricate,  compressed,  at*  iut  as 
long  as  the  straight  awn. 

Fields  and  pastures.     Mass,  to  Penn.    June.    ©.— Cuim   1—2  fee    bVI 


GRAMINACE.E.  449 

Leaves  very  soft,  pubescent.    Panicle  3 — 4  inches  long.     Spikelets  nearly  erect, 
5 — 10-flowered.    The  seeds  are  said  to  be  deleterious.   Introduced  from  Europe. 

Soft  Brome-grass. 

4.  B.  purgans  Linn. :  panicle  oblong,  somewhat  contracted,  at  length 
nodding ;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  ovate-oblong  when  old,  7 — 8-flowered ; 
flowers  hairy ;  awn  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the  paleae. 

Moist  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio ;  rare.  July,  Aug.  Tj.. — 
Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  pubescent  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  flat,  somewhat  hairy. 
Panicle  about  3  inches  long,  with  short  nearly  simple  branches. 

Canadian  Brome-grass. 

5.  B.  cUiatus  Linn.:  panicle  loose,  nodding;  spikelets  oblong,  terete, 
8 — 12-flowered ;  flowers  appressed-pubescent,  longer  than  the  straight  awn. 
B.  Canadensis  Mich.  ? 

Woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  June.  1\..— Culm  3—5  feet  high,  striate,  the  nodes 
black  and  hairy.  Leaves  broad-linear,  hairy  above,  smoothish  beneath.  Pan- 
icle 6 — 8  inches  long ;  the  branches  filiform,  rough.  Ciliate  Brome-grass. 

6.  JB.pubescens  Muhl:  panicle  loose,  nodding;  spikelets  lanceolate,  sub- 
terete,  8— 12-flowered ;  flowers  pubescent,  rather  longer  than  the  straight 
awn. 

Woods.  Mass,  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  June.  1}..— Culm  3—4  feet  high,  some- 
what hairy  below,  the  nodes  black.  Leaves  lanceolate,  hairy  above,  smooth  be- 
neath. Panicle  loose,  at  length  nodding,  with  slender  flexuous  branches. 

Pubescent  Brome-grass. 

7.  B.  arvensis  Linn. :  panicle  erect,  spreading ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, 7 — 8-flowered ;  flowers  imbricate,  compressed,  smoothish,  about  as 
long  as  the  straight  awn. 

Fields  and  meadows.  West  Chester,  Penn.  Darlington.  June,  July.  (J). 
— Culm  about  2  feet  high,  smooth ;  nodes  nearly  black,  pubescent.  Leaves 
lance-linear,  hairy  on  both  sides.  Panicle  slender,  spreading,  at  length  droop- 
ing. Introduced  from  Europe.  Fwld  Brome-grass. 

49.  UNIOLA.  Linn.— Spike  Grass. 

(Probably  so  named  because  the  lower  flowers  of  the  spikelet  consist  only  of  a 
single  palea.  Torr.} 

Spikelets  compressed,  many-flowered,  one  or  more  of  the 
lower  flowers  sterile,  and  consisting  of  a  single  palea.  Glumes 
keeled.  Paleae  of  the  perfect  flowers  2  ;  lower  one  boat-shaped ; 
upper  smaller,  doubly  keeled.  Stamens  1 — 3. — Panicle  com- 
pound, loose. 

1.  U.  latifolia  Mich.:  leaves  broad  and  flat;  panicle  loose,  nodding; 
spikelets  on  long  peduncles  ;  flowers  somewhat  falcate,  monandrous. 

Mountains.  Penn.  to  Geor.  Aug.  *2|..— Culm  2—3  feet  high,  somewhat 
branching.  Panicle  a  foot  long,  loose.  Broad-leaved  Spike-grass. 

2.  U.  gracilis  Mich. :  panicle  elongated,  racemose,  appressed  ;  spikelets 
3_4-flowered;  flowers  spreading,  monandrous.    Holciis  laxus  Linn. 

Sandy  swamps.  N.Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.  n\..—Culm  3-^4  feet  high,  cespitose, 
slender,  somewhat  compressed ,  leafy.  Leaves  a  foot  or  more  long,  narrow,  flat. 
Panicle  6—10  inches  long,  very  slender,  with  short  remote  branches. 

Slender  Spike-grass. 


450  GRAMINACK.tt. 

X.  HORDEJE.  Spikelets  3-  many-flowered,  rarely  l-flowered,  often 
owned;  the  terminal  flower  imperfect.  Glumes  and  pakxc.  '^herba- 
ceous ;  the  former  rarely  wanting.  Stigmas  sessile. 

50.  LOLIUM.  Linn.— Darnel. 
(A  classical  Latin  name,  applied  to  this  genus.) 

Spikelets  sessile,  many-flowered,  distichous  at  right  angles 
with,  or  the  edge  to  the  rachis.  Flowers  imbricate,  naked  at 
the  base.  Inner  glume  mostly  wanting.  Lower  palea  lanceo- 
late, mucronate  or  with  a  short  bristle  at  the  tip ;  upper  one 
2-keeled. — Spike  simple ;  rachis  not  jointed. 

1.  L.  perenne  Linn. :  perennial ;  spikelets  longer  than  the  glumes,  linear- 
oblong,  compressed,  7 — 9-flowered  ;  flowers  mostly  awnless. 

Meadows  and  fields.  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  Penn. .  June.  %.— Culm  1—2 
feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  lance-linear,  smooth,  shining,  somewhat  rough  near 
the  end.  Spikelets  12 — 20,  alternate,  forming  a  spike  about  6  inches  long.  In- 
troduced, probably  from  England,  where  it  is  esteemed  as  a  valuable  grass  for 
the  agriculturalist.  Perennial  Darnel.  Rye-grass. 

2.  L.  temulentum  Linn. :  annual ;  spikelets  as  long  as  the  glumes,  much 
compressed,  5 — 7-flowered  ;  flowers  as  long  as  the  rigid  awns. 

Fields.  N.  Eng.  and  Penn.  July.  ®.—Culm  about  2  feet  high,  terete, 
scabrous  above.  Leaves  lanee-linear,  rough  on  the  margins.  Spikelets  much 
compressed.  The  seeds  are  said  to  be  poisonous.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

Bearded  Darnel. 

51.  TRITICUM.  Linn.— Wheat  or  Wheat  Grass. 

(From  the  Latin  trilum,  rubbed  or  ground ;  because  the  seed  is  thus  prepared 
for  food.) 

Spikelets  distichously  imbricate,  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the 
rachis,  3-  many-flowered.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  opposite. 
Paleae  lanceolate ;  the  lower  one  concave,  acuminate  or  awned 
at  the  summit.  Scales  2,  mostly  entire  and  ciliate. — Flowers 
spiked. 

1 .  T.  repens  Lirtii. :  root  creeping  ;  spike  distichous,  compressed  ;  spike- 
lets  about  5-flowered,  distant,  alternate,  lance-oblong,  acute ;  glumes  lan- 
ceolate, 5-nerved,  acuminate.     Agropyron  repens  Torr.  Fl. 

Fields  and  meadows.  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  Tj.. — Root  or  rhi- 
zoma  jointed,  proliferous.  Culm  about  2  feet  high.  Leaves  lance-linear,  some- 
what scabrous.  Spike  3 — 5  inches  long.  A  very  troublesome  weed.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe.  Creeping  Wheat-grass.  Couch-grass. 

2.  T.  caninum  Linn. :  root  fibrous ;  spike  distichous,  compressed ;  spikf- 
lets  about  5-flowered ;  glumes  lanceolate,  3 — 5-nerved,  acute ;  lower  palea 
awned.     Agropyron  caninum  JR.  ($•  S. 

Fields.  Penn-Yan,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Sartwett.  Del.  Muhl  July,  <$.— Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  flat,  smooth.  Best  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by 
its  fibrous  root.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Fibrous-roofed  Wheat-grass. 


GRAMINACRjK.  451 

52.  ELYMUS.  Linn.— Ly  me  Grass. 

(From  &VHDS,  a  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the  panic-grasses,  because  they 
grew  abundantly  about  hlyma,  in  Greece.  Hook.  Fl.  Br.) 

Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2 — 7-flow- 
ered,  the  upper  flowers  imperfect.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal, 
subulate,  rarely  1  or  wanting.  Paleae  2,  lanceolate,  subcoria- 
ceous  ;  the  lower  one  usually  awned. — Spike  simple. 

1.  E.    Virginicus  Linn.:  spike  erect,  dense;  spikelets  in  pairs.  2 — 3- 
flowered,  the  flowers  nearly  smooth ;  glumes  lanceolate,  nerved,  as  long  as 
the  spikelets. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Geor.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Ark.  July, 
Aug.  %. — Culm  3 — 4  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  broad-linear,  flat,  scabrous, 
deep  green.  Spike  3 — 5  inches  long,  stiffly  erect,  thick. 

Virginian  Lyme-grass.     Wild  Rye. 

2.  E.  Canadensis  Linn.:  spike  rather  spreading,  nodding  at  the  ex- 
tremity ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  3 — 5-flowered ;  flowers  hairy ;  glumes  lanceo- 
late-subulate, awned,  conspicuously  nerved.     E.  glaucifolius  and  Philadel- 
phicus  Willd. 

River  banks.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Del.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  %. — Root  creep- 
ing. Culm  3 — 4  feet  high,  erect.  Leaves  broad- linear,  flat,  somewhat  rough. 
Spike  6 — 8  inches  long,  at  length  nodding.  Canadian  Lyme-grass. 

3.  E.  villosus  Muhl. :  spike  loose,  somewhat  nodding  ;  rachis  and  flow- 
ers hispid-pilose  ;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  1 — 3-flowered ;  glumes  linear, 
hairy-ciliate,  2 — 3-nerved.     E.  ciliatus  Muhl. 

Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Virg.  July.  ^.—Culm  2—3  feet 
high,  rather  slender,  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent  above  ; 
the  lower  sheaths  hairy.  Spike  2 — 3  inches  long,  at  length  spreading  and  some- 
what nodding.  Hairy  Lyme-grass. 

4.  E.  Hystri.v  Linn.:  spike  erect;  spikelets  in  pairs  or  ternate,  distant, 
diverging,  about  3-flowered  ;  flowers  awned  ;  glumes  minute  or  wanting. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  <$..— Culm  2—4  feet  high, 
erect,  smooth.  Leaves  broad-linear,  flat,  often  glaucous.  Spike  4 — 6  inches 
long,  at  length  spreading  so  as  to  resemble  an  apothecary's  bottle  washer. 

Bottle-brush  Grass. 

5.  E.  strialus  Willd. :  spike  erect ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  2-flowered,  awned, 
hispid ;  glumes  linear,  nerved,  awned,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelets. 

Shady  woods.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Mich,  and  Ark.  June.  ^ 
— Culm  8  inches  high,  erect,  striate.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough 
above,  sheaths  smooth.  Spike  somewhat  spreading,  the  rachis  pubescent. 

Striated  Lyme-grass. 

53.  HORDEUM.  Linn.— Barley. 
(An  ancient  Latin  name,  the  origin  of  which  is  doubtful.) 

Spikelets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  the  lateral  ones  often 
abortive,  each  1 -flowered,  with  a  subulate  rudiment  of  a  second 
flower.  Glumes  2,  ne*arly  equal,  collateral,  lance-linear,  flat, 
awned.  Paleae  2,  the  lower  with  a  long  awn ;  the  upper  2- 
keeled,  obtuse — Spike  simple. 


452  GRAMINACE^E. 

H.jubatum  Linn. :  lateral  flowers  abortive,  neutral ;  bristles  of  the  glume 
and  lower  palea  6  times  as  long  as  the  flowers. 

Marshes.  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Mass.  W.  to  the  Platte  River.  June.  (g). — 
Culm  2  feet  high,  simple,  smooth,  slender.  Leaves  rather  short,  rough  on  the 
margin.  Spike  2 — 3  inches  long.  Wild  Barley.  Squirrel-tail  Grass. 

XI.  RoTTBffiLLE-as.     Spikekts  I-  or  2-  rarely  3-flowered,  seated  in 
an  excavation  of  the  rachis,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs,  with  one  pedicel- 
late and  often  blighted.     One  flower  of  each  %-flowered  spikelet  imper- 
fect.    Glumes   1 — 2,  sometimes  wanting,  ?nostly  coriaceous.    Palecc 
membranaceous,  rarely  awned. 

54.  TRIPSACUM.  Linn.— Sesame  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  rpt/?w,  to  grind ;  but  the  application  is  obscure.) 
Monoecious.  STERILE  SPIKELETS  in  pairs  on  each  joint  of  the 
rachis,  and  longer  than  the  joint,  collateral,  2-flowered.  Flow- 
ers each  with  2  palaee.  FERTILE  SPIKELETS  solitary,  as  long 
as  the  joint,  2-flowered.  Flowers  with  2  paleae  ;  the  outer  or 
lower  flower  neutral,  the  inner  or  upper  one  fertile. — Spikes 
solitary,  or  digitate  in  twos  or  threes. 

T.  dadyloides  Linn. :  spikes  2 — 3,  aggregated  or  digitate,  sometimes  sol- 
itary ;  sterile  flowers  above,  fertile  at  the  base. 

Meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Ark.  July,  Aug.  %.—Culm 
erect  or  oblique,  4 — 6  feet  high,  somewhat  compressed.  Leaves  large,  often  3 
feet  long,  linear-lanceolate,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above.  Spikes  usually  2 — 3, 
rachis  articulated.  T.  mcmostachyon  Willd.  is  a  mere  variety  with  a  single 
spike.  The  value  of  this  grass  for  fodder,  seems  to  have  been  greatly  overrated. 

Sesame-grass.     Gama-grass. 

XII.  ANDROPOGONEJE.     Spikelets  S-flowered ;  the  lower  flower  al- 
ways imperfect,  on  a  bearded  pedicel.     Palea  mostly  hyaline. 

55.  ANDROPOGON.  Linn.— Beard  Grass. 

(From  the  Greek  avep,  a  man,  and  Truy  wv,  a  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  hairy 
flowers.) 

Lower  flower  staminate  or  neutral,  the  glumes  and  paleae 
often  very  minute  or  wanting.  Upper  flower  perfect.  Glumes 
awnless.  Palese  2,  shorter  than  the  glumes  ;  lower  one  mostly 
awned. — Flowers  in  panicles  or  spikes. 

*  Flowers  in  panicles. 

1.  A.  nutans  Linn. :  panicle  terminal,  oblong,  branched,  at  length  nod- 
ding ;  lower  flower  a  mere  pedicel,  without  valves  ;  outer  glume  of  the  per- 
fect flower  covered  with  brownish  hairs ;  awn  contorted.  A.  avenaceum 
Mich. 

Sandy  sterile  fields.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug. — Oct.  1\.. — Culm  3 — 6 
feet  high,  simple,  terete.  Leaves  a  foot  or  more  long,  glaucous.  Panicle  loose,  at 
first  erect,  at  length  nodding.  Nodding  Beard-grass.  Indian-grass. 


GRAMINACE^E.  453 

**  Flowers  in  spikes. 

2.  A.  scoparius  Mich. :  spikes  simple,  lateral  and  terminal,  pedunculate, 
in  pairs ;  lower  flower  neutral,  awned  ;  glumes  of  the  perfect  flower  smooth ; 
awn  twisted.     A.  purpurascens  Willd. 

Old  fields  and  road  sides.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio.  Aug.  %. 
— Culm  about  3  feet  high,  with  lateral  scattered  branches.  Leaves  flat,  some- 
what hairy.  Spikes  on  a  flexuous  rachis,  often  purple. 

Purple  Bear-grass.     Brown-grass. 

3.  A.  furcatus  Muhl.:  spikes  digitate,  generally  in  threes  or  fours;  lower 
flower  staminate,  awnless  ;  awn  of  the  perfect  flower  somewhat  contorted. 

Rocky  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  Aug.,  Sept.  %.— 
Culm  3—4  feet  high,  simple  or  somewhat  branching.  Leaves  flat;  the  lower 
very  long.  Spikes  about  3  inches  long,  3 — 5  or  more  at  the  summit  of  the  culm. 

Forked  Beard-grass. 

4.  A.  macrourus  Mich. :  spikes  fasciculate,  in  dense  lateral  and  terminal 
fastigiate  panicles ;  lower  flower  a  mere  rudiment  without  valves ;  perfect 
flower  monandrous,  the  awn  straight. 

Swamps,  especially  near  salt  water.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Flor.  Sept.,  Oct. 
1\.. — Culm  3  feet  high,  much  branched  towards  the  top.  Leaves  roughish  ;  the 
lower  long.  Spikes  very  numerous,  in  large  clustered  panicles,  partly  concealed 
in  the  boat-like  sheaths.  Many-spiked  Beard-grass. 

5.  A.  Virginicus  Linn. :  culm  somewhat  compressed ;  sheaths  smooth ; 
spikes  short,  2 — 3  from  each  sheath,  in  slender  fascicles,  lateral  and  termi- 
nal ;  lower  flower  a  mere  pedicel  without  glumes ;  perfect  flower  monan- 
drous, the  awn  straight.     A.  dissitiflorum  Mich. 

Dry  swamps.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Flor.  Sept.  'Zj-. — Culms  about  3  feet  high, 
somewhat  cespitose,  with  short  branches  above.  Leaves  a  foot  or  more  in 
length,  the  lower  hairy  on  the  upper  surface.  Spikes  partly  concealed  in  sheaths. 

Virginian  Beard-grass. 


DIVISION  II. 
FLOWERLESS  OR  CRYPTOGAMOUS    PLANTS. 

PLANTS      DESTITUTE      OF      PROPER      FLOWERS  ;      AND      PRODUCING 
SPORES,    INSTEAD    OF    SEEDS. 


CLASS  I.     FERN-LIKE  PLANTS. 

Flowerless  plants,  with  a  stem  having  a  vascular  system  and 
for  the  most  part  with  distinct  leaves  or  fronds.  Spore-cases 
(the  coverings  of  the  spores,  sometimes  called  theccs  or  cap- 
sules), axillary,  radical  or  dorsal,  one  or  many-celled. 

ORDER  CXLVIII.     EQUISETACEJS.— HORSE  TAILS. 

Fructification  in  terminal  cones  or  spikes  composed  of  peltate 
scales  attached  to  a  central  axis,  and  bearing  on  their  inner  sur- 
face several  cases  or  thecse,  which  contain  the  spores.  Spores 
oval  grains,  wrapped  round  with 'a  pair  of  highly  elastic  elaters, 
which  uncoil  themselves  when  dry. — Leafless  herbaceous  peren- 
nial plants.  Stems  hollow -and  jointed,  either  simple  or  with 
whorled  branches,  and  furnished  at  the  joints  with  toothed 
sheaths.  •  Stomates  arranged  longitudinally  on  the  cuticle, 
which  contains  a  large  quantity  of  silica. 

EQJJISETUM.  Linn.— Horse  Tail. 
Character  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

*  Fertile  stems  simple,  discolored,  appearing  before  the  sterile  ones. 
1.  E.  arvense  Linn. :  sterile  stems  erect  or  assurgent,  roughish,   with 
12 — 14  furrows,  the  branches  3 — 4-angled  and   ascending ;  teeth  of  the 
sheaths  ovate-acuminate,   subsquarrose ;  fertile  stems  simple,  erect ;  the 
sheaths  large,  loose,  remote. 


EQ,UISETACE,E.  455 

Moist  grounds.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  W.  to  the  N.  W.  Coast.  April,  May. 
1J-. — Sterile  starts  10 — 15  inches  high,  with  whorls  of  ascending  branches,  which 
are  either  simple  or  somewhat  divided.  Fertile  stems  6 — 8  inches  high,  with 
brownish  or  purple  sheaths.  Spikes  oblong,  obtuse  ;  the  scales  at  first  approxi- 
mated, at  length  more  open.  Field  Horse-tail. 

**  Fertile  stems  at  length  branched,  bearing  the  fructification  at  the  same  lime 
with  the  branches. 

2.  E.  sylvaticum  Linn. :  sterile  and  fertile  stems  both  branched,  about 
12 — furrowed;    branches  compound,  curved  downwards;    sheaths  loose, 
deeply  cleft  into  several  broad-lanceolate  membranous  teeth. 

Moist  grounds.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  and  Ohio.  June,  July.  7j . — Stems  12 — 18 
inches  high  ;  the  sterile  ones  usually  taller  and  more  slender.  Sheaths  divided 
into  8 — 17  teeth  or  leaves,  whose  points  are  connected  in  2 — 4  or  more  lobes. 
Spike  oblong.  Wood  Horse-tail. 

3.  E.  palustre  Linn. :   stem  deeply  grooved,  roughish,   7 — 8-angled ; 
branches  whorled,  simple,  gradually  shorter  upwards;  sheaths  distant,  cut 
at  the  apex  into  6 — 10  fuscous  teeth. 

Swamps.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Virg.  June.  Ij.. — Stetns  12 — 18  inches  high,  gen- 
erally with  simple  erect  whorled  branches.  Sheaths  mostly  with  7 — 9  teeth. 
Spike  an  inch  long,  slender  and  blackish.  A  variable  species. 

Marsh  Horse-tail. 

4.  E.  limosum  Linn. :  stem  smooth,  with  16 — 21  striae,  sometimes  simple; 
branches  nearly  erect,  simple,  short ;  teeth  of  the  sheaths  short,  rigid,  dis- 
tinct. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Wise.  June,  July.  1\.. 
Stems  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  simple,  or  with  a  few  whorls  of  branches  at  the  top. 
Sheaths  numerous,  appressed,  usually  with  17 — 20  brownish  or  blackish  teeth. 
Spike  oblong,  scarcely  an  inch  in  length.  Easily  distinguished  from  the  preceding 
by  the  structure  of  its  stem  and  by  its  teeth.  Smooth  Swamp  Horse-tail. 

***  Stems  simple  or  branclied  only  at  base. 

5.  E.  hyemak  Linn. :  stems  numerous,  simple,  naked,  erect,  very  rough ; 
sheaths  short,  blackish  at  the  base  and  apex,  with  about  14 — 20  very  small 
obtuse  finally  deciduous  teeth. 

Wet  woods  and  marshes.  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Ken.  June,  July. 
Ij.. — Stems  1 — 2  feet  high,  naked,  furrowed,  pale  and  somewhat  glaucous  green. 
Sheaths  2 — 4  lines  long,  the  teeth  deciduous.  Spike  ovoid,  blackish.  The  cuti- 
cle abounds  in  silica,  and  the  stems  are  well  suited  for  the  polishing  of  hard 
woods  and  the  metals.  Scouring  Rush.  Shave-grass. 

6.  E.  variegatum  Schleich. :  stems  several,  usually  decumbent  or  assurgent. 
simple  or  only  branched   at  the  base,   rough,  filiform,  with  4 — 8  striae; 
sheaths  with  membranaceous  lanceolate  teeth,  blackish  at  the  base. 

Wet  sandy  places.  Arct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  July.  1J..— • Stems  6—12  inches 
long,  several  from  the  same  root.  Sheaf hs  blackish,  consisting  of  about  seven 
4-keeled  persistent  teeth.  Spike  ovoid,  blackish,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

Variegated  Rough  Horse-tail. 

7.  E.  scirpoides  Mich. :  stems  cespitose,  much  branched  from  the  root, 
ascending,  naked,  filiform,  rough  ;  sheaths  blackish,  with  a  few  awned 
teeth.   E.  variegatum  Torr.  Comp.   E.  variegatum  var.  minus  Hook. 

Wet  rocky  places.  Arct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  1J-. — Stems  in  dense 
tufts,  4 — 8  inches  long,  very  slender.  5 — 6-angled.  Sheaths  minute,  blackish, 


456  FILICES. 

with  3 — 6  subulate  whitish  awned  teeth.     Spiltes  ovoid  capitate,  2 — 3-lines 
long,  blackish.  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.    The  smallest  of  the  genus. 

Smallest  Rough  Horse-tail. 

ORDER  CXLIX.     FILICES.— FERNS. 

Fructification  only  of  one  kind  on  the  same  individual. 
Spore-cases  sometimes  in  distinct  spikes  or  racemes,  but  usu- 
ally collected  into  clusters  of  various  shapes,  (sori,)  arising 
from  veins  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaf  or  frond ;  either 
pedicellate,  with  the  stalk  passing  round  them  in  the  form  of  an 
elastic  ring,  or  sessile  and  destitute  of  such  a  ring ;  and  either 
naked,  or  covered  with  an  involucre,  (indusium.)  Spores  very 
minute. — Leafy  plants,  producing  a  rhizoma  which  is  mostly 
creeping,  but  sometimes  arborescent.  Fronds  coiled  up  before 
expansion,  simple  or  variously  branched  and  divided. 

I.  POLYP ODE2E.  Spore-cases  stalked,  furnished  with  an  articulated 
elastic  more  or  less  complete  ring,  opening  transversely  and  irregularly. 

1.  POLYPODIUM.  Linn.— Polypody. 

(From  the  Greek  TroXvj,  many, and  irovs,  rro<Jo?,  afoot;  from  the  numerous  feet- 
like  branches  of  the  root-stock.) 

Sori  roundish,  scattered  on  various  parts  of  the  lower  surface 
of  the  frond.  Indusium  none. 

*  Frond  pinnatifid. 

1.  P.  vidgare  var.  Americanum  Hook. :  frond  smooth,  deeply  pinnatifid; 
segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrulate,  the  upper  ones  becoming 
gradually  smaller ;  sori  large,  distinct.    P.  Virginianum  Willd. 

Rocky  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  %. — Rhizoma  creep- 
ing, clothed  with  brownish  chaffy  scales.  Fronds  6 — 10  inches  long,  U— 2  inches 
wide,  growing  in  thick  patches ;  segments  mostly  alternate.  Sori  large,  in 
double  rows  on  the  back  of  each  segment,  at  first  distinct  and  yellowish,  at 
length  in  contact^  and  dark  colored.  According  to  Torrey,  the  American  plant 
differs  from  the  European  only  in  the  fronds  being  narrower  and  more  oblong, 
the  segments  more  distant,  and  the  sori  nearer  the  margin. 

Common  Polypody. 

**  Frond  bipinnatifid. 

2.  P.  liexagonapterurn  Mich.:  stipe  smooth;  frond  bipinnatifid,  slightly 
pubescent,  the  lowest  divisions  deflexed  ;  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse,  ciliate, 
crenate  or  toothed  ;  the  lowest  pairs  adnate-decurrent,  connected  by  an  ob- 
long somewhat  hexagonal  wing ;  sori  minute. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  %. — Stipe  12 — 15  inches  long,  slender, 
smooth.  Frond  triangular  in  its  outline,  the  base  6—9  inches  wide,  and  often 
exceeding  the  length.  Sori  very  small,  roundish,  distinct,  marginal,  in  1 — 3 
rows.  Winged  Polypody. 


FILICES.  457 

3.  P.  Phegopteris  Linn. :  stipe  pubescent,  somewhat  chaffy;  frond  bi- 
pinnatifid,  the  two  lower  divisions  deflexed ;  segments  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  entire,  ciliate,  the  lowermost  ones  adnate-decurrent ;  veins  hairy ; 
sori  solitary,  marginal.    P.  connectile  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July,  Aug.  1].. — Stipe  6 — 10  inches 
long,  minutely  pubescent  and  a  little  chaffy.  Frond  triangular,  3—5  inches 
long.  Sort  minute,  mostly  4  on  each  segment.  Identical  with  the  foreign  plant, 
and  differing  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  its  smaller  size,  pubescent  stipe,  and 
more  closely  approximated  pinnae.  Beech  Polypody. 

***  Frond  ternate,  bipinnate. 

4.  P.  Dryopteris  Linn. :  frond  ternate ;  the  divisions  bipinnate,  spread- 
ing and  deflexed  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  somewhat  crenate ;  sori  mar- 
ginal, at  length  confluent.      P.  calcareum  Smith.     Nephrodium  Dryopteris 
Mich. 

Wet  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Penn.  July.  1\.. — Rhizoma  black,  creeping  and 
slender.  Stipe  6 — 12  inches  long,  erect,  slender,  smooth.  Frond  4 — 6  inches 
wide,  triangular,  of  a  light  green  color.  Sori  small,  light  brown. 

Three-branched  Polypody. 

2.  ONOCLEA.  Linn. — Sensitive  Fern. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  applied  to  this  genus.) 

Sterile  frond  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  the  segments  sinuous  or  pin- 
natifid,  with  reticulated  veins.  Fertile  frond  bipinnate,  small ; 
the  segments  contracted,  with  their  margins  revolute,  forming 
a  general  involucre  and  resembling  berries.  Sori  4 — 6,  con- 
fluent. Indusium  lateral,  cucullate,  thin  and  membranaceous. 

0.  sensibilis  Linn. :  sterile  frond  pinnate ;  pinnas  lanceolate,  acute,  la- 
ciniate,  upper  ones  united  at  base ;  fertile  frond  bipinnate,  with  the  seg- 
ments recurved  and  globosely  contracted,  resembling  a  compound  spike. 

var.  obtusiloba  Torr. :  fertile  frond  deeply  bipinnatifid ;  segments  obovate, 
very  obtuse ;  the  margin  slightly  recurved.  O.  oblusilobala  Schk.  ?  Pursh. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  1\.. — Stipe  8 — 12  inches  long,  angular,  a 
little  chaffy  at  the  base,  elsewhere  smooth.  Sterile  frond  8 — 12  inches  long, 
triangular,  deeply  pinnate,  smooth.  Fertile  frond  3 — 6  inches  long,  nearly  erect ; 
the  contracted  and  somewhat  triangular-globose  segments  smoothish,  dark  brown, 
resembling  berries  in  two-rowed  unilateral  spikes.  The  var.  obtustlobata  is  quite 
rare,  and  is  said  by  Torrey  to  have  been  hitherto  obtained  in  only  three  local- 
ities. In  one  of  these  it  was  found  growing  on  the  same  root  with  the  common 
variety.  Sensitive  Fern. 

3.  ASPIDIUM.  Swartz.— Shield  Fern. 

(From  the  Greek  o<rjr«f ,  a  shield ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  indusium.) 
Sori  roundish,  scattered.     Indusium  orbicular,  fixed  by  the 
centre,  or  reniform  and  fixed  at  the  sinus. 

*  Frond  pinnate. 

1.  A.  acrostichoides  Swartz:  stipe  and  rachis  chaffy;  frond  pinnate; 
pinns  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  falcate,  mucronate-serrulate,  au* 

20 


458  FILICES. 

riculate  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  subsessile ;  the  uppei  ones  smaller  and 
only  fertile ;  son  at  length  confluent.  Ncpkrodium  acrostichoid.es  Mich. 

var.  incisum  Gray :  segments  unequally  and  incisely  toothed  ;  sori  mostly 
distinct.  A.  Schweinitzii  Beck  Dot.  1st  Ed. 

Rocky  and  low  shady  places.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  *2J.. 
— An  erect  fern  12 — 18  inches  high,  growing  in  clusters.  Stipe  short,  pale,  and 
with  the  rachis  very  chaffy.  Frond  lanceolate,  very  acute  or  cuspidate,  pale 
green.  Sori  rather  large,  in  a  single  or  double  row,  at  length  confluent  and 
covering  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  terminal  leafets.  Indusium  orbicular. 
Var.  incisum,  has  been  found  in  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  by  Gray,  and  near  Phil- 
adelphia by  Schweinitz.  Terminal  Shield-fern. 

**  Frond  pinnate-pinnatijid. 

2.  A.  Thelypleris  Swarlz :  frond  pinnate ;  pinnse  mostly  opposite,  linear- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lower  ones  longer ;  segments  ovate- 
oblong,  rather  acute,  the  margin  slightly  crenulate,  revolute  when  in  fruit; 
sori  small,  a  short  distance  from  the  margin,  contiguous,  at  length  conflu- 
ent.    Poli/podiam  Theh/pteris  Linn. 

Wet  woods  and  swamps,  ("an.  to  Del.  July.  1\.. — Stipe  about  a  foot  long, 
smooth  and  naked.  Frond  6 — 12  inches  long,  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
deep  green  and  delicate.  Sori  between  the  margin  and  midrib  of  the  segments, 
at  length  confluent  arid  usually  covering  their  whole  under  surface.  Indusium 
orbicular-reniform.  Marsh  Shield-fern. 

3.  A.  Noveboracense    Willd. :  frond  pinnate ;    pinnae  linear-lanceolate, 
sessile,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lower  ones  gradually  smaller ;  segments  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  ciliate;  sori  minute,   nearly  marginal,   distinct.     A. 
tJielypteroides  Swa.rtz.     Nepkrodium  thelypteroides  Mich. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  rt\.. — A  fern  about  as  large  as  the  pre- 
ceding, but  of  a  more  rigid  habit.  Stipe  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent.  Frond 
pale  green ;  the  segments  linear-oblong  and  sometimes  a  little  acute.  Sori  in 
two  rows.  Indusium  orbicular-reniform.  Perhaps  not  distinct  from  A.  The- 
lypleris.  New  York  Shield-fern. 

4.  A.  cristatum  Swariz:  stipe  nearly  naked;  frond  pinnate,  (nearly  bi- 
pinnate,)  lanceolate,  somewhat  rigid ;  pinnse  somewhat  cordate,  oblong, 
deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  doubly  serrate :  sori  near  the 
midrib.     A.  Lancastricnse  Spreng. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Del. ;  rare.  July.  1\.. — Stipe  stout,  somewhat  chaffy, 
varying  from  tawny  to  brown.  Frond  1J — 2  feet  long,  linear-lanceolate  in  its 
outline,  bright  green;  lower  pinnse  broad  at  the  base.  -Sori  middle-sized,  dis- 
tinct, dark  brown,  mostly  in  two  rows,  usually  on  the  upper  half  of  the  frond. 

Crested  Shield-fern. 

5.  A.  Goldianum  Hook. :  frond  pinnate,  broad-ovate  ;  pinnse  deeply  pin- 
natifid, lanceolate,  acuminate ;  segments  oblong,  subacute,  somewhat  fal- 
cate, mucronate-serrate ;  sori  in  two  rows  near  the  midrib  on  the  lower 
segments.     A.  Filix  mas  Pursh  not  of  Wittd. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Del.  July.  '4- — Fern  1* — 3  feet  high,  with  the  stipe 
somewhat  chaffy.  Frond  6 — 12  inches  wide,  yellowish-green.  Resembles  A. 
cristatum  more  than  any  other  s-pecies,  but  can  at  once  be  distinguished  by  the 
broader  frond,  by  the  form  of  the  pinnse,  which  are  never  broader  at  base,  and 
by  the  narrower  and  slightly  falcate  segments.  Goldie's  Shield-fern. 

***  Frond  bipinnate. 

6.  A.  marginal*  Swarlz  •  stipe  chaffy ;  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnae  lance- 


FILICES.  459 

olate ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  decurrent,  the  lower  ones 
nearly  distinct ;  son  nearly  marginal,  distinct.  Nephrodium  marginale 
Mich. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  1\.. — Fern  12 — 18  inches  high.  Stipe 
stout,  chaffy,  especially  near  the  root,  with  large  tawny  scales.  Frond  ovate- 
oblong,  smooth,  bluish-green,  the  upper  part  only  fertile.  Sori  middle-sized, 
one  at  each  notch  in  the  segments.  Indusium  peltate-reniform. 

Marginal  Shield-fern. 

7.  A.  dilatatum  Swartz :  stipe  chaffy ;  frond  bipinnate ;   the  pinnules 
oblong,  distinct,  deeply  and  incisely  pinnatifid ;  segments  mucronate-ser- 
rate;  sori  minute,  distinct,  in  a  double  row  about  the  middle  of  the  pinnules. 
A.  intermedium  MM.    A.  spinulosum  Pursh.   Nephrodium  cristatum  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  July.  1\. — Stipe  6—12  inches  long,  pale 
brown,  chaffy  with  thin  brown  scales.  Frond  12—18  inches  long,  ovate-Ian 
ceolate  in  its  outline,  varying  in  the  divisions  of  the  pinnce,  sometimes  almos* 
tripinnate ;  serratures  of  the  segments  cuspidate  or  sharply  acuminate.  Son 
rather  small,  numerous,  somewhat  in  two  rows,  brownish.  Indusium  umbilicatt! 
in  the  centre.  Dilated  Shield-fern. 

8.  A.  aculeatum  Swartz:   stipe   and  rachis  chaffy;   frond   bipinnate; 
pinnules  ovate,  somewhat  falcate,  slightly  petioled,  mucronate-serrate,  ob- 
liquely truncate  and  auricled  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  obtusely  cuneate 
on  the  lower,  upper  ones  fructiferous.    (  Torr.  N.  Y.  FU.} 

White  mountains,  N.  H.  Green  Mountains,  Vt.  Mountains  of  Essex  county, 
N.  Y.  Aug.  7J.. — Stipe  2 — 6  inches  long,  and  with  the  rachis  clothed  with 
chaffy  lanceolate-subulate  scales.  Frond  1% — 2  feet  long,  of  a  rigid  texture, 
broad-lanceolate  in  its  outline.  Sori  rather  large,  6 — 8  on  each  pinnule,  near 
the  middle.  Indusium  reniform-peltate.  Prickly  Shield-fern. 

4.  WOODSIA.    Brown.— Woodsia. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Joseph  Woods ;  an  English  botanist.) 
Sori  globose.    Indusium  more  or  less  globose  or  cup-shaped, 
seated  under  the  sorus,  and  at  length  cut  at  the  margin  into 
numerous  often  capillary  segments.     Spore-cases  globose,  pedi- 
cellate. 

1.  W.  ttvensis  Brown :  frond  lanceolate,  pinnate ;  pinnae  oblong,  obtuse, 
deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  the  under  surface  as 
well  as  the  rachis  and  stipe  chaffy.    W.  Ilvensis  and  rufidula  Deck  Bot. 
1st.  Ed.     Polypodium  Ilvense  Swartz. 

Rocky  banks  of  streams,  Subarct.  Amer.  to  Car.  June.  7J.. — Fern  4 — 6 
inches  high,  growing  in  dense  tufts.  Fronds  2 — 4  inches  long,  the  under  surface 
clothed  with  rusty  scales;  pinnce  about  12,  alternate.  Sori  small,  near  the 
margin  of  the  segments,  at  length  confluent.  Indusium  surrounding  the  slightly 
pedicellate  spore-cases,  the  margin  cut  into  numerous  capillary  segments. 

Oblong-leaved  Woodsia. 

2.  W.  hyperborea  Brown, :  frond  lanceolate,  pinnate ;  pinnae  ovate-cordate, 
incisely  pinnatifid,  covered  with  chaffy  hair  beneath ;  segments  rounded, 
unequal.    Polypodium  hyperboreum  Swartz. 

In  clefts  of  rocks.  Can.  and  on  the  higfc  mountains  of  Perm,  and  Virg 
Pursh.  July.  7|. — Resembles  the  preceding,  but  is  sometimes  quite  small,  and 
differs  in  having  the  pinnae  as  well  as  the  segments  more  rounded  and  less  deeply 


460  FILICES. 

pinnatifid,  except  at  their  base,  where  the  bottom  pair  of  segments  are  often  so 
deeply  separated  as  to  form  two  little  pinnules.          Rounded- leaved  Woodsia. 

3.  W.  obtusa  Torr. :  stipe  and  rachis  somewhat  chaffy ;  frond  lanceolate, 
somewhat  bipinnate,  minutely  glandular-pilose  ;  divisions  pinnate  or  deeply 
pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-toothed ;  sori  mostly  solitary 
on  each  lobule  of  the  segments,  and  near  the  sinus.  ( Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.} 
W.  Perriniana  Hook.  <$•  Grev.  Alsophila  Perriniana  Spreng.  Aspidium 
obtusum  Willd. 

Rocky  banks.  Can.  to  Car. ;  rather  rare.  July.  2J.. — Fern  8 — 12  inches 
high.  Stipe  2 — 3  inches  long,  straw-colored,  chaffy.  Frond  covered  with 
a  minute  glandular  pubescence ;  the  divisions  ovate-oblong.  Sori  small,  at 
length  almost  confluent.  Indusium  hemispheric,  at  length  opening  at  the  top 
with  an  irregular  lobed  margin.  Dr.  Torrey  states  that  the  Alsojihila  Perrini- 
ana was  described  by  Sprengel  from  specimens  sent  by  him,  which  were  placed 
by  mistake  in  a  collection  of  plants  brought  from  the  West  Indies  by  M.  Perrin. 

Obtuse  Woodsia. 

5.  CISTOPTERIS.  Bernh.— Bladder  Fern. 
(From  the  Greek  Kiffrtj,  a  box,  and  nrtpis,  a  fern..} 
Sori  roundish.     Indusium  inserted  by  its   broad  cucullate 
base  at  the  under  side  of  the  sorus,  opening  by  its  lengthened 
free  extremity  which  points  towards  the  apex  of  the  segment. 

1.  C.  fragiiis  Bernh.  •  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnae  ovate-lanceolate ;  pinnules 
ovate-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  segments  toothed  ;  rachis  winged. 
Aspidium  fragile  Swartz.  A.  tenuc  Willd.  Nephrodium  ienue  Mich. 

Moist  rocks.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Ver.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  June,  July.  1\. — Fern 
6 — 14  inches  high,  growing  in  tufts.  Stipe  slender,  dark  colored  and  a  little 
chaffy  at  base.  Frond  delicate,  deep  green ;  pinnules  somewhat  variable  in 
their  shape  and  divisions.  Sori  large,  pale,  mostly  solitary,  near  the  margins  of 
the  segments.  Indusium  forming  a  sort  of  cup  or  hood.  Brittle  Bladder-fern. 

'2.  C.  bulbifera  Bernh. :  frond  bipinnate,  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the 
upper  part ;  segments  opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  the  lower  ones  pin- 
natifid ;  rachis  bearing  bulbs ;  sori  minute.  Aspidium  buttnferum  Swartz. 
Nep/irodium  bulbiferum  Mich. 

Shady  rocks.  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ohio ;  common.  July.  7J.. — Fern  some- 
times 2  feet  or  more  high,  growing  in  tufts.  Stipe  smooth,  pale.  Frond  nar- 
row, smooth,  green,  much  elongated  and  often  bending  over  at  the  end.  Rachis 
bearing  greenish  somewhat  flattened  bulbs,  which  are  about  the  size  of  a  pea. 

Bulb-bearing  Bladder-fern. 

6.  ASPLENIUM.  Linn.— Spleenwort. 

(From  the  Greek  a,  privative,  and  <nrA^,  the  spleen  ;  from  its  supposed  medici- 
nal virtues.) 

Sori  oblong  or  linear,  oblique,  scattered.  Indusium  of  the 
same  shape,  superficial,  arising  from  the  lateral  veins,  and  open- 
ing longitudinally  on  the  side  towards  the  midrib. 

*  ^Frond  pinnate. 
I.  A.  angustifolium  Mich. :  frond  pinnate;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  ere- 


FILICES.  461 

nate-serrulate,  somewhat  repand ;  the  base  truncate  on  the  lower  side, 
rounded  on  the  upper. 

Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Mats,  and  N.  Y.  July.  %.— Fern  1—2  feet  high, 
erect.  Sterile  fronds  forming  a  circle  with  the  fertile  ones  smaller  and  central. 
Sort  oblong-linear,  diverging  like  veins  from  the  midrib,  at  length  confluent. 
Indusium  vaulted,  thick.  Narrow-leaved  Spleenwort. 

2.  A.  ebeneum  Willd.i  frond  pinnate;  pinnae  sessile,  lanceolate,  some- 
what falcate,  serrate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  of  their  base  ;  stipe  and 
rachis  smooth  and  shining,  dark  purple.     A.  trickomoiwides  Mich.     A.  po- 
lypodioides  Muhl. 

Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  1\..— Fern  8—12  inches  high,  erect. 
Stipe  very  smooth,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black.  Frond  lance-linear  in  its  out- 
line, pale  green,  smooth.  Sori  in  short  diverging  lines,  arranged  in  a  double 
row  along  the  midrib  of  the  pinnae,  at  length  confluent.  Indusium  thin  and 
membranaceous.  Ebony  Spleenwort. 

3.  A.  Trichomanes  Linn. :  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnae  obliquely  oval  or  round- 
ish-obovate,  subsessile,  crenate,  cuneate  or  cuneate-truncate  at  base  ;  stipe 
and  rachis  smooth,  shining,  very  dark  purple.     A.  melanocaulon  Wittd. 

Shady  rocks.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  1\.. — Fern  4 — 8  inches  high,  growing  in 
dense  spreading  tufts.  Stipe  slender,  smooth  and  shining,  blackish-purple. 
Frond  lance-linear  in  its  outline,  dark  green.  Sori  2~ 6  on  each  pinna,  linear- 
oblong,  at  length  nearly  oval.  Common  Rock  Spleenwort. 

**  Frond  pinnate-pinnaiifid. 

4.  A.  thelypteriffides  Mich. :  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnae  sessile,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate- 
serrate. 

Shady  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  1\..— Fern  1—2  feet  high. 
Stipe  smooth,  straw-color,  slightly  chaffy.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate,  pale  glau- 
cous green ;  pinnce  long,  numerous,  distinct.  Sori  oblong  and  oblique,  forming 
two  rows,  one  on  each  side  of  the  partial  rib,  at  length  almost  confluent. 

Thelypteris-like  Spleenwort. 

***  Frond  bipinnate. 

5.  A.  Ruta  muraria  Linn. :  frond  bipinnate  at  base,  simply  pinnate  at 
the  top ;  segments  rhomboid-cuneate,  obtusely  denticulate  at  the  extremity. 

Limestone  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car. ;  rare.  July.  7^. — Fern  2 — 4  inches  long, 
growing  in  tufts.  Frond  ovate,  spreading,  smooth,  rather  rigid,  glaucous  green. 
Sort  linear-oblong,  slightly  oblique,  at  length  of  a  darker  color  and  confluent. 

Wall-rue  Spleenwort. 

6.  A.  montanum    Willd. :   frond  smooth,   bipinnate ;   pinnules   oblong- 
ovate,  pinnatifid ;  segments  2 — 3-toothed  at  the  apex.     A.  Adiantum  ni- 
grum  Mich. 

Mountain  rocks.  Bethlehem,  Penn.  to  Car.  Schweimtz.  July.  7J.  —  Fern 
4—8  inches  high,  growing  in  tufts.  Frond  having  a  narrow  outline,  mostly  bi- 
pinnate, but  more  or  less  divided  according  to  its  size.  Sort  linear,  at  length 
confluent.  Differs  from  the  foreign  A.  Adiantum  nigrum  in  being  much  smaller, 
and  in  having  the  segments  more  obtuse.  Mountain  Spleenwort. 

7.  A.  Filix  fcemina  Bernh. :  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnules  linear-oblong ; 
segments  oblong-lanceolate,  incised-serrate,  the  serratures  2— 3-toothed; 
son  oblong,  at  length  lunate  and  recurved.     Aspidium  Filix  foKmina  and 


462  PILICES. 

asplenwides  Swartz.     A.  angitstum,  Willd.     Nephrodium  Filixfamina  and 
asplenwides  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  July.  Q.—Fern  1—2  feet 
or  more  high,  smooth.  Stipe  tawny.  Frond  with  an  outline  varying  from  ob- 
long to  broad-lanceolate,  variously  divided  and  subdivided.  Sori  small,  one  on 
each  segment  of  the  pinnules,  inserted  laterally  into  its  minute  midrib,  oblong 
and  straight,  at  length  by  the  pushing  back  of  the  indusium  becoming  kidney- 
shaped  and  appearing  nearly  round,  but  always  remaining  distinct. 

Female  Spleenwort. 

7.  ANTIGRAMMA.   J.  Smith.—  Antigramma. 


(.From  the  Greek  avri.  like,  and  ypappa,  writing  ;  in  allusion  to  the  appearance 
of  the  sori.) 

Sori  linear,  unilateral,  mostly  approximated  in  pairs  and 
facing  each  other,  scattered.  Indusium  linear  ;  one  margin 
free. 

A.  rhizophyUa,  J.  Smith  :  frond  lanceolate,  somewhat  crenate,  (rarely 
sinuate,)  auriculate-cordate  at  base;  the  point  very  long,  attenuate  and 
often  rooting.  Asplenium  rhizophyllum  Willd. 

Wet  rocks.  Can.  to  Car.  ;  rather  rare.  July.  1}..  —  Fronds  several  from  the 
same  root,  6  or  8  inches  long  and  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  wide  at  the  base, 
gradually  tapering,  with  a  long  and  linear  point  which  is  bent  to  the  ground 
and  often  takes  root,  the  base  often  hastate  or  conspicuously  auricled  ;  veins 
forked,  reticulated.  Sori  often  approximating  in  pairs  and  sometimes  confluent. 

Walking  Fern. 

•  .  •  .*-  ;!.rj.f  •??•-<?     f***-! 

8.  SCOLOPENDRIUM.  Smith.—  Hart's  Tongue. 

(Thus  named  from  the  resemblance  which  the  lines  of  fructification  bear  to 
the  insect  called  Scolopendra.") 

Sori  linear,  transverse,  on  lateral  nerves.  Indusium  double, 
occupying  both  sides  of  the  sorus,  superficial,  opening  inwards, 
as  it  were,  by  a  longitudinal  suture. 

(S1.  qfficinarum  Smith  :  frond  simple,  oblong-ligulate,  entire,  cordate  at 
base.  Asplenium,  Scoiopendrium  Linn. 

Limestone  rocks  along  Chittenango  Creek,  near  the  Falls,  N.Y.  ;  abundant 
Torr.  July.  1\.  —  Fern  12—  20  inches  high,  growing  in  thick  tufts.  Stipe  rathei 
short,  chaffy.  Frond  8  —  15  inches  long,  1  —  2  wide,  bright  green,  pale  beneath. 
Sori  linear,  "6  —  9  lines  long,  oblique  to  the  midrib,  confluent  in  pairs. 

Common  Hart's  Tongue. 

9.  WOODWARDIA.  Smith.—  Woodwardia. 
(In  honor  of  Thomas  J.  Woodimrd,  an  English  botanist.) 

Sori  oblong  or  linear,  distinct,  parallel  with  the  ribs  of  the 
frond  on  either  side.  Indusium  superficial,  vaulted,  separating 
towards  the  rib. 

1.  W.  angustifolia  Smith  :  sterile  frond  pinnatifid,  with  lanceolate  slightly 
serrulate  segments  ;  fertile  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnae  linear,  entire,  acute.  W, 
onodeoides  Willd.  Onoclea  nodulosa  Mich. 


FILICES. 


463 


Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor. ;  rather  rare.  Aug.  Q. — Fern  1 — 2  feet  high,  grow- 
ing in  tufts,  smooth  except  at  the  lower  part  of  the  stipe.  Frond  lanceolate, 
tapering  at  the  top ;  the  veins  of  the  sterile  one  much  reticulated.  Sori  3 — 4 
lines  long,  at  length  nearly  covering  the  back  of  the  pinnae.  Indusium  involute. 

Narrow-leaved  Woodwardia. 

2.  W.  Virginica  Sicartz ;  sterile  and  fertile  fronds  similar,  very  smooth, 
pinnate ;  pinnae  sessile,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid.  W.  lia.nisteriana  Mich. 
Doodia  Virginica  JPresL 

Swamps.  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Geor.  July.  '4- — Fern  about  2  feet  high, 
growing  in  tufts,  smooth.  Stipe  brown.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  in  its  outline, 
light  green,  with  the  segments  rather  obtuse  and  a  little  incurved.  Sori  in  in- 
terrupted double  lines  near  the  midrib  of  the  pinnae  and  segments.  Indusium 
revolute.  Virginian  Woodwardia. 

10.  PTERIS.  Linn.— Brake. 
(From  the  Greek  irrer,v£,  a  plume  or  feather  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  frond.) 

Sori  marginal,  linear,  continuous  or  interrupted,  forming  a 
transverse  receptacle  which  connects  the  apices  of  the  veinlets. 
Indusium  linear,  narrow,  occupying  the  margin  of  the  frond ; 
the  inner  side  free. 

1.  P.  aquilina  Linn. :    frond  3-parted ;  branches  bipinnate ;    pinnules 
linear-lanceolate,  lower  pinnatifid,  upper  undivided ;  segments  oblong,  ob- 
tuse.    P.  cor  data  Pnrsh. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  Ij.. — Stipe  I — 2  feet  long,  angular, 
smooth,  light  brown,  divided  into  large  opposite  branches.  Frond  1—2  or  3  feet 
in  diameter,  bi-triternately  divided,  spreading,  dull  green  ;  some  of  the  pinnules 
with  only  a  single  lobe,  and  appearing  auricled.  Sori  uninterrupted,  resembling 
a  thickened  russet  edging.  One  of  our  largest  ferns.  Common  Brake. 

2.  P.  atropurpurea  Linn. :  frond  pinnate  or  subbipinnate ;  lower  divisions 
ternate  or  pinnate ;  segments  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  obliquely  trun- 
cate or  subcordate  at  base.    Platyloma  airopurpurea  J.  Smith. 

On  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  %. — Stipe,  2 — 4  inches  long,  dark  purple, 
terete,  slender,  roughish-pubescent.  Frond  4- — 8  inches  long,  grayish-green. 
Sori  conspicuous,  linear  and  marginal.  Indusium  membranaceous,  often  undu- 
lately  crenate.  Purple-stalked  Brake. 

3.  P.  gradlis  Mich. :  frond  lanceolate ;  the  sterile  pinnate,  with  pinna- 
tifid divisions  and  a  few  broad-ovate  obtuse  segments ;  the  fertile  bipinnate, 
with  linear-oblong  acute  slightly  crenate  segments.    Cheilantkes  gracilis 
Spreng.     AUosurus  gracilis  J.  Smith. 

Moist  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  Y. ;  rare.  Aug.  rl\.. — Stipe  1 — 3  inches  long, 
dark  brown  and  shining.  Frond  2 — 4  inches  long,  smooth,  membranaceous. 
Sori  approximated.  Indusium  membranaceous.  Smaller  and  more  delicate 
than  the  preceding.  Abundant  on  the  rocks  near  Whitehall,  N.  Y. 

Slender  Brakf. 

11.  ADIANTUM.  Linn.— Maiden  Hair. 
(From  the  Greek  aXeaj/roj,  dry ;  its  surface  repelling  moisture.) 

Sori  oblong  or  roundish,  marginal.  Indusium  membranaceous, 
arising  from  the  reflexed  margin  of  distinct  segments  pf  the 
frond,  opening  along  the  lower  or  inner  side. 


464  FILICES. 

A.  pf  datum  Linn. :  frond  pedate ;  divisions  pinnate  ;  segments  dimidiate, 
triangular-oblong,  or  somewhat  rhomboid ;  the  upper  margin  incisely  lobed 
and  serrate ;  sori  somewhat  lunate. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss,  and  Louis.  July.  9.J.. — A  delicate 
and  graceful  fern  1 — 2  feet  high,  easily  known  by  its  long  slender  black  highly 
polished  stipe,  and  its  pedate  nearly  horizontal  frond.  Maiden-hair. 

12.  CHEILANTHES.  Swartz.— Cheilanthes. 

(From  the  Greek  %£<Aoj,  a  lip,  and  avOo$,  a,  flower;  in  allusion  to  the  labiate 
form  of  the  indusium.) 

Sori  roundish,  distinct,  situated  at  the  margin  of  the  frond. 
Indusium  of  distinct  membranaceous  inflexed  scales,  opening 
inwards. 

C.  vestita  Willd. :  frond  bipinnate,  hairy  on  both  sides ;  pinnules  pinna- 
tifid ;  segments  rounded,  oblong,  very  entire  ;  stipe  and  rachis  hairy. 

Rocky  banks.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  July.  1±. — Fern 
6 — 8  inches  high,  covered  with  long  brownish  hair.  Stipe  somewhat  rigid. 
Frond  lance-oblong  in  its  outline.  Sori  at  length  contiguous  or  crowded. 

Hairy  Cheilantkes. 

13.  HYMENOPHYLLUM.   Smith.— Filmy  Fern. 

(Prom  the  Greek  v^v,  a  membrane,  and  <£t>XAoi/,  a  leaf;  in  allusion  to  the  tex- 
ture of  the  frond.) 

Sori  in  separate  spots  on  the  the  margin  of  the  frond.  Spore- 
cases  inserted  upon  a  narrow  receptacle,  within  a  2-valved  indu- 
sium which  is  of  the  same  texture  as  the  frond,  opening  above. 

H.  ciliatum  Smith :  frond  pinnate ;  lower  divisions  larger ;  upper  ones 
gradually  smaller,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  linear-obtuse,  bifid,  ciliate,  hairy 
on  the  veins ;  stipe  and  rachis  winged  and  ciliate.  Tiichomants  ciliatum 
Swartz. 

Trunks  of  trees  in  shady  places.    Penn.  and  Virg.    1\.. — Pursh. 

Ciliate  Filmy-fern. 

14.  STRUTHIOPTERIS.   Willd.— Ostrich  Fern. 

(From  the  Greek  orpou0dj,  an  ostrich,  and  irrefus,  a  fern ;  on  account  of  the 
fancied  resemblance  to  the  plumes  of  that  bird.) 

Fertile  frond  contracted ;  the  margins  revolute,  forming  a 
general  involucre.  Sori  round,  confluent,  naked ;  the  pedicels 
of  the  spore-cases  cohering  at  the  base,  forming  an  elevated 
thickened  receptacle. 

<S.  Germanica  Willd. :  sterile  frond  pinnate ;  pinnse  pinnatifid,  sessile ; 
segments  entire,  rather  acute,  lower  ones  elongated.  S  Pennsylvanica 
Willd.  Onocka  Struthiopteris  and  nodulosa  Schk. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y. ;  lather  rare.  July.  TJ..—  Sterile 
fronds  2—3  feet  high,  forming  circular  tufts.  Fertile  fronds  central,  much 


F1LICES.  465 

smaller  than  the  sterile,  but  having  a  thicker  stipe  ;  segments  incurved  and  filled 
with  the  confluent  son'.  Common  Ostrich-fern. 

15.  DICKSONIA.  L'Herit.— Dicksonia. 
(In  honor  of  James  Dickson,  an  English  botanist.) 
Sori  small,  roundish  or  dot-like,  distinct,  marginal.     Indit- 
sium  coriaceous  or  membranaceous,  formed  in  part  of  the  lobule 
of  the  frond  and  of  the  proper  indusium  more  or  less  united, 
2-valved  or  entire,  sometimes  cup-shaped. 

D.  pilosiuscula  Wiltd. :  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnse  lanceolate,  sessile ;  pin- 
nules decurrent,  ovate-oblong,  pinnatifid;  segments  incised-toothed ;  sori 
solitary,  minute ;  indusium  cup-shaped.  D.  pundiloba  Hook.  Nephrodium 
punctilobum  Mich.  Aspidium  punctilobum,  Willd. 

Moist  shady  places.  Can.  to  Virg. ;  common.  July.  l^.. — Frond  15 — 20  inches 
high,  lance-oblong,  somewhat  hairy,  pale  yellowish-green  and  rather  delicate. 
Stipe  and  rachis  somewhat  hairy,  pale  green.  Sori  solitary,  minute,  near  the 
divisions  of  the  segments.  Hairy  Dicksonia. 

II.  OSMUNDEJE.  Capsules  destitute  of  a  ring,  reticulated,  striated 
with  rays  at  the  apex,  opening  lengthwise  and  usually  externally. 

16.  OSMUNDA.  Linn. — Flowering  Fern. 

(Etymology  uncertain.) 

Spore-cases  subglobose,  pedicellate,  radiate-striate  or  wrin- 
kled, half  2-valved,  in  terminal  paniculate  racemes,  or  clustered 
on  the  contracted  frond.  Indusium  none. 

1.  O.  Claytoniana  Linn.:  frond  pinnate;  pinnae  pinnatifid;  segments 
oblong,  entire ;   some  of  the  intermediate  pinnae  fertile.      O.  interrupta 
Mich. 

Low  wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Virg. ;  common.  June.  7J.. — Stipe  nearly  smooth, 
6 — 8  inches  long.  Frond  18 — 24  inches  long,  linear-oblong  in  its  outline  ;  pinna 
mostly  opposite,  2  or  3  of  the  central  pairs  contracted  into  pinnate  clusters  of 
dark  brown  spore-cases.  Interrupted  Flowering-fern. 

2.  O.  spectabilis  Linn. :  frond  bipinnate,  fruit  bearing  at  the  summit ; 
pinnules  lance-oblong,  nearly  equal  at  the  base,  subpetiolate,  serrulate ; 
raceme  large,  decompound,  smooth.  O.  regalis  Mich. 

Moist  meadows  and  thickets.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  "11-.— Fern  3—4  feet  high, 
smooth,  grayish-green,  with  numerous  spreading  branches.  Raceme  terminal, 
4—8  inches  long.  Smaller  and  of  a  more  rigid  texture  than  the  foreign  O  regalis, 
and  also  differing  from  it  in  having  the  pinnules  distinct  and  without  the  auricle 
on  the  lower  side.  Flowering-fern. 

3.  O.  cinnamomea  Linn. :  sterile  frond  pinnate ;  pinnae  elongated,  pin- 
natifid ;  segments  ovate-oblong,  entire ;  fertile  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnae  con- 
tracted, and  with  the  stipe  woolly. 

var.  frondosa  Torr. :  frond  leafy  below,  fruit-beanng  at  the  summit ; 
stipe  less  woolly.  O.  Claytoniana  Conrad  not  of  Linn,  (according  to 
Torr.} 


466  F1LICES. 

Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.  11.— Fern  sometimes  4—5  feet  high, 
in  large  bundles  or  circles.  Fertile  fronds  usually  central,  less  numerous  than 
the  sterile,  with  the  pinnae  much  smaller  and  covered  with  dense  clusters  of 
ferruginous  or  cinnamon-colored  spore-cases.  Var.  frondosa  has  been  found  in 
a  few  localities  in  the  state  of  N.  Y.  I  am  doubtful  whether  it  may  not  still 
*urn  out  to  be  a  distinct  species.  Woolly  Flowering-fern. 

17.  LYGODIUM.  Swartz.— Climbing  Fern. 
(From  the  Greek  Auyjj,  a  twig ;  in  allusion  to  its  twining  habit.) 
Spore-cases  sessile,  ovate,  in  2-ranked  little  spikes,  which 
issue  from  the  margin  of  the  frond,  radiate-striate,  or  wrinkled, 
opening  on  the  inner  side  from  the  base  to  the  summit.     Indu- 
sium  scale-like,  covering  each  spore-case. 

L.  palmatum  Swartz :  stem  flexuous  and  climbing ;  fronds  conjugate, 
cordate,  palmate,  5 — 7-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  and  obtuse ;  terminal  ones 
contracted  and  fruit-bearing,  forming  a  compound  panicle.  Hydroglossum 
palmatum  Willd.  Cteisium  paniculatum  Mich. 

Low  woods.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  ?  to  Car. ;  rare.  July.  7J-. — Stem  climbing, 
3 — 4  feet  long,  smooth  and  slender.  Petioles  alternate,  forked  at  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  stem,  and  supporting  two  leaves  or  fronds,  which  are  deeply  lobed, 
light  green  above  and  paler  beneath.  Fertile  fronds  variously  divided  into 
small  linear  segments  with  the  son  in  two  imbricated  rows.  Climbing-fern. 

18.  SCHIZEA.    Smith.— One-sided  Fern. 

(From  the  Greek  o^i^w,  to  split ;  in  allusion  to  the  cloven  appearance  of  the 
spikes.) 

Spikes  unilateral,  flabellate,  aggregate.  Spore-cases  with 
radiating  furrows  at  the  top,  somewhat  turbinate,  bursting  lat- 
erally, sessile.  Indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  inflexed 
margin  of  the  spikes. 

£  pusiUa  Pursli :  frond  simple,  linear-compressed,  tortuous  ;  spikes  few, 
conglomerated  at  the  summit  of  a  long  slender  stipe.  &  tortuosa  Muhl. 

Sandy  moist  grounds.  Near  the  Academy  in  the  town  of  Yates,  Orleans 
county,  N.  Y.  T.  E.  Wetmore.  Near  Quakers'  Bridge.  N.  J.  Aug.  Tj..— A 
very  small  fern,  with  numerous  cespitose/rowds,  which  are  about  2  inches  long. 
Stipe  3 — 5  inches  long,  filiform,  with  a  few  brownish  secund  spikes.  It  has 
been  found  in  Newfoundland  and  in  the  Falkland  Islands,  but  the  only  inter- 
mediate localities  known  are  those  above  noticed.  One-sided  Fern. 

III.  OPHIOG LOSSES.  Spore-cases  roundish,  l-cetted,  adnate  at  the 
base,  coriaceous,  opaque,  destitute  of  a  ring,  sometimes  connate,  half  2- 
vahed.  Vernation  straight. 

19.  OPHIOGLOSSUM.  Linn.— Adder's  Tongue. 

(From  the  Greek  o<^j,  a  serpent,  and  yAwa-era,  a  tongue ;  in  allusion  to  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  spike.) 

Spore-cases  roundish,  smooth,  1-celled,  2-valved,  opening 
transversely,  forming  a  compact  2-ranked  linear  spike.  Indu- 
sium none. 

20* 


LYCOPODIACE^:.  467 

1.  O.  vulgatum  Linn. :  root  fibrous ;  spike  cauline ;  frond  simple,  ob- 
long-ovate, obtuse,  closely  reticulate. 

Low  moist  woods.  N.  S. ;  rare.  June.  '1J-. — Stipe  smooth  and  succulent, 
6—3  inches  high,  bearing  about  the  middle  a  single  entire  subsessile  frond. 
Spike  about  an  inch  long,  on  a  slender  peduncle.  Common  Adder's-tongue. 

2.  O.  bulbosum  Mich. :  root  bulbous ;  spike  cauline ;  frond  subcordate, 
ovate,  somewhat  obtuse.     O.  crotaloptioroides  Walt. 

Low  sandy  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car. ;  rare.  May.  Tj.. — Stipe  6  inches  high. 
Frond  1 — 1J  inches  long  and  an  inch  broad,  reticulate. 

Bulbous  Adder's-tongue. 

20.  BOTRYCHIUM.  Swartz.— Moonwort. 
(From  the  Greek  06rpv$,  a  bunch  of  grapes ;  in  allusion  to  the  fructification.) 

Spore-cases  subglobose,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  distinct,  smooth, 
sessile  along  the  margin  of  a  compound  pinnate  rachis,  opening 
transversely.  Indusium  none. 

1.  B.  simplex  Hitchcock:  scape  with  one  frond  above;  frond  ternate, 
pinnatifid ;    segments  roundish,   cuneate,   obovate,   entire    or  somewhat 
incised. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  June.  %.. — Scape  seldom  more  than 
4  or  5  inches  high.  Frond  solitary,  from  a  torn  membranaceous  sheath,  divided 
into  3  or  4  unequal  segments  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  segments  often  much  cut.  Spike 
pinnate.  Small  Moonwort. 

2.  B.  lunarioides  Swartz :  scape  bearing  the  petioled  frond  near  the  base ; 
frond  smooth,  3-parted,  the  divisions  bipinnatifid ;  segments  obliquely  lance- 
ovate,  crenulate;  spike  bipinnate.     B .  fumarioides  and  obliquum    Willd. 
Botrypus  lunarioides  Mich. 

Moist  low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ark.  June.  %. — Scape  6 — 15 
inches  long,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy.  Frond  triangular  in  its  outline,  petioled, 
but  often  more  compound  ;  segments  lunate,  crenulate.  Spore-cases  in  double 
rows  on  the  pinnules,  which  are  very  narrow  and  without  teeth.  B.  dissectum 
Muhl.  is  nothing  more  than  a  variety,  with  the  frond  more  dissected  and  the 
segments  narrower.  Tatt  Moonwort. 

3.  B.  Virginicum  Swartz :  somewhat  hairy ;  scape  bearing  the  frond 
near  the  middle ;  frond  3-parted,  the  divisions  bipinnatifid :  segments  ob- 
tuse, incisely  toothed ;  spike  bipinnate.     B.  gracile  Pursh.     Botrypus  Vir- 
ginicus  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May— July.  C2\..— Scape  10—18  or  20  inches 
high.  Frond  3-parted  or  ternate ;  the  divisions  4—6  inches  long,  broad-ovate  or 
somewhat  deltoid  in  their  outline  and  again  variously  subdivided ;  segments 
acutely  2 — 6- toothed.  Spike  oblong,  loose,  brownish. 

Virginian  Moonwort.    Rattlesnake  Fern. 

ORDER  CL.     LYCOPODIACE^E. — CLUBMOSSES. 

Fructification  axillary  or  spiked,  composed  .of  1 — 3-celled 
sessile  spore-cases  containing  either  minute  powdery  matter,  or 
grains  of  larger  size. — Moss-like  plants,  with  creeping  or  pros- 
trate stems  and  imbricate  leaves,  the  axis  abounding  in  annular 


468  LYCOPODIACE^l. 

vessels ;  or  stemless  plants,  with  erect  subulate  leaves  and  a 
solid  corm. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM.  Linn.— Club  Moss. 

(From  the  Greek  At>w,  a  wolf,  and  :rov?,  n-ojoj,  afoot ;  on  account  of  a  supposed 
resemblance  in  the  appearance  of  some  species.) 

Spore-cases  all  of  one  kind,  1 -celled,  reniform,  somewhat 
didymous,  opening  transversely  at  the  apex  or  rarely  at  the 


*  Spore-cases  in  spikes. 
f  Spikes  pedunculate. 

1.  L.  davatum  Linn. :  stem  creeping,  with  ascending  branches ;  leaves 
scattered,  numerous,   subulate-linear,  incurved  and  hair-pointed;    spikes 
mostly  in  pairs,  cylindric,  pedunculate ;  scales  ovate,  acuminate,  erosely 
denticulate.    L.  tristachyum  Pursk.  ?    L.  integrifolium  Goldie. 

Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Del.  W.  to  Mich.  July.  Ij.. — Stem  closely  trailing 
on  the  ground,  several  feet  long,  rooting  and  throwing  up  fertile  branches  2 — 6 
inches  long.  Leaves  3 — 4  lines  long,  light  green,  entire  or  minutely  denticulate. 
Spikes  usually  in  pairs,  sometimes  1,  rarely  3  or  4,  yellowish,  erect.  Peduncles 
2—5  inches  long.  Common  Club-moss. 

2.  L.  complanatum  Linn. :  stem  trailing ;  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
dichotomously  and  pedately  subdivided,  with  the  branchlets  flattened  and 
spreading  ;  leaves  4-rowed,  the  marginal  ones  connate  and  diverging  at  the 
apex,  the  middle  rows  distinct  and  appressed ;  spikes  2 — 4,  cylindric,  on  a 
long  common  peduncle. 

Woods  and  thickets.  Arct.  Amer.  to  Car. ;  common.  July.  1J..— Stem  2—8 
feet  long,  procumbent  or  sometimes  shorter  and  nearly  erect,  variously  branched. 
Leaves  short,  4-rowed,  those  on  each  margin  broad  at  the  base  and  somewhat 
spreading,  those  of  the  middle  row  smaller  and  closely  pressed  to  the  flattened 
sides  of  the  stem.  Spikes  about  an  inch  long.  Flattened  Club-moss. 

•ff  Spikes  sessile. 

3.  L.  inundatum  Linn. :  stem  prostrate,  creeping ;  fertile  branches  soli- 
tary, erect,  with  a  single  oblong  sessile  and  leafy  spike  at  the  extremity ; 
leaves  linear,  scattered,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate,  curved  up- 
wards.    L.  Caroiinianum  Dig. 

var.  afapecuroides  Tucfarman :  fertile  branches  elongated  ;  leaves  linear- 
subulate,  sparingly  ciliate-denticulate  at  the  base.  L.  alopccuroides  Linn. 

Swamps  and  wet  sandy  margins  of  ponds.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Flor.  July, 
Aug.  '4-- — Stem  long,  creeping  close  to  the  ground,  yellowish-green.  Fertile 
\ranches  subradical,  2—  lO^inches  high.  Sterile  branches  short,  flaccid.  Leaves 
varying  from  entire  to  conspicuously  denticulate.  Spites  6  lines  to  an  inch  or 
•nore  long,  leafy.  Marsh  Club-moss. 

4.  L.  annotinum  Linn. :    stem  creeping,   very  branching ;   branches 
iscending,  2 — 3-forked,  the  branchlets  simple;  leaves  in  about  5  rows, 
•inear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  serrulate  at  the  apex,  spreading ;  spike  soli- 
wary,  oblong-cylindric,  sessile. 


LYCOPODIACE^E.  469 

var.  montanum  Tuckerman :  low ;  leaves  in  4  rows.  L.  sabinafolium 
Beck  Dot.  1st.  Ed. 

Rocky  and  mountain  woods.  Arct.  Amer.  to  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  '2J..— 
Stem  often  several  feet  in  length,  sending  up  ascending  branches  which  are 
6 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  rigid,  light  green,  those  of  the  stem  shorter.  Spike 
about  an  inch  long.  I  concur  in  the  opinion  expressed  by  Mr.  Tuckerman,  that 
L.  sabincefolium  ol  the  previous  edition  is  an  alpine  variety  of  this  species. 

Interrupted  Club-moss. 

5.  L.  obscurum  Linn. :  stem  erect,  much  branched   near  the  summit ; 
branches  alternate,  subdivided,  erect,  or  somewhat  spreading ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  in  4 — 6  unequal  rows,  spreading ;  spikes  1 — 3,  sessile.    L.  den- 
droideum  Mich. 

Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July  1\.. — Stem  6 — 9  inches  high,  bushy  near 
the  summit,  the  branches  dichotomously  subdivided.  Leaves  entire,  those  of 
the  lateral  rows  longest.  Spikes  sometimes  solitary,  but  occasionally  4  or  5, 
about  2  inches  long,  somewhat  tapering  at  the  summit.  Ground  Pine. 

6.  L.  selaginoides  Linn :  stem  filiform,  creeping  ;  branches  few,  ascend- 
ing, simple ;  leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  somewhat  spreading,  ciliate-den- 
ticulate  ;  spike  solitary,  sessile,  leafy. 

Wet  hill  sides.  Can.  and  N.  S.  ?  July.  %.— Fertile  branches  2—4  inches 
high,  nearly  erect,  yellowish-green,  with,  the  leaves  larger  than  those  of  the 
sterile  ones.  Spike  about  an  inch  long.  Lesser  Alpine  Club-moss. 

**  Spore-cases  axillary,  scattered. 

7.  L.  lucidtdum  Mich.:    stem  2— 3-forked,   the  branches   ascending; 
leaves  in  about  8  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  denticulate,  acute,  spreading  or 
reflexed. 

Moist  shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1|.. — Stem  mostly  prostrate, 
the  branches  8 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  longer  than  in  any  of  the  preceding, 
dark  green  and  shining.  Spore-cases  subreniform  or  semi-circular,  pale  yellow 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  about  an  inch  from  top  of  the  branches. 

Shining  Club-moss. 

8.  L.  Selago  Linn'. :  stem  erect,  fastigiate,  dichotomously  branched ;  leaves 
in  about  8  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  imbricate,  rigid. 

Alpine  summits.  White  Mountains  N.  H.  Green  Mountains,  Vt.  Whiteface 
Mountain  and  Mount  Marcy,  N.  Y.  Arct.  Amer.  July.  %. — Stem  3 — 8  inches 
high,  rigid,  with  the  branches  of  the  same  thickness  from  the  top  to  the  base. 
Leaves  3 — 5  lines  long,  dark  green,  shining,  rigid.  Spore-cases  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves,  reniform,  yellowish.  Fir  Club-moss. 

2.  SELAGINELLA.  Spring.  Torr.— Selaginella. 

(The  diminutive  of  Selago.}  ^ 

Spore-cases  of  two  kinds,  1 -celled ;  some  filled  with  minute 
powdery  matter,  and  opening  at  the  apex ;  others  containing 
1 — 4  rarely  6  globose-angular  grains. 

1.  &  rupestris  Spring:  cespitose.  with  ascending  stems  ;  leaves  crowded, 
imbricate,  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate,  with  a  hair-like  point  at  the  tip ;  spikes 
terminal,  sessile,  acutely  quadrangular.  Lycopodium  mpestre  Linn. 

Rocks  and  hill  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Tj.. — Plant  grayish-greeu. 
Stems  I — 3  inches  long,  much  branched.  Leaves  ending  in  hairs,  which  aiv* 


470  MARSILEACE^E. 

the  summits  of  the  branches  a  whitish  appearance.  Spikes  3 — 6  lines  long, 
square  and  scarcely  distinguishable  from  stem  below.  Spore-cases  mostly  with 
larger  grains.  Small  Rock  Club-moss. 

2.  &  apus  Spring :  cespitose ;  stems  flaccid,  creeping,  flat ;  leaves  in  4 
rows,  not  auricled ;  those  of  the  lateral  rows  roundish-ovate,  oblique  and 
spreading ;  the  intermediate  ones  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branches  smaller, 
appressed;  spikes  dense,  leafy.  (Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.}  Lycopodium  apodum 
Linn.  L.  albidulum  Pursh. 

Wet  rocky  places.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  (D?  — A  small  pale  green 
moss-like  plant.  Stems  numerous,  1 — 4  inches  long,  with  somewhat  flattened 
branches.  Leaves  small,  membranaceous.  Spikes  terminal,  2—4  lines  long, 
with  the  larger  spore-cases  at  the  lower  part.  Resembles  <S.  Helvetica  of  Europe. 

Moss-like  Selaginella. 

ORDER  CLI.     MARSILEACE^E.— PEPPERWORTS. 

Fructification  enclosed  in  indusia  or  involucres  of  two  kinds  ; 
the  one  clustered  and  stalked,  or  crowded  confusedly  without 
stalks,  and  distinct  from  the  second,  or  mixed  with  it,  or  in  con- 
tact with  it ;  the  other,  simple  oval  bodies,  sometimes  having  a 
terminal  nipple,  from  which  germination  uniformly  proceeds. — 
Stemless  plants,  creeping  or  floating.  Leaves  usually  petioled, 
sometimes  sessile  and  scaly,  occasionally  destitute  of  lamina  and 
rolled  up  in  vernation 

1.  AZOLLA/JUw—  Azolla. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Greek  a£&>,  to  dry,  and  aXAt^r,  to  destroy ;  it  being 
quickly  killed  by  dryness.) 

Reproductive  organs  in  pairs,  attached  to  the  stem  and 
branches,  one  above  the  other,  concealed  in  a  membranaceous 
indusium.  Capsules?  of  each  pair  either  difform — in  which 
case  the  lowest  one  is  oblong-ovoid,  the  upper  globose — or  both 
of  either  kind ;  the  upper  half  generally  tinged  with  red.  The 
oblong-ovoid  capsule  opens  by  circumcision ;  the  globose  one  has 
a  rugose  surface  from  the  pressure  of  the  secondary  capsules. 
(Griffith,™  Lind.  Vey.  King.} 

A.  Caroliniana  Willd:  leaves  2-ranked,  imbricate,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
preading,  reddish  beneath. 

Lakes  and  slow  flowing  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss. ;  rare  in  the 
N.  S.  (J). — A  small  plant  floating  on  water,  and  somewhat  resembling  a  Jun- 
germannia,  dark  green,  pinnately  branched.  Leaves  less  than  half  a  line 
long.  Sterile  indusia  solitary  or  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  much  larger  ste- 
rile ones.  Carolinian  Azolla. 


MARSILEACEvE.  471 

2.  SALVINIA.  MichelL— Salvinia. 
(In  honor  of  Salvini,  an  Italian  professor.; 

Reproductive  organs  near  the  root  solitary,  or  in  racemes  of 
3 — 5,  covered  with  brown  rigid  hairs.  Upper  ones  of  each  ra- 
ceme filled  with  innumerable  spherical  bodies,  brownish  and 
reticulated ;  lower  ones  more  oblong,  containing  6 — 18  larger 
oblong-ovoid,  brown  and  reticulated  bodies,  on  short  stout  com- 
pound pedicels.  (Griffith, in  Lind.  Veg.  King.) 

S.  natans  Willd. :  leaves  elliptic,  subcordate,  obtuse,  with  fascicles  ot 
hairs  above.  Marsilca  natans  Linn. 

Lakes  and  still  waters.  Can.  and  Western  N.  Y.  Pursh.  Leaves  opposite, 
2-ranked,  fine  green.  Floating  on  water  like  a  Lemna.  Floating  Salvtnia. 

3.  ISOETES.  Linn.— Q,uill-Wort. 

(From  the  Greek  t^os,  equal,  and  eroj,  the  year,  or  evergreen.) 

Spore-cases  membranaceous,  oblong,  1 -celled,  not  opening, 
imbedded  in  the  dilated  base  of  the  frond.  Spores  globose  or 
slightly  angular,  attached  to  numerous  filiform  receptacles  which 
traverse  the  capsule. 

/.  riparia  Engelman :  emersed  rhizoma  small  (orbicular  ?) ;  leaves  slen- 
der, soft,  yellowish-green ;  sheaths  short  (longer  than  broad)  ;  spores  neatly 
and  minutely  farinaceous  and  reticulated.  (Sill.  Jour.  Jan.  1847.) 

In  ponds  and  wet  shady  places.  Banks  of  the  Delaware  below  Philadelphia. 
Chester  county,  Penn.  Darlington.  July,  Aug.  1L|.. — Root  or  rhizoma  4  or  5 
lines  in  diameter.  Fronds  numerous,  4—6  inches  long,  (Engelm.),  4 — 12  or  15 
inches,  (Darlingt.},  linear  subulate,  somewhat  like  the  leaves  of  a  Juncus. 
Fructification  oval-oblong,  membranaceous,  imbedded  in  the  swollen  base  of  the 
frond.  According  to  Professor  Brauri,  I.  lacustris  has  hitherto  been  found  only 
in  middle  and  northern  Europe.  See  Sill.  Jour.  Jan.  1847. 

Mud  Quill-wort. 


INDEX 

OP   THE 

ORDERS    AND    GENERA, 

WITH  ACCENTS. 


The  Orders  are  printed  in  small  capitals ;  the  Genera  in  Roman ;  and 
the  Synonyms  in  Italic.  The  figures  which  occur  after  the  letter  s,  also 
refer  to  the  Synonyms  of  the  Genera  and  Species. 


A'bies,               340,  341 
Abutilon,                    56 
Acalypha,                 312 

A'lnus, 
Alopecurus, 
Alsine, 

326 
420 

48 

Antigramma, 
Antirrhinum, 
Any'chia, 

Page 
462 
260 
52 

ACANTHA'CEJE,           286 

Alsophila, 

460 

Apdrgia, 

205 

A'cer,                           60 

Althae'a, 

55 

A'pios, 

87 

5.61 

ALTINGTA'CE.E, 

333 

Aplectrum, 

345 

ACERA'CEJE,                60 

AMARANTHA'CE-E, 

295 

APOCYNA'CEJE, 

231 

Acerdtes,                    234 

Amaranthus, 

295 

Apocynum, 

231 

Achillea,                    194 

AMARYLLIDA'CE^E, 

354 

AdUIFOLIA'CEJE, 

227 

5.  193 
Acnida,                     298 

Amary'llis, 
Ambrina, 

354 

297 

Aquilegia, 
A'rabis, 

11 

28 

Aconitum,                   13 

Ambrosia, 

184 

s.  2S 

,32 

A'corus,                     383 

Amelanchier, 

104 

ARA'CEJB, 

381 

Actae'a,                         13 

Ammannia, 

115 

A'rachis, 

79 

Actinom6ris,              188 

A'mmi, 

133 

Aralia, 

140 

Adiantum,                 463 

Ammophila, 

434 

ARALIA'CEJE, 

140 

Adi'ke,                       315 

Ammyrsine, 

220 

A'rbuhis, 

214 

Adluinia,                     23 

Amorpha, 

78 

Archangelica,    136, 

137 

JEschynomene,           79 

Ampelopsis, 

62 

Archemora, 

137 

^E'sculus,                    62 

Amphicarpaea, 

86 

A'rctium, 

204 

jEthusa,                    134 

ANACARDIA'CE^E, 

71 

Arctostaphylos, 

214 

Agalhy'rsus,              210 

Anagallis, 

292 

Arenaria, 

49 

Agave,                       355 

Anchusa,           248, 

250 

5.50 

Agrimonia,                 100 

Andromeda, 

215 

Arethusa, 

349 

Agropy'ron,               450 

s.  215, 

217 

ft 

349 

Agrostemma,               47 

Andropogon, 

452 

Argemone, 

20 

Agrostis,                    430 

1 

437 

Arictznum, 

353 

s.  420,430,43  1,  432,433 

Anemone, 

5 

Arisae'ma, 

381 

Aira,                           438 

s. 

5,6 

Aristida, 

428 

s.  445,  446 

Angelica, 

136 

Aristolochia, 

309 

Alchemilla,                106 

Anona, 

15 

ARISTOLOCHIA'CEJE, 

308 

Aletris,                      376 

ANONA'CE-E, 

15 

A'rnica, 

198 

Alisma,                      379 

Antennaria, 

197 

Ardnia,              104, 

105 

s.  378. 

A'nthemis, 

193 

Arrhenatherum, 

439 

ALISMA'CEJE,             377 

s 

J93 

Artemisia, 

194 

A'llium,                    363 

Anthopogon, 

437 

A'rum,              381, 

382 

Allosunis,                  463 

Anthoxnnthum. 

437 

Arnndo,             434, 

435 

474                                                     INDEX. 

Page 
A'sarum,                   309 

Page 
Briza,                      445 

Centaurella,              240 

ASCLEPIADA'CEJE,      232 

s.  443,  444 

Centrosema,                77 

Asclepias,                  232 

Bromus,                     448 

Cephalanthus,           150 

Ascy'rum,                    59 

Buchnera,                 266 

Cerastium,                   50 

Asimina,                     15 

Bunias,                       24 

Cerasus,                      91 

Asparagus,                364 
Aspidium,                 457 

Bupleurum,               134 

5.90 

CERATOPHYLLA'CKJE,!^ 

s.460 
Asplenium,                460 

CABOMBA'CEJE,            18 
Cacalia,                     109 

Ceratophy'llum,         114 
Cercis,    "                    90 

5.462 

CACTA'CE^E,               123 

Chseropbyilum.         139 

A'ster,                        162 

Cactus,                      123 

5.133 

s.  169,  170,  171 

Cakile,                        24 

Cheilanthes,              464 

Astragalus,                  78 
Atheropogon,            436 
Atragene                      4 

Calamagrostis,          433 
s.  421 
Calla,                        382 

5.463 
Cheiranthus,               31 
Chelidonium               21 

A'triplex,                  298 

5.382 

5.    20 

A'tropa,                     256 

Calliopsis,                  187 

Chelone,                   261 

Avena,                      439 

s.  188 

5.261 

s.  438,  439,  440 

Callitriche,                 113 

CHENOPODIA'CEffi,       296 

Azalea                       219 

Calopogon,                350 

Chenopodium,           296 

s.  218,  219 

Caltha,                        10 

ChimdpkiLa,              225 

Azolla,                      470 

CALYCANTHA'CE^S      106 

Chiogenes,                 223 

Calycanthus,             107 

Chionanthus             229 

Caly'pso,                -  §44 

Chironia,                  239 

Baccharis,                 180 

Calystegia,                245 

5.240 

s.  181- 

Gamelina,                   26 

Chlora,                      239 

Ballota,                     283 

Campanula,              211 

CMoris,                     436 

BALSAMINA'CE;E,         65 

s.212 

Chrysanthemum,       173 

Baptisia,                     73 

CAMPANULA'CE^:,      210 

Chrysocoma,              174 

Barbarea,                    28 

CANNABINA'CEJE,       316 

Chrysopsis,                173 

Bartdnia,                  240 

Cannabis,                  316 

5.  168,  169,  171 

Bdrtsia,             269,  270 

CAPPARIDA'CE^J,          33 

Chrysosplenium,       126 

Batschia,                   248 

CAPRIFOLIA'CE.E,      144 

Chri/sostemma,          188 

Benzoin,                   306 

Caprifolium,     147,  148 

Cicendria,                 240 

BERBERIDA'CE-E.          16 

Capsella,                     25 

Cichorium.                204 

Berberis,                      16 

Cardamine                  29 

Cicuta,                      132 

Betula,                       325 

Cdrduus,           202,  203 

Cimicifuga,                 13 

s.  326 

Carex,                      403 

Cineraria,                 200 

BETULA'CEJE              324 

Carpinus,                  327 

Cinna,                       429 

Bidens,                      190 

5.327 

Circaj'a,                     111 

Bigelowia,                  174 

Carya,                       336 

Circium,                    202 

Bignonia,                 242 

CARYOPHYLLA'CE^:,    44 

Czssus,                        63 

BIGNONIA'CE.E,          241 

Cassandra,               215 

CISTA'CEJE,                  34 

Biotia,                      162 

Cassia,                        89 

Cistopteris,                460 

Blephilia,                  273 

Cdssiope,                   215 

Cistus,                        35 

Blitum,         •            299 

Castanea,                   331 

Cladium,                   399 

s.  296 

Castilleja,                  269 

Claytonia,                  120 

Boehmeria,                 316 

Catalpa,                     242 

Clematis,                        4 

Boltonia,                    172 

Caulinia,                   385 

Cledme,                       34 

Bootia,                      100 

Caulophy'llum,            17 

C16thra,                    216 

BORAGINA'CE^:,         247 

Ceanothus,                  70 

CUnopodium,    274,  277 

Botry'chium,             467 

CELASTRA'CE^;,           68 

Clintonia,                  358 

Botrypus,                   467 

Celastrus,                    69 

Clitoria,                      76 

Bouteloua,              •   436 

Celtis,                        335 

Cnicus,                     201 

Brachydy'trum,        429 

Cenchrus,                  427 

5.  202,  203 

Brachystemnm,         275 

Centaurea,                 200 

Cw  *y/''»w,                  135 

Brascnia,                      18 

1.201 

dmleatu,                 25 

INDEX. 


475 


Page 
Calestina,                 158 

Page 
Cyperus,                   388 

Page 
Eclipta,                     181 

Collinsia,                  260 

s.  388,  391 

ELJEAGNA'CEJE,          306 

Collinsonia,               276 

Cypripedium,            352 

ELATINA'CE*:,             52 

Comandra,                308 

Elatine,                       53 

Colnaropsis,                95 

Eleocharis,                391 

Comarum,                 100 

Elephantopus,           155 

Commely'na,             377 

Dactylis,                    446 

Eleusine,                   435 

COMMELYNA'CE.K,       376 

Dalibarda,                   97 

Elodea,                        60 

COMPO'SITJE,             154 

Danlhonia,               440 

s.  342 

Comptonia,               324 

Datura,                     256 

E'lymus,                    451 

CONI'FER.K,               337 

Daucus,                     138 

EMPETRA'CEJB,          309 

Conioselinum,           135 

Decodon,                   116 

Empetrum,                310 

Conium,                    139 

Delphinium,                12 

Epigae'a,                     217 

Conoclinium,            157 

Dentaria,                     27 

Epilobium,                 107 

Conosty'lis,                364 

Desmodium,                80 

Epipdctis,                 350 

Convalldria,             358 

Didnthera,                286 

Epiphagus,                358 

CONVOLVULA'CEJE,    244 

Dianthus,                    44 

EQUISETA'CE^:,          454 

Convolvulus,             245 

Diapensia,                 247 

Equisetum,                454 

Cony'za,     170,  180,  181 

DIAPENSIA'CE^:,        247 

Erechtites,                 198 

Coptis,                         11 

Dicentra,                     22 

ERICA'CE^,               213 

Corallorhiza,             344 

Dicksonia,                 465 

Erigenia,                   131 

Coreopsis,                  187 

Didy'tra,             22,  23 

Erigeron,                   171 

CORNA'CEJE,              142 

Diervilla,                   147 

s.  180 

Cornus,                      142 

Digitaria,                  423 

ERJOCAULA'CE;E,        370 

Cory'dalis,                    23 

s.  435 

Eriocau'lon,              370 

Corylus,                    332 

Diidtris,                    376 

Eriophorum,             396 

Cosmanthus,             254 

Diodia,                       151 

s.  396 

Crantzia,                   130 

Dioscorea,                 356 

Erodium,                     65 

CRASSULA'CE^;,          121 

DIOSGOREA'CK^:,       355 

Erophila,                     25 

Cratae'gus,                 102 

Diospy'ros,                227 

E'rvum,                       85 

Crotalaria,     ^js.-       73 

Diplachne,                448 

5,85 

Crotonopsis,              311 
CRUCI'FERJE,            •  23 

Diplopappus,             170 

Ery'ngium,                 131 
Ery'simum, 

Cryosdnthes,              353 

Diplostepkium,           111 

5.  28,  32 

Cry'psis,                    420 

DIPSACA'CEJE,            154 

Erythrae'a,                 239 

Cry'pta,                      53 

Dipsacus,                   154 

Erythronium,            362 

Cryptotae'nia,            133 
Cteisium,                  000 

Dirca,                        307 
Discopleura,              133 

ESCALLONIA'CK^;,      128 
Euc/iroma,               269 

Cucubalus,           45,  46 

Dodecantheon,          289 

Eupatorium.              158 

CUCURBITA'CEJE,        117 

Dolichos,                    87 

s.  158,  161 

Cunila,                     276 

Doodia,  '                   463 

Euphorbia,                312 

s.  277 

Doronicum,               198 

EUPHORBIA'CR.!:,       310 

Cuphea,                     116 

Draba,                        25 

Euphrasia,                269 

Cupressus,                339 
CUPULI'FER^E,           326 

Draca'na,                 358 
Dracocephalum,        280 

Euthdmia,         179,  180 
Evonymus,                  68 

Cuscuta,                   246 

s.  281 

E'xacum.                  240 

CUSCUTA'CK^.           246 

Drosera,                      41 

•> 

Cy'amus                      18 

DROSERA'CBJS,             41 

Cymoidium,      344.  345 

DRUPA'CE^E,                 90 

Fagus,                       332 

350 

Dry'as.                         93 

s.  332 

Cyndncfium,             235 

Dulichium,               388 

Fedia,                         153 

Cy'nodon,                 435 

Ferula,                      136 

Cynoglossum,           251 

EBENA'CEJE,               227 

Festuca,                    436 

Cynosurus.               435 
Cy'nthia,                  205 

Echinocy'stis             118 
Echinospermum,      250 

5.443,444,448 
Filago,                      197 

s.  204 

j&ts    >.v  s.  251 

FI'I.ICES,                   456 

CYPERA'CEJE,           387 

E'chium,                    249 

Fimbristy'lis,             397 

4/0                                                      INDEX. 

Page 
Floe'rkia,                    66 

Harpaly'ce,        208,  209 

Hypericum,                 57 

Fragaria,                    98 

Hedeoma,                  276 

s.  60 

Frasera,                    238 
Fraxinus,                  230 

Hedera,                        63 
Hedy'otis                   149 

Hypopithys,              226 
Hypoporum,              403 

Friesia,                     311 

Hedy'sarum,               82 

HYPOXIDA'CEJE         355 

Fuirena,                    398 
Fumaria.                     22 

s.  79,  80,  81,  82,  83,  84 
Heledstnim,       168,  171 

Hypoxis,                   355 
Hyssopus,                  280 

5.  22,  23 

Helenium,                 1  92 

FCMARIA'CEJE,                  22 

Helianthemum,           34 

Helianthus,               188 

Modes,                      383 

5.  185 

K;x,                         227 

Galactia,                     77 

Heli6psis,                   185 

s.  228 

Galatella,                   169 

Helleborus,                  12 

ILLECEBRA'CE.K,          51 

Galega,                       77 

s.    11 

Impatiens,                   65 

Galeopsis,                  282 

Helonias,                   366 

I'nula,                        181 

Galium,                     151 

s.  366 

s.  173,  174 

Gaultheria,               214 

Hemerocallis,            363 

Ipoma'a,            245,  246 

s.  223 

Hemianthus,             263 

IRIDA'CE^,                353 

Gaura,                       108 

Hemicarpha,             399 

Fris,                          353 

Gaylussdcia,             221 

Hepatica,                      6 

Isanthus,                   271 

Genista,                     74 

Heracleum,                138 

Isnardia,                    110 

Gentiana,                  236 

Herpestis,                  262 

Isce'tes,                     471 

GENTIANA'CEJE,         236 

s.264 

Isolepis,                     398 

GERANIA'CE-K,            63 

ffisperis,                     31 

I'tea.                          128 

Geranium,                   64 

Heteranthera,           369 

I'va,                           185 

5.  65 

Heuchera,                 127 

5.185 

Gerardia,                   266 

Hibiscus,                    55 

JefFersonia,                  17 

Gcuin,                         94 

Hicdrius,                   337 

JUGLANDA'CEJE,         335 

s.  100 

Hieracium,                207 

Juglans.                    336 

Gillenia,                        93 

Hierochloa,               437 

s.  336,  337 

Glaux,                      291 

HIPPOCASTANA'CEJE,    62 

JCNCA'CEJE,                371 

Glechoma,                 280 

Hippopha,                 306 

JUNCAGINA'CE^:,        379 

Gleditschia,                88 

Hippuris,                   113 

June  us,                      372 

Glyceria,                   444 

Holcus,                      421 

5.372 

Gly'cine,                     87 
Gnaphalium,             196 

s.  437,  MG,  449 
Honckenya,                50 

Juniperus,                338 
Justicia,                    286 

s.  197 

Hordeum,                 451 

Gonolobium,             235 

Hottonia,                  290 

Gonolobus,                235 

Houstonia,        149,  150 

Kalona,                     217 

Goodyera,                  351 

Hudsonia,                   36 

Koeleria,                    445 

GHAMINA'CEJB,          418 

Hiimulus,                 317 

Krigia,                      204 

Gratiola,                   262 

Hydrangea,               129 

s.  205 

GROSSULAHIA'CEJE,    124 

HYDRANGEA'CE^E,      128 

Kuhnia,                     156 

Gymnocladus,             89 

Hydrastis,                      6 

Kyllingia,                  391 

Gymnopogon,            437 
Gynandropsis,             33 

HDYROCHARIDA'CEJE, 
342 

s.  391 

Gi/r6mia,                  359 

Hydrocotyle,              130 

LABI'ATJE,                  270 

s.  131 

Lachnanthes,            376 

Habendrio,,       346,  347, 

H^droglossum,           466 

Lactuca,                   205 

348,  349 

Hydropeltis,                  18 

5.210 

HJEMODORA'CE.E,      376 

HYDROPHYLLA'CEjE,  252 

Lamium,                   281 

Halenia,                    237 

Hydrophy'llum,        252 

Lappa,                      203 

HALORAGA'CE^:,         111 

Hymenophy'llum,     464 

Ldrix,                       340 

HAMAMELIDA'CEJE,    141 
Hamamelis,               141 

Hyoscy'amus,           257 
Hyoseris,                   204 

Lathyrus,                    85 
LAURA'CEJE,              305 

Hamiltonia,             308 

HYPERICA'CE*,          57 

Laurus,                    3*^ 

INDEX. 


477 


Lech6a,                   *!§ 

Page 
Ly'chnw,                    47 

Mitella,                     jSff 

Lecontia,                  382 

LYCOPODIA'CEJE,       467 

Moehri'ngia.                 50 

Ledum,                     220 

Lycopodium,             468 

Mollugo,                     47 

s.220 

5.469 

Momordica,               118 

Leersia,                     419 

Lyco'psis,                  250 

Monarda,                  272 

LEGUMINO'SJE, 

Lycopus,                    270 

5.  274 

Lei'ophy'llum,          220 

Lygodium,                 466 

Moneses,                    225 

Lemna,                     384 

Lsi/onia,                     216 

Monniera,                 262 

LENTIBULARIA'CEJE,  287 

Lysimachia,              291 

Monotropa,               226 

Leontice,                      17 

LYTHRA'CEJE,             1  14 

MORA'CEJE,                317 

Ledntodon,                206 

Ly  'thrum,                  115 

Morus,                      317 

Leonurus,                  281 

5.  116 

Muhlenbcrgia,           429 

Lepachys,                  187 

5.  430,  431,  433 

Lepidium,                    26 
Leptandra,                266 
Leptdnt/ius,       369,  370 

Magnolia,                    14 
MAGNOLIA'CEJE            14 
Maldxis,           343,  344 

Mulgedium,               210 
Mydgrum,                   26 
Myosotis,                   250 

Lespedeza,                  83 

Mdlope,                       54 

5.251 

Leucanthemum,        194 

Mdlus,                      105 

Myrica,                     324 

Leucothoe,                  215 

Malva,                         54 

MYRICA'CEJE,             323 

Liatris,                       156 
Ligusticum,               136 

MALVA'CEJE,                54 
Mari'scus,                 391 

Myriophy'llum,          112 
My'rrMs,                   139 

5.  135 

Marrubium,              283 

Ligustrum,                229 

Marsi'lca,                 471 

Nabalus,                   208 

LILIA'CEJE,                361 

MARSILEA'CEJE,         470 

NAIADA'CES;,             384 

Li'lium,                     361 

Marty'nia,                 242 

Ndjas,                       385 

Limnanthemum,       241 

Maruta,                    193 

Nap&'a,                      56 

Limnetis,                   436 

Meconopsis,                20 

Nardosmia,                161 

Limoddrum.              344 

Medeola,                    359 

Narthecium,              375 

5.  345 

Medicago,                    74 

s.366 

Limosella,                  264 

Megastdchya,            443 

Nasturtium,                 30 

LINA'CEJE,                   53 

Melampy'rum,           270 

Naumbergia,             292 

Linaria,                     259 

MELANTHA'CEJE,        365 

Nectris,                       66 

Lindernia,                 263 

Melanthium,             365 

Negundo,                    61 

Linnse'a,                    149 

s.  365,  367 

NELUMBIA'CE/E,           18 

Linum,                        53 

MELASTOMA'CEJE,      116 

Nelumbium,                18 

Liparis,                     343 

Lippia,                      285 

Melica,                      445 

Melilotus,                    74 

Nemopanthes,          228 
Nemophila,                253 

Liquidambar,            334 

Melissa,                     277 

Neottia,                     351 

s.324 

Melothria,                 118 

Nepeta,                      280 

Liriodendron,              15 

MENISPERMA'CEJE,       16 

5.  274 

Listera,                      350 

Menispermum,            16 

Nepkrodium,    457,458, 

Lithospermum,         248 

Mentha,                     271 

459,  460 

5.248,249,252 

Menyanthes,             241 

Nicandra,                  256 

Lobddium,                   72 

5.  241 

Nicotiana,                  256 

Lobelia,                     212 

Menziesia,                 216 

Nuphar,                      19 

LOBELIA'CEJE,           212 

5.217 

Nymph»'a,                  19 

LOGANIA'CEJE,           235 

Mertensia,                 251 

5.  19 

Loisileuria,                220 

Mesptius,                   103 

NYMPHJEA'CEJE,          19 

Lolium,                     450 

Micromeria,               277 

Ny'ssa,                      307 

Lonicera,                   147 

Micropetalum,             48 

Lophanthus,              279 

Microstylis,                344 

O'akesia,                   310 

Lophi'ola,                  364 

Mikania,                    160 

Obeliscdria.                187 

LORANTHA'CEJE,         143 

Mi'lium,                    422 

Obwne,                     298 

iMdwigia,         110,  111 
Lupi'nus,                   88 

s.428 
Mimulus,                  261 

Obolaria,                    3T 

CEnanthe,                   15 

Luzula,                    372 

Mitchella,                 150 

(Enothera,               KM; 

4/0                                                    INDEX. 

Oldenldndia,            150 

Page 
Phacelia,                   253 

PORTULACA  CEJE, 

^9 

OLEA'CEJE,                 229 

s.  253,  254 

Potamogeton, 

386 

Omalotheca,               197 

PhaLdngium,             375 

Potenti'lla, 

98 

ONAGRA'CEJE,             107 

Phalaris,                    421 

Pothos, 

383 

Onoclea,                    457 

PkarbUis,          245,  246 

Prendntkcs,        208,  209 

s.  464 

Phaseolus,                    87 

Primula, 

289 

Onopordon,               201 

Phleum,                     421 

PRIMULA'CEJE, 

289 

Onosmodium,            249 

Phlox,                       243 

Prinos, 

228 

Ophioglossum,           466 

Phragmites,               434 

s.228 

O'pkrys,     345,  350,  351 

Phry'ma,                    285 

Prosartes, 

368 

Oplismenits,               426 

Phyllanthus,              311 

Proserpinaca, 

111 

Opori'nia,                  205 

Phyllodoce,                216 

Prunella, 

278 

Opuntia,                    123 

Ph/salis,                   255 

Prunus, 

90 

ORCH'IDA'CE-S:,            343 

Physostegia,               281 

5.91 

O'rchis,                      346 

Phytolacca.                300 

Psdmma, 

434 

s.  345,346,347,348,349 

PHYTOLACCA'CE^:,     300 

Psilocarya, 

401 

Origanum,                 275 

PLANTAGINA'CEJE,      293 

Ptarmica, 

193 

Ornithogalum,           364 

Pinguixcula,               287 

Ptelea, 

68 

O'rnus,                     231 

Pinus,                        339 

Pteris, 

463 

OROBANCHA'CE^E,       257 

Piptdtkerum,             428 

Pterospora, 

226 

Orobanche.                257 

PlSTtA'CEffi,                      384 

Pulmondria, 

252 

s.  258 

Pisum,                        86 

Purshia, 

249 

Orontium,                 383 

Plantago,                   293 

Pycnanthemum, 

274 

Oryzopsis,                  427 

PLATANA'CEJB,           333 

Py'rola, 

224 

Osmorhi'za,                139 

Platanthcra,              346 

PYROLA'CEJE, 

224 

Osmunda,                  465 

Platanus,                   333 

Pyriddria, 

308 

O'strya,                     327 

Platii'loma,                463 

Py'rus, 

104 

Otopky'lla,                 267 

Pluchea,                    180 

Pyxidatttkera, 

247 

OXALIDA'CEJE,              66 

PLUMBAGINA'CE^E,      293 

Oxalis,                         66 

Poa,                           440 

Quercus, 

327 

Oxycoccus,                223 

s.  444,  445,  446 

Q,ueria, 

52 

Oxydendrum,            214 

Podaly'ria,                 73 

Oxy'ria,                     305 

Podophy'llum,              17 

RANUNCULA'CE^: 

,          3 

PODOSTEMA'CE^E,       113 

Ranunculus, 

7 

Paderota,                 266 

Podostemum,             1  14 

Raphanus, 

33 

Panax,                       141 

Pogonia,                    349 

Rensselaeria, 

382 

Panicum,                   423 

-      5.349 

RHAMNA'CEJE, 

70 

s.  423,  426,  427 

Polani'sia,                   34 

Rhamnus, 

70 

Papaver,                     21 

POLEMONIA'CE.33,          243 

Rhexia, 

117 

PAPAVERA'CEJE,            19 

Polemonium,             244 

Rhinanthus, 

268 

Parietaria,                 316 

s.  254 

Rhododendron, 

218 

Parnassia,                   41 

Poly'gala,                    42 

5.218 

Parthenium,              183 

POLYGALA'CEJE,          42 

Rhodora, 

218 

Paspalum,  "              422 

POLYGONA'CEJE,        300 

Rhus, 

71 

Passiflora,                  119 

Polygonatum,            359 

Rhynchospora, 

399 

PASSIFLORA'CEJE,       119 

Poly'gonum,              301 

Ri'bes, 

124 

Pastinaca,                  137 

Poly'mnia,                 182 

Ricinus, 

311 

Pdvia,                         62 

Poly  podium,              456 

Robi'nia, 

78 

PEDALIA'CE*;,            242 

x.  458,  459 

Rochelid, 

251 

Pedicularis,                268 

Polypogon,                433 

Rosa, 

101 

Peltandra,        .          382 

POMA'CEJE,                 102 

ROSA'CEJE, 

92 

Pennisetum,      426,  427 

PONTEDERA'CE^E,       369 

RUBIA'CEJE, 

149 

Penthorum,                122 

Pontederia,                369 

Rubus, 

95 

Pentstemon,              261 

Populus,                    322 

5.98 

Peplis,                        53 

Porcelia,                     15 

Rudbcckia, 

186 

Phaca                        79 

Portulaca.                 120 

s. 

187,  189 

INDEX. 


479 


Ruellia,                     286 

Page 

Sesuvium,                 123 

Page 
Styrdndra,                358 

Rumex,                     304 

Setaria,                      426 

Subularia,                   27 

s.  305 

Shepherdia,               306 

Sueda,                       297 

Ruppia,                     386 

Sibbaldia,                   100 

Swertia,                     238 

Sicyos,                       118 

s.238 

Sabbatia,                   238 

Sida,                            55 

Sympkoria,        148,  149 

Sagina,                       47 

Siegesbeckia,              192 

Symphoricarpus,       148 

s.52 

Sieversia,              94,  95 

Symplocarpus,           383 

Sagittaria,                  378 

Silene,                          45 

Sy'mphytum,             249 

SALICA'CE-SE,               318 

Silphium,                   182 

Salicornia,                 299 

Sinapis,                       33 

Salix,                         319 

S-son,               131,133 

Talinum,                   120 

Salsola,                     299 

Sisy'mbrium,               32 

Tanacetum,               195 

5.297 

s.  29,  30,  31 

Taraxacum,              206 

Salvia,                       272 

Sisyrinchium,            354 

Taxus,                      341 

Salvinia,                    471 

Sium,                         133 

Tecoma,                     242 

Sambucus,                 144 

s.137 

Tephrosia,                   77 

Samolus,                   292 

SMILA'CEJE,               356 

TETRAGONIA'CE^:       122 

Sanguinaria,               20 

Smilacina.                 357 

Teucrium,                  284 

Sanguisorba,             106 

s.358 

Thalictrum,                   4 

SANGUISORBA'CEJE,     105 

Smilax,                     356 

Tkdspia,                    135 

Sanicula,                   131 

Smy'rnium,  132,133,136 

Thaspium,                 135 

SANTALA'  CEJE,           307 

SOLANA'CEJB,             254 

Tfiesmm,                   308 

Saponaria,                   46 

Solanum,                   254 

Thlaspi,                      24 

Sarothra,     <                59 

Solea,                          40 

5.26 

Sarracenia,                  22 

Solidago,                    174 

Thuya,                      338 

SARRACENIA'CEJE,        21 

Sonchus,                   206 

THYMELA'CEJE,          307 

Sassafras,                  306 

5.  210 

Thy'mus,                   275 

SAURURA'CEJE,           318 

Sophora,                      73 

Tiarella,                     127 

Saururus,                 318 

Sorbus,                       105 

Tilia,                           56 

Saxifraga,                 125 

Sparganium,             380 

TILIA'CE-E,                  56 

SAXIFRAGA'CEJE,        125 

Sparganophorus,       156 

Tillse'a,                       121 

Sedndix,                   139 

Spartina,                   436 

Tipularia,                  345 

Scheuchzeria.            380 

Specularia,                211 

Tofieldia,                   366 

Schizea,                     466 

Sperffula.                     52 

Tradescantia,            377 

Schce'nus,          388,  399 

5.49 

Trichelosty'lis,          398 

Schollera,                 370 

Spergiddstruni            48 

TnchoMoa,              433 

Schwalbea,'              268 

Spermacoce,                151 

Trichodium,               431 

Scirpus,                    394 

Spigelia,                    235 

Trichomaties,            464 

5.  391,  392,  393,  394, 

Spirae'a,                       92 

7Yichophorum)          396 

.  397,  398 

s.93 

Trichostema,             283 

SCLERANTHA'CE;E,      121 
Scleranthus,               121 

Spiranthes.                350 
Stachys,                     282 

Tricuspis,                  446 
Trientalis,                  290 

Scleria,                      402 

Staphylea,                   69 

Trifolium,                    75 

Sclerolepis,                 156 

STAPHYLA'CE^E,           69 

Triglochin,                379 

Scolopendrium.         462 

Statice,                      293 

TRILLIA'CEJE,             359 

Scrophularia,             260 

Stellaria,                      48 

Trillium,                   360 

SCROPHULARIA'CEJE,  258 

Stendctis,                   172 

Triosteum,                 146 

Scutellaria,                278 

Stipa,                        428 

Triphora,                   349 

Sedum,                       122 

5.433 

Tripolium,                169 

Selaginella,               469 

Streptopus,                368 

Tripsacum,                452 

Selinum,                    135 

s.368 

Trisetum,                   439 

Senecio.                     199 

Strophostyles.         87,  88 

5.439 

5.  198,  199 

Struthiopteris,           464 

Triticum,                  450 

Sericocarpus,            170 
Serptcufa,                 342 

Stylophorum,              20 
Stylosanthes,              79 

Trollius,                      11 
TROPJEOLA'CKJE,         66 

480 


INDEX. 


Turritis, 

P1! 

Vaccinium, 

Page 
221 

VITA'CEJE, 

Page 
62 

5.28 

5. 

216,  223 

Vitis, 

63 

Tussilago, 

161 

Valeriana, 

153 

5.161 

VALERIANA'CEJE 

153 

Waldsteinia, 

95 

Ty'pha, 

381 

Valerianella, 

153 

Windsoria. 

446 

TYPHA'CEJE, 

380 

Valisneria, 

342 

Woodsia, 

459 

Veratrum, 

367 

Woodwardia, 

462 

Udora, 

342 

s.367 

ULMA'CE^, 

334 

Verbascum, 

259 

Xanthium. 

183 

U'lmus, 

334 

Verbena, 

284 

Xerophy'llum 

366 

UMBELL,I'FER.E, 

129 

5.285 

Xylosteum, 

148 

Uniola, 

449 

VERBENA'CE^;, 

284 

XYRIDA'CE^E, 

371 

5.443 

Verbesina, 

192 

Xy'ris, 

371 

Uralepis, 

440 

Vernonia, 

155 

Uraspermum, 

139 

Veronica, 

264 

Zannichellia, 

385 

Urtica, 

314 

5.266 

ZANTHOXYLA'CE^, 

67 

5. 

URTICA'CEJE, 

315,  316 
314 

Viburnum, 
Vicia, 

144 

84 

Zanthoxylum, 
Zanthoriza, 

67 
14 

Utricularia, 
Uvdria, 

287 
15 

Vilfa 

5.85 
432 

Zapania, 
Zenobia, 

285 
215 

Uvularia, 

367 

ViUdrsia, 

241 

Zizania, 

419 

5.368 

Viola, 

36 

Zizia, 

132 

5.40 

Zostera, 

385 

VACCINIA'CEJE, 

220 

VlOLA'CEjE, 

36 

Zygadenus, 

365 

Viscum, 

143 

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